Innovation of Desalination Methods Using Magnetic Particles · 2015. 8. 6. · Kata Berkesi E-mail: [email protected] Group of Electronic & Magnetic Materials National Technical

Innovation of Desalination Methods Using Magnetic Particles

Kata Berkesi E-mail: [email protected]

Group of Electronic & Magnetic Materials

National Technical University of Athens

EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”

mailto:[email protected]


IMPORTANCE OF DESALINATION

In the last 100 years more than 11 million people died due to drought

Roughly 80 – 90% of all

diseases and 30% of all deaths

result from poor water quality.

For 2030 the needs of fresh water is going to

increase

approximately

by

40%

Every 9th

people on Earth

have no

access

to drinking water

EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” 2/25

NATURAL PROCESS


HISTORY

• From the middle of 1900’s – evaporation, distillation

• 1940s World War II. – necessity of potable water in areed areas

• After the war scientist began studying osmotic processes to desalinate water

First report of reverse osmosis in:

US Department of Interior’s Office of Saline Water Commission

(1955 annual report)

• Late 1960s – 8000 m3/d using thermal processes

• The 1970s - reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED)

• By the 1980s- desalination technology became a fully commercial enterprise

• By the 1990s - the use of desalination technologies for municipal water supplies was

commonplace

Major desalination processes:

membrane and thermal technologies

AD

10

00

20

00

70

320 BC 200

1565

1768-1779

1970s

1980s

1990s

1940s

1960s


MAIN DESALINATION METHODS

DISTILLATION

ION EXCHANGE

MEMBRANE PROCESSES

MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION

(MSF)

MULTIPLE- EFFECT DISTILLATION

(MED/ME)

VAPOUR-COMPRESSION

(VP)

ELECTRODIALYSIS REVERSAL

(EDR)

REVERSE OSMOSIS

(RO)

NANOFILTRATION (NF)

MEMBRANE DISTILLATION

(MD)

FORWARD OSMOSIS

(FO)


FREEZING DESALINATION

The principle:

REVERSE OSMOSIS


The Wonthaggi Desalination Plant:

Source: www.prezi.com

Source: www.degremont.com

FORWARD OSMOSIS


The principle:

Schematic of forward osmotic process:

Source: www.aiche.org

Source: www.sourg.org.uk

MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION


The principle:

Schematic of MSF process:

Source: www.sidem-desalination.com

Source: www.roplant.org

MULTIPLE- EFFECT DISTILLATION


Schematic figure for MED-MVC desalination plant:

Source: www.sidem-desalination.com

FREEZING DESALINATION


Schematic of freezing desalination plant:

Source: Z. Lu and L. Xu : Thermal Desalination Processes Vol. II.


A. ElMekawy et al. Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 3921

King Abdullah Uiversity of Science and T echnology (KAUST) 1 (2014)

About 80 % of the world’s water capacity is provided by MSF & RO

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THE-STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGIES

• Today, developments in desalination technologies are specifically aimed at reducing

energy consumption and cost, as well as minimizing environmental impacts.

• Advancements include such new and emerging technologies:

Forward osmosis (FO) promoted by magnetic materials

Solar desalination

o Solar humidification – dehumidification (HDH)

o Multiple-effect humidification (MEH)

o Photovoltaic Desalination (PV)

Wind desalination

Geothermal desalination

Seawater greenhouse

Low temperature distillation

Biomimetic and graphene membranes


BACKGROUND OF THE INNOVATION

• From the 1960s several studies focused on desalination using magnetic field [1].

• Some studies demonstrate different solutions for using magnetic nanoparticles

to promote forward osmosis (FO) [2,3,4].

• Other papers represent results of antiscale pretreatment [5,6,7] with different success.

Application of magnetic field accelerates the precipitation of CaCO3 in ED plants.

In MD units the flow of water through magnetic field effects the morphology of CaCO3

precipitated.

DCMD: The magnetic treatment of the feed has resulted to formation of bigger

crystallites (mainly calcite), and thinner and more porous deposits on the membrane

surface compared to the untreated feed.

[1] W. Schäfer Desalination 3 (1967) 174 [2] B. A. Bolto Desalination 106 (1996) 137 [3] Y. Na et al. Desalination 347 (2014) 34 [4] J. S. Baker et al. Desalination 110 (1997) 151 [5] I. B. S. Sayadi et al. Chemical Engineering and Processing 88 (1997) 47 [6] M. Gryta Separation and Purification Technology 80 (2011) 293 [7] L.D. Tijing et al. Journal of Membrane Science 475( 2015) 215



Based on the results of Bai et al.[8] and Zhao [9] , the polymer coated magnetic

nanoparticles (Fe3O4) can be successfully used for desalination in brackish water.

o Dextran: natural polysaccharide, has good solubility in water

can generate as high osmotic pressure as inorganic salts

o Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MNPs):

have strong magnetism

o The dextran coated Fe3O4 MNPs generates

high osmotic pressure to draw water

from brackish water.

[8] H. Bai et al. Separation an Purification Technology 81 (2011) 392 [9] Q. Zhao et al. Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 (2013) 11453


RESULTS



Akiyama et al. [10] developed an desalination interface device (DID) for LC-MS

o TiO2: specific adsorption of nonvolatile salts from buffers

o TiO2 coated microparticles (TCMMPs): to adsorb phosphopeptides on-line

between LC and MS systems

o The phosphopeptides adorbed to TCMMPs can be collected trippingly from

the solution by employing magnetic field.

o The continous flowing of the sample solution in microchannels applying magnetic

field have been able to separate the nano- and microsized particles.

[10] Y. Akiyama et al. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 306 (2011) 37


RESULTS

d = 0.74 mm


HIGHLIGHTS OF ADVANTAGES

• The new method requires only magnetic nano- or microsized particles

(MNPs, MMPs) covered by inorganic ionselective polymer (i.e. dextran).

• Low cost synthesis of dextran coated nano- or microsized magnetic particles.

• The adsorption of ions responsible for salinity could proceed easily on the

surface of the dextran coated particles.

• The separation of the particles containing the adsorbed ions can be

performed by collecting them with an external magnetic field.

• The MNPs, MMPs can be regenerated separately from the fresh water.

• NO high pressure, NO thermal heating

• Energy saving and environment friendly.


cheap and economical

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DESALINATION BY USING NANO- AND/OR MICROSIZED MAGNETIC PARTICLES


Possible routhes for the preparation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated by inorganic materials:

1. Coprecipitation

precursors:

Fe+3: FeCl3

Fe+2: FeSO4

+ C18H34O2

Result: 20 nm

DESALINATION BY USING NANO- AND/OR MICROSIZED MAGNETIC PARTICLES


Possible routhes for the preparation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated by inorganic materials:

2. Thermal Decomposition

Fe(CO)5 + C16H34O + C18H34O2

Reflux 1h, + (CH3)3NO, 2h 130o , Reflux 1h

Result: 8nm

DESALINATION BY USING DEXTRAN COATED NANO- AND/OR MICROSIZED MAGNETIC PARTICLES


• Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles:

By the help of:

o X-ray diffraction (XRD)

o Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

o Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)

o Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG)

o Density functional theory (DFT)

CHARACTERIZATION


thermal decomposition

coprecipitation

Averige size (nm) -(nm) + (nm)

thermal decomposition coprecipitation

XRD

(maghemite)

(magnetite)

CHARACTERIZATION


TEM

DTG

311 311

FT-IR

Coprecipitation Thermal decomposition

DFT-IR

CONCLUSIONS


o X-ray diffraction (XRD):

The averige size of the particles produced by coprecipitation is 50% higher than those

of thermal decomposition. With both methods the products are

Magnetite (Fe3O4) -Maghemite (Fe2O3)

o Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR):

Observed changes in matrix depending on the preparation method.

o Transmission electron microscopy (TEM):

Particles with small deviation size. The nanoparticles have lattice (311) of the cubic

spinel.

o Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG):

Two elimination peaks.

o Density functional theory (DFT):

The energy level of the simulated binding of oleic acid with surface molecules Fe2+-Fe2+

is the most unstable.


Innovation of Desalination Methods Using Magnetic Particles

Kata Berkesi [email protected]

[email protected]

Thank you for your attention!

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Innovation of Desalination Methods Using Magnetic Particles · 2015. 8. 6. · Kata Berkesi E-mail: [email protected] Group of Electronic & Magnetic Materials National Technical