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Individual Problem Solving for Students W ith Intensive Needs. Jon Potter Sarah Weaver Spring Conference May 22, 2014. Acknowledgements. Florida Problem Solving & Response to Intervention Project Heartland Area Education Agency 11. ASSESSMENT. DATA-BASED DECISION MAKING. INSTRUCTION. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Vision: Every child in every district receives the instruction that they need and deserve…every day.
Oregon Response to Intervention
Vision: Every child in every district receives the instruction that they need and deserve…every day.
Individual Problem Solving for Students With Intensive
NeedsJon Potter
Sarah WeaverSpring Conference
May 22, 2014
1
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Acknowledgements
• Florida Problem Solving & Response to Intervention Project
• Heartland Area Education Agency 11
2
Research-Based Core Curriculum
w/ Strong Instruction
Tier 2/3 Suppleme
ntal Interventi
on
ASSESSMENT
Formal DiagnosticAs needed
Progress Monitoring
Weekly-Monthly
Universal Screening
3 times/year
DATA-BASED DECISION MAKING
Individual Problem
Solving Team
Schoolwide Screening reviewed
3 times/year
INSTRUCTION
Tier 2/3 Suppleme
ntal Interventi
on
Intervention Review Team
6-8 weeks
Tier 3 Individualiz
ed Interventio
n
Individual Problem
Solving Team6-8 weeks
SPED referral?
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
The Water…
5
IC
EFocus on “the water”-• Instruction• Curriculum• Environment
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
ICEL
6
I – Instruction C – CurriculumE – EnvironmentL – Learner
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Who are students that require individual problem solving?
Students with identified disabilities
Students who may have a disability
Students with significant deficits
7
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Why proactive problem solving?
“Problem solving assessment typically takes a more direct approach to the measurement of need than has been the case in historical special education practice” Reschley, Tilly, & Grimes (1999)
“Intervention studies that address the bottom 10-25% of the student population may reduce the number of at-risk students to rates that approximate 2-6%” Fletcher, Lyon, Fuchs, & Barnes (2007)
9
10
The Problem Solving Process
Improved Student
Achievement
2. Problem Analysis
1. Problem Identificati
on
3. Plan Developme
nt
4. Plan Implementation & Evaluation
What is the problem?
Why is the problem
occurring?
What are we going to do about the problem?
How is it working?
12
Improved Student
Achievement
1. Problem Identificati
on
What is the problem?
Step 1: Problem Identification
13
Step 1: Problem Identification
A problem is defined as a discrepancy, using data/evidence, between:
Current performance
Expected performance Problem Definition
14
Step 1: Problem Identification
• Calculating magnitude of discrepancy
Absolute discrepancy:
Discrepancy Ratio:
Expected performance
Current performance–
÷Larger Number Smaller Number
72 wcpm (Winter 2nd Grade)
32 wcpm
=
=-40 wcpm
–
72 wcpm (Winter 2nn Grade)
32 wcpm÷2.25 times
discrepant
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Discrepancy between Current Performance & Expected Performance
15
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Step 1: Problem Identification
Problem Definitions should be:
1. Objective – observable and measurable
2. Clear – passes “the stranger test”3. Complete – includes examples (and
non-examples when necessary) and baseline data
16
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Problem Definition: Example
Harry (2nd grader) is currently reading a median of 44 words correct per minute (wcpm) with 83% accuracy when given 2nd grade level text. He also answers an average of 3/10 comp questions correct on weekly in-class tests. 2nd grade students in his school are reading an average of 85 wcpm with 97% accuracy on 2nd grade text and answering 9/10 comp questions correct.
17
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Problem Definition: Non-Example
Harry struggles with being a fluent reader and is not meeting the 2nd grade reading benchmark. He makes a lot of mistakes and is currently reading at a 1st grade level. He also has difficulties answering comprehension questions at grade level and does poorly on his weekly reading tests.
18
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Step 1: Problem Identification
• Replacement Skill or Target Behavior
–What would it look like if this student were successful?–What would we prefer the student
do, instead of the problem behavior?
19
21
The Problem Solving Process
Improved Student
Achievement
2. Problem Analysis
1. Problem Identificati
on
Why is the problem
occurring?
22
Step 2: Problem Analysis
The WHY should always drive the WHAT
Plan Developme
nt
Problem Identificati
onProblem Analysis
23
Student LearningInstruction: Curriculum:
Environment: Learner:
How you teach
What you teach
Where you teach
Who you teach
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org24
We can control the how, what, and where.
We don’t have much control over the who.
25
When it comes to problem analysis, just remember…
ICE, ICE babyI – Instruction C – CurriculumE – Environment
then
L – Learner
What impacts student achievement?
John Hattie, Visible Learning, 2009
Effective teaching variables
Effect size
Other variablesEffect size
Formative Evaluation
+0.90
Socioeconomic Status+0.57
Comprehensive interventions for students with LD
+0.77
Parental Involvement+0.51
Teacher Clarity+0.75
Computer based instruction*
+0.37
Feedback +0.73
School Finances+0.23
Teacher-Student Relationships
+0.72
Aptitude by Treatment Interactions*
+0.19
Repeated Reading Programs
+0.66
Family Structure+0.17
Direct Instruction+0.59
Retention-0.16
Which ones make sense? Which ones are surprising?
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Instruction, Curriculum, Environment
• What should appropriate instruction, curriculum, and environment look like?
• Video: Early Reading Intervention– 3 students receiving direct instruction on
phonemic awareness & phonics– Observe and note effective teaching
practices with regard to instruction, curriculum, and environment
30
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Talk Time
• What effective teaching practices did you see related to instruction, curriculum, & environment?
• What questions/concerns/suggestions might you have for this teacher?
32
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
RIOT
RI O T
33
- Review - Interview - Observe - Test
36Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Instruction: Examples
Explicitness
Pacing
Corrective Feedback
Who knows…?I do, we do,
y’all do, you do
1-2 OTR’s/min 8-12 OTR’s/min
<50% errors corrected
95-100% errors corrected
Targets for Intervention
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
When it comes to interventions…
“It is clear that the program is less important than how it is delivered, with the most impressive gains associated with more intensity and an explicit, systematic delivery”
Fletcher & colleagues, 2007
37
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Curriculum: Examples
Skills Taught
Level of Difficulty
Fidelity to the core
Not matched to need Matched to need
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Vocab
ula
ry
Reading Comprehension
Phonemic Awareness
Phonics(Alphabetic Principle)
Oral ReadingAccuracy &
Fluency
40
Reading Skills Build on Each Other
Com
pre
hen
sio
n
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Words missed per page when accuracy is…
95% 98% 99%
The Secret Life of Bees 7th Grade
18.5 7.4 3.6
My Brother Sam is Dead 5-6th grade
15 6 3
The Magic School Bus 2nd – 3rd grade
6 2.4 1.2
Phonics and accuracy are important
Richard Allington
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org42
Curriculum: Examples
Skills Taught
Level of Difficulty
Fidelity to the core
Frustrational (<80%)
Instructional (>80-90%)
Weak (<80%) Strong (>80%)
Targets for Intervention
Not matched to need Matched to need
44Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Environment: Examples
Behavior Expectations/Management
Teacher-studentinteractions
Physical setup
Not definedExplicitly taught
& reinforced
Low rate of reinforcement
Mostly positive (4:1)
Chaotic & distracting
Organized & distraction-free
Targets for Intervention
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Academic Learning Time: Typical School
1170 School Year (6.5 hours x 180 days) - 65 Absenteeism (1 day/month x 10 months)= 1105 Attendance Time (Time in School)- 270 Non-instructional time (1.5 hrs./day for recess, lunch, etc)
= 835 Allocated Time (Time scheduled for teaching)- 209 (25% of allocated time for admin, transition, discipline - 15
min/hour)
= 626 Instructional time (time actually teaching)- 157 Time off task (Engaged 75% of time)= 469 Engaged Time (On task)- 94 Unsuccessful Engaged Time (Success Rate
80%)= 375 Academic Learning Time
45 Education Resources Inc., 2005
Efficiency Rating = 32%
Hours
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Academic Learning Time: Effective School
1170 School Year (6.5 hours x 180 days) - 65 Absenteeism (1 day/month x 10 months)= 1105 Attendance Time (Time in School)- 270 Non-instructional time (1.5 hrs./day for recess, lunch, etc)
= 835 Allocated Time (Time scheduled for teaching)- 125 (15% of allocated time for admin, transition, discipline - 9
min/hour)
= 710 Instructional time (actually teaching-710 vs. 626)
- 71 Time off task (Engaged 90% of time)= 639 Engaged Time (639 vs. 469 On task)- 64 Unsuccessful Engaged Time (Success Rate
90%)= 575 Academic Learning Time
46
Efficiency Rating = 49%
Hours
Education Resources Inc., 2005
47
The Difference: Typical vs. Effective Schools
Variable Typical School
Effective School
Time gained
How the time is gained
Allocated Non-instructional Time
25%(15 min/hr)
15%(9 min/hr)
+84 more hours
Teaching expectations, teaching transitions, managing appropriate and inappropriate behavior efficiently
Engagement Rate
75% 90% +86 more hours
Better management of groups, pacing
Success Rate
80% 90% +30 more hours
Appropriate placement, effective teaching
Academic Learning time
375 hours
575 hours
= 200 more hours (53% more) OR95 more school days (4-5 months!)
49Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Learner: Examples
Language Skills
Academic Achievement
Student behavior
No EnglishAdvanced
English speaker
Well below benchmarks At benchmarks
Off-task, disruptive, disengaged
Focused & attentive
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Before considering additional testing
• Start with existing data:– Screening data– Progress monitoring data– State testing data (OAKS)– Curriculum data
• Is additional data needed?–What additional questions do you have?–Which diagnostic assessments can
answer those questions?50
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Hypothesis Development
• What can we do that will reduce the problem (decrease the gap between what is expected and what is occurring)?
52
Expected performance
Current performance
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Problem Hypothesis
• Why is the problem occurring?• Example: – Harry’s reading fluency and comprehension
problems occur because he lacks strategies for decoding silent-e words and vowel digraphs (oa, ea, ae, ou, etc). His current instruction does not provide enough explicit modeling of these skills. He also currently has a low level of engagement and is highly distracted in both his classroom and intervention room.
53
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Prediction Statement
• What will make the problem better?• Example:– Harry will improve if he receives explicit
instruction in his identified missing skills. He also needs instruction that utilizes high pacing and effective active engagement strategies to keep him highly engaged in instruction, and an environment that is quiet, without distraction from other students.
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Step 3: Plan Development
Improved Student
Achievement
2. Problem Analysis
1. Problem Identificati
on
3. Plan Developme
nt
What are we going to do about the problem?
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Importance of Feedback
• Wickstrom et al studied 33 intervention cases.
• Teachers agreed to do an intervention and were then observed in class.
• 33/33 on a self report measure indicated that they had used the intervention as specified by the team.
• 0/33 Teachers had fidelity above 10%.
Slide taken from a presentation by Joseph Witt
65Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Step 4: Plan Implementation & Evaluation
Improved Student
Achievement
2. Problem Analysis
1. Problem Identificati
on
3. Plan Developme
nt
4. Plan Implementation & Evaluation
How is it working?
67
10
20
30
40
Dec.S cores
Feb.S cores
Jan.S cores
MarchS cores
AprilS cores
MayS cores
J uneS cores
60
50
GoalAmy
Chase
Mary
Isaiah
Cohort Data
68
10
20
30
40
Dec.S cores
Feb.S cores
Jan.S cores
MarchS cores
AprilS cores
MayS cores
J uneS cores
60
50
Goal
Amy
Mary
Isaiah
Cohort Data
Chase
Oregon Response to Intervention
www.oregonrti.org
Contact Info
Jon Potter – Oregon RTI staff
Sarah Weaver – Templeton Elementary School