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INFECÇÕES EMERGENTES E REEMERGENTES Sonia Mara Raboni Laboratório de Virologia Serviço de Infectologia Universidade Federal do Paraná

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Page 1: INFECÇÕES EMERGENTES E REEMERGENTEScongressosaudepublica.org.br/arquivos/aprestacao... · comprise 90% of the world's biomass, compared to 10% from wildlife, and also compared to

INFECÇÕES EMERGENTES E REEMERGENTES

Sonia Mara Raboni Laboratório de Virologia Serviço de Infectologia

Universidade Federal do Paraná

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SONIA MARA RABONI Conflitos de Interesse

NENHUM PARA O TEMA

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DOENÇAS EMERGENTES

massivelydwhich is included in the definition of an EID (Box 1)[8e10]. There is broad consensus that we need to prepare for moreEID in the future.

What makes EID so special? An important aspect is our inabilityto predict the emergence of new or changing health threats, andthereby to diagnose them when they occur. Even the muchresearched influenza virus field is struggling to predict the publichealth impact of the global spread of avian viruses with zoonoticpotential through wild birds [11]. Therefore, the burden of diseasedetection shifts to clinicians and diagnostic laboratories.

Clinical presentation of EID, however, rarely stands out as un-usual, and the continuous pressure on healthcare budgets forcesclinicians and laboratories to prioritize their diagnostic assessmentto common and treatable conditions.

While this is entirely understandable given the low likelihood ofcoming across an EID in routine clinical practice, it creates a catch-22 situationdthat is, unexplained disease does not often get eval-uated, and therefore new diseases will be detected late. Of concernis that the recent Ebola and MERS-CoV outbreaks have had a sig-nificant toll in healthcare personnel, who became infected whileunknowingly being exposed to these highly lethal infections.

The European Society of Clinical Microbiology and InfectiousDiseases (ESCMID) in March 2017 established an Emerging In-fections Task Force to start discussing the possible role of clinicalmicrobiology and virology at the front line of disease detection, thechallenges posed by the budgetary restraints to laboratory medi-cine and the need for collaboration in order to improve on theseaspects of EID preparedness. This scoping review signals the start ofthis task force.

Drivers of EID

A primary driver of EID comprises anthropogenic changes at thehumaneanimaleecosystem interface and the One Health para-digm. We live in a world with an increasing density of humans anda consequential increase in the demand for animal protein. This issupplied either by livestock farming or through natural resources(bushmeat and fish). Animal farming plays a crucial role inproviding nutrition to the planet, and by itself it does not constitutea human infection risk. However, the environmental impact andthe massive increase in the demand for animal protein do, and ithas become clear that there are challenges in balancing the ad-vantages of economic growth in a free market with public andecosystem health. It is believed that today humans and livestockcomprise 90% of the world's biomass, compared to 10% fromwildlife, and also compared to 0.1% of the world's biomass in theNeolithic age [12]. This in part explains why so many EID have azoonotic origin. A study by Wolfe et al. [13] categorized zoonoticdiseases by their ability to spread among humans after a speciesjump into five stages, ranging from dead-end primary infections(stage 2) to human-transmissible zoonotic threats (stage 4) andultimately to new fully human pathogens (stage 5) (Fig. 1).

Wolfe coined the term ‘viral chatter’ (reflecting the fact thatmost attention in this field is focused on viruses) for stages 2 and 3to reflect repeated zoonotic infections, initially without the abilityto sustain transmission among humans [13,14] (http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/Influenza_Summary_IRA_HA_interface_06_15_2017.pdf?ua¼1). HIV is thought to have madeat least ten entries into humans before stage 5 was reached [14].The >2000 cases of MERS-CoV reflect multiple stage 2 infections,with occasional human-to-human transmission in healthcare set-tings (stage 3), whereas avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9 infectionsare rarely transmitted among humans (stage 2) [15] (http://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/risk-assessment-july-2017.pdf). Asan example of emerging parasites, Plasmodium knowlesi, a malariaparasite usually infecting macaque monkeys, has emerged duringthe past decade as a cause of human malaria in Southeast Asia,especially in Malaysian Borneo [16]. While the parasite causes amild or asymptomatic infection in its natural host, in humans thedisease can be fatal. Humansdboth locals and touristsdenteringthe natural habitats of infected macaque monkeys are at risk [17].The recognition of the importance of the human environment inthe emergence of new diseases lies at the root of the One Healthapproach (Box 2).

A specific risk is the consumption of semiwild or wild animals(bushmeat) combined with animal trading. The severe acute res-piratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) outbreak is believed tohave been introduced into humans from civet cats sold for con-sumption at markets, which had acquired infection from the orig-inal reservoir, horseshoe bats [18]. Similarly, many of the Ebolaoutbreaks have been linked to the consumption of bushmeat, ofwhich an estimated 4.5 million tons are sold fromWest and CentralAfrica alone every year (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3884/epdf). A risk assessment conducted by theEuropean Food Safety Agency identified the sizeable illegal marketin Europe as a risk factor for exposure to zoonotic pathogens [19].The risk associated with this practice can change over time: theincrease in monkeypox infections in the Democratic Republic ofCongo has been linked to bushmeat consumption coupled withdecreasing population immunity since the cessation of smallpoxvaccination [20,21].

A third factor for disease emergence from animal production isrelated to the pressures from farmland expansion on the environ-ment. It was proposed that deforestation through forest fires inSumatra triggered migration of virus-carrying fruit bats, leading tooutbreaks of pneumonia and encephalitis in farmers and abattoirworkers in Malaysia and Singapore, who in turn had been infectedwhen contaminated fruit fed to pigs caused infection [22,23]. Sincethen, it has become clear that Nipah viruses can be transmittedamong humans, and the continued occurrence of outbreaks linkedto consumption of foods contaminated by fruit bat secreta is a causefor concern, as there is increasing evidence that Nipah virus may betransmitted via the respiratory route [23e25].

An indirect route of transmission of zoonotic pathogens throughthe food chain is through contamination of food with animal andhuman waste. Most of the organisms associated with zoonoticfood-borne outbreaks are not new pathogens, but every EIDoutbreak should trigger the question whether food (and water)could be a vehicle for transmission [26]. The rapidly expandingscale and globalization of the food marketdwhile controlledthrough food safety systemsdis vulnerable, as a breach in theprocesses can lead to dispersed outbreaks that are difficult to chart.Bovine spongiform encephalitis emerged in the United Kingdom in1986 after a change in the processing of animal feed includinganimal meal introduced the disease from sheep into cattle andsubsequently humans [27]. In 2011, an outbreak of haemolyticuraemic syndrome due to a Shiga toxineproducing E. coli,

Box 1Definition of emerging infectious diseases.

Emerging infectious diseases are diseases that are newlyrecognized, newly introduced or newly evolved, or they arediseases that have recently and rapidly changed in inci-dence or expansion in geographical, host or vector range.Adapted from: World Health Organization (WHO), ‘Diseases’ (http://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/en/), and WHO, ‘Emerging zoonoses’ (http://www.who.int/zoonoses/emerging_zoonoses/en/).

E. Petersen et al. / Clinical Microbiology and Infection 24 (2018) 369 e375370

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14

Doenças Emergentes e Reemergentes na Saúde Coletiva

Figura 1: Inúmeras caravanas que partiam do Egito em direção a Meca.Fonte: Disponível em: http://www2.uol.com.br/historiaviva/reportagens/o_maior_viajante_da_idade_media.html.Acesso 05 de Janeiro de 2015.

Com o surgimento das doenças, constitui preocupação, no mundo, em identi-ficar o agente infeccioso, os diversos fatores que desencadearam a patologia e as formas de controlar os surtos.

Observamos que, até o final do século XIX, a falta de saneamento básico, a péssima qualidade nas habitações, a fome e o aumento das doenças infeccio-sas foram responsáveis por altos índices de mortalidade infantil e pela baixa expectativa de vida nas populações no mundo.

Leia o artigo: a mortalidade por doenças infecciosas no início e no final do sé-culo XX no Município de São Paulo. O autor relata que a melhora das condi-ções de vida do homem durante o século XX contribuiu para transformações da estrutura demográfica e para mudanças dos padrões de morbi-mortalidade.

Fonte: Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=s1415-790x2003000400008&script=sci_arttext. Aces-so 20 de Dezembro de 2014.

Ainda no século XIX, observamos que doenças como a diarreia, varíola, pes-te, cólera e a tuberculose, relacionadas pela falta de saneamento, água não tratada e condições de trabalho insalubres e baixo nível de escolaridade, pro-

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DOENÇAS EMERGENTES, REEMERGENTES E DELIBERADAMENTE

EMERGENTE

25

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como é o caso de algumas epidemias já ocorridas no Brasil, como a cólera e dengue. Essas doenças podem voltar a apresentar novos casos ou ate mesmo de epidemias no futuro.

Para Pignatti (2004), tratando se de doenças infecciosas o conjunto é muito heterogêneo, sabemos que são constituídas por agravos que têm em comum apenas o fato de serem ocasionados por parasitas, agentes etiológicos vivos, adquiridos em algum momento pelos hospedeiros a partir do meio ambiente externo.

A disseminação desses agentes infecciosos ocorrem por meios de transportes aéreos ou navios ou transporte rodoviário que leva portadores a várias partes do mundo, levando também em consideração que as condições encontradas nesses ambientes, permitem que agentes infecciosos espalharem-se rapidamente.

Como o transporte aéreo permite estar cada vez rápido em qualquer parte do mundo, isso também permite que vetores de um continente sejam transpor-tados para outro, como também o contato direto do homem com áreas onde existe a possibilidade de haver microrganismos até então desconhecido, con-forme figura 5.

Figura 5: Exemplos de doenças emergentes, reemergentes e deliberadamente emergente (Bioterrorismo por Antrax).Fonte: Extraído e adaptado de MORENS et al. (2004), pg. 243. Acesso 20 de Novembro de 2014.

Leia o texto “As 10 epidemias mais mortíferas da história”. O texto apresenta as 10 epidemias e como aconteceu a disseminação no planeta.

Fonte: Disponível em: http://www.historiadigital.org/curiosidades/10-epidemias-mais-mortiferas-da-historia/ Aces-so 20 de Novembro de 2014.

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Curso Técnico em Agente Comunitário de Saúde

Ministério da Educação

Doenças Emergentes e Reemergentes

na Saúde ColetivaÂngela Maria Augusta da Silva Madureira

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DOENÇAS EMERGENTES o  Em 2008:

n  1940 -2004 n  235 Novos patógenos n  60% (141) - Reservatórios animais n  20% (75) – Vetores

o  Após 2008 n  MERS-CoV – Oriente médio n  Ebola - Africa n  Zika virus – Sudeste asiático, Américas n  Febre amarela – Africa e Américas n  Febre Q – Holanda n  E coli enterohemorrágica – Alemanha n  Cólera - Yemen

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O QUE TORNA AS “DOENÇAS EMERGENTES” ESPECIAIS?

o  Imprevisibilidade n  Prever emergência ou mudança no risco n  Qual o impacto da disseminação global do

influenza aviário? o  Médico e laboratórios clínicos???

n  Clínica usual: priorizar tto e dx tratáveis n  Detecção tardia n  Alta taxa de contaminação profissional de saúde:

Ebola e MERS-CoV

EMERGING INFECTIONS TASK FORCE

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ZOONOSES

PATÓGENOS CLIMA

GEOGRAFIA TEMPO

EMERGENTES

VÍRUS

BACTÉRIAS

PARASITAS

FUNGOS

IN NATURE, WHEN CONSIDERING THE POTENTIAL FOR EMERGENCE OF ZOONOSES, NO HAVEN IS SAFE

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ZOONOSES - CONCEITOS o  Patógenos em animais

n  Natural n  Com ou sem doença no hospedeiro n  Não adaptados ao homem ou a transmissão

interhumana o  Contaminação humana

n  Contato direto: antrax n  Mordida: raiva n  Ingestão: salmonelose n  Inalação: tularemia n  Artrópode: febre amarela

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enterohemorrhagic E. coli/enteroaggregative E. coli O104:H4, wasdetected in Hamburg, Germany, and cases were soon identified inseveral European countries [8,28,29]. The source was traced to asingle producer of sprouts in Germany who used seeds producedand contaminated in Egypt [8]. A similar outbreak was reportedfrom the United Kingdom, presumably fromhandling raw leeks andpotatoes [30]. Multistate outbreaks in the United States of Cyclo-spora cayetanensis were linked to imported lettuce from a singlemanufacturer [31].

Finally, a possible concern related to increasing density animalproduction systems is the environmental contamination, inter-change with wildlife and their excreta, and subsequent humanexposure. Examples include the unprecedented outbreak of Q feverin the Netherlands, related to a massive but unnoticed increase ingoat farming density, and exposure of humans through contami-nated dust [7]. Avian influenza viruses are transmitted from wildbirds to commercial poultry and vice versa, and wind- or rodent-mediated spread is thought to play a role in these exchanges aswell [32,33].

Opportunity for rapid spread of pathogens

After World War II, the increasing awareness of the importanceof infection prevention, sanitation, pest control and food safety,coupled with the development of vaccine programs and antibiotics,reduced the mortality gap between industrialized and poor soci-eties, but these gains appear to be levelling off [34]. Populationgrowth and crowding provides increased opportunity for pathogentransmission. Amoy Gardens in Hong Kong, with 50 000 people persquare kilometer [35], had most cases of SARS-CoV. Despite the factthat the R0 of SARS-CoV remained well below 1, dispersal of virus-containing droplets and aerosols through a faulty sewage and

Fig. 1. Illustration of five stages through which pathogens of animals evolve to cause diseases confined to humans. From Wolfe et al. [13].

Box 2Definition of One Health concept.

One Health recognizes that the health of people is con-nected to the health of animals and the environment. Thegoal of One Health is to encourage the collaborative effortsof multiple disciplinesdworking locally, nationally, andgloballydto achieve the best health for people, animals,and our environment.From: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, One Health (https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/index.html).

E. Petersen et al. / Clinical Microbiology and Infection 24 (2018) 369e375 371

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ONE HEALTH CONCEPT CONCEITO ÚNICO DE SAÚDE

enterohemorrhagic E. coli/enteroaggregative E. coli O104:H4, wasdetected in Hamburg, Germany, and cases were soon identified inseveral European countries [8,28,29]. The source was traced to asingle producer of sprouts in Germany who used seeds producedand contaminated in Egypt [8]. A similar outbreak was reportedfrom the United Kingdom, presumably fromhandling raw leeks andpotatoes [30]. Multistate outbreaks in the United States of Cyclo-spora cayetanensis were linked to imported lettuce from a singlemanufacturer [31].

Finally, a possible concern related to increasing density animalproduction systems is the environmental contamination, inter-change with wildlife and their excreta, and subsequent humanexposure. Examples include the unprecedented outbreak of Q feverin the Netherlands, related to a massive but unnoticed increase ingoat farming density, and exposure of humans through contami-nated dust [7]. Avian influenza viruses are transmitted from wildbirds to commercial poultry and vice versa, and wind- or rodent-mediated spread is thought to play a role in these exchanges aswell [32,33].

Opportunity for rapid spread of pathogens

After World War II, the increasing awareness of the importanceof infection prevention, sanitation, pest control and food safety,coupled with the development of vaccine programs and antibiotics,reduced the mortality gap between industrialized and poor soci-eties, but these gains appear to be levelling off [34]. Populationgrowth and crowding provides increased opportunity for pathogentransmission. Amoy Gardens in Hong Kong, with 50 000 people persquare kilometer [35], had most cases of SARS-CoV. Despite the factthat the R0 of SARS-CoV remained well below 1, dispersal of virus-containing droplets and aerosols through a faulty sewage and

Fig. 1. Illustration of five stages through which pathogens of animals evolve to cause diseases confined to humans. From Wolfe et al. [13].

Box 2Definition of One Health concept.

One Health recognizes that the health of people is con-nected to the health of animals and the environment. Thegoal of One Health is to encourage the collaborative effortsof multiple disciplinesdworking locally, nationally, andgloballydto achieve the best health for people, animals,and our environment.From: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, One Health (https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/index.html).

E. Petersen et al. / Clinical Microbiology and Infection 24 (2018) 369e375 371

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CONSUMO ANIMAIS SILVESTRES, CARNE DE CAÇA E MERCADO DE ANIMAIS VIVOS

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EXPANSÃO FAZENDAS E IMPACTO NO MEIO AMBIENTE 19

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que têm como consequência a redução do volume pluviométrico, além de causar alterações na composição química e física da atmosfera.

Portanto, os impactos ambientais dos desmatamentos e das queimadas têm papel fundamental nas mudanças climáticas no local, em toda região e global.

Figura 3: Desmatamento da Amazônia.Disponível em: http://arquivosreporter.blogspot.com.br/2009/04/desmatamento-da-amazonia.html. Acesso 10 de Janeiro de 2015.

2.3 Problemas de saúde

De acordo Mcmichael (2003) os grandes problemas de saúde humana estão associados às alterações climáticas não têm sua origem necessariamente nas alterações climáticas. A população humana, sob infl uência das mudanças cli-máticas, apresentará os efeitos, de origem multi-causal, de forma exacerbada ou intensificada. Pesquisas realizadas na área de saúde geralmente alertam para fatores relacionados às alterações climáticas que afetam a saúde huma-na, mas geralmente não são desenvolvidas com este objetivo. Geralmente a avaliação dos efeitos sobre a saúde relacionados com os vários impactos das mudanças climáticas é extremamente complexa e requer uma avaliação inte-grada com uma abordagem interdisciplinar dos profissionais de saúde como: climatologistas, cientistas sociais, biólogos, físicos, químicos, epidemiologis-tas, dentre outros, para analisar as relações entre os sistemas sociais, eco-nômicos, biológicos, ecológicos e físicos e suas relações com as alterações climáticas.

Para Lancet (2006), as alterações climáticas podem produzir impactos sobre a saúde humana de forma direta e indireta. Na forma indireta observamos no caso das ondas de calor, ou mortes causadas furacões e inundações e nos

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CONTAMINAÇAO DE ALIMENTOS COM RESÍDUOS ANIMAIS E HUMANOS

o  Encefalite espongiforme bovina (UK,1986) n  Ração animal

o  Síndrome hemolítico-urêmica (GE,2011) n  E coli shiga+ n  Verduras com sementes

contaminadas Egito o  EU, 2012

n  Cyclospora cayetanensis n  Alface contaminada

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CONTAMINAÇAO AMBIENTAL E EXCRETAS DE ANIMAIS

o  Febre Q, Holanda, 2010

o  Influenza aviário n  Excretas n  Aerossol n  Outros animais

o  Roedores

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ÍNDICE DE RISCO PANDÊMICO

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OPORTUNIDADES DE RÁPIDA DISSEMINACAO

GLOBAL o  Crescimento

população o  Ambientes com

aglomeração n  50.000/km2 - (HK)

o  Unidade de assistência médica n  Aglomeração n  Ambiente fechados n  Horas de espera

INDIVIDUAL o  Envelhecimento

n  Diabetes n  Cancer n  Doenças auto-imunes

IMUNOSSUPRESSÃO n  Tuberculose disseminada n  Infecções respiratórias

graves n  Maior taxa hospitalizacao

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O QUE DEVERÍAMOS FAZER? VIGILÂNCIA

COMO PARTE DOS PROCEDIMENTOS DE ROTINA PONTOS FUNDAMENTAIS: •  Capacitaçao de profissionais da área de doenças infecciosas •  Laboratórios de referência •  Profissionais da Atenção Primária em ALERTA •  VIGILÂNCIA SINDRÔMICA •  COMO INVESTIGAR?

•  Prediçao de surtos por doenças associadas a vetores – Tropicais

•  Capacitaçao médicos – fazendas com alta densidade de animais

•  AMPLO ACESSO: Sistemas de alerta de risco global •  OMS •  CDC – USA •  ECDC

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these sentinel groups without a clear diagnosis should rapidly(within days) be referred to reference laboratories. Europe hasnetworks of diagnostic and research laboratories capable of diag-nosing a broad range of rare zoonotic and vector-borne diseases,and of rapid deployment of assays for detection of EID, but there isroom for improvement in linking these laboratories to primaryclinical practice and in the sharing of essential information(Table 1).

Further support can be provided with advanced diagnostics,including methods capable of detecting a broad range of (potential)pathogens such as metagenomics. Such methods do not comewithout challenges, as they detect not only pathogens but also theresident microbiome and virome, and a rapidly approaching newbottleneck will be the capacity for storage and analysis of the richdata produced by the new sequencing platforms [54,55]. Therefore,active collaborations between clinicians and laboratory experts areneeded to take this field forwards.

These are some of the challenges that will be discussed by theESCMID Emerging Infections Task Force.

How can EID preparedness be increased without massive increase inworkload and costs, and a high number of false scares?

How can international shipment of samples to reference labo-ratories be organized with the challenges of the Nagoya protocol,biosafety and biosecurity regulation, and the huge costs involved

with this? Looking for solutions starts with an active multidisci-plinary network with the ambition to take this discussion forwardsand to improve on our current practice.

This includes the outbreak scenario. Once an outbreak occurs,there is a massive influx of public health, clinical and research ac-tivities from different sources, including public, private andnongovernmental organizations, occasionally with conflicting in-terests. Predefined rules of engagement will help speed up theessential diagnostics and research need for swift outbreakresponse.

ESCMID Emerging Infections Task Force: aims and actions

The task force aims to establish a network of experts withinclinical microbiology and infectious diseases who can raiseawareness on EID within the society and beyond, liaise with othernetworks focusing on emerging diseases, develop a knowledgebase on early detection and diagnosis of EID and stimulate researchon emerging infections including surveillance and diagnostics.

An important aim of the task force is to ensure that awareness ofemerging infections becomes part of the workup of every patientwith a suspected infection. Just as a travel history is mandatory forall patients, the thought that an illness may be important when itdefies standard diagnostic investigations should be in the mind ofevery specialist in infectious diseases and microbiology.

Fig. 2. Diagnostic pyramid.

Table 1List of EU-funded networks focusing on EID

Acronym Focus Link

EVDlabnet (Development of) diagnostic support and expert advise for zoonotic and vector-borneviruses

https://www.evd-labnet.eu/

EMERGE (Development of) diagnostic support and expert advice for high-threat pathogens (classIII bacteria, class IV viruses)

http://www.emerge.rki.eu/Emerge/EN/Home/Homepage_node.html

PREPARE Clinical and laboratory preparedness for research during EID outbreaks https://www.prepare-europe.eu/COMPARE Development of analytical tools and dat- sharing infrastructure for detection of EID and

food-borne outbreaks based on genomic datahttp://www.compare-europe.eu/about

GEOSENTINEL Network of infectious disease clinics specializing in travel-associated diseases http://www.istm.org/geosentinel

EID, emerging infectious diseases.

E. Petersen et al. / Clinical Microbiology and Infection 24 (2018) 369e375 373

PIRÂMIDE DIAGNÓSTICA

CLÍNICOS

éê

LABORATÓRIOS DE PESQUISA

NAGOYA PROTOCOL: active multidisciplinary network, Predefined rules of engagement will help speed up the essential diagnostics and research need for swift outbreak response.

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FEBRE HEMORRÁGICA VIRAL o  Zoonoses o  Distintas famílias vírus

n  Filoviridae n  Flaviviridae n  Arenaviridae n  Buniaviridae

o  “Síndrome multissistêmica grave” n  Dano vascular n  Hemorragia

o  Nível de biossegurança 4

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FHV: CARACTERÍSTICAS DOS VÍRUS o  Genoma RNA, envelopados o  Reservatório natural

n  Animal ou inseto n  Desconhecido

o  Geograficamente restrito n  Distribuição do hospedeiro

o  Infecção humana n  Acidental n  interhumana

o  Surtos imprevisíveis o  Não há cura ou tratamento

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FHV: PRINCIPAIS VÍRUS

Peters CJ, 2006

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FHV: ONDE OCORRE? o Distribuição do hospedeiro

n  Restrito n  Global

o  Infecção humana n  Área onde vive n  Contato com o hospedeiro

o  Vírus Marburg n  Transmissão pessoa-pessoa

o  Vírus Ebola, Marburg, Crimea-Congo

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FHV:MANIFESTAÇÕES CLÍNICAS o  Inespecíficos

n  Febre, fadiga, tontura, mialgia, cansaço o  Manifestações hemorrágicas

n  Cutâneo n  Órgãos internos n  Orifícios

o  Ocular, boca, ouvido

o  Outras n  Choque, SNC, IRA

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FHV - PREVENÇÃO o  Vacinas

n  Febre Amarela n  Febre Hemorrágica Argentina

o  Evitar contato com hospedeiro n  Controle população roedores n  Controle contato com artrópodes

o  Repelentes, roupas adequadas, etc n  Isolamento respiratório

o  EPI o  Desinfecção

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FHV - Desafios o Diagnóstico

n  Métodos imunológicos e moleculares n  Resposta rápida

o Patogênese o Ecologia

n  Hospedeiros X Vírus = PREVENÇÃO

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HANTAVIROSES

Síndrome Febril Agudo

SCPH Américas

Sigmodontinae

FHSR Europa e Ásia

Murinae e Arvicolinae

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Roedor cronicamente infectado

Transmissão horizontal

Vírus presente em amostras da garganta, urina e fezes Aerossóis secundários

excretas

vírus Andes ?

HANTAVIROSES: Transmissão

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SÍNDROME CARDIOPULMONAR ASSOCIADA AO HANTAVÍRUS

Ø  Descrita em 1993

Ø  Imunopatologia de rápida progressão

Ø  Mortalidade ~ 40%

Ø  Vírus Sin Nombre Ø  Peromyces maniculatus

Ø  Brasil Ø  Novembro/93 –

Juquitiba(SP) Ø  Sazonalidade: é

roedores

Ø  Zoonose Pan-Americana

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HANTAVIROSES NO BRASIL 1993 - 2010

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HANTAVIROSES NO PARANÁ

- 5 cases

5 a 15 cases

+ 15 cases

Fonte: SESA

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HANTAVIROSES NO PARANÁ

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Bamboo Trees

HANTAVIROSES NO PARANÁ

“Florada da taquara”

Fonte SESA-PR

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HANTAVIRUS:CAPTURA DE ROEDORES

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CONCLUSÕES o Diagnóstico diferencial

n  Clínico e epidemiológico o Possibilidade de Emergência

novas variantes virais n  Quais fatores determinam a transmissão

interespécies, a recombinação e a transmissão inter-humana?

n  Um vírus inicialmente de baixa patogenicidade pode mutar e se adaptar tornando-se mais patogênico: importância da vigilância

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CONCLUSÕES o  Pandemias são oportunidades valiosas

para se avaliar a evolução viral e proporcionam informações importantes q u a n t o a p a t o g e n i c i d a d e e a transmissibilidade desses vírus

o  Métodos de prevenção n  Transmissão aérea n  Importância do desenvolvimento de novos

medicamentos e vacinas

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VIGILÂNCIA CLÍNICA DAS DOENÇAS RESPIRATÓRIAS EMERGENTES

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INFECÇÃO RESPIRATÓRIA VIRAL AGUDA

o AUTOLIMITADA n  Adultos saudáveis

o éMorbidade e Mortalidade n  Crianças; Idosos; Doenças crônicas

o éNúmero de casos e Maior atenção n  Novas metodologias laboratoriais n  Introdução de novos patógenos

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CASO CLÍNICO 1 o  IDENTIFICAÇÃO:

n  M.S., masculino, 22 anos Residente em Curitiba/PR, atendido em 25/06/2012

o  HISTÓRIA CLINICA ATUAL: n  Procura atendimento médico com história de que há 4 dias

apresenta febre, tosse, dor de garganta, mal estar geral e dificuldade para respirar. Nega doenças prévias. Não realizou nenhuma viagem recente

o  EXAME FÍSICO:

n  Febre de 38,6oC, normotenso, taquicárdico, PA: 100/70mmHg, FC: 120 bpm, FR: 48mvm.

n  Regular estado geral, mucosas úmidas e coradas, sem edemas. Orofaringe hiperemiadas e sem pontos purulentos

n  Trato Respiratório: Tiragem subcostal e intercostal baixa, MV rude e diminuído em HTE e D, sem estertores

n  Demais aparelhos e sistemas: sp

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CASO CLÍNICO 1 o  Hemograma:

n  Hemoglobina:110, g/L; Leucócitos: 11,4 x109/L, Segmentados: 77%, Eosinófilos: 2%, Monocitos: 1%, Linfocitos: 20%.

o  VHS: 84mm/h o  SatO2: 86%

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CASO CLÍNICO 1 o  Diagnosticou-se insuficiência respiratória por pneumonia

bacteriana comunitária ou infecção por influenza A (H1N1) ou ambas.

o  Paciente estava em estado grave n  Iniciou tratamento com antimicrobianos, com antiviral

(oseltamivir), assim como medidas gerais e antitérmicos . o  Realizou outros exames complementares:

n  Hemocultura, cultura e pesquisa de vírus em exsudado nasofaríngeo, gasometria (alcalose respiratoria)

o  Dois dias após início no tratamento se confirmou a detecção de influenza A (H1N1p), manteve-se terapia com antibiótico por 10 dias.

o  Paciente evoluiu com melhora clínica e de exames laboratoriais. Rx de torax de controle mantinha alterações iniciais. Alta hospitalar 16 dias após internamento.

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CASO CLÍNICO 2 o  13th to 30th August 2010 a 59

year-old Italian visited the city of Havana, as well as rural areas in Cuba. He stayed in households or family-run bed-and-breakfasts.

o  Some days after his return to Italy, the man exhibited a mild respiratory syndrome. On 17th September, he was hospitalized for high fever, dyspnea and diffuse nodular infiltrates associated with lymphadenopathy.

o  On admission, monocytosis, slight alterations in AST, GGT, erythrocyte sedimentation and C-reactive protein concentration were shown.

Rovida et al, 2013

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CASO CLÍNICO 2

o  Respiratory secretions were negative for common bacterial and viral agents. Less common viral agents were then suspected and serum samples were sent to our Institution for further analysis.

o  On 21st September, hantavirus IgM tested positive by an IFA assay utilizing antigens from American (Sin Nombre and Andes)

o  Hantavirus IgG were positive by a broadly reactive ELISA assay.

o  A real-time RTPCR signal (threshold cycle 36.5) was observed in the serum sample using primers and probes to Sin Nombre virus

o  The low viral load did not allow the typing to be confirmed by sequencing.

Rovida et al, 2013

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CASO CLÍNICO 3 o  Paciente masculino, 55a, aposentado,

previamente higido o  Há 15 apresentou resfriado comum,

evoluindo com tosse seca intensa, paroxistica, com guinchos inspiratórios, seguido de vômito, com piora noturna.

o  Após a crise apresentava dores generalizadas, estado de semi-consciência e episódios de lipotimia

Stefen et al, 2010

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o  Paciente estava em bom estado geral e com exame físico normal

o Coletado exame de rinofaringe para pesquisa de virus e bacterias

o  Iniciado terapia com azitromicina o  Evolui com melhora progressiva e

após 2 m estava assintomático. o Resultado + para B pertussis

CASO CLÍNICO 3

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CASO CLÍNICO 4 o  A 56 year-old Jordanian

male resident of Zarka and respiratory therapist at a private clinic was admitted to hospital on 28 April 2014 with pneumonia (Bacteria or Influenza). On 3 May 2014, he developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and was transferred to the intensive-care unit. The patient died on 5 May 2014.

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CASO CLÍNICO 4 o  Throat swab specimens were

collected on 4 May 2014 and tested positive for MERS-CoV on 5 May 2014.

o He did not have a recent travel history or exposure to a known laboratory-confirmed case of MERS-CoV.

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SÍNDROME RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA GRAVE (SRAG)

Caso suspeito pelo Ministério da Saúde: Indivíduo de qualquer idade com SG

•  Febre de início súbito, •  Tosse ou dor de garganta e pelo menos um dos seguintes

sintomas: •  Cefaleia, mialgia ou artralgia,

Na ausência de outro diagnóstico específico, e que apresente dispneia, ou os seguintes sinais de gravidade:

•  Saturação de SpO2 < 95% em ar ambiente; •  Sinais de desconforto respiratório ou aumento da

frequência respiratória •  Piora nas condições clínicas da doença de base; •  Hipotensão arterial

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VÍRUSINFLUENZA

SAZONALPROBLEMAPERMANENTE

INFLUENZAAVIÁRIO/SUINOPROBLEMAATUAL

PANDEMIAPROBLEMAFUTURO?

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INFLUENZAAH1N1“SUINA”

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PANDEMIADEINFLUENZAn  CEPA COM

CARACTERÍSTICAS ANTIGÊNICAS DISTINTAS

n  IMUNIDADE

n  NOVA PANDEMIA

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PICORNAVIRIDAE Rinovírus, Coxsackie A, Echovirus

CORONAVIRIDAE SARS-CoV, NL63, HKU1

ORTOMIXOVIRIDAE Influenza A, B C

PARAMIXOVIRIDAE RSV, vírus parainfluenza 1, 2, 3 e 4, hMPV

ADENOVIRIDAE

PAPOVAVIRIDAE Bocavirus, KI, WU

OUTROS Herpeviridae, sarampo ...

VÍRUSRESPIRATÓRIOS

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SRAG - DESAFIOS o  Reconhecer a doença o  Estabelecer definição de caso

n  Sobreposiçao de doenças clínicas n  Sintomas “influenza-like”(doenças não respiratórias: EBV, HBV) n  Febre, calafrio, mal-estar, mialgia n  Com ou sem tosse n  Pode apresentar diarréia n  Consolidação pulmonar n  Pode apresentar: trombocitopenia, alteração enzimas hepáticas

o  EPIDEMIOLOGIA o  VIAGEM o  CONTATO COM DOENTES o  CONTATO COM ANIMAIS

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SRAG - DESAFIOS o Diagnóstico

n  Métodos imunológicos e moleculares n  Resposta rápida

o  Patogênese o  Ecologia

n  Hospedeiros X Patógeno è PREVENÇÃO

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PREVENÇÃO

OBRIGADA!!