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INDONESIAINDEX:

1. History (1-6)2.Government and Politics (7-8)3.Foreign relations and military

(9-10)

4.Geography (11-13)5.

Biota and environment (13-17)

6.Economy (18-20)7.Demographics (21-23)8.Culture (24-25)9.Administrative divisions (26)10. Climate (27-28)11.Photos (29-30)

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HISTORYIndonesia, or officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian:RepublikIndonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rpblk ndnsa]), is a country

in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is anarchipelago comprisingapproximately 17,508 islands.[5]It has 33 provinces with over 238million people, and is the world's fourthmost populous country.Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. Thenation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borderswith Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboringcountries include Singapore,Philippines, Australia, Palau, and theIndian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a

founding member ofASEAN and a member of the G-20 majoreconomies. The Indonesian economy is the world's sixteenth largest bynominal GDP andfifteenth largest by purchasing power parity.

The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since atleast the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then laterMajapahittradedwith China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural,religious and political models from the early centuries CE,and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has

been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources.Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought

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Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the SpiceIslands ofMaluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and ahalf centuries ofDutch colonialism, Indonesia secured itsindependence afterWorld War II. Indonesia's history has since been

turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption,separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economicchange.

Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinctnative ethnic and linguistic groups. The largestand politicallydominantethnic group are the Javanese. A shared identity hasdeveloped, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religiouspluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of

colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesia's nationalmotto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many,yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Despite itslarge population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areasof wilderness that support the world's second highest level ofbiodiversity.The country has abundant natural resources, yet poverty remainswidespread.

Fossils and the remains of tools show that the Indonesian archipelagowas inhabited byHomo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man",between 1.5 million years ago and as recently as 35,000 yearsago.[15][16][17] Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 yearsago.[18]In 2011 evidence was uncovered in neighbouring East Timor,showing that 42,000 years ago these early settlers had high-levelmaritime skills, and by implication the technology needed to makeocean crossings to reach Australia and other islands, as they werecatching and consuming large numbers of big deep sea fish such as

tuna.[19]

Austronesian peoples, who form the majority of the modern population,migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesiaaround 2000 BCE, and as they spread through the archipelago, confinedthe native Melanesian peoplesto the far eastern regions.[20]Idealagricultural conditions, and the mastering ofwet-field ricecultivation as early as the 8th century BCE,[21]allowed villages, towns,and small kingdoms to flourish by the 1st century CE. Indonesias

strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade,including links with Indian kingdoms and China, which were

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established several centuries BCE.[22]Trade has since fundamentallyshaped Indonesian history.

From the 7th century, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourishedas a result of trade and the influences ofHinduism and Buddhismthatwere imported with it.[25][26]Between the 8th and 10th centuries, theagricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynastiesthrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religiousmonuments such as Sailendra's BorobudurandMataram's Prambanan. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded ineastern Java in the late 13th century, and underGajah Mada, itsinfluence stretched over much of Indonesia.[27]

Although Muslim traders first traveled through South East Asia early

in the Islamic era, the earliest evidence of Islamized populations inIndonesia dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra.[28]OtherIndonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominantreligion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For themost part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religiousinfluences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia,particularly in Java.[29] The first regular contact between Europeans andthe peoples of Indonesiabegan in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led

by Francisco Serro, sought to monopolize the sources of nutmeg, cloves,and cubeb pepperin Maluku.[30]Dutch and British traders followed. In1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) andbecame the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOCwas formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlandsestablished the Dutch East Indies as a nationalized colony.[31]

For most ofthe colonial period, Dutch control over the archipelago wastenuous outside of coastal strongholds; only in the early 20th century

did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's currentboundaries.[32]Despite major internal political, social and sectariandivisions during the Indonesian National Revolution, Indonesians, onthe whole, found unity in their fight for independence. Japaneseoccupation during World War II ended Dutch rule,[33][34]and encouragedthe previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement.[35]A laterUN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result offamine and forced laborduring the Japanese occupation.[36]Two daysafter the surrender of Japan in August 1945, Sukarno, an influential

nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointedpresident.[37][38][39][40]The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, and

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the resulting conflict ended in December 1949, when in the face ofinternational pressure, the Dutch formally recognized Indonesianindependence[38][41](with the exception ofthe Dutch territory of WestNew Guinea, which was incorporated into Indonesia following the

1962 New York Agreement, and the UN-mandated Act of Free Choice of1969).[42]

Sukarno moved Indonesia from democracy towards authoritarianism,and maintained his power base by balancing the opposing forces ofthemilitary and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI).[43] Anattempted coup on 30 September 1965 was countered by the army, wholed a violent anti-communist purge, during which the PKI was blamedfor the coup and effectively destroyed.[44][45][46]Around 500,000 people

are estimated to have been killed.[47][48]The head of the military, GeneralSuharto, outmaneuvered the politically weakened Sukarno, and wasformally appointed president in March 1968. His New Orderadministration[49]was supported by the US government,[50][51][52]andencouraged foreign direct investment in Indonesia, which was a majorfactor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth.However, the authoritarian "New Order" was widely accusedofcorruption and suppression of political opposition.[33][53][54]

Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the late 1990s Asian financialcrisis.[55]This led to popular protest against the New Order which ledtoSuharto's resignation in May 1998.[56]In 1999, East Timor voted tosecede from Indonesia, aftera twenty-five-year military occupationthatwas marked by international condemnation of repression of the EastTimorese.[57]Since Suharto's resignation, a strengthening ofdemocratic processes has included a regional autonomy program, andthe first direct presidential election in 2004. Political and economicinstability, social unrest, corruption, and terrorism slowed progress,

however, in the last five years the economy has performed strongly.Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups arelargely harmonious, sectarian discontent and violence hasoccurred.[58]A political settlement to an armed separatist conflictin Aceh was achieved in 2005.[59]

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GOVERNMENT AND

POLITICSIndonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary state,power is concentrated in the central government. Followingtheresignation of President Suharto in 1998, Indonesian political andgovernmental structures have undergone major reforms. Fouramendments to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia[60]have revampedthe executive, judicial, and legislative branches.[61]The president ofIndonesia is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the IndonesianNational Armed Forces, and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council ofministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature.The 2004 presidential election was the first in which the people directlyelected the president and vice president.[62]The president may serve amaximum of two consecutive five-year terms.[63]

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The highest representative body at national level is the People'sConsultative Assembly (MPR). Its main functions are supporting andamending the constitution, inaugurating the president, andformalizing broad outlines of state policy. It has the power to impeach the

president.[64]The MPR comprises two houses; the People's RepresentativeCouncil (DPR), with 560 members, and the Regional RepresentativeCouncil (DPD), with 132 members.[65]The DPR passes legislation andmonitors the executive branch; party-aligned members are elected forfive-year terms by proportional representation.[61]Reforms since 1998have markedly increased the DPR's role in national governance.[66]TheDPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.[67]

Most civil disputes appear before a State Court (Pengadilan Negeri);

appeals are heard before the High Court (Pengadilan Tinggi). TheSupreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) is the country's highest court, andhears final cessation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courtsinclude the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy andinsolvency; a State Administrative Court (Pengadilan Tata Negara) tohear administrative law cases against the government; a ConstitutionalCourt (Mahkamah Konstitusi) to hear disputes concerning legality oflaw, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope ofauthority of state institutions; and a Religious Court (PengadilanAgama) to deal with codified Sharia Law cases.

A session of the People's Representative Council in Jakarta.

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Indonesia flag.

Foreign relation andmilitaryIn contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialistic antipathyto western powersand tensions with Malaysia, Indonesia's foreign relations since the

Suharto "New Order" have been based on economic and politicalcooperation with Western nations.[70]Indonesia maintains closerelationships with its neighbors in Asia, and is a founding memberofASEAN and the East Asia Summit.[65]The nation restored relationswith the People's Republic of China in 1990 following a freeze in placesince anti-communist purges early in the Suharto era.[68]Indonesia hasbeen a member of the United Nations since 1950,[71]and was a founderof the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of the

Islamic Conference (OIC, now theOrganisation of IslamicCooperation).[65]Indonesia is signatory to the ASEAN Free TradeArea agreement, the Cairns Group, and the WTO, and has historicallybeen a member ofOPEC, although it withdrew in 2008 as it was nolonger a net exporter of oil. Indonesia has received humanitarian anddevelopment aid since 1966, in particular from the United States,western Europe, Australia, and Japan.[65]

The Indonesian Government has worked with other countries toapprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked tomilitantIslamism and Al-Qaeda.[72]The deadliest bombing killed 202

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people (including 164 international tourists) in the Bali resort townofKuta in 2002.[73]The attacks, and subsequent travel warningsissued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's tourismindustry and foreign investment prospects.[74]

Indonesia's 300,000-member armed forces (TNI) includethe Army (TNIAD), Navy (TNIAL, which includes marines), and AirForce (TNIAU).[75]The army has about 400,000 active-duty personnel.Defense spending in the national budget was 4% of GDP in 2006, andis controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercialinterests and foundations.[76]One of the reforms following the 1998resignation of Suharto was the removal of formal TNI representation inparliament; nevertheless, its political influence remains extensive.[77]

Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led toarmed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses andbrutality from all sides.[78][79]Following a sporadic thirty-year guerrillawar between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesianmilitary, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005.[80]In Papua, therehas been a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regionalautonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violenceand human rights abuses, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono.

President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono with Barack

Obama, the President of United States, in ceremony at the Istana

Merdeka in Jakarta, 9 November 2010. Obama has become popular in

Indonesia due to the years he spent in Jakarta as a child.

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GEOGRAPHYIndonesia lies between latitudes 11S and 6N, andlongitudes 95E and 141E. It consists of 17,508 islands, about 6,000 of

which are inhabited.[86]

These are scattered over both sides of the equator.The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei andMalaysia), New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea), andSulawesi. Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo,Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on theisland ofTimor. Indonesia shares maritime borders across narrow straitswith Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Palau to the north, andwith Australia to the south. The capital, Jakarta, is on Java and is thenation's largest city, followed by Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and

Semarang.[87]At 1,919,440 square kilometers (741,050 sq mi), Indonesia is theworld's 16th-largest country in terms of land area.[88]Its averagepopulation density is 134 people per square kilometer (347 per sq mi),79th in the world,[89]although Java, the world's most populousisland,[90]has a population density of 940 people per square kilometer(2,435 per sq mi). At 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), Puncak Jaya in Papuais Indonesia's highest peak, and Lake Toba in Sumatra its largest lake,

with an area of 1,145 square kilometers (442 sq mi). The country'slargest rivers are in Kalimantan, and include the Mahakam and Barito;

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such rivers are communication and transport links between the island'sriver settlements.

Indonesia's location on the edges of the Pacific, Eurasian,and Australian tectonic plates makes it the site ofnumerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. Indonesia has at least150 active volcanoes,[92]including Krakatoa and Tambora, both famousfor their devastating eruptions in the 19th century. The eruption of theToba supervolcano, approximately 70,000 years ago, was one of thelargest eruptions ever, and a global catastrophe. Recent disasters due toseismic activity include the 2004 tsunamithat killed an estimated167,736 in northern Sumatra,[93]and the Yogyakarta earthquake in2006. However, volcanic ash is a major contributor to the high

agricultural fertility that has historically sustained the high populationdensities of Java and Bali.[94]

Lying along the equator, Indonesia has a tropical climate, with twodistinct monsoonal wet and dry seasons. Average annual rainfall in thelowlands varies from 1,7803,175 millimeters (70125 in), and up to6,100 millimeters (240 in) in mountainous regions. Mountainousareasparticularly in the west coast of Sumatra, West Java,Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papuareceive the highest rainfall.

Humidity is generally high, averaging about 80%. Temperatures varylittle throughout the year; the average daily temperature range of Jakartais 2630 C (7986 F).

Indonesia is an archipelagic country extending 5,120 kilometres(3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) fromnorth to south.[1]It encompasses an estimated 17,508 islands, only

6,000 of which are inhabited. It comprises five main

islands: Sumatra,Java, Borneo (known as "Kalimantan" in

Indonesia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea; two major archipelagos (Nusa

Tenggara and the Maluku Islands); and sixty smaller archipelagoes.

Four of the islands are shared with other nations: Borneo is shared

with Malaysia and Brunei,Sebatik, located eastern coast of

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Kalimantan, shared with Malaysia, Timoris shared with East Timor,

and the newly divided provinces ofPapua and West Papua share the

island ofNew Guinea with Papua New Guinea. Indonesia's total land

area is 1,919,317 square kilometres (741,052 sq mi). Included in

Indonesia's total territory is another 93,000 square kilometres

(35,908 sq mi) of inland seas (straits, bays, and other bodies of water).The additional surrounding sea areas bring Indonesia's generally

recognized territory (land and sea) to about 5 million square

kilometers. The government, however, also claims an exclusive economic

zone, which brings the total to about 7.9 million square kilometers.

Latitude = 5.00 S & Longitude = 120.00 W.

Map of Indonesia.

Biota and

environment.Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, supportthe world's second highest level of biodiversity (after Brazil),[96]and itsflora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and Australasian species.[97]Theislands of the Sunda Shelf(Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were oncelinked to the Asian mainland, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large

species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan,elephant, and leopard,were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution

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have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 60% of thecountry.[98]In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly ofAsian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more denselypopulated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and

agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Malukuhaving been longseparated from the continental landmasseshave developed their ownunique flora and fauna.[99]Papua was part of the Australian landmass,and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that ofAustralia, including over 600 bird species.[100]

Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total endemic species,with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515 species ofmammal being endemic.[101]Indonesia's 80,000 kilometers (50,000 mi)

of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to thecountry's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea andcoastal ecosystems, including beaches, sanddunes, estuaries,mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds, coastalmudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small islandecosystems.[8]Indonesia is one ofCoral Triangle countries with theworld's greatest diversity of coral reef fish with more than 1,650 speciesin eastern Indonesia only.[102]The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace,described a dividing line between the distribution and peace ofIndonesia's Asian and Australasian species.[103]Known as the WallaceLine, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf,between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait,between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are moreAsian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. Inhis 1869 book,The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerousspecies unique to the area.[104]The region of islands between his line andNew Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[103]

Indonesia's high population and rapid industrialization presentserious environmental issues, which are often given a lower priority dueto high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance.[105]Issuesinclude large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and relatedwildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysiaand Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; andenvironmental problems associated with rapid urbanizationand economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion,

garbage management, and reliable water and wastewaterservices.[105]Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make

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Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhousegases.[106] Habitat destructionthreatens the survival of indigenous andendemic species, including 140 species ofmammals identified bythe World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified

as critically endangered, including Bali Starling,[107] SumatranOrangutan,[108]and Javan Rhinoceros.[107]Much of Indonesia'sdeforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry,which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion.Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to thelocal and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealthfor local communities if done right. If down wrong it can degradeecosystems and cause social conflicts.

The critically endangered Sumatran Orangutan, a greatape endemicto Indonesia.

For centuries, the geographical resources of the Indonesian archipelagohave been exploited in ways that fall into consistent social and historicalpatterns. One cultural pattern consists of the formerly Indianized, rice-growing peasants in the valleys and plains of Sumatra, Java, and Bali;another cultural complex is composed of the largely Islamic coastal

commercial sector; a third, more marginal sector consists of the uplandforest farming communities which exist by means of subsistenceswidden agriculture. To some degree, these patterns can be linked to thegeographical resources themselves, with abundant shoreline, generallycalm seas, and steady winds favoring the use of sailing vessels, andfertile valleys and plainsat least in the Greater Sunda Islandspermitting irrigated rice farming. The heavily forested, mountainousinterior hinders overland communication by road or river, but fosters

slash-and-burn agriculture.

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Indonesia's high population and rapid industrialisation presentserious environmental issues, which are often given a lower priority dueto high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance.[9]Issuesinclude large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related

wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysiaand Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; andenvironmental problems associated withrapid urbanization and economic development, including airpollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable waterand waste waterservices.[9]Deforestation and the destruction ofpeatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhousegases.[10] Habitat destructionthreatens the survival of indigenous and

endemic species, including 140 species ofmammals identified bythe World Conservation Union(IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identifiedas critically endangered, including the Sumatran Orangutan.[11]

In 1970, 15% of Indonesians lived in cities compared to over 30% today,and this increases pressure on the urban environment. Industrialpollution is increasing, particularly in Java, and the increasingaffluence of the growing middle class drives a rapid increase in thenumber of motor vehicles and associated emissions. Garbage and wastewater services are being placed under increasing pressure. Reliance onseptic systems or effluent disposal in open canals and river systemsremains the norm, and is a major polluter of water resources. Very fewIndonesians have access to safe drinking water and must boil it beforeuse.

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ECONOMYIndonesia has a mixed economy in which both the private sector andgovernment play significant roles.[110]The country is the largesteconomy in Southeast Asia and a member of the G-20 majoreconomies.[111]Indonesia's estimated gross domestic product (nominal),as of 2010 was US$706.73 billion with estimated nominal per capitaGDP was US$3,015, and per capita GDP PPP was US$4,394(international dollars).[112]June 2011: At World Economic Forum on

East Asia, Indonesian president said Indonesia will be in the top tencountries with the strongest economy within the next decade. The Grossdomestic product (GDP) is about $1 trillion[3]and the debt ratio to theGDP is 26%.[113]The industry sectoris the economy's largest andaccounts for 46.4% of GDP (2010), this is followed by services (37.1%)and agriculture (16.5%). However, since 2010, the service sectorhasemployed more people than other sectors, accounting for 48.9% of thetotal labor force, this has been followed by agriculture (38.3%) andindustry (12.8%).[114]Agriculture, however, had been the country's

largest employer for centuries.[115][116]

According to World Trade Organization data, Indonesia was the 27thbiggest exporting country in the world in 2010, moving up three placesfrom a year before.[117]Indonesia's main export markets (2009) areJapan (17.28%), Singapore (11.29%), the United States(10.81%), andChina (7.62%). The major suppliers of imports to Indonesia areSingapore (24.96%), China (12.52%), and Japan (8.92%). In 2005,Indonesia ran a trade surplus with export revenues of US$83.64 billion

and import expenditure of US$62.02 billion. The country has extensivenatural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper, andgold. Indonesia's major imports include machinery and equipment,chemicals, fuels, and foodstuffs. And the country's major exportcommodities include oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, rubber,and textiles.

In the 1960s, the economy deteriorated drastically as a result of politicalinstability, a young and inexperienced government, and economic

nationalism, which resulted in severe poverty and hunger. By the timeof Sukarno's downfall in the mid-1960s, the economy was in chaos with

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1,000% annual inflation, shrinking export revenues, crumblinginfrastructure, factories operating at minimal capacity, andnegligible investment. Following President Sukarno's downfall in themid-1960s, the New Order administration brought a degree of

disciplineto economic policy that quickly brought inflation down,stabilized the currency, rescheduled foreign debt, and attracted foreignaid and investment. (See Berkeley Mafia). Indonesia was until recentlySoutheast Asia's only member of OPEC, and the 1970s oil price raisesprovided an export revenue windfall that contributed to sustained higheconomic growth rates, averaging over 7% from 1968 to1981.[119]Following further reforms in the late 1980s,[120]foreigninvestment flowed into Indonesia, particularly into the rapidly

developing export-oriented manufacturing sector, and from 1989 to1997, the Indonesian economy grew by an average of over 7%.[121][122]

Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the Asian financial crisis of199798. Against the US dollar, the rupiah dropped from about Rp.2,600 to a low point of 14,000, and the economy shrank by13.7%.[123]The Rupiah stabilised in the Rp. 8,000 to 10,000range,[124]and a slow but significant economic recovery has ensued.However, political instability, slow economic reform, and corruptionslowed the recovery.[6][7]Transparency International, for example, hassince ranked Indonesia below 100 in its Corruption PerceptionsIndex.[125][126]Since 2007, however, with the improvement in bankingsector and domestic consumption, the national economic growth hasbeen 6% annually[127][128][129]and this helped the country weather the20082009global recession.[130]The Indonesian economy performedstrongly during the Global Financial Crisis and in 2011, its GDP grewby 6.5 percent.[131]The country regained its investment grade rating inlate 2011 after losing it in the 1997.[132]However, as of 2010, an

estimated 13.3% of the population lived below the poverty line, and theunemployment rate was 7.1%.

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Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia and thecountry's largest commercial center.

DEMOGRAPHICS

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According to the 2010 national census, the population of Indonesia is237.6 million,[133]with high population growth at 1.9%.[134]58% of thepopulation lives on Java,[133]the world's most populous island.[90]Despitea fairly effective family planningprogram that has been in place since

the 1960s, population is expected to grow to around 265 million by 2020and 306 million by 2050.There are around 300 distinct native ethnicgroups in Indonesia, and 742 different languages and dialects.MostIndonesians are descended from Austronesian-speaking peoples whoselanguages can be traced to Proto-Austronesian (PAn), which possiblyoriginated in Taiwan. Another major grouping are Melanesians, whoinhabit eastern Indonesia.[87][138]The largest ethnic group isthe Javanese, who comprise 42% of the population, and are politically and

culturally dominant.[139]

The Sundanese, ethnic Malays,and Madurese are the largest non-Javanese groups.[140]A sense ofIndonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regionalidentities.[141]Society is largely harmonious, although social, religiousand ethnic tensions have triggered horrendousviolence.[142][143][144] Chinese Indonesians are an influential ethnicminority comprising 34% of the population.[145]Much of the country'sprivately owned commerce and wealth is Chinese-Indonesian-controlled,[146][147]which has contributed to considerable resentment,

and even anti-Chinese violence.

The official national language is Indonesian, a form ofMalay. It isbased on theprestige dialectof Malay, that of the Johor-Riau Sultanate,which for centuries had been the lingua franca of the archipelago,standards of which are the official languages in Singapore, Malaysiaand Brunei. Indonesian is universally taught in schools, consequentlyit is spoken by nearly every Indonesian. It is the language of business,politics, national media, education, and academia. It was promoted by

Indonesian nationalists in the 1920s, and declared the officiallanguage under the name Bahasa Indonesiaon the proclamation ofindependence in 1945. Most Indonesians speak at least one of the severalhundred local languages and dialects, often as theirfirst language. Ofthese,Javanese is the most widely spoken as the language of the largestethnic group.[118]On the other hand, Papua has over 270indigenousPapuan and Austronesian languages,[151]in a region ofabout 2.7 million people.

While religious freedom is stipulated in the Indonesianconstitution,[152]the government officially recognizes only six

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sia#cite_note-139http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-Witton2003-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-Witton2003-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-JOSHUA-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-bps2010-133http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-134http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-bps2010-133

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religions: Islam,Protestantism, RomanCatholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism.[153]Although itis not an Islamic state, Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation, with 86.1% of Indonesians being Muslim according to

the 2000 census.[118]On 21 May 2011 the Indonesian Sunni-Shia Council (MUHSIN) was established. The council aims to holdgatherings, dialogues and social activities. It was an answer to violencecommitted in the name of religion.[154]The majority of Muslims inIndonesia are Sunni. 9% of the population was Christian, 3% Hindu,and 2% Buddhist or other. Most Indonesian Hindus areBalinese,[155]and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are ethnicChinese.[156]Though now minority religions, Hinduism and Buddhism

remain defining influences in Indonesian culture. Islam was firstadopted by Indonesians in northern Sumatra in the 13th century,through the influence of traders, and became the country's dominantreligion by the 16th century.[157]Roman Catholicism was brought toIndonesia by early Portuguese colonialists andmissionaries,[158][159]and the Protestant denominations are largely aresult of Dutch Calvinist and Lutheran missionary efforts during thecountry's colonial period.[160][161][162]A large proportion of Indonesianssuch as the Javaneseabangan, Balinese Hindus, and Dayak

Christianspractice a less orthodox, syncreticform of their religion,which draws on local customs and beliefs.

Balinese children. There are around 300 distinct native ethnicities in

Indonesia.

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