ROSIGLIATAZONE EVALUATED FOR CARDIOVSCULAR OUTCOMES IN ORAL AGENT COMBINATION THERAPY FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES (RECORD): A MULTICENTRE, RANDOMISED, OPEN –LABEL TRIAL. PHILIP D HOME DM, STUART J POCOCK PHD. AND COLLEAGUES. ROSIGLITAZONE IS AN INSULIN SENSITISER USED IN COMBINATION WITH MEFORMIN, A SULFONYLUREA, OR BOTH, FOR LOWERING BLOOD GLUCOSE IN PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES. WE ASSESSED CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES AFTER ADDITION OF ROSIGLITAZONE TO EITHER METFORMIN OR SULFONYLUREA COMPARED WITH THE COMBINATION OF THE OVER 5-7 YEARS OF FOLLOW UP. WE ALSO ASSESSED COMPARATIVE SAFETY METHODS. IN A MULTICENTRE, OPEN-LABEL TRIAL, 4447 PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES ON METFORMIN OR SULFONYLUREA MONOTHERAPY WITH MEAN HAEMOGLOBIN A1C (HB A1C) OF 7-9% WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO ADDITION OF ROSIGLITAZONE (N=2220) OR TO A COMBINATION OF METFORMIN AND SULFONYLUREA (ACTIVE CONTROL GROUP, N=2227). THE PRIMARY ENDPOINT WAS CARDIOVASCULAR HOSPITALISATION OR CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH, WITH A HAZARD RATIO (HR) NON INFERIORITY MARGIN OF 1.20. ANALYSIS WAS BY INTENTION TO TREAT. THIS STUDY IS REGISTERED WITH GOVERNMENT CLINICAL TRIALS NUMBER NCT00379769. FINDINGS. 321 PEOPLE IN THE ROSIGLITAZONE GROUP AND 323 IN THE ACTIVE CONTROL GROUP EXPERIENCED THE PRIMARY OUTCOME DURING A MEAN 5-5 YEAR FOLLOW UP, MEETING THE CRITERION ON NON-INFERIORITY (HR 0.99, 95% CL 0.85-1.16). HR WAS 0-84 (0-59) FOR CARDOVASCULAR DEATH, 1-14 (0.80 – 1.63) FOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, AND 0.72 (0.49-1.06) FOR STROKE. HEART FAILURE CAUSING ADMISSION TO HOSPITAL OR DEATH OCCURRED IN 61 PEOPLE IN THE ROSIGLITAZONE GROUP AND 29 IN THE ACTIVE CONTROL GROUP (HR2.10, 1.35 – 3.27, RISK DIFFERENCE PER 1000 PERSON-YEARS 2.6, 1.1-4.1). UPPER AND DISTAL LOWER LIMB FRACTURE RATES WERE INCREASED MAINLY IN WOMEN RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO RSIGLITAZONE. MEAN HBA1C WAS LOWER IN THE ROSIGLITAZONE GROUP THAN IN THE CONTROL GROUP AT 5 YEARS. INTERPRETATION. ADDITION ROSIGLITAZONE TO GLUCOSE LOWERING THERAPY IN PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IS CONFIRMED TO INCREASE THE RISK OF HEART FAILURE AND OF SOME FRACTURES, MAINLY IN WOMEN. ALTHOUGH THE DATA ARE INCONCLUSIVE ABOUT ANY POSSIBLE EFFECT ON MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, ROSIGLITAZONE DOES NOT INCREASE THE RISK OF OVERALL CARDIVASCULAR MORBIDITY OR MORTALITY COMPARED WITH STANDARD GLUCOSE –LOWERING DRUGS.

PREGUNTA 1  

WHAT WAS THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE STUDY?

A TO TREAT PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES.

B TO DETERMINE THE INCIDENCE OF HOSPITALIZATION IN PATIENTS TAKING ROSIGLITAZONE.

C TO DISCOVER THE EFFECTS THAT ROSIGLITAZONE HAS ON HEART FAILURE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES.

D TO GET GOVERNMENT APPROVAL FOR ROSIGLITAZONE.

   

PREGUNTA 2  

ROSIGLITAZONE IS AN INSULIN SENSITISER USED TO:

A LOWER INSULINE IN PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES

B LOWER BLOOD GLUCOSE IN PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES.

C INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE IN PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES.

D DIMINISH INSULINE IN PEOPLE WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES.

   

PREGUNTA 3  

WHAT DID THE TWO GROUPS HAVE IN COMMON?

A PARTICIPANTS WERE GIVEN SULFONYLUREA.

B PARTICIPANTS WERE GIVEN ROSIGLITAZONE.

C PARTICIPANTS HAD NEARLY SIMILAR LEVELS OF HBA1C.

D PARTICIPANTS WERE ALL FROM THE SAME CENTRE.

   

PREGUNTA 4  

WHAT DOES THE AUTHOR CONCLUDE REGARDING THE SAFETY OF ROSIGLITAZONE IN GLUCOSE-LOWERING THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH TYPE-2 DIABETES?

A THE PERCENTAGE OF PATIENTS RESULTING IN HEART FAILURE WAS VERY HIGH FOR BOTH GROUPS.

B ROSIGLITAZONE, IN GENERAL, CAUSES HEART FAILURE.

C ROSIGLITAZONE IS GENERALLY SAFE, BUT NOT FOR WOMEN.

D ROSIGLATAZONE SHOULD BE USED ONLY FOR MALE PATIENTS.

   

PREGUNTA 5  

ADDITION ROSIGLITAZONE TO GLUCOSE LOWERING THERAPY IN PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IS CONFIRMED TO:

A INCREASE THE RISK OF HEART FAILURE AND OF SOME FRACTURES, MAINLY IN MEN.

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B INCREASE THE RISK OF HEART FAILURE AND OF SOME FRACTURES, MAINLY IN WOMEN.

C THE DATA ARE CONCLUSIVE ABOUT ANY POSSIBLE EFFECT ON MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION,

D ROSIGLITAZONE INCREASES THE RISK OF OVERALL CARDIVASCULAR MORBIDITY.

 

PIGMENTARY DISORDERS IN LATIN AMERICA FALABELLA, RAFAEL DERMATOLOGIC CLINICS - VOLUME 25, ISSUE 3 W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY JULY 2007 PITYRIASIS ALBA (PA) IS A COMMON DISORDER OBSERVED IN LATIN AMERICAN PATIENTS. LESIONS DISCLOSE HYPOPIGMENTATION, MAINLY OBSERVED ON FACIAL AREAS AND SUNLIGHT EXPOSED SURFACE OF ARMS AND FOREARMS; THOSE ON THE TRUNK AND LOWER EXTREMITIES ARE LESS COMMON. AN ATOPIC DIATHESIS IS PRESENT IN MOST PATIENTS, AND THE CONDITION FREQUENTLY DEVELOPS IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS. THE AVERAGE LESION BEGINS WITH A SLIGHTLY HYPOPIGMENTED MACULE THAT ENLARGES GRADUALLY FROM 1 CM TO 3 CM AND MAY COALESCE WITH NEIGHBORING MACULES, RESULTING IN LARGER HYPOPIGMENTED DEFECTS. A FINE DESQUAMATION AND DRYNESS OF SKIN ARE CHARACTERISTIC AND THE CLINICAL PICTURE USUALLY WORSENS DURING SUMMER OR DURING FREQUENT WATERSPORT ACTIVITIES. A FOLLICULAR VARIETY WITH MILD HYPERKERATOSIS AT THE HAIR FOLLICLE OSTIUM FREQUENTLY OCCURS. ON HISTOLOGIC EXAMINATION, EPIDERMAL AND FOLLICULAR SPONGIOSIS, FOCAL PARAKERATOSIS, SLIGHT ACANTHOSIS, AND MILD SUPERFICIAL PERIVASCULAR INFILTRATES ARE SEEN. IN A STUDY, ULTRASTRUCTURAL EXAMINATION DISCLOSED SMALL AND REDUCED NUMBERS OF MELANOCYTES AND MELANOSOMES. ALTHOUGH PA IMPROVES SPONTANEOUSLY AFTER PUBERTY, LOW POTENCY CORTICOSTEROIDS, SUCH AS 1% HYDROCORTISONE OR 0.5% DESONIDE, FREQUENT EMOLLIENT APPLICATION, AND SUNLIGHT AVOIDANCE/PROTECTION ARE USEFUL TO CONTROL THIS DISORDER. SKIN CONTACT WITH DIVERSE CHEMICALS MAY INDUCE ACQUIRED HYPOPIGMENTATION, WHICH MAY OCCUR EITHER DURING PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES OR AS AN INCIDENTAL EVENT. AREAS OF CONTACT, SUCH AS HANDS AND FEET, MAY BECOME AFFECTED WITH OR WITHOUT INITIAL DERMATITIS, AND THEREAFTER HYPOPIGMENTATION OCCURS. SOME OF THE INVOLVED CHEMICALS ARE CATECHOL AND BENZENE DERIVATIVES USED AS ANTISEPTICS AND CLEANSERS, PESTICIDES, AND EPOXY RESINS COMMONLY USED IN HOUSEHOLD WORK. MACULAR LESIONS SHOW DIFFERENT GRADES OF HYPOPIGMENTATION OR TRUE DEPIGMENTATION INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM VITILIGO; A PREVIOUS HISTORY OF SUBSTANCE CONTACT AND DERMATITIS ARE IN FAVOR OF THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF DEPIGMENTATION . ON HISTOLOGIC EXAMINATION, JUST A FEW MELANOCYTES ARE PRESENT AND REDUCED OR ABSENT

MELANIN IS OBSERVED. TREATMENT OF DEPIGMENTATION IS DIFFICULT, BECAUSE MOST OF THE TIME ACRAL AREAS ARE INVOLVED AND MELANOCYTES IN AFFECTED AREAS ARE SCARCE. IF VITILIGO-LIKE DEPIGMENTATION BECOMES REFRACTORY TO MEDICAL THERAPY, MELANOCYTE GRAFTING MAY BE AN IMPORTANT THERAPEUTIC SOLUTION.    

PREGUNTA 6

 

PITYRIASIS ALBA IS A COMMON DISORDER FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN:

A ARMS AND LEGS

B FACE, ARMS AND FOREARMS

C TRUNK AND LOWER EXTREMITIES.

D FACE, ARMS AND LEGS

   

PREGUNTA 7  

THE AVERAGE LESION BEGINS WITH A SLIGHTLY HYPOPIGMENTED SPOT THAT:

A GROWS FROM 1 TO 3 CM.

B REDUCES FROM 1 TO 3 CM

C ENLARGES TO 5 CM. INDEPENDENTLY

D CHANGES COLOR

   

PREGUNTA 8  

TO CONTROL THIS DISORDER IT IS USEFUL TO:

A USE ANON FREQUENT EMOLLIENT APPLICATION

B USE HIGH POTENCY CORTICOSTEROIDS

C KEEP AWAY FROM THE SUN.

D LACK THE PROTECTION OF THE SUN

   

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PREGUNTA 9  

HYPOPIGMENTATION OCCURS WHEN:

A SKIN HAS CONTACT WITH DIVERSE CHEMICALS

B WE HAVE INCIDENTAL ACTIVITIES

C WE TAKE CORTISONE.

D WE USE SUN PROTECTION.

   

PREGUNTA 10  

PITYRIASIS ALBA IS DANGEROUS BECAUSE:

A PATIENTS BECOME INTOLERANT TO LIGHT.

B SOME OF THE TREATMENTS ARE TOXIC.

C PRE-CANCEROUS LESIONS CAN FORM.

D DELICATE SURGERY IS SOMETIMES REQUIRED.

PIGMENTARY DISORDERS IN LATIN AMERICA FALABELLA, RAFAEL DERMATOLOGIC CLINICS - VOLUME 25, ISSUE 3 W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY JULY 2007 PITYRIASIS ALBA (PA) IS A COMMON DISORDER OBSERVED IN LATIN AMERICAN PATIENTS. LESIONS DISCLOSE HYPOPIGMENTATION, MAINLY OBSERVED ON FACIAL AREAS AND SUNLIGHT EXPOSED SURFACE OF ARMS AND FOREARMS; THOSE ON THE TRUNK AND LOWER EXTREMITIES ARE LESS COMMON. AN ATOPIC DIATHESIS IS PRESENT IN MOST PATIENTS, AND THE CONDITION FREQUENTLY DEVELOPS IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS. THE AVERAGE LESION BEGINS WITH A SLIGHTLY HYPOPIGMENTED MACULE THAT ENLARGES GRADUALLY FROM 1 CM TO 3 CM AND MAY COALESCE WITH NEIGHBORING MACULES, RESULTING IN LARGER HYPOPIGMENTED DEFECTS. A FINE DESQUAMATION AND DRYNESS OF SKIN ARE CHARACTERISTIC AND THE CLINICAL PICTURE USUALLY WORSENS DURING SUMMER OR DURING FREQUENT WATERSPORT ACTIVITIES. A FOLLICULAR VARIETY WITH MILD HYPERKERATOSIS AT THE HAIR FOLLICLE OSTIUM FREQUENTLY OCCURS. ON HISTOLOGIC EXAMINATION, EPIDERMAL AND FOLLICULAR SPONGIOSIS, FOCAL PARAKERATOSIS, SLIGHT ACANTHOSIS, AND MILD SUPERFICIAL PERIVASCULAR INFILTRATES ARE SEEN. IN A STUDY, ULTRASTRUCTURAL EXAMINATION DISCLOSED SMALL AND REDUCED NUMBERS OF MELANOCYTES AND MELANOSOMES. ALTHOUGH PA IMPROVES SPONTANEOUSLY AFTER PUBERTY, LOW POTENCY CORTICOSTEROIDS,

2106 10

SUCH AS 1% HYDROCORTISONE OR 0.5% DESONIDE, FREQUENT EMOLLIENT APPLICATION, AND SUNLIGHT AVOIDANCE/PROTECTION ARE USEFUL TO CONTROL THIS DISORDER. SKIN CONTACT WITH DIVERSE CHEMICALS MAY INDUCE ACQUIRED HYPOPIGMENTATION, WHICH MAY OCCUR EITHER DURING PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES OR AS AN INCIDENTAL EVENT. AREAS OF CONTACT, SUCH AS HANDS AND FEET, MAY BECOME AFFECTED WITH OR WITHOUT INITIAL DERMATITIS, AND THEREAFTER HYPOPIGMENTATION OCCURS. SOME OF THE INVOLVED CHEMICALS ARE CATECHOL AND BENZENE DERIVATIVES USED AS ANTISEPTICS AND CLEANSERS, PESTICIDES, AND EPOXY RESINS COMMONLY USED IN HOUSEHOLD WORK. MACULAR LESIONS SHOW DIFFERENT GRADES OF HYPOPIGMENTATION OR TRUE DEPIGMENTATION INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM VITILIGO; A PREVIOUS HISTORY OF SUBSTANCE CONTACT AND DERMATITIS ARE IN FAVOR OF THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF DEPIGMENTATION . ON HISTOLOGIC EXAMINATION, JUST A FEW MELANOCYTES ARE PRESENT AND REDUCED OR ABSENT MELANIN IS OBSERVED. TREATMENT OF DEPIGMENTATION IS DIFFICULT, BECAUSE MOST OF THE TIME ACRAL AREAS ARE INVOLVED AND MELANOCYTES IN AFFECTED AREAS ARE SCARCE. IF VITILIGO-LIKE DEPIGMENTATION BECOMES REFRACTORY TO MEDICAL THERAPY, MELANOCYTE GRAFTING MAY BE AN IMPORTANT THERAPEUTIC SOLUTION.    

PREGUNTA 6

 

PITYRIASIS ALBA IS A COMMON DISORDER FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN:

A ARMS AND LEGS

B FACE, ARMS AND FOREARMS

C TRUNK AND LOWER EXTREMITIES.

D FACE, ARMS AND LEGS

   

PREGUNTA 7  

THE AVERAGE LESION BEGINS WITH A SLIGHTLY HYPOPIGMENTED SPOT THAT:

A GROWS FROM 1 TO 3 CM.

B REDUCES FROM 1 TO 3 CM

C ENLARGES TO 5 CM. INDEPENDENTLY

2 6

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D CHANGES COLOR

   

PREGUNTA 8  

TO CONTROL THIS DISORDER IT IS USEFUL TO:

A USE ANON FREQUENT EMOLLIENT APPLICATION

B USE HIGH POTENCY CORTICOSTEROIDS

C KEEP AWAY FROM THE SUN.

D LACK THE PROTECTION OF THE SUN

   

PREGUNTA 9  

HYPOPIGMENTATION OCCURS WHEN:

A SKIN HAS CONTACT WITH DIVERSE CHEMICALS

B WE HAVE INCIDENTAL ACTIVITIES

C WE TAKE CORTISONE.

D WE USE SUN PROTECTION.

   

PREGUNTA 10  

PITYRIASIS ALBA IS DANGEROUS BECAUSE:

A PATIENTS BECOME INTOLERANT TO LIGHT.

B SOME OF THE TREATMENTS ARE TOXIC.

C PRE-CANCEROUS LESIONS CAN FORM.

D DELICATE SURGERY IS SOMETIMES REQUIRED.

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN ZORC, JOSEPH J. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE EL SERVIER DOI.10.1016.CPEM.209.03.008 MARCH 2009. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (INCLUDING OTITIS MEDIA) ARE THE MOST COMMON ILLNESSES AFFECTING CHILDREN. ON AVERAGE, CHILDREN EXPERIENCE AROUND SIX TO EIGHT UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (URTIS)

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EACH YEAR. ALTHOUGH THESE INFECTIONS USUALLY ARE MILD AND SELF LIMITING, THEY OCCASIONALLY LEAD TO COMPLICATIONS THAT CAN BE LIFE THREATENING. MOST URTIS CAN BE PLACED WITHIN THREE MAIN CATEGORIES OF INFECTION: RHINOSINUSITIS, PHARYNGITIS, AND OTITIS MEDIA. WITHIN EACH CATEGORY OF ILLNESS THERE IS A RANGE OF RELATED CONDITIONS THAT MAY HAVE SIMILAR OR OVERLAPPING CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS. SOME JUDGMENT IS REQUIRED IN DETERMINING WHICH PART OF THE RESPIRATORY MUCOSA IS MOST AFFECTED. IN THIS ARTICLE, THE TERM “RHINOSINUSITIS” IS USED TO DESCRIBE ILLNESSES WITH PREDOMINANTLY NASAL SYMPTOMS (INCLUDING THE COMMON COLD, NASOPHARYNGITIS, AND SINUSITIS). THE TERM “PHARYNGITIS” IS USED TO DESCRIBE ILLNESSES WHEN SORE THROAT IS MOST PROMINENT (INCLUDING TONSILLITIS). THE TERM “OTITIS MEDIA” IS USED TO DESCRIBE ILLNESSES WITH PREDOMINANTLY MIDDLE EAR SYMPTOMS (INCLUDING ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA [AOM], OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION [OME], AND CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA [CSOM]). CHILDREN WHO HAVE COUGH AS THE PREDOMINANT SYMPTOM ARE CONSIDERED TO HAVE BRONCHITIS (A LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION). TO MAKE MATTERS MORE COMPLICATED, ALL AREAS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUCOSA MAY BE AFFECTED, SIMULTANEOUSLY OR AT DIFFERENT TIMES, DURING ONE ILLNESS. THE CAUSE OF THESE RESPIRATORY MUCOSAL INFECTIONS MOST COMMONLY IS VIRAL BUT CAN BE BACTERIAL AND MANY INFECTIONS INVOLVE BOTH VIRUSES AND BACTERIA. IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, BOTH VIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTIONS ARE LIKELY TO BE SELF LIMITED. PERSISTENT DISEASE IS MOST LIKELY TO INDICATE A BACTERIAL INFECTION.    

PREGUNTA 11

 

WHY ARE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS SO DIFFICULT TO DIAGNOSE IN CHILDREN?

A THEY GET MANY OF THEM.

B THE SYMPTOMS OF DIFFERENT URTIS OVERLAP.

C THERE ARE DIFFERENT KINDS OF URTIS.

D VIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTIONS EXIST.

   

PREGUNTA 12  

AN EXAMPLE OF A LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTION IS:

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A NASOPHARYNGITIS.

B BRONCHITIS.

C SINUSITIS.

D TONSILLITIS.

   

PREGUNTA 13  

THE CAUSE OF THE ILLNESS IN RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IS BEST DETERMINED BY THE:

A SYMPTOMS.

B PRESENCE OF A VIRAL INFECTION.

C PRESENCE OF A BACTERIAL INFECTION.

D AFFECTED PART OF THE RESPIRATORY MUCOSA.

   

PREGUNTA 14  

THE MAIN AREA AFFECTED IN INFECTIONS TERMED "OTITIS MEDIA" IS THE:

A EYE

B EAR

C NOSE

D THROAT

   

PREGUNTA 15  

OME, AOM, AND SCOM ALL BELONG TO THE FAMILY OF THE INFECTION CALLED:

A BRONCHITIS

B PHARYNGITIS

C RHINOSINUSITUS

D OTITIS MEDIA

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FREQUENCY OF GERD SYMPTOMS IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WHO COME TO A FAMILY MEDICINE CLINIC. OBJECTIVES: TO ASCERTAIN THE PREVALENCE OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) IN ELDERLY PEOPLE ATTENDING TO FAMILY MEDICINE CLINICS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED BY USING A PROSPECTIVE DESIGN IN WHICH PARTICIPANTS WERE RANDOMLY SELECTED FROM A FAMILY MEDICINE CLINIC LOCATED IN MEXICO CITY. THE STUDY WAS RUN FROM AUGUST TO SEPTEMBER 2003, AND INCLUDED PATIENTS AGED SIXTY YEARS OR OLDER, REGARDLESS OF GENDER. THEY SHOULD NOT HAVE COGNITIVE DAMAGE, WHICH WAS ASCERTAINED BY THE FOLSTEIN MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION. THOSE PATIENTS THAT DID NOT ACCEPT TO PARTICIPATE AND THOSE HAVING INCOMPLETE OR ILLEGIBLE MEDICAL RECORDS WERE EXCLUDED. THE SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS TEST AND CARLSSON-DENT TEST WERE APPLIED. THE INFORMATION ABOUT DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS PRESCRIPTIONS, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NO PHARMACOLOGICAL GASTROESOPHAGEAL PROTECTION WAS OBTAINED FROM THE MEDICAL CHARTS AND PRESCRIPTIONS. RESULTS: 400 ELDERLY PATIENTS WERE EVALUATED BY USING THE CARLSSON-DENT TEST. GERD PREVALENCE WAS 25% (IC 95 % 21-29) THE AVERAGE AGE OF PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT GERD WAS 68 ± 7 YEARS AND 70 ± 7 YEARS RESPECTIVELY (P = .002). WOMEN SUFFERED GERD MORE FREQUENTLY THAN MEN (P = 0.001). GERD DIAGNOSIS WAS NOT FOUND IN ANY OF THE REVIEWED MEDICAL CHARTS. ANTACIDS, HISTAMINE- 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS (H2 AS) AND WERE PRESCRIBED IN 39% (IC 95 % 34-44) OF PATIENTS WITH GERD AND IN 18% (IC 95 % 15-21) WITHOUT GERD. CONCLUSIONS: ELDERLY PATIENTS ATTENDING TO PRIMARY CARE FACILITIES OFTEN HAVE GERD SYMPTOMS, BUT THEY ARE NOT PROPERLY DIAGNOSED OR FOLLOWED UP. THE CARLSSON-DENT QUESTIONNAIRE IS AN ALTERNATIVE TO IDENTIFY GERD PATIENTS.    

PREGUNTA 16

 

ABOUT THE DESIGN OF THE STUDY:

A

RESEARCHERS USE A PROSPECTIVE DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS WERE FAMILY MEDICINE SPECIALIST FROM MEXICO CITY SELECTED AT RANDOM.

B PARTICIPANTS ARE SELECTED AT RANDOM FROM A FAMILY MEDICINE CLINIC FROM AN ELDERLY FEMALE POPULATION.

C ELDERLY PATIENTS WERE INCLUDED WITHOUT CONSIDERING GENDER.

D IT WAS ORIGINALLY PLANNED TO BE DONE IN THREE MONTHS.

   

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PREGUNTA 17  

THE INCLUSION OF PATIENT CRITERIA WAS:

A CERTAINLY NOT TO HAVE ANY BRAIN DAMAGE.

B TO HAVE COGNITIVE COMPETENCE PROVEN BY THE FOLSTEIN MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION.

C NOT TO ACCEPT TO PARTICIPATE IN THE STUDY.

D THERE WERE INCOMPLETE OR ILLEGIBLE MEDICAL RECORDS.

   

PREGUNTA 18  

RESEARCHERS OBTAIN THE INFORMATION ABOUT DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS PRESCRIPTIONS, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NO PHARMACOLOGICAL GASTROESOPHAGEAL PROTECTION FROM:

A A SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS TEST.

B A CARLSSON-DENT TEST.

C CLINIC DATABASES.

D PATIENT RECORDS.

   

PREGUNTA 19  

THE AIM OF THE STUDY GAVE AS A RESULT:

A GERD PREVALENCE WAS 25%.

B AVERAGE AGE OF PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT GERD WAS 68 ± 7 YEARS AND 70 ± 7 YEARS RESPECTIVELY.

C WOMEN SUFFERED GERD MORE FREQUENTLY THAN MEN.

D ANTACIDS, H2 AS AND WERE PRESCRIBED IN 39% OF PATIENTS WITH GERD.

   

PREGUNTA 20  

THE MAIN CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY WAS:

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A PATIENTS WITHOUT GERD STILL RECEIVED TREATMENT.

B PARTICIPANTS OFTEN HAD GERD SYMPTOMS.

C PATIENTS IDENTIFIED WITH GERD SYMPTOMS WERE DIAGNOSED AND FOLLOWED UP CORRECTLY.

D THE CARLSSON-DENT QUESTIONNAIRE WAS THE BEST ALTERNATIVE TO IDENTIFY GERD PATIENTS.

NEW THINKING ON HOW TO PROTECT THE HEART BY JANE E. BRODY SURGERY MAY NOT BE THE BEST WAY TO AVOID A HEART ATTACK OR SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH, THE NEXT STEP IS FINDING OUT WHAT CAN WORK AS WELL OR BETTER TO PROTECT YOUR HEART. MANY MEASURES ARE PROBABLY FAMILIAR: NOT SMOKING, CONTROLLING CHOLESTEROL AND BLOOD PRESSURE, EXERCISING REGULARLY AND STAYING AT A HEALTHY WEIGHT. BUT SOME NEWER SUGGESTIONS MAY SURPRISE YOU. IT IS NOT THAT THE OLD ADVICE, LIKE EATING A LOW-FAT DIET OR EXERCISING VIGOROUSLY, WAS BAD ADVICE; IT WAS BASED ON THE BEST AVAILABLE EVIDENCE OF THE TIME AND CAN STILL BE VERY HELPFUL. THE WELL-ESTABLISHED RISK FACTORS FOR HEART DISEASE REMAIN INTACT: HIGH CHOLESTEROL, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, SMOKING, DIABETES, ABDOMINAL OBESITY AND SEDENTARY LIVING. BUT BEHIND THEM A RELATIVELY NEW FACTOR HAS EMERGED THAT MAY BE EVEN MORE IMPORTANT AS A CAUSE OF HEART ATTACKS THAN, SAY, HIGH BLOOD LEVELS OF ARTERY-DAMAGING CHOLESTEROL. THAT FACTOR IS C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, OR CRP, A BLOOD-BORNE MARKER OF INFLAMMATION THAT, ALONG WITH COAGULATION FACTORS, IS NOW INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED AS THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND CLOTS THAT BLOCK BLOOD FLOW TO THE HEART. EVEN IN PEOPLE WITH NORMAL CHOLESTEROL, IF CRP IS ELEVATED, THE RISK OF HEART ATTACK IS TOO. DIET REVISITED THE NEW DIETARY ADVICE IS ACTUALLY BASED ON A RATHER OLD FINDING THAT PREDATES THE MANTRA TO EAT A LOW-FAT DIET. IN THE SEVEN COUNTRIES STUDY STARTED IN 1958 FOUND THAT HEART DISEASE WAS RARE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND ASIAN REGIONS WHERE VEGETABLES, GRAINS, FRUITS, BEANS AND FISH WERE THE DIETARY MAINSTAYS. BUT IN COUNTRIES LIKE FINLAND AND THE UNITED STATES WHERE PLATES WERE TYPICALLY FILLED WITH RED MEAT, CHEESE AND OTHER FOODS RICH IN SATURATED FATS, HEART DISEASE AND CARDIAC DEATHS WERE EPIDEMIC. THE FINDING RESULTED IN THE WELL-KNOWN ADVICE TO REDUCE DIETARY FAT AND ESPECIALLY SATURATED FATS (THOSE THAT ARE FIRM AT ROOM TEMPERATURE), AND TO REPLACE THESE HARMFUL FATS WITH UNSATURATED ONES LIKE VEGETABLE OILS. WHAT WAS MISSED AT THE TIME AND HAS NOW BECOME INCREASINGLY APPARENT IS THAT THE HEART-HEALTHY MEDITERRANEAN DIET IS NOT REALLY LOW IN FAT, BUT ITS MAIN SOURCES OF FAT — OLIVE OIL AND OILY FISH AS WELL AS NUTS, SEEDS AND CERTAIN VEGETABLES — HELP TO

PREVENT HEART DISEASE BY IMPROVING CHOLESTEROL RATIOS AND REDUCING INFLAMMATION.    

PREGUNTA 21

 

ACCORDING TO THE ARTICLE, THE BEST WAY TO AVOID A HEART ATTACK IS:

A EATING A LOW FAT DIET AND EXERCISING VIGOROUSLY.

B HAVING A SURGERY.

C CONTROLLING YOUR CRP

D CONTROLLING YOUR CHOLESTEROL

   

PREGUNTA 22  

ACCORDING TO THE ARTICLE, THE BEST DIET TO FOLLOW IS:

A A LOW-FAT DIET

B SATURATED FATS

C RED MEAT AND CHEESE

D A MEDITERRANEAN DIET.

   

PREGUNTA 23  

THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET CONSISTS MAINLY OF:

A LOW CARBOHYDRATES

B RED MEAT AND CHEESE

C UNSATURATED FATS

D VEGETABLES

   

PREGUNTA 24  

DRINKING RED WINE IS GOOD FOR YOU BECAUSE:

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A IT MAKES YOU RELAX

B HAS ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES

C IT PREVENTS THE FORMATION OF CHOLESTEROL

D IT’S EASY TO DIGEST

   

PREGUNTA 25  

FROM THE ARTICLE WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT:

A IF WE FOLLOW A LOW-FAT DIET AND EXERCISE VIGOROUSLY WE WILL AVOID HAVING A HEART ATTACK

B

GOING TO THE PERIODONTIST, EXERCISING 15 MINUTES A DAY, RELAXING, AND FOLLOWING A MEDITERRANEAN DIET WE WILL AVOID HAVING A HEART ATTACK

C TAKING A VACATION, EXERCISING VIGOROUSLY AND FOLLOWING A MEDITERRANEAN DIET WE WILL AVOID HAVING A HEART ATTACK

D

PRACTICING THE RELAXATION RESPONSE ONCE OR TWICE A DAY BY BREATHING DEEPLY AND RHYTHMICALLY IN A QUIET PLACE WILL AVOID HAVING A HEART ATTACK.

MATERNAL MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND RISK ASSESSMENT MATERNAL MORTALITY IS THE TIP OF THE MATERNAL MORBIDITY ICEBERG; SEVERAL OBSTETRIC, ANESTHETIC, AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES IMPACT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN WOMEN. MATERNAL MORTALITY IS THE YARDSTICK TO MEASURE WHEN HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL FAIL TO RECOGNIZE RISKS, LACK INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION, OR PROVIDE SUBSTANDARD CARE, THUS RESULTING IN COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY, LABOR, OR DELIVERY. PREGNANCY-RELATED DEATH IS DEFINED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES, 10TH REVISION (ICD-10) AS THE DEATH OF A WOMAN WHILE PREGNANT OR WITHIN 42 DAYS OF TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY, DESPITE THE CAUSE OF DEATH. ALTHOUGH THE RISK FOR DEATH FROM COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY DECREASED DRAMATICALLY DURING THE 20TH CENTURY IN THE UNITED STATES, THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC) REPORTS A FAIRLY STATIC MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO (MMR), OF APPROXIMATELY 7.5 MATERNAL DEATHS PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS. IN THE YEAR 2000, A COLLABORATIVE EFFORT INVOLVING WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND (UNICEF), AND UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND (UNFPA) ESTIMATED 660 MATERNAL DEATHS, THUS AVERAGING 11 MATERNAL DEATHS PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS, PLACING THE MMR ABOVE THE STATISTICS REPORTED BY THE CDC. THESE

3216 25

SURVEYS ON MATERNAL MORTALITY SURVEILLANCES ARE LIMITED IN SCOPE BECAUSE THE INFORMATION IS OBTAINED FROM DEATH CERTIFICATES, AND VARIOUS STATES OR ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS COULD BE UNDERREPORTING. ACCURATE STATISTICS ARE LACKING, THUS RESULTING IN ONLY A SNAPSHOT OF THE ACTUAL MATERNAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. THE RECENT WHO ESTIMATE IN THE UNITED STATES SHOW THAT MATERNAL MORTALITY IS APPROXIMATELY 17 IN 100,000 PREGNANCIES. THIS ESTIMATE IS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THE GOAL SET BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES IN HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010, WHICH SETS THE TARGET FOR MATERNAL MORTALITY AT LESS THAN 3.3 IN 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS. SOME REGIONAL REPORTS DOCUMENT RATIOS AS HIGH AS 22.8 PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS, WHICH IS AN UNACCEPTABLY HIGH RATE. IN UNITED STATES, THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF MATERNAL DEATHS, ALTHOUGH THEY VARY AMONG STATES, INCLUDE THROMBOEMBOLISM; AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM; HEMORRHAGE; COMPLICATIONS OF HYPERTENSION, INCLUDING PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA; AND INFECTION. PULMONARY DISEASE, ANESTHESIA-RELATED DEATHS, AND CARDIOMYOPATHY ARE ALSO SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTORS TO MATERNAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY.    

PREGUNTA 26

 

FOR MATERNAL MORTALITY A RISK FACTOR COULD BE:

A EXCESIVE INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION BY HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL.

B FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE RISKS BY HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL .

C HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL PROVIDE STANDARD CARE.

D ALL ABOVE ARE RISK FACTORS.

   

PREGUNTA 27  

THE MAIN REASON WHY THE MATERNAL MORTALITY SURVEILLANCES ARE LIMITED IN SCOPE WOULD BE:

A BECAUSE THE INFORMATION IS OBTAINED OF DEATH CERTIFICATES.

B A SITUATION OF UNDERREPORTING.

C BECAUSE VARIOUS STATES OR ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS COULD BE OVERREPORTING.

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D THE MATERNAL MORTALITY SURVEILLANCES ARE ACCURATE.

   

PREGUNTA 28  

ACCORDING TO THE FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY CONDUCTED BY WHO, UNICEF AND THE UNFPA WHAT IS THE CONCLUSION:

A PREGNANCY RELATED DEATH IS THE DEATH OF A PREGNANT WOMAN .

B

PREGNANCY REALTED DEATH IS THE DEATH OF A WOMAN WITHIN 42 DAYS OF TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY, DESPITE THE CAUSE OF DEATH.

C

THE RISK OF DEATH FROM COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY DECREASED DRAMATICALLY DURING THE 20TH CENTURY IN THE UNITED STATES.

D THE MMR STATISTICS ARE ABOVE THE CDC STATISTICS.

   

PREGUNTA 29  

ALTHOUGH THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES HAS PROJECTED GOALS FOR 2010, WHAT IS THE ACTUAL RATIO:

A MATERNAL MORTALITY IS APPROXIMATELY 17 IN 100,000 PREGNANCIES.

B MATERNAL MORTALITY IS AT LESS 3.3 IN 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS.

C THE RESULTS HAVE NOT BEEN WHAT THEY EXPECTED.

D MATERNAL MORTALITY IS 22.8 PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS.

   

PREGUNTA 30  

ABOUT THE CAUSES OF MATERNAL DEATHS WHICH WOULD BE CONSIDERED A CONTRIBUTOR FROM THE FOLLOWING:

A THROMBOEMBOLISM.

B AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM.

C PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA.

D CARDIOMYOPATHY.

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MATERNAL MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND RISK ASSESSMENT MATERNAL MORTALITY IS THE TIP OF THE MATERNAL MORBIDITY ICEBERG; SEVERAL OBSTETRIC, ANESTHETIC, AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES IMPACT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN WOMEN. MATERNAL MORTALITY IS THE YARDSTICK TO MEASURE WHEN HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL FAIL TO RECOGNIZE RISKS, LACK INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION, OR PROVIDE SUBSTANDARD CARE, THUS RESULTING IN COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY, LABOR, OR DELIVERY. PREGNANCY-RELATED DEATH IS DEFINED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES, 10TH REVISION (ICD-10) AS THE DEATH OF A WOMAN WHILE PREGNANT OR WITHIN 42 DAYS OF TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY, DESPITE THE CAUSE OF DEATH. ALTHOUGH THE RISK FOR DEATH FROM COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY DECREASED DRAMATICALLY DURING THE 20TH CENTURY IN THE UNITED STATES, THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC) REPORTS A FAIRLY STATIC MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO (MMR), OF APPROXIMATELY 7.5 MATERNAL DEATHS PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS. IN THE YEAR 2000, A COLLABORATIVE EFFORT INVOLVING WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND (UNICEF), AND UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND (UNFPA) ESTIMATED 660 MATERNAL DEATHS, THUS AVERAGING 11 MATERNAL DEATHS PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS, PLACING THE MMR ABOVE THE STATISTICS REPORTED BY THE CDC. THESE SURVEYS ON MATERNAL MORTALITY SURVEILLANCES ARE LIMITED IN SCOPE BECAUSE THE INFORMATION IS OBTAINED FROM DEATH CERTIFICATES, AND VARIOUS STATES OR ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS COULD BE UNDERREPORTING. ACCURATE STATISTICS ARE LACKING, THUS RESULTING IN ONLY A SNAPSHOT OF THE ACTUAL MATERNAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. THE RECENT WHO ESTIMATE IN THE UNITED STATES SHOW THAT MATERNAL MORTALITY IS APPROXIMATELY 17 IN 100,000 PREGNANCIES. THIS ESTIMATE IS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THE GOAL SET BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES IN HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010, WHICH SETS THE TARGET FOR MATERNAL MORTALITY AT LESS THAN 3.3 IN 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS. SOME REGIONAL REPORTS DOCUMENT RATIOS AS HIGH AS 22.8 PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS, WHICH IS AN UNACCEPTABLY HIGH RATE. IN UNITED STATES, THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF MATERNAL DEATHS, ALTHOUGH THEY VARY AMONG STATES, INCLUDE THROMBOEMBOLISM; AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM; HEMORRHAGE; COMPLICATIONS OF HYPERTENSION, INCLUDING PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA; AND INFECTION. PULMONARY DISEASE, ANESTHESIA-RELATED DEATHS, AND CARDIOMYOPATHY ARE ALSO SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTORS TO MATERNAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY.    

PREGUNTA 26

 

FOR MATERNAL MORTALITY A RISK FACTOR COULD BE:

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A EXCESIVE INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION BY HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL.

B FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE RISKS BY HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL .

C HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL PROVIDE STANDARD CARE.

D ALL ABOVE ARE RISK FACTORS.

   

PREGUNTA 27  

THE MAIN REASON WHY THE MATERNAL MORTALITY SURVEILLANCES ARE LIMITED IN SCOPE WOULD BE:

A BECAUSE THE INFORMATION IS OBTAINED OF DEATH CERTIFICATES.

B A SITUATION OF UNDERREPORTING.

C BECAUSE VARIOUS STATES OR ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS COULD BE OVERREPORTING.

D THE MATERNAL MORTALITY SURVEILLANCES ARE ACCURATE.

   

PREGUNTA 28  

ACCORDING TO THE FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY CONDUCTED BY WHO, UNICEF AND THE UNFPA WHAT IS THE CONCLUSION:

A PREGNANCY RELATED DEATH IS THE DEATH OF A PREGNANT WOMAN .

B

PREGNANCY REALTED DEATH IS THE DEATH OF A WOMAN WITHIN 42 DAYS OF TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY, DESPITE THE CAUSE OF DEATH.

C

THE RISK OF DEATH FROM COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY DECREASED DRAMATICALLY DURING THE 20TH CENTURY IN THE UNITED STATES.

D THE MMR STATISTICS ARE ABOVE THE CDC STATISTICS.

   

PREGUNTA 29  

ALTHOUGH THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES HAS PROJECTED GOALS FOR 2010, WHAT IS THE ACTUAL RATIO:

A MATERNAL MORTALITY IS APPROXIMATELY 17 IN 100,000

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PREGNANCIES.

B MATERNAL MORTALITY IS AT LESS 3.3 IN 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS.

C THE RESULTS HAVE NOT BEEN WHAT THEY EXPECTED.

D MATERNAL MORTALITY IS 22.8 PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS.

   

PREGUNTA 30  

ABOUT THE CAUSES OF MATERNAL DEATHS WHICH WOULD BE CONSIDERED A CONTRIBUTOR FROM THE FOLLOWING:

A THROMBOEMBOLISM.

B AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM.

C PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA.

D CARDIOMYOPATHY.

WILLIAM THOMAS GREEN MORTON ON OCTOBER 16, 1846, DEMONSTRATED THAT ETHER COULD INDUCE INSENSIBILITY TO THE SURGEON'S KNIFE. A JAW TUMOR WAS REMOVED FROM GILBERT ABBOT BY JOHN COLLINS WARREN AT THE MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL IN FRONT OF AN AUDIENCE OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS. THE NEWS OF THIS PUBLIC DEMONSTRATION TRAVELED QUICKLY, GIVEN THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION IN THE 1840S. ON DECEMBER 16, 1846, THE INFORMATION IN THE FORM OF A LETTER ARRIVED IN LONDON. ON DECEMBER 19, THE FIRST ETHER ANESTHETIC WAS GIVEN IN THE UNITED KINGDOM FOR THE REMOVAL OF A TOOTH. ON DECEMBER 21, THE FAMOUS SURGEON ROBERT LISTON AMPUTATED THE LEG OF A BUTLER, AND UTTERED THE FAMOUS WORDS, “THIS YANKEE DODGE BEATS MESMERISM HOLLOW” .JAMES YOUNG SIMPSON, THE PROFESSOR OF MIDWIFERY IN EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND, WAS AMONG THE FIRST TO USE ETHER FOR THE RELIEF OF LABOR PAIN. ON JANUARY 19, 1847, HE USED ETHER TO AMELIORATE THE PAIN OF LABOR. THIS FIRST CASE, THAT OF A YOUNG WOMAN WITH RICKETS AND A SEVERELY DEFORMED PELVIS, WAS AT GRAVE RISK OF DYING AND THERE WAS NO HOPE FOR A LIVE BIRTH. BY USING ETHER, THE MOTHER SURVIVED THE COMPLICATED DELIVERY PAIN-FREE. THAT SAME JANUARY DAY, SIMPSON WAS APPOINTED THE QUEEN'S PHYSICIAN IN SCOTLAND. SIMPSON CONTINUED TO PROVIDE ANESTHESIA IN CHILDBIRTH FOR BOTH COMPLICATED AND NORMAL DELIVERIES; HOWEVER, HE RAPIDLY BECAME DISSATISFIED WITH ETHER AND SOUGHT A MORE PLEASANT, RAPID-ACTING ANESTHETIC. AT THE SUGGESTION OF DAVID WALDIE, HE EXPERIMENTED WITH CHLOROFORM, WHICH HAD FIRST BEEN

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PREPARED IN 1831. ON THE EVENING OF NOVEMBER 4, 1847, SIMPSON AND HIS FRIENDS INHALED IT AFTER DINNER AT A PARTY IN SIMPSON'S HOME. THEY PROMPTLY FELL UNCONSCIOUS AND, WHEN THEY AWOKE UNDER THE TABLE AND CLEARLY OFF THEIR DINING ROOM CHAIRS, WERE DELIGHTED WITH THEIR SUCCESS. WITHIN 2 WEEKS, SIMPSON SUBMITTED HIS FIRST ACCOUNT OF CHLOROFORM'S USE TO THE LANCET.IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, THE RELIEF OF OBSTETRIC PAIN HAD SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS CONSEQUENCES, WHICH MADE ANESTHESIA DURING CHILDBIRTH A CONTENTIOUS SUBJECT. THE BATTLE CENTERED ON WHETHER RELIEVING LABOR PAIN WAS CONTRARY TO GOD'S WILL. THE PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDBIRTH WAS BELIEVED TO BE A DEVINE PUNISHMENT FOR ORIGINAL SIN. SHORTLY AFTER GIVING HIS FIRST OBSTETRIC ANESTHETICS, SIMPSON PUBLISHED A PAMPHLET ENTITLED ANSWERS TO THE RELIGIOUS OBJECTIONS ADVANCED AGAINST THE EMPLOYMENT OF ANESTHETIC AGENTS IN MIDWIFERY AND SURGERY AND OBSTETRICS, WHICH ARGUED AGAINST THESE RELIGIOUS PROHIBITIONS.    

PREGUNTA 36

 

WILLIAM THOMAS GREEN MORTON USED

A ETHER ON A PATIENT SO THERE WOULD BE NO SENSIBILITY IN THE OPERATION.

B ETHER ON A PATIENT TO REDUCE THE SENSIBILITY DURING THE OPERATION

C ETHER TO DISINFECT THE KNIFE IN THE OPERATION AND OTHER OPERATING EQUIPMENT

D ETHER INSTEAD OF AN ANESTHETIC.

   

PREGUNTA 37  

JAMES YOUNG SIMPSON WAS THE FIRST TO USE ETHER FOR

A CURING A PATIENT WHO HAD RICKETS

B REDUCING THE LABOR PAIN OF A WOMEN WHEN GIVING BIRTH WITH A DEFORMED PELVIS

C REDUCING THE PAIN OF SURGERY

D SAVING THE NEWBORN FROM DYEING IN CHILDBIRTH

   

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PREGUNTA 38  

SIMPSON PREFERRED TO CONTINUE

A USING ETHER FOR CHILDBIRTH

B TO CONTINUE USING ETHER AND CHLOROFORM FOR CHILDBIRTH

C TO ONLY USE CHLOROFORM FOR CHILDBIRTH

D PROVIDE ANESTHESIA IN CHILDBIRTH FOR BOTH COMPLICATED AND NORMAL DELIVERIES

   

PREGUNTA 39  

IT IS EVIDENT THAT THIS NEW PRACTICE OF USING ANESTHESIA IN CHILDBIRTH HAD SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS CONSEQUENCES

A SIMPSON WAS IN FAVOR OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS IN CHILDBIRTH PRACTICE

B SIMPSON WAS IN FAVOR OF SOCIAL BELIEFS ABOUT CHILDBIRTH PRACTICE

C SIMPSON WAS AGAINST RELIGIOUS BELIEFS IN CHILDBIRTH PRACTICE

D SIMPSON WAS AGAINST THESE RELIGIOUS PROHIBITIONS

   

PREGUNTA 40  

THE PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDBIRTH WAS BELIEVED TO BE CAUSED AS.

A CONSEQUENCE OF DEFORMED PELVIS.

B A DEVINE PUNISHMENT FOR ORIGINAL SIN.

C BECAUSE OF LACK OF ANESTHETICS.

D AN OVERSIZED PRODUCT.

A 71-YEAR-OLD MALE PRESENTED WITH A 2-WEEK HISTORY OF A HARD, PAINFUL, NONPULSATILE MASS IN HIS LEFT UPPER ARM. EXAMINATION REVEALED A CRAGGY, MOBILE MASS OF IRREGULAR BORDERS IN THE LEFT ARM MEASURING 6 × 4 CM. ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE LEFT ARM DEMONSTRATED A DEEP OVOID HYPERECHOIC MASS LOCATED IN THE LONG AXIS OF THE LEFT TRICEPS MUSCLE. MRI SHOWED INTERMEDIATE SIGNAL MASS IN THE TRICEPS MUSCULATURE ON T1-WEIGHTED IMAGES WITH FAT SATURATION. THIS LESION WAS CONFINED TO THE EXTENSOR

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COMPARTMENT OF THE ARM. A PRESUMPTIVE DIAGNOSIS OF SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA WAS CONSIDERED. AN INCISIONAL BIOPSY REPORTED METASTATIC SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA WITH A POSSIBLE LUNG PRIMARY, FURTHER SUPPORTED DUE TO A POSITIVE CK7 AND NEGATIVE CK20 STAIN ON IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. CT SCAN OF THE CHEST REVEALED A LEFT UPPER LOBE LESION MEASURING 4 × 2 CM. FIBER-OPTIC BRONCHOSCOPY AND BIOPSY CONFIRMED THE DIAGNOSIS OF STAGE IV SQUAMOUS CELL LUNG CARCINOMA. HE UNDERWENT PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY TO THE MASS IN THE ARM. THIS PROVIDED GOOD RELIEF FROM PAIN AND SWELLING WITHIN 2 WEEKS OF COMPLETING TREATMENT. SYSTEMIC THERAPY WAS NOT OFFERED ON THE BASIS OF POOR AND DETERIORATING PERFORMANCE STATUS. UNFORTUNATELY, THE PATIENT DIED WITHIN 10 WEEKS OF PRESENTATION. INTRAMUSCULAR METASTASES IN CANCER PATIENTS ARE RARE. THIS IN ITSELF IS QUITE PECULIAR BECAUSE MUSCULAR MASS ACCOUNTS FOR APPROXIMATELY 50% OF TOTAL BODY WEIGHT. IT IS THOUGHT THAT MUSCULAR CONTRACTILE ACTIONS, LOCAL PH ENVIRONMENT, AND ACCUMULATION OF LACTIC ACID AND OTHER METABOLITES CONTRIBUTE TO THE RARE OCCURRENCE OF THIS PHENOMENON. THE TRUE INCIDENCE OF MUSCULAR METASTASIS REMAINS UNKNOWN, BUT AN AUTOPSY SERIES SUGGESTS THAT ITS INCIDENCE COULD BE AS LOW AS 0.8%. LUNG CARCINOMA SEEMS TO BE THE UNDERLYING PRIMARY CANCER IN MOST OF THESE CASES. MANY OTHER TUMORS, SUCH AS KIDNEY, STOMACH, PANCREAS, THYROID GLAND, BREAST, OVARY, PROSTATE, AND BLADDER CANCERS HAVE BEEN SPORADICALLY DESCRIBED IN ASSOCIATION WITH INTRAMUSCULAR SECONDARIES. HOWEVER, PRIMARY PRESENTATION OF AN INTRAMUSCULAR METASTASIS, SUCH AS DEMONSTRATED BY OUR PATIENT, REMAINS AN EXCEPTIONALLY UNUSUAL OCCURRENCE. THE MOST FREQUENT PRESENTATION OF MUSCULAR METASTASIS IS PAIN WITH OR WITHOUT SWELLING. DIAGNOSIS OF THIS CONDITION, EVEN WITH RADIOLOGIC IMAGING IS OFTEN TRICKY BECAUSE IT CAN BE CONFUSED WITH AN ABSCESS OR SOFT TISSUE TUMORS, HIGHLIGHTING THE VALUE OF HISTOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS. TREATMENT IN THE FORM OF RADIOTHERAPY, CHEMOTHERAPY, OR EVEN METASTASECTOMY OFTEN PROVIDES PALLIATION ONLY. MOST PATIENTS DIE IN LESS THAN A YEAR FROM DIAGNOSIS.    

PREGUNTA 41

 

BASED ON THE CLINICAL AND THE DIVERSE IMAGING STUDY’S FINDINGS WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WAS THE PRESUMPTIVE DIAGNOSIS OF THE ATTENDING MEDICAL TEAM:

A A DEEP OVOID MASS LOCATED IN THE LEFT TRICEPS MUSCLE

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CONSIDERED A PROBABLE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ABSCESS.

B A MASS OF FAT SATURATION OBSERVED ON MRI ON T1-WEIGHTED IMAGES.

C A PRESUMPTIVE DIAGNOSIS OF SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA LOCATED IN THE LEFT TRICEPS MUSCLE.

D A DIAGNOSIS OF METASTATIC SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, WITH A POSSIBLE PRIMARY OF THE LUNG.

   

PREGUNTA 42  

THE PATIENT WAS SUBMITTED TO PALLIATIVE CARE AND NOT SYSTEMIC THERAPY BASED ON WHAT REASON?

A A POSITIVE CK7 AND NEGATIVE CK20 STAIN ON IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY IS OF POOR PROGNOSIS.

B THE DIAGNOSIS OF STAGE IV SQUAMOUS CELL LUNG CARCINOMA WAS NOT CONFIRMED ON FIBER-OPTIC BRONCHOSCOPY.

C HE ONLY UNDERWENT PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY BECAUSE OF COST-BENEFIT REASONS.

D

BASED ON A POOR AND DETERIORATING PERFORMANCE STATUS SYSTEMIC THERAPY WAS DEFERRED FOR QUALITY OF LIFE PALLIATIVE THERAPY.

   

PREGUNTA 43  

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT DESCRIBED IN THE PRESENT ARTICLE AS A FACTOR THAT CONTRIBUTES TO THE RARE OCCURRENCE OF INTRAMUSCULAR METASTASES?

A THE MUSCULAR MASS ACCOUNTS FOR APPROXIMATELY 50% OF TOTAL BODY WEIGHT.

B MUSCULAR CONTRACTILE ACTIONS.

C LOCAL PH ENVIRONMENT.

D ACCUMULATION OF LACTIC ACID AND OTHER METABOLITES.

   

PREGUNTA 44  

WHICH IS THE PRIMARY UNDERLYING CANCER IN MOST CASES OF INTRAMUSCULAR METASTASES?

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A LUNG CARCINOMA.

B KIDNEY AND BLADDER CANCER.

C STOMACH AND PANCREATIC CARCINOMA.

D BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER.

   

PREGUNTA 45  

THE MOST FREQUENT PRESENTATION OF INTRAMUSCULAR METASTASES SEEN IS?

A PRESENTATION OF THE AFFECTED SITE WITH PAIN, WITH OR WITHOUT SWELLING.

B THROMBOSIS OF THE AFFECTED EXTREMITY.

C FEVER AND SEPSIS.

D USUALLY INDOLENT AND ONLY FOUND AT AUTOPSY.

MIGRAINE IS CONSIDERED TO BE AN EPISODIC CONDITION WITH NO LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES. HOWEVER, RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT MIGRAINE ATTACKS MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, PARTICULARLY IN THE CEREBELLUM. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER INDIVIDUALS NOT REPORTING HEADACHE COMPARED WITH INDIVIDUALS REPORTING MIGRAINE SYMPTOMS, PARTICULARLY AURA, IN MIDLIFE ARE AT INCREASED RISK OF LATE-LIFE INFARCT-LIKE LESIONS FOUND ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) WITHOUT CONSIDERATION OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS. A POPULATION-BASED STUDY OF MEN AND WOMEN IN REYKJAVIK, ICELAND (COHORT BORN 1907-1935; N= 4689; 57% WOMEN) WERE FOLLOWED UP SINCE 1967, EXAMINED, AND INTERVIEWED ABOUT MIGRAINE SYMPTOMS IN MIDLIFE (MEAN AGE, 51 YEARS; RANGE, 33-65 YEARS). BETWEEN 2002 AND 2006, MORE THAN 26 YEARS LATER, BRAIN MRIS WERE PERFORMED. PARTICIPANTS REPORTING HEADACHES ONCE OR MORE PER MONTH WERE ASKED ABOUT MIGRAINE SYMPTOMS INCLUDING NAUSEA, UNILATERAL LOCATION, PHOTOPHOBIA, VISUAL DISTURBANCE, AND NUMBNESS. THESE INDIVIDUALS WITH HEADACHE WERE CLASSIFIED AS HAVING MIGRAINE WITHOUT AURA, MIGRAINE WITH AURA, OR NONMIGRAINE HEADACHE. A COMPREHENSIVE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT WAS PERFORMED AT BOTH EXAMINATIONS. THE PRESENCE OF INFARCT-LIKE LESIONS (TOTAL) AND SPECIFICALLY LOCATED IN THE CORTICAL, SUBCORTICAL, AND CEREBELLAR REGIONS WERE THE MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE. INFARCT-LIKE LESIONS WERE PRESENT IN 39.3% OF MEN AND 24.6% OF WOMEN. AFTER ADJUSTING FOR AGE, SEX, AND FOLLOW-UP TIME, COMPARED WITH THOSE NOT REPORTING HEADACHES

5136 45

ONCE OR MORE PER MONTH (N= 3243), THOSE WITH MIDLIFE MIGRAINE WITH AURA (N= 361) HAD AN INCREASED RISK OF LATE-LIFE INFARCT-LIKE LESIONS (ADJUSTED ODDS RATIO [OR], 1.4; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL [CI], 1.1-1.8) THAT SPECIFICALLY REFLECTED AN ASSOCIATION WITH CEREBELLAR LESIONS IN WOMEN (PREVALENCE OF INFARCTS 23.0% FOR WOMEN WITH MIGRAINE WITH AURA VS 14.5% FOR WOMEN NOT REPORTING HEADACHES; ADJUSTED OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4-2.6 VS A 19.3% PREVALENCE OF INFARCTS FOR MEN WITH MIGRAINE WITH AURA VS 21.3% FOR MEN NOT REPORTING HEADACHES; ADJUSTED OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6-1.8; P<.04 FOR INTERACTION BY SEX). MIGRAINE WITHOUT AURA AND NONMIGRAINE HEADACHE WERE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK. MIGRAINE WITH AURA IN MIDLIFE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH LATE-LIFE PREVALENCE OF CEREBELLAR INFARCT-LIKE LESIONS ON MRI. THIS ASSOCIATION WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT ONLY FOR WOMEN.    

PREGUNTA 46

 

RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT MIGRAINE ATTACKS MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, WHICH LOCALIZATION IN PARTICULAR IS CONSIDERED?

A THE CEREBELLUM.

B THE WHITE MATTER.

C THE HYPOCAMPUS.

D THE FRONTAL LOBE.

   

PREGUNTA 47  

IN THE POPULATION-BASED STUDY OF MEN AND WOMEN IN REYKJAVIK, ICELAND, WITH A MEAN AGE OF 51 YEARS AND RANGING FROM 33-65 YEARS, WHAT STUDY WAS CONDUCTED APPROXIMATELY 26 YEARS LATER?

A BRAIN COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY.

B BRAIN BIOPSY.

C BRAIN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.

D ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM

   

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PREGUNTA 48  

THOSE WITH MIDLIFE MIGRAINE WITH AURA HAD AN ODDS RATIOS OF 1-4 OF LATE-LIFE INFARCT-LIKE LESIONS, THIS WAS MORE SPECIFICALLY OBSERVED IN WHICH GROUP?

A CEREBELLAR LESIONS IN WOMEN.

B CEREBELLAR LESIONS IN MEN.

C CORTICAL LESIONS IN WOMEN.

D SUBCORTICAL LESIONS IN MEN.

   

PREGUNTA 49  

THE MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES OF THE STUDY WERE THE PRESENCE OF INFARCT-LIKE LESIONS SPECIFICALLY LOCATED IN WHICH REGIONS?

A CORTICAL, CEREBELLAR AND MEDULLA OBLONGATA REGIONS.

B CORTICAL, SUBCORTICAL, AND CEREBELLAR REGIONS.

C CEREBELLAR, SUBCORTICAL AND WHITE MATTER REGIONS.

D PERIVENTRICULAR, HYPOCAMPUS AND OCCIPITAL REGIONS.

   

PREGUNTA 50  

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF HEADACHES WERE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF INFARCT-LIKE LESIONS AT FOLLOW-UP?

A POST-TRAUMATIC HEADACHE

B HEADACHE AND MIGRAINE WITH AURA.

C MIGRAINE WITHOUT AURA AND NON-MIGRAINE HEADACHE.

D SINUSITIS AND MIGRAINE

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