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INTERMEDIATE THESIS REPORT
ON
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION ON
BEHAVIOUR OF DEEP BEAMS
GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY:
Prof. THOMAS PAUL PRASANTH NAIRC
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN CIVIL ENGINEERING S4 M TECH (CASE)
M A C E M A C E
INTRODUCTION
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Deep beam is a beam having Span/ depth ratio such as less than 2 for simply
supported beams and less than 2.5 for continuous beams. Because the geometry of deep beams,
they behavior is different with slender beam or intermediate beam.Concrete structural members
having depth comparable to the span are generally termed as deep beams. In these members, the
distribution of strain across the depth of the cross section is nonlinear and a significant amount of
load is carried to the supports by a compression strut joining the load and the reaction.
Structural members can be broadly divided into two regions, namely, B (or
Bernoulli) regions where the strain distributions are linear, and D (or Disturbed) regions where the
strain distributions are non linear. While well defined theories are available for designing B
regions, thumb rule or empirical equations are still being used to design D regions, though B and D
regions are equally important. The design procedure for deep beams recommended by IS456:2000 is empirical in nature and based on the experimental investigations conducted by
Leonhardt and Walter at University of Stuttgart. It has been recently understood that the Strut
Tie- Method (STM) is an effective tool for the design of both B and D regions. Also, the STM
provides design engineers with a more flexible and intuitive option for designing structural
elements. The main objective of this study is to highlight the STM concept as a powerful design
concept for the analysis and design of concrete deep beams.
BEHAVIOUR OF DEEP BEAM
The followings are the major difference of deep beams compared with ordinary beam based on the
design assumption, as follows:
1. Plane Section do not remain plane, the assumption of plane section remain plane cannot be
used in the deep beam design.
2. The strain distribution is not longer linear. Shear Deformation, the shear deformation
cannot be neglectedas in the ordinary beam.
3. The stress distribution is not linear even in the elastic stage.
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
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The objective of study is to investigate the behavior of RC deep beams by means of Strut- Tie-
Method along with analytical simulation. The reinforced concrete deep beams have become an
important structural elements having small span-to-depth ratio. The investigation of their behavior
is a subject of considerable interest in RC structural researches. Several different failure modes
have been identified from experimental studies, due to variability in failure, the determination of
their strength and identification of failure mechanism are very complicated.
It has been recently understood that the Strut Tie- Method (STM) is an effective tool for the
design of deep beams.
The objectives of investigations are,
To Study and suggest for the strength and efficiency factor of Struts in the Strut-Tie Model
for structural concrete.
To study the strength and deformations of struts when micro fiber reinforced concrete is
used which has improved dispersion characteristics.
To study the different characteristics of both RC and FRC deep beams analytically.
SCOPE OF STUDY
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Regions of reinforced concrete elements can be divided into two regions, namely, B or Bernoulli
regions, where the strain distributions are linear and D or disturbed regions, where the strain
distributions are nonlinear. Deep beam belongs to D regions. It has been recently understood that
the strut and tie model (STM) is an effective tool for the design of both B and D regions. The
present codal recommendations are inadequate for the design of deep beams. The STM approach
is not described in detail in the current IS 456:2000 code of practice for plain and reinforced
concrete. The concrete members with fiber reinforced concrete have improved dispersion property which
will control the bulging of concrete. But we had no codal recommendations for the same. So
The scopes of study are,
1. To recommend Strut- and -Tie Merhod of design of RC deep beams.
2. To highlight the concept of micro FRP concrete deep beams.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Concrete structural members having depth comparable to span are generally termed as deep beams.
In these members, the distribution of strains across depth will be non linear and thus these
structural elements belong to D regions, which have traditionally been designed using empirical
formulae or using past experience. Strut-Tie Model offers an alternative to such empirical methods.
Strut- Tie Method (STM)
In the Strut and Tie Method, a reinforced concrete member is replaced by a system of truss
members that can resist the applied loads. For analytical purposes, the strut and tie models
condense all stresses in compression and tension members and join them by nodes. These models
are generally used for the analysis, design and detailing of D regions, such as vicinities of point
loads, frame corners, corbels and also where sudden changes in cross section occurs.
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The STM is based on the lower bound theory of plasticity. Therefore, the actual capacity of the
structure is considered to be equal to or greater than that of idealized truss. Hence designs done
using this method will always be on the safer side.
Fig.1. STRUT TIE MODEL OF DEEP BEAM
Struts
Struts are compression members in the STM. These represent concrete stress fields whose
principal compressive stresses predominantly acting along the centerline of the strut. Struts are
often idealized as prismatic or as bottle shaped elements.
Fig.2. Different types of Struts
Ties
Ties are tension members and represent the reinforcing steel.
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Node
Nodes in STM are the intersection points of three or more straight struts and ties. These are
analogous to joints in real truss. Depending on the nature of forces, nodes can be classified as
CCC, CCT, CTT, TTT nodes. C is the compression force and t is used to denote the tension force.
Fig.3. Different types of nodes
The design procedure using STM involves five major steps as
Identify the D region.
Sketch the truss and determine the equivalent boundary loads and analyse the truss to get
the member forces.
Evaluate the dimensions of the struts and nodes, such that, the capacities of the struts and
nodes are sufficient to carry the member forces.
Provide sufficient steel reinforcement for the required tie capacity and ensure that this
reinforcement is properly anchored.
Provide distributed reinforcement to ensure ductile behaviour of the D region.
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THE ANALYSIS MODEL
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D =2000mm
L= 3000mm
L/D = 3000/2000= 1.5
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By intuitively considering the mode of load transfer to the supports in the case of a continuous
deep beam, a truss model consisting of a network of struts and ties intersecting at nodes, can be
built up. The deep beam under consideration can be assumed to be made up of a primary negative
moment truss and a primary positive moment truss as presented in Figure.
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Both these trusses superimposed upon each other give a strut-and-tie model for the continuous
deep beam,
2. LOADS AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES
The loads, spans and dimensions of the deep beam selected for analysis are presented in Figure.
Design vertical load = 1500 kN and 2000 kN at mid-spans of both spans,
Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete (assumed) =fck= 30 MPa
Take cylinder compressive strength =fc = 0.80fck= 24 MPa
Yield strength (0.2% proof stress) of reinforcement bars (assumed) =fy = 415 Mpa
The strut and tie model is analyzed in software CAST. The analysis of the strut tie model will
give the support reaction and the member forces. Using these forces, we can design the deep beam
with strut - tie method.
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3. DETERMINATION OF TRUSS FORCES
The analysis model in CAST is,
After analysis the forces are,
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4. DESIGN OF BEARING PLATES
The bearing plates are to be provided at the loading points and at the supports. The reactions are
determined as 625 and 875kN at the exterior supports and 2000kN at the interior support.
The sizes of the bearing plates are to be determined next. The bearing plates at the points of
application of the loads will be resting above the underlying C-C-T (Compression-Compression-
Tension) nodes of the strut-and-tie model. The bearing stresses exerted by the bearing plates on the
faces of the underlying nodes should be less than the permissible bearing stresses for these nodes.
Similarly, the bearing plates at the support locations are below the overlying C-C-T nodes of the
strut-and-tie model and the bearing stresses at the faces of these nodes should be less than the
permissible bearing stresses for these nodes. Assume the size of all the bearing plates as 600 x 500
mm each. Since the interior support carries the maximum reaction, the adequacy of the assumed
size of the bearing plates is checked for this support and if found safe, the same size of the bearing
plates is provided at the two exterior supports.
Hence, the bearing stress at the interior support is = 2000x103/600x500 =6.67 MPa
As per Clause A.5.2 eq. (A-8) ACI318-02, the effective compressive strength of a C-C-T node
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fcu = 0.85nfc . As per Clause A.5.2.3 of [3] for a C-C-T node anchoring two or more ties
(T), n = 0.60.
Hence,fcu = 0.85 0.60 24 = 12.24 MPa
The allowable bearing stress = fcu , where is the strength reduction factor, which for
strut-and-tie models, as per Clause 9.3.2.6 of ACI318-02 = 0.75
Hence, the allowable bearing stress = fcu = 0.75 12.24 = 9.18 > 6.67 MPa, ok.
Hence, the selected size of the bearing plates is adequate.
Provide bearing plates of size 600500 mm at all the supports and at the loading points.
5. DESIGN OF TIES
The tie capacity is furnished by steel reinforcement and concrete is not assumed to carry any
tensile loads.
The area of reinforcement required for a typical tie is equal to Ast = Ft/ y where Ft is the tensile
force in the tie and y is the permissible tensile stress in the steel reinforcement and is equal to fy.
The strength reduction factor, , for the reinforcement yield stress fy, is taken as 0.75 as per
recommendations of Clause 9.3.2.6.
Therefore, the area of reinforcement required for tie BC = FBC/y = 202.6x103/0.75x415
= 650 mm2
Provide 4 nos. of 16 mm diameter bars for the tie BC. Area of steel provided = 804mm2>650 mm2,
ok.
The area of reinforcement required for tie AE = FAE/y = 506.8x103/0.75x415 = 1628 mm2
Provide 9 nos. of 16 mm diameter bars for the tie AE. Area of steel provided
1809 mm2> 1607.71 mm2,ok.
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The area of reinforcement required for tie DE = FDE/y = 709.5x103/0.75x415 = 2280mm2
Provide 12 nos. of 16 mm diameter bars for the tie DE. Area of steel provided = 2412 mm 2 > 2280
mm2, ok.
To ensure continuity of reinforcement in the bottom tie at the node E, the reinforcement in the tie
AE is changed to 12 nos. of 16 mm diameter bars.
As per Clause 11.9.5 [3], the minimum required area of tensile reinforcement in any tie =
=.04(fc/fy)bd=0.04(24/415)x500x1925=2226.5mm2
The minimum amount of reinforcement is required to prevent the possibility of sudden failure
under the action of flexural moment. The area of reinforcement provided in the ties BC (804 mm 2)
and AE (1809 mm2) is less than the minimum. Hence, provide 12 nos. of 16 mm diameter bars in
each of the ties BC and AE. Area of steel provided = 2412 mm2 > 2226.50 mm2.ok.
7. CHECK ON STRUTS
The check on struts involves determination of strut widths required to shoulder the computed strut
forces and to determine whether the required strut widths fit within the geometry of the structure.
The effective compressive strength of the concrete in all the struts is limited to fcu wheref'cu =
0.85s f'c; the parameters being taken equal to 0.75 as per Clause A.3.2.2 of ACI318-02. For this
value ofs, it will be necessary to provide reinforcement suitably proportioned to resist the
transverse tensile force resulting from the spreading of the compression force in the concrete struts.
Therefore, fcu = 0.75 0.85 0.75 24 = 11.47 MPa.
Hence, the required width for strut AB = FAE/ fcub = 804.7x103/11.47x500 = 140.31mm. Choose a
width of 150 mm for strut AB.
Hence, the required width for strut BE = FBE/ fcub = 1126.4x10
3
/11.47x500 = 196.40 mm. Choosea width of 200 mm for strut BE = CD
Hence, the required width for strut CE = FCE/ fcub = 1448.3x103/11.47x500 = 252.31mm. Choose
a width of 260 mm for strut AB.
As can be seen in Figure 10, all the strut widths fit within the geometry of the beam and thus the
proposed strut-and-tie model is acceptable.
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VALIDATION OF STRUT AND TIE MODEL DESIGN USING SOFTWARE CAST
The deep beam is designed using the strut tie method. This design is validated with the software
CAST. CAST is good software for the design of D regions using strut- tie model method.
Details
Strut width As per the design
Strut type ACI Prismatic
Tie reinforcement- As per the design, 12 no.s of 16mm dia bars.
Tie reinforcement type non pre stressed reinforcement
Bearing plate- 600mmx500mmx220mm
The stress ratio, (stress produced/permissible stress)
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When ACI bottle shaped with steel, struts used,
The stress ratio, (stress produced/permissible stress),
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REFERENCES
1. Abolfazl Arabzadeh, Reza Aghayari, Ali Reza Rahai Investigation of
experimental and analytical shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams,
International Journal of Civil Engineering.
2. Mohammad Reza Salamy, Hiroshi Kobayashi and Shigekiunjoh Experimental
study on RC deep beams.
3. Y K Sabapathy, Dr. K Nagamani Experimental and analytical study on GFRP
deep beams.
4. P Nagarajan, Dr T M M Pillai, Dr N Ganesan Design of Simply Supported Deep
Beams using IS456: 2000 and Strut and Tie Method.
5. P Nagarajan, Dr T M M Pillai Strut and Tie Model for Continuous Deep Beam:
Analytical and Experimental Studies.
6. D K Sahoo, R K Gautam, B Singh, P Bhargava Strength and Deformation
Characteristics of bottle Shaped Struts.magazine of Concrete Research, IIT
Rourkee