Indexing links of GJRMI

GJRMI has been indexed in the Following International Databases

Google Scholar, ProQuest, DHARA online; DOAJ; Index Copernicus; NewJour; ScienceCentral;

getCITED; RoMEO; Geneva Foundation for Medical Education & Research ; Catalog ebiblioteca;

Ayurbhishak; Medicinal plants (Dravya Guna); Indianscience.in; Necker; Hong Kong University

of Science and Technology Library; University of Zurich; University of Kansas; Western

Theological Seminary; CaRLO; Mercyhurst University; University Library of Regensberg; WZB;

Jadoun science; University of California, San Fransisco (UCSF Library); University of

Washington; University of Saskatchewan; University of Winnipeg; Universal Impact Factor;

Global Impact factor, Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory, New York Public Library, WISE, Cite factor,

DRJI, Miami University Libraries,

AYUSH RESEARCH PORTAL - Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family welfare,

Govt. of India

-

All types of Keraliya Ayurvedic treatments available for all the diseases)

Ayurvedic Treatments in the following diseases: Eye diseases, Asthma, Skin diseases, Joint

diseases, Diseases of the nervous system, Gynaecological & Obstetric diseases, Obesity, Asthma, Stress,

Anxiety, Insomnia, Depression, Loss of Memory & Concentration, Piles, digestive tract diseases,

Infertility etc.

Address: No. 40, IInd cross, KV Pai Layout, Konanakunte,

Near Silicon city school, Bangalore – 62, Karnataka, India.

Contact: Mobile: +919480748861

Chakradatta Ayurveda Chikitsalaya, Mysore. (Panchakarma & Netra Roga Chikitsa Kendra)

Consultant Physician: Dr. Ravi Kumar. M.

(Specialized in different types of Keraliya Ayurvedic treatments especially in ENT & Eye diseases)

Get treated through Ayurveda, at our Hospital. (Exclusive Panchakarma Therapy available with accommodation)

Address: Beside Vikram Jyothi Hospital, Temple Road, V V Mohalla,

Mysore – 12, Karnataka, India.

Contact: Mobile: +919980952358, +919035087999

E- mail: raviamrita.kumar9@gmail.com

Arudra Ayurveda, Bangalore

(A PANCHAKARMA TREATMENT CENTRE)

An International, Peer Reviewed, Open access, Monthly E-Journal

ISSN 2277 – 4289 www.gjrmi.com

Editor-in-chief

Dr Hari Venkatesh K Rajaraman

Managing Editor

Dr. Shwetha Hari

Administrator & Associate Editor

Miss. Shyamala Rupavahini

Advisory Board

Prof. Rabinarayan Acharya Dr. Dinesh Katoch

Dr. S.N.Murthy Dr. Mathew Dan Mr. Tanay Bose

Dr. Nagaraja T. M.

Editorial board

Dr. Nithin Ujjaliya Mr. Sriram Sridharan

Dr. Ashok B.K. Dr. Madhu .K.P

Dr. Sushrutha .C.K Dr. Vidhya Priya Dharshini. K. R.

Honorary Members - Editorial Board

Dr Farhad Mirzaei Dr. Sabarinath Subramaniam

Dr. Yogitha Bali

INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2015

INDIGENOUS MEDICINE

Review Article – Ayurveda – Dravya Guna

MEHAHARA DASHEMANI - A NOVEL GROUP DEVELOPED BASED ON SUSHRUTA’S

MEHAHARA DRUGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DIABETES

Nishteswar K, Sushama Bhuvad* 111–124

Review Article – Ayurveda – Moulika Siddhanta

APPLICATION OF TANTRAYUKTI FOR THE BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF AYURVEDA

CLASSICS - A LITERARY REVIEW

Sujata P Dhoke*, R R Dwivedi, M K Vyas, Mithilesh Kumar Sah 125–134

COVER PAGE PHOTOGRAPHY: DR. HARI VENKATESH K R, PLANT ID – INFLORESCENCE OF TUVARAKA – HYDNOCARPUS WIGHTIANUS BLUME*

OF THE FAMILY ACHARIACEAE

PLACE – KOPPA, CHIKKAMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA *BOTANICAL NAME VALIDATED FROM www.theplantlist.org AS ON 30/06/2015

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

MEHAHARA DASHEMANI- A NOVEL GROUP DEVELOPED BASED ON

SUSHRUTA’S MEHAHARA DRUGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO

DIABETES

Nishteswar K1, Sushama Bhuvad

2*

1Prof. & HOD of Dravyaguna department, I.P.G.T. & R.A, Jamnagar-361008, Gujarat, India

2Ph.D scholar, Dravyaguna department, I.P.G.T. & R.A, Jamnagar-361008, Gujarat, India

*Corresponding author: E-mail: bsushama87@gmail.com;, Contact: +91-9737037392

Received: 06/05/2015; Revised: 30/05/2015; Accepted: 15/06/2015

ABSTRACT

The cardinal signs of Prameha are Prabhuta and Avilamutrata (excessive and turbid urination).

When Pramehi suffers from boils and had severe complications can be called as Madhumehi.

Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus may be referred as Kshudrameha. WHO estimated 1.5 million

deaths in 2012 making it the 8th

leading cause of mortality. It is a life style disorder which cannot be

cured completely, but life span of an individual can be made worthy by palliative treatment.

Synthetic oral hypoglycemic agents are very popular to lower the blood sugar level but it’s

prolonged use may lead to Vit. B12 deficiency. Therefore the need of an hour is to find out a natural

hypoglycemic source for palliative treatment of Prameha. Sushruta’s therapeutic classification can

be explored for the Mehahara activity. In total 62 drugs have been incorporated under Mehahara

activity categorized under 7 groups of drugs i.e. Aragvadhadi, Salasaradi, Mushkakadi, Trapvadi,

Triphala, Vallipanchamoola, and Kantakapanchamoola. Among these drugs 55 are herbal in origin

and 7 are mineral in origin. In total 42 herbal and 2 mineral drugs have been evaluated for their anti-

diabetic property. These drugs act through different mechanism of action. Based upon the analysis of

62 drugs compiled from seven ganas and 43 drugs enlisted for the treatment of 20 varieties of

Prameha, a broad spectrum formulation known as “Mehaharadashemani” (Haritaki, Amalaki,

Bibhitaki, Guduchi, Haridra, Kiratatikta, Karavellaka, Asana, Meshashringi, and Shatavari) can be

used as palliative formulation for all types of Prameha

KEY WORDS: Mehahara dashemani, Madhumeha, Prameha

Review Article

Cite this article:

Nishteswar K, Sushama Bhuvad (2015), MEHAHARA DASHEMANI- A NOVEL GROUP

DEVELOPED BASED ON SUSHRUTA’S MEHAHARA DRUGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE

TO DIABETES, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(6): 111–124

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

INTRODUCTION:

The epidemiological survey regarding

Diabetes suggests that it is 8th

leading cause of

mortility. As of 2013, 382 million people have

diabetes worldwide. In 2014, the International

Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that

diabetes resulted in 4.9 million deaths. The

greatest increase in rates was expected to occur

in Asia and Africa, where most people with

diabetes will probably live in 2030 (World

Health Organization fact sheet, 2013)

Acharya Charaka described about a

pathogenesis of Prameha as “the birds are

attracted towards the trees where their nests lie,

similarly, Prameha affects people who are

voracious eaters and have aversion to bath and

physical exercises.” There are two types of

Pramehi (suffering from Prameha) i.e. Sthoola

(obese) and Krisha (lean) pramehi. The

cardinal sign of Prameha is Prabhuta and

Avilamutrata (Excessive turbid urination).

Doshika dominance in the disease can be

categorized basing on colour of urine.

Objective assessment for doshas can be done

by boiling the urine to the stage of

solidification and the ratio of residual content

should be estimated. If residual content as

compared to its supernatant liquid is 1/5th

portion, it is Vataja; 1/7th

portion indicates

Pittaja and 1/9th

represents Kaphajadosha(K.

Nishteswar, 2003).

Acharya Sushruta has allocated separate

chapter for Madhumeha, keeping in view its

prognosis. One who is suffering from boils and

has severe complications is called madhumehi

and that is considered incurable (Sushruta

Nidana 6/24) (Trikamaji Yadavaji, 2008).

Diagnostic criteria for Madhumehi was quoted

as one who prefers to stand rather than move

from place to place, prefers sitting to standing,

lying down to standing, desires to sleep rather

than lie down in bed. This observation portrays

the extreme weakness of Madhumehi and refers

to extreme weakness or asthenic which may be

considered as bad prognostic sign. All types of

urinary abnormalities if not treated in time

develop Madhumeha and then become

incurable (Sushruta nidana 6/25, 27) (Trikamaji

Yadavaji, 2008). Uncomplicated diabetes

mellitus (DM) should not be referred with the

term Madhumeha. It is to be categorized under

Kshaudrameha.

Modern science classified Diabetes as Type

I and Type II. Type I DM It is due to beta cell

islet destruction by autoimmune process, and

these patients are prone to Ketoacidosis. Type

II occurs over 40 years of age. It is associated

with Hypertension, Dyslipidemia and

Atherosclerosis. This is the most prevalent

form and results from insulin resistance, mainly

caused by visceral obesity, with a defect in

compensatory insulin secretion (Harsh Mohan,

2010).

All oral hypoglycemic agents have side

effects on their prolonged use. Sulfonylureas

are associated with weight gain and

hypoglycemia. It’s not proved to be safe in

pregnancy. Metformin's major side effects are

seen in the gastrointestinal tract, with nausea,

cramps and diarrhea. Vitamin B12 deficiency

may occur after 1 year of drug administration

(Bell DSH, 2002). To find out natural sources

of hypoglycemic agent, one can make use of

drugs mentioned in classics. Acharya Sushruta

had classified drug basing on its pharmaco-

therapeutic implications. Some of the groups

like Aragvadhadi, Salasaradi, Mushkakadi,

Trapvadi, Triphala, Vallipanchamoola, and

Kantakapanchamoola do possess Mehaghna

(anti-diabetic) property. In the present study, an

attempt is made to generate the general

formulation which can be used in the

management of 20 types of Prameha by

reviewing these 62 drugs compiled from

therapeutic classification of Sushruta. For

analysis, the simple recipes quoted for 20 types

Prameha by Sushruta were also taken into

consideration. And drug’s review had been

carried out according to their Rasa (Taste),

Veerya (Potency), Vipaka (Bio-transformation),

Guna (Attributes) and Prabhava (principle

responsible for specific action), action and

indications mentioned in the classical texts and

research works related to anti-diabetic activity.

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

MATERIAL AND METHOD:

The compilation of drugs had been done

from Sushrutasamhita along with its

commentary “Nibandhasamgraha” by

Dalhana. Rasapanchaka (Rasa, Guna, Veerya,

Vipaka, and Prabhava) action and indication of

drugs were compiled from

Bhavaprakashanighatu and Rajanighantu.

Recent research studies were downloaded from

Google scholar.

OBSERVATIONS

Sushruta had described total 62 drugs in 7

groups of drugs. Among them 55 are herbal and

7 are mineral in origin. These drugs are

tabulated below (Table 1):

Table 1. List of the drugs mentioned in therapeutic classification of Sushruta having Mehahara

(anti-diabetic) activity N

o

Drug Botanical

source

Rasa,

Veerya,

Vipaka

Indication Part

Used

Experimental study

Herbal

1. Aguru Aquilaria

agallocha

Roxb.

Rasa:

Katu,

Veerya:

Ushna

Karna-

Akshiroga

Leaf The drug acts through increased glucose

uptake by adipocytes and contained

antioxidant activity (Pranakhon Ratree et

al., 2011)

2. Ajakarna Dipterocarpus

turbinatus

Gaertn. f.

Rasa:

Katu,

Tikta,

Kashaya

Veerya:

Ushna

Meha,

Kushtha,

Visha, Vrana

Not yet evaluated for anti-diabetic activity

3.

Ajashrungi

Pistacia

integrrima

Stew.ex.Brandis

Shwasa,

Trishna,

Hikka, Kasa

Gall Pistagremic acid, triterpenic acid, has a

glycosidase inhibitory activity (Uddin Ghias

et al., 2012)

4.

Amalaki

Phyllanthus

emblica Linn.

Rasa:

Amla

Vipaka:

Madhura

Veerya:

Sheeta

Prameha,

Raktapitta

Leaves,

Seed

The maximum fall of 27.3% (p<0.001) in

the blood glucose level of normal rats was

observed at 6h during fasting blood glucose

studies, with the dose of 300mg/kg

identified as the most effective dose of seed

extract (Mehta Shikha et al., 2009).

5. Aragvadha Cassia fistula

Linn

Rasa:

Madhura,

Veerya:

Sheeta

Jwara,

Hridroga,

Udavarta,

Shoola,

Kushtha

Flower

petals,

bark

The significant anti-hyperglycemic activity

at a dose level of 400 mg/kg by inducing

insulin secretion (E. E. Jarald et al., 2013)

Catechin have insulin mimetic effect

(Pitchai Daisy et al.,2012)

6. Arjuna Terminalia

arjuna (Roxb.)

W. & A

Rasa:

Kashaya

Veerya:

Sheeta

Hridya, Meda,

Meha,

Kshatakshaya

Bark Ethanolic extract of bark exert

hypoglycemic activity by inhibiting glucose

absorption through intestine and

regenerating beta cells (Barman Sarajita et

al., 2012)

7. Asana Pterocarpus

marsupium

Roxb.

Rasa:

Kashaya

Kushtha,

Visarpa,

Shwitra,

Meha, Krimi

Heart-

wood

The four out of five phenolic C-glycosides

isolated from n-butanol fraction of ethanolic

extract of P. marsupium enhanced glucose

uptake by skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) in a

dose dependent manner (Mishra A et al.,

2013)

8. Bhoorja Betula utilis D.

Don.

Rasa:

Kashaya

Medahara,

Vishahara;

Bhutagraha,

Karnaroga

- Yet to be evaluated for anti-diabetic activity

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

9. Vibhitaka Terminalia

bellirica Roxb.

Rasa:

Kashaya

Vipaka:

Madhura

Veera:

Ushna

Krimi,

Trishna,

Chhardi, Kasa

Fruit

rind

Octyl gallate isolated from the fruit rind of

T. bellerica has potential anti-diabetic effect

as it augments insulin secretion and

normalizes the altered biochemical

parameters in diabetic rat models (Latha RC

et al., 2013)

10. Chandana Santalum

album Linn

Rasa:

Tikta

Veerya:

Ushna

Shrama,

Shosha,

Trishna, Daha

Heart-

wood

S.album pet ether fraction has potential anti-

hyperlipidemic activity that can help in

overcoming insulin resistance (Kulkarni CR

et al., 2012)

11. Chitraka Plumbago

zeylanica Linn

Rasa:

Katu

Veerya:

Ushna

Grahani,

Kushtha,

Shotha, Arsha,

Krimi, Kasa,

Root, The results indicated that plumbagin

enhanced GLUT4 translocation and

contributed to glucose homeostasis (C Sunil

et al., 2012)

12. Dasikuruntaka (Neelapushpa)

Barleria

strigosa Willd.

Kushtha,

Kandu;

Vishahara

– Yet to be evaluated

13. Dhava Anogeissus

latifolia

Wall. ex Bedd.

Rasa:

Kashaya,

Madhura

Veerya:

Sheeta

Prameha,

Arsha, Pandu

Bark The bark administration, altered lipid

profiles and antioxidants level were

reversed to near normal than diabetic

control rats (Subramaniam Ramachandran

et al., 2012)

14. Gopaghanta (Karkoti)

Momordica

dioica Roxb

Kushtha,

Aruchi,

Shwasa, Kasa;

Deepana

Fruit Aqueous extract of fruit increased sr. insulin

level by 31.3% by stimulating beta cells of

pancreas (Singh Rambir et al., 2011)

15. Gridhranakhi Capparis

sepiaria Linn.

- Leaves Leaves exhibit hypoglycemic activity by

stimulating beta cells of pancreas (P.

Selvamani et al., 2008)

16. Guduchi Tinospora

cordifolia

(Willd.) Miers

ex Hook. f.

&Thoms.

Rasa:

Tikta,

Kashaya,

katu

Vipaka:

Madhura

Veerya:

Ushna

Trishna, Daha,

Meha, Kasa,

Pandu,

Kamala,

Kushtha,

Vatarakta,

Prameha,

Hridroga

Stem It may be through some peripheral

mechanisms, such as increasing the

glycogen storage in the liver or decreasing

the glucose release from the liver (Puranik

Nagaraja et al., 2010)

17. Haritaki Terminalia

chebula Retz

Rasa:

Kashaya

Veerya:

Ushna

Vipaka:

Madhura

Prameha,

Arsha,

Kushtha,

Shotha,

Udara, Krimi,

Shwasa, Kasa,

Hridroga

Fruit Pet ether extract fruit showed hypoglycemic

activity by stimulating beta cells of

pancreas, Reducing Lactate dehydrogenase

activity, at liver site- inhibiting glycolysis

and gluconeogenesis, and decreasing level

of glycosylated hemoglobin (Gandhipuram

Periasamy et al.,2006)

18. Kadara Acacia suma

Buch.-Ham.

Rasa:

Kashaya,

Tikta

Veerya:

Sheeta

Mukharoga - Yet to be evaluated

19. Kalaskandha Diospyros

embryopteris

Pers

Rasa:

Madhura

Veerya:

Sheeta

Prameha Fruit The activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH were

found to be increased in extract treated

diabetic rats in selected tissues.

The increased level of lipid peroxidation

(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and

hydroperoxide) in diabetic rats was also

found to be reverted back to near normal

status in extract treated groups (Dewanjee S

et al., 2009)

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

20. Kaliyaka Santalum

album

Rasa:

Tikta

Veerya:

Ushna

Vyanga - Same as 10

21. Kantaki

(Vikankata)

Flacourita

indica (Burm.

f.) Merr

Rasa:

Tikta

Veerya:

Sheeta

- Leaf

and

stem

Yet to be evaluated for anti-diabetic activity

22. Karamarda Carissa

carandas Linn.

var. congesta

(Wt.) Bedd.

Rasa:

Madhura

Veerya:

Ushna

Trishna,

Raktapitta

Leaves The doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the

extract did significantly (p<0.05)

decrease the blood glucose levels of alloxan

diabetic Wistar rats at 4, 8 and 24 h.

(Swami Gaurav et al., 2010)

23. Karanja Pongamia

pinnata Pierre

Rasa:

Katu

Veerya:

Ushna

Yonidoshahara,

Kushtha,

Gulma, Arsha,

Vrana, Krimi

Leaves It could be due to potentiation of the insulin

effect of plasma by increasing the

pancreatic secretion of insulin from existing

β-cells or its release from bound insulin. Or

may be due to enhanced glucose utilization

by peripheral tissues (Sikarwar Mukesh S.et

al., 2010)

24. Lata-

karanja

Caesalpinia

bonduc

(L.) Roxb.

Dandy & Exell.

Rasa:

Katu

Veerya:

Ushna

- Seed

extract

The anti-hyperglycemic action of the

extracts may be due to the blocking of

glucose absorption (D.M. Kannura et al.,

2006)

25. Khadira Acacia catechu

(Linn. f.) Willd.

Rasa:

Kashaya,T

ikta

Veerya:

Ushna

Kandu, Kasa,

Aruchi, Meha,

Jwara, Krimi,

Shwitra,

Kushtha

Heart-

wood

It may have insulin secretaceous or insulin

sensitizing activity that lower down the

blood glucose level (Srivastava Swayam

Prakash et al., 2013)

26. Kiratatikta Swertia

chirayita

(Roxb. ex

Flem.) Karst.

Rasa:

Tikta

Veerya:

Sheeta

Jwara,

Shwasa, Kasa,

Shotha,

Trishna,

Kushtha,

Vrana, Krimi

Whole

plant

It is suggested that hexane fraction of S.

chirayita possibly acts through its insulin

releasing effect (Chandrasekar Bet al.,

1990)

27. Kramuka Areca catechu

Linn.

Rasa:

Kashaya

Veerya:

Sheeta

Aruchi,

Asyavairasya

Nut,

leaf

Hypoglycemic activity through alpha

glucosidase inhibition (M Senthil Amudhan

et al., 2008)

28. Kuchandana Caesalpinia

sappan Linn.

Rasa:

Madhura

Veerya:

Sheeta

Vrana, Daha Heart-

wood

Brazilein, active component of sappan

wood, decreases blood glucose in diabetic

animals. Brazilein inhibits hepatic

Gluconeogenesis by elevating the F-2, 6-BP

level in hepatocytes, possibly by elevating

cellular F-6-P/H-6-P levels and PFK-2

activity. Increased pyruvate kinase activity

may also play a role in the anti-

gluconeogenic action of brazilinv (You EJ

et al., 2005)

29. Kuruntaka Barleria

prionitis Linn

Kushtha,

Vatarakta,

Kandu, Visha

Leaf

and root

The extract has the potential to enhance the

glucose-dependent insulin release from the

pancreatic beta cells and thereby decrease the

blood glucose level only in alloxan-induced

diabetic rats (Reema Dheer et al., 2010)

30. Kutaja Holarrhena

antidysenterica

(Linn.) Wall.

Rasa:

Katu,

Kashaya

Veerya:

Sheeta

Arsha, Atisara,

Trishna,

Kushtha

Seed It may be the potentiating the insulin effect

of plasma by increasing either the

pancreatic secretion of insulin from the

existing beta cells or by its release from the

bound insulin (ManaSupriya et al., 2010)

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

31. Madana Catunaregam

spinosa

(Thunb.)

Tirveng.

Rasa:

Madhura,

Tikta

Veerya:

Ushna

Vidradhi,

Pratishyaya,

Vrana,

Kushtha,

Shotha,

Gulma, Vrana

Fruit Exhibit hypoglycemic activity by

stimulating insulin secretion (Mishra Piyush

Ranjan et al., 2012)

32. Meshashringi Gymnema

sylvestre B. Br.

Rasa:

Tikta,

Vipaka:

Katu

Kushtha,

Meha, Krimi,

Vrana, Visha,

Shoola

Leaves It not only produces blood glucose

homeostasis but also increased the activities

of the enzymes affording the utilization of

glucose by insulin dependent pathways

(K.R. Shanmugasundaram et al., 1983)

33. Moorva Marsdenia

tenacissima

Wight & Arn.

Rasa:

Madhura,

Tikta

Meha,

Hridroga,

Kandu,

Kushtha,

Jwara

Root M. tenacissima has been evaluated by using

in vitro methods namely glucose oxidase

method and o-toluidine method (Nayak

Arabinda, 2014)

34. Mushkaka Schrebera

swientenioides

Roxb.

Medahara,

Grahi; Gulma,

Visha, Kandu,

Bastiroga,

Krimi

Fruit S. swietenioides and Glibenclamide

exhibited remarkable blood glucose

lowering effect in glucose tolerance test.

This indicates that the extract has capacity

to block glucose absorption (Rajkumar S.

Bagali et al., 2010)

35. Nimba Azadirachta

indica A. Juss.

Rasa:

Tikta

Vipaka:

Katu

Veerya:

Ushna

Kushtha,

Chardi,

Aruchi, Kasa,

Shwasa,

Krimi, Meha,

Arsha

Leaves,

oil

A significant hypoglycaemic effect was also

observed by feeding neem oil to fasting

rabbits. Recently, hypoglycemic effect was

observed with leaf extract and seed oil, in

normal as well as alloxan-induced diabetic

rabbits (Kausik Biswas et al., 2002)

36. Palasha Butea

monosperma

(Lam.) Taub

Rasa:

Kashaya,

Katu,

Tikta

Veerya:

Ushna

Grahani,

Arsha, Krimi,

Gudaroga,

Meha, Kushtha

– Yet to be evaluated

37. Patala Stereospermum

suaveolens DC

Rasa:

Kashaya,

Tikta

Veerya:

anushna

Aruchi,

Shwasa,

Shotha,

Chardi, Hikka,

Trishna

– Yet to be evaluated.

38. Patha Cissampelos

pareira Linn.

Rasa:

Katu

Veerya:

Ushna

Kushtha,

Atisara,

Hridroga,

Daha, Kandu,

Krimi, Gulma

Leaves This study unveils that the decrease in blood

glucose level may be attributed to the

stimulation of glucose uptake by peripheral

tissues and/or decrease in the

gluconeogenesis (Yadav Kuldeep Singh et

al., 2013)

39. Patola Trichosanthes

dioica Roxb

Rasa:

Tikta

Veerya:

Ushna

Kasa, Jwara,

Krimi

Unripe

fruit

It is able to decrease blood sugar level by

increasing the pancreatic secretion of

insulin from beta cells (Prashant Kumar Rai

et al., 2013)

40. Pootika Holoptelea

integrifolia

Planch

Rasa:

Tikta,

Katu

Veerya:

Ushna

Arsha, Krimi,

Prameha

Leaves H.integrifolia works by inhibiting ATP-

sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic

beta cells. This inhibition causes cell

membrane depolarization, which causes

voltage-dependent calcium channels to

open, which causes an increase in

intracellular calcium in the beta cell, which

stimulates insulin release (Sharma Sonu et

al., 2009)

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

41. Rajani Coscinium

fenestratum

Colebr. or

Rubia

cordifolia

Rasa:

Katu,

Tikta

Veerya:

Ushna

Visha, Shotha,

Kushtha,

Visarpa,

Vrana, Meha,

Raktatisara

Root Alcoholic extract of R. cordifolia

(100,200,400mg/kg) significantly decreased

blood glucose level by increasing plasma

corticoids level (Patil Rupali et al., 2006)

42. Salasara Shorea robusta

Gaertn. f.

Rasa:

Kashya

Vrana, Sweda,

Krimi,

Bradhna,

Vidradhi, Karnabadhirya

– Yet to be evaluated.

43. Saptaparna Alstonia

scholaris R. Br.

Rasa:

Kashaya

Veerya:

Ushna

Kushtha,

Krimi,

Shwasa,

Gulma

Leaves,

bark

It produced a highly significant decrease in

blood glucose and a mechanism of this

action was upon insulin triggering and

direct insulin-like effects (B Deepti et al.,

2011)

44. Sariva Hemidesmus

indicus (L.) R.

Br.

Rasa:

madhura

Veerya:

Ushna

Aruchi,

Shwasa, Kasa,

Visha,

Pradara,

Jwara, Atisara

Root It acts by decreasing lipid peroxidation

index by antioxidant activity (Mahalingam

Gayathri et al., 2008)

45. Shaka Tectona

grandis Linn. f.

Raktaprasadana Root The effect may be due to presence of

flavonoid compound is reported to promote

regeneration of β cells (Pooja et al., 2011).

46. Shangreshta (Kakajangha)

Peristrophe

bicalyculata

Nees

Jwara, Krimi,

Kandu, Vrana,

Visha

– Yet to be evaluated

47. Shatavari Asparagus

racemosus

willd

Rasa:

Madhura,

Tikta

Veerya:

Sheeta

Grahani,

Arsha,Shotha

Root It acts by inhibition of carbohydrate

digestion and absorption, together with

enhancement of insulin secretion and action

in the peripheral tissue (Hannan JM et al.,

2012).

48. Shimshapa Dalbergia

sissoo Roxb ex

DC.

Rasa:

Katu,

Tikta,

Kashaya

Veerya:

Ushna

Shosha,

Kushtha,

Shwitra,

Chardi, Krimi,

Bastiroga,

Vrana, Daha

Leaves By providing a regenerative modification ag

ainst damage caused by alloxan to

endocrine cells of the pancreas (Niranjan

Pankaj Singh et al., 2010).

49. Shirisha Albizia lebbeck

(Linn.) Willd

Rasa:

Madhura,

Tikta,

Kashaya

Veerya:

Ushna

Shotha,

Visarpa, Kasa,

Vrana

Bark Effect may be due to by promoting the

insulin release from the undestroyed β-cells

or its action may be insulin like (Digbijay

Kumar et al., 2013)

50. Sushavi (karavellaka)

Momordica

charantia Linn.

Rasa:

Tikta

Veerya:

Sheeta

Jwara, Pandu,

Meha, Krimi

Fruit M.charantia protects pancreatic β-cells

through down-regulation of MAPKs and

NF-κB in MIN6N8 cells.

These include insulin secretagogue like

effect, stimulation of skeletal muscle and

peripheral cell glucose utilization, inhibition

of intestinal glucose uptake, inhibition of

adipocyte differentiation, suppression of

key gluconeogenic enzymes, stimulation of

key enzymes, HMP pathway and

preservation of pancreatic islet cells and

their functions (Baby Joseph et al., 2013)

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

51. Tala Borassus

flabellifer Linn.

Rasa:

Madhura

Veerya:

Sheeta

Shukrala,

Madakara

Flower Attributed due to the potentiation of the

insulin effect of plasma by increasing the

pancreatic secretion of insulin from existing

β cells or its release from bound insulin

(Goyal Pradeep et al., 2014).

52. Tinisha Ougeinia

dalbergioides

Benth

Rasa:

Kashaya

Meda,

Kushtha,

Meha,

Shwitra, Daha,

Vrana, Krimi

- Yet to be evaluated.

53. Trikantaka Tribulus

terrestris Linn.

Rasa:

Tikta,

Madhura

Veerya:

Sheeta

Ashmari,

Prameha,

Shwasa, Kasa,

Hridroga

- Yet to be evaluated.

54. Vajravriksha (Snuhi)

Euphorbia

neriifolia auct.

Non Linn.

Rasa:

Katu

Veerya:

Ushna

Shoola,

Gulma, Udara,

Kushtha,

Unmada,

Medaroga,

Vrana, Visha,

Arsha

- Yet to be evaluated.

55. Vidari Pueraria

tuberosa DC.

Rasa:

Madhura

Veerya:

Sheeta

Shukrala,

Mutrala,

Jivaniya,

Rasayana

- Yet to be evaluated.

Mineral

1. Krishna-

loha

Iron Rasa: Tikta,

Madhura

Veerya:

Sheeta

Kshaya, Kushtha,

Gulma, Pleeha,

Meda, Meha,

Shwasa

- Yet to be evaluated

2. Lohamala (Mandoora)

Rust Rasa: Tikta,

Madhura

Veerya:

Sheeta

Pandu, Kamala,

Halimaka, Shosha

- Yet to be evaluated

3. Rajata Silver Rasa:

Kashaya

Vipaka:

Madhura

Veerya:

Sheeta

Hridya, Balya’

Daha, Trishna,

shosha, Jwara,

Prameha, Visha

- Yet to be evaluated

4. Seesa Lead Prameha, Grahani,

Vrana

Graded doses of Naga bhasma (100 and

200mg/kg) were administered orally with

suspension of milk using oral feeding

needle to control and experimental diabetic

rats. Treatment with Naga bhasma showed

no change in blood glucose level in normal

rats but normalized the impaired glucose

tolerance and alloxan-induced

hyperglycemia on long-term treatment

(Deshmukh Smita M et al., 2013).

5. Suvarna Gold Rasa:

Madhura,

Tikta,

Kashaya

Veerya:

Sheeta

Unmada, Apsmara,

Hridvepana, Kasa,

Shwasa, Atisara,

Grahani

- Yet to be evaluated.

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

6. Tamra Copper Rasa:

Kashaya,

Madhura

Veerya:

Ushna

Kushtha, Krimi,

Kasa, Shwasa,

Kshaya, Sthaulya,

Grahani, Udara

- Yet to be evaluated

7. Trapu Tin Rasa:

Veerya:

Ushna

Medahara, Vrishya,

Balya; Prameha,

Vrana, Kshaya,

Kasa, Shwasa

Graded dose of Vanga Bhasma (25 and

50 mg/kg) were administered

intragastrically to normal and experimental

rats. Vanga bhasma treatment did not

influence the blood glucose level in normal

rats but normalized the impaired glucose

tolerance on long term treatment (Soni

Chandan et al., 2011)

DISCUSSION

Among 55 herbal drugs of ganas, in total 42

drugs had been screened for their anti-diabetic

activity. Still 13 drugs i.e. Tinisha, Gokshura,

Snuhi, Vidari, Kakajangha, Salasara, Patala,

Palasha, Vikankata, Kadara, Dasikurunta,

Bhoorja, Ajakarna are yet to be evaluated for

their anti-diabetic activity. Among mineral

drugs only two drugs i.e. Naga (Lead) and

Vanga (Tin) do possess anti-diabetic activity.

Analysis of these 62 drugs through various

lexicons showed that in total 23 drugs has

Mehahara activity. Among them 19 are herbal

and 4 are mineral in origin. Acharya Sushruta

had mentioned simple recipes in the

management of 20 types of Prameha. In total

43 drugs are enlisted in its management. After

comparing these two groups (Group of drugs

incorporated by Sushruta for the management

of 20 Prameha and another group of drugs

drawn from therapeutic classification), there

are 20 drugs common to both the groups. They

are Aguru, Amalaki, Aragvadha, Vibhitaka,

Chandana, Chitraka, Guduchi, Haritaki,

Kadara, Karanja, Khadira, Kramuka, Kutaja,

Moorva, Nimba, Palasha, Patha, Saptaparna,

Shimshapa, and Shirisha. Sushruta developed a

broad spectrum pramehahara formulation

consisting of Amalaki juice and Haridra mixed

with honey (Sushrutachikitsa11/8) (Trikamaji

Yadavaji, 2008). Based on this observation

Vagbhata included Dhatri (Amalaki) and Nisha

(Haridra) in the list of prime drugs

(Agryaushadhi) for the management of

Prameha (Vagbhata Uttara 40/48) (Paradakar

Hari Shashtri, 2010).

The person who get indulges constantly in

day sleep, absence of physical activities and

laziness, consumes foods and drinks which are

cold, unctuous and sweet etc. should be

understood as prone to Prameha. In such a

person, vitiated Vata, Pitta and Kapha dosha

(Bio-humours), when get mixed with Meda

dhatu (adipose tissue) travel downward along

with channels of urine and get localized in the

the urinary bladder and begin to flow out

through urine and give rise to Prameha.

(Sushruta Nidan 6/4, pp) (Trikamaji Yadavaji,

2008). In prameha, all three doshas and

dushyas like Meda, Rakta (Blood), Shukra

(Semen), Ambu, Vasa (Muscle fat), Lasika

(Lymph), Majja (Bone marrow), Rasa, Ojas

and Mamsa (Muscle) are responsible for the

pathogenesis. (Charaka Chikitsa 6/8,pp).

The drugs used for the management of the

20 types of Prameha should be of Katu

(Pungent), Tikta (Bitter) and Kashaya

(Astringent) Rasa; Katu Vipaka (Bio-

transformation) and Ushna Veerya (Hot

potency) and should have Laghu (easy to

digest), Ruksha (Rough), Vishada (Clear) etc.

gunas, so that they can alleviate the vitiated

Kapha dosha and dushya.

Majority of the drugs mentioned above are

having Katu, Tikta, Kashaya Rasa; Ushna

Veerya; Laghu, Ruksha guna which can able to

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

alleviate vitiated doshas and dushyas of

Prameha

The above mentioned drugs act through

different mode of action. Some of them act by

increasing activity of pancreatic cells,

increasing insulin sensitivity, exhibiting insulin

like activity, maintaining glucose homeostasis

(increase of peripheral utilization of glucose,

increasing synthesis of hepatic glycogen or

decrease in gluconeogenolysis), inhibiting the

intestinal glucose absorption, reducing

glycemic index of carbohydrate, reducing the

effect of glutathione, increasing glucose uptake

of adipocytes, enhancing glucose uptake by

skeletal muscles, decreasing insulin resistance,

increasing glycogen storage, reducing lactate

dehydrogenase, increasing activity of enzymes

for utilization of glucose, and inhibiting

carbohydrate digestion.

Majority of drugs may act by increasing

insulin secretion or as insulinmimmetics. E.g.

Aragvadha, Vibhitaka, Gopaghanta,

Gridhranakhi, Haritaki, Karanja, Khadira,

Kiratatikta, Kuruntaka, Kutaja, Madana,

Patola, Chirabilva, Shatavari, Shirisha,

Karavellaka, Tala. Some drugs like Arjuna,

Latakaranja, Mushkaka, Karavellaka, Shaka,

Shimshapamay produce their action by

inhibiting glucose absorption from intestine and

regenerating beta cells of Langerhans.

Out of 78 drugs (a combined list of

Ganadravyas and drugs mentioned for 20 types

of Pramehas), ten drugs are selected to

formulate Mehahara dashemani based on its

significant anti-diabetic and antihyperglycemic

activities reported during recent research

studies. The drugs included in Mehahara

dashemani are Haritaki, Amalaki, Vibhitaki,

Guduchi, Haridra, Kiratatikta, Karavellaka,

Asana, Meshashringi, and Shatavari.

CONCLUSION:

Acharya sushruta had mentioned various

groups of drugs for different disease conditions

in his therapeutic classification. There are in

total 62 drugs are mentioned for Mehahara

activity among them 55 are of herbal origin and

7 are mineral in origin. Majority of drugs are

screened for their anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic

or anti-hyperglycemic activity. Vataja Prameha

is not curable, due to contradiction in the

treatment by Dosha and Dushya. Therefore, a

lifelong treatment has to be taken for the

palliation of disease. The need of an hour is to

generate a potent herbal origin formulation

with fewer side effects on its prolonged use. A

potent broad spectrum formulation, Mehahara

Dashemani, (Consisting of Haritaki, Amalaki,

Bibhitaki, Guduchi, Haridra, Kiratatikta,

Karavellaka, Asana, Meshashringi, and

Shatavari) can be used as palliative treatment

for all types of Prameha to reduce the side

effects of prolonged use of synthetic anti-

diabetic drugs as well as to improve the life

span of the patients.

REFERENCES:

Amudhan M Senthil, Begum V Hazeena (2008)

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory and

hypoglycemic activities of Areca

catechu extract, Pharmacognosy

Magazine; Vol 4 (15): 223–227

Anonymous, (2013) The top 10 causes of death

Fact sheet N°310. World Health

Organization, Oct 2013

B Deepti, J Archana, J Manasi (2011) Anti-

diabetic and Antihyperlipidemic effect

of Alstonia scholaris bark in

streptozocin induced diabetic rats. Ind J

Pharm Edu Res.; 45 (2): 114–120

Baby Joseph, D Jini (2013). Antidiabetic

effects of Momordica charantia (bitter

melon) and its medicinal potency, Asian

Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease;

3(2): 93–102

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Bagali Rajkumar S., Jalalpure Sunil S (2010).

Evaluation of anti-diabetic and

antioxidant effect of Schrebera

swietenioides fruit ethanolic extract,

Scholars Research Library, Der

Pharmacia Lettre; 2(5): 278–288

Barman Sarajita, Das Swarnamoni (2012).

Hypoglycemic effect of ethanolic

extract of bark of Terminalia arjuna

Linn. in normal and alloxan-induced

noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

albino rats, International Journal of

Green Pharmacy; Vol 6 (4): 279–284

Bell DSH, MB (2002) Current status of

Diabetic treatment, Southern Medical

Journal; 95 (1):24–29

Biswas Kausik, Chattopadhyay Ishita, Banerjee

Ranajit K., Bandyopadhyay Uday

(2002). Biological activities and

medicinal properties of neem

(Azadirachta indica), Current Science;

Vol. 82(11): 1336–1345

C Sunil, V Duraipandiyan, P Agastian, S

Ignacimuthu (2012). Antidiabetic effect

of plumbagin isolated from Plumbago

zeylanica L. root and its effect on

GLUT4 translocation in streptozotocin-

induced diabetic rats. Food Chem

Toxicol.; 50(12):4356–63

Chandrasekar B, Bajpai MB, Mukherjee SK

(1990) hypoglycemic activity of

Swertia chirayita (Roxb ex Flem) Karst,

Indian J Exp Biol.; 28(7):616-8.

Deshmukh Smita M.; Bhingare,

Chandrashekhar L.; Kshirsagar, Sanjay

J (2013) Screening of Antidiabetic

Effect of Naga Bhasma In Alloxan

Induced Hyperglycemic Rats,

International Journal of Research in

Ayurveda & Pharmacy; Vol. 4(2):240

Dewanjee S, Das AK, Sahu R, Gangopadhyay

M (2009) Anti-diabetic activity of

Diospyros peregrina fruit: effect on

hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and

augmented oxidative stress in

experimental type 2 diabetes. Food

Chem Toxicol.; 47(10): 2679–85.

Dheer Reema, Bhatnagar Pradeep (2010) A

study of the antidiabetic activity of

Barleria prionitis Linn, Indian J

Pharmacol.; 42(2): 70–73.

Digbijay Kumar, Dash G. K., Tripathy N. K.

(2013) Hypoglycemic Activity of Bark

Extracts of Albizia lebbeck Benth. in

Streptozotocin induced Diabetic Rats,

Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res.; 18(2), 28–

32

Gandhipuram Periasamy, Senthil Kumar,

Palanisamy Arulselvan, Durairaj

Sathish kumar, Sorimuthu Pillai

Subramanian (2006) Anti-diabetic

activity of fruits of Terminalia chebula

on streptozotocin induced Diabetic

Rats, Journal of Health Science;52(3):

283–291.

Goyal Pradeep, Agarwal Anil Kumar,

Lakashminarasimhaiah, Singh G.K.

(2014) Antidiabetic and

Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Borassus

Flabellifer In Streptozotocin (Stz)

Induced Diabetic Rats, World Journal

Of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical

Sciences; Vol 4 (1):1172–1184.

Hannan JM, Ali L, J Khaleque, Akhter M, Flatt

PR, Abdel-Wahab YH (2012).

Antihyperglycaemic activity of

Asparagus racemosus roots is partly

mediated by inhibition of carbohydrate

digestion and absorption, and

enhancement of cellular insulin action.

Br J Nutr.; Vol107(9):1316–23.

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Jadavaji TA (2008) Sushruta, Sushrutasamhita,

Nibandhasangraha by Dalhana, 1st

edition reprint, Chaukhambha

Surbharati Prakashana, Varanasi, p294,

452

Jarald E. E., Joshi S. B., Jain D. C., Edwin S

(2013). Biochemical Evaluation of the

Hypoglycemic Effects of Extract and

Fraction of Cassia fistula Linn.in

Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats, Indian J

Pharm Sci.; 75(4): 427–434.

K. Nishteswar (2003), Herbs in

Vasavarajeeyam, first edition,

Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashan,

Varanasi, 25.

Kannura D.M., Hukkerib V.I., Akkib K.S.

(2006) Antidiabetic activity of

Caesalpinia bonducella seed extracts in

rats, Fitoterapia; Vol 77 (7–8):546–549

Kulkarni CR, Joglekar MM, Patil SB,

Arvindekar AU (2012).

Antihyperglycemic and

antihyperlipidemic effect of Santalum

album in streptozotocin induced

diabetic rats, Pharm Biol.; 50(3):360–5.

Latha RC, Daisy P (2013). Therapeutic

potential of octyl gallate isolated from

fruits of Terminalia bellerica in

streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Pharm Biol.; 51(6):798–805

Mahalingam Gayathri, Krishnan Kannabiran

(2008) Hypoglycemic activity of

Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on

streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Int

J Diabetes Dev Ctries.; 28(1): 6–10.

Mana Supriya, Singhal Sachin, Sharma Neeraj

K., Singh Dharmendra (2010).

Hypoglycemic Effect of Holarrhena

antidysenterica Seeds on Streptozotocin

induced Diabetic Rats, International

Journal of PharmTech Research; Vol.2

(2):1325–1329,

Mehta Shikha, Singh Rakesh Kumar, Jaiswal

Dolly, Rai Prashant Kumar, Watal

Geeta (2009). Anti-diabetic activity of

Emblica officinalis in animal models,

Pharmaceutical Biology; 47(11):1050–

1055

Mishra A, Srivastava R, Srivastava SP, Gautam

S, Tamrakar AK, Maurya R, Srivastava

AK (2013). Antidiabetic activity of

heart wood of Pterocarpus marsupium

Roxb.and analysis of phytoconstituents,

Indian J Exp Biol.;51(5):363–74.

Mishra Piyush Ranjan, Panda Prasanna Kumar,

Chowdary Korla Apanna, Panigrahi

Saswati (2012) Antidiabetic and

Antihypelipidaemic Activity of Randia

Dumetorum, IJRPC; 2(3): 552-559

Mohan Harsh (2010) Textbook of Pathology,

sixth edition, Jaypee brothers medical

publishers,pvt.ltd, New Delhi, 834.

Nayak Arabinda (2014). In-vitro

Hypoglycemic Activity Evaluation of

Marsdenia tenacissima and

Sphaeranthus indicus, Inventi Rapid:

Ethnopharmacology; Vol. 2014 (3).

P. Selvamani, S. Latha, K. Elayaraja, Babu P.

Suresh, Gupta J. K., Pal T. K. et al

(2008). Antidiabetic Activity of the

Ethanol Extract of Capparis sepiaria L

Leaves, Indian J Pharm Sci.; 70(3):

378–380.

Patil Rupali, Jagdale Swati, Kasture Sanjay

(2006) Antihyperglycemic, antistress

and nootropic activity of roots of Rubia

cordifolia L, Indian Journal of

experimental Biology; Vol 44:987–992.

Pd. Hari Sadasiva Sastri Paradakara

(2011)Vagbhata, Ashtangahridaya,

Sarvangasundara by Arunadatta and

Ayurved Rasayana by Hemadri, 1st

Reprint edition, Chaukhamba

Surbharati Prakashana, Varanasi, p 943

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Pitchai Daisy, Manikkam Rajalakshmi (2012).

Hypoglycemic and insulin mimetic

impact of catechin isolated from Cassia

fistula: a substantiate in silico approach

through docking analysis, Medicinal

Chemistry Research;Vol 21(9): 2238–

2250

Pooja, Sharma Vipin, Samanta K.C (2011)

Hypoglycemic activity of methanolic

extract of Tectona grandis linn. Root in

alloxan induced diabetic rats, Journal of

Applied Pharmaceutical Science; Vol

01 (04): 106–109

Pranakhon Ratree, Pannangpetch

Patchareewan, Aromdee Chantana

(2011). Antihyperglycemic activity of

agarwood leaf extracts in STZ-induced

diabetic rats and glucose uptake

enhancement activity in rat adipocytes,

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.; 33 (4):

405–410.

Puranik Nagaraja, Kammar Fakruddin, Devi

Sheela (2010). Anti-diabetic activity of

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) in

streptozotocin diabetic rats; does it act

like sulfonylureas? Turk J Med Sci; 40

(2): 265–270

Rai Prashant Kumar, Gupta Sharad Kumar,

Srivastava Amrita Kumari, Gupta

Rajesh Kumar, Watal Geeta (2013)

Scientific Validation of

Antihyperglycemic and

Antihyperlipidemic Attributes of

Trichosanthes dioica, ISRN

Pharmacology ;Volume 2013:1–7

Ramachandran Subramaniam, Rajasekaran

Aiyalu (2012). Antidiabetic,

antihyperlipidemic and in vivo

antioxidant potential of aqueous extract

of Anogeissus latifolia bark in type 2

diabetic rats, Asian Pacific Journal of

Tropical Disease; 2:S596–S602.

Shanmugasundaram K.R., Panneerselvama C.,

Samudram P., Shanmugasundaram

E.R.B. (1983). Enzyme changes and

glucose utilization in diabetic rabbits:

the effect of Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br.,

Journal of Ethnopharmacology; Vol 7

(2):205–234.

Sharma Sonu, Khatri Pankaj, Pandey Anupriya,

Jakhetia Vaibhavi, Chaturvedi Lavlesh,

Dwivedi Neelesh (2009) Anti-Diabetic

Screening Leaves Extract of Holoptelea

integrifolia (Roxb.); Vol 2 (10):66–71

Sikarwar Mukesh S., Patil M.B. (2010)

Antidiabetic activity of Pongamia

pinnata leaf extracts in alloxan-induced

diabetic rats, Int. J Ayurveda Res.; 1(4):

199–204.

Singh Pankaj Niranjan, Singh Dharmendra,

Prajapati Kiran, Jain S.K. (2010)

Antidiabetic Activity Of Ethanolic

Extract of Dalbergia Sissoo L. Leaves

In Alloxan­Induced Diabetic Rats,

International Journal of Current

Pharmaceutical Research; Vol 2 (2):24–

27.

Singh Rambir, Seherawat Aarti, Sharma

Poonam (2011). Hypoglycemic, Anti

diabetic and toxicological evaluation of

Momordica dioca fruit extracts in

alloxan induced diabetic rats, Journal of

pharmacology and Toxicology;6 (5):

454–467

Soni Chandan, Kumar Praveen, Mehta H C,

Gaishani Sudesh, Wanjari Manish

(2011) Screening of antidiabetic effect

of Vanga bhasma in alloxan induced

hyperglycemic rats, IJRAP; 2(4): 1225–

1230

Srivastava Swayam Prakash, Mishra Akansha,

Bhatia Vikram, T. Narender, Srivastava

Arvind K.(2013) Acacia catechu hard

wood: potential anti-diabetic cum anti-

dyslipidemic, Medicinal Chemistry

Research; 20(9):1–8

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 111–124

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Swami Gaurav, Nagpal Navneet, Rahar

Sandeep, Singh Preeti, Porwal Amit,

Nagpal Manisha, Kapoor Reni (2010)

International Journal of Current

Pharmaceutical Research; Vol 2 (3):

65–67.

Uddin Ghias, Rauf Abdur, M Abdulaziz. Al-

Othman, Collina Simona, Arfa

Muhammad, Ali Gowhar, Khan

Inamullah (2012). Pistagremic acid, a

glucosidase inhibitor from Pistacia

integerrima, Fitoterapia,

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2012.

09.017)

Yadav Kuldeep Singh, Yadav Narayan Prasad,

Karuna Shanker, Thomas Shiny C.,

Srivastav Saurabh, Srivastava Shruti

(2013) Assessment of antidiabetic

potential of Cissampelos pareira leaf

extract in streptozotocine nicotinamide

induced diabetic mice, Journal of

Pharmacy Research; XXX:1–5

You EJ, Khil LY, Kwak WJ, Won HS, Chang

SH, Lee BH, Moon CK (2005) Effects

of brazilin on the production of

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in rat

hepatocytes, J of Ethnopharmacol;102:

53–57.

Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 125–134

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

APPLICATION OF TANTRAYUKTI FOR THE BETTER UNDERSTANDING

OF AYURVEDA CLASSICS - A LITERARY REVIEW

Sujata P Dhoke1*, R R Dwivedi

2, M K Vyas

3, Mithilesh Kumar Sah

4

1PG Scholar, Department of Basic Principles, IPGT & RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.

2Professor & Head, Basic Principles, IPGT & RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.

3Professor, Basic Principles Department, IPGT & RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.

4PG Scholar, Department of Basic Principles, IPGT & RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.

* Corresponding Author: Email: sujubasic@gmail.com; Mobile: +919824744048

Received: 08/05/2015; Revised: 07/06/2015; Accepted: 10/06/2015

ABSTRACT

Every science is bounded by time oriented study method. The science of Ayurveda is also not

exception to this. Periodical evaluation has led to the origin of different types of literature viz. Tantra

(scientific work/theory), Samhita (ancient classics), Tika (commentary) etc. But all these changes

were derived from some methodology in which Tantrayukti (rules of interpretation/devices of

treatise / methodology of theoretico-scientific treatise) is one of them, which enabled scholars of

respective times to interpret the original texts into applications. Tantrayukti is the Methodology /

technique / systemic approach of studying a Tantra to construe its correct unambiguous meaning for

its Practical application. Though all Acharyas (authors of ancient classics) gave importance to

Tantrayukti, still in the long run on the path of education and research in Ayurvedic science,

application and utility of Tantrayukti remains the most ignored part. The proper knowledge of

Tantrayukti is necessary for understanding of Ayurvedic classics. This review explains scientific

principles of 36 Tantrayukti mentioned in different classics with their importance and application.

KEY WORDS: Tantra, Yukti, Samhita, Tantrayukti, Interpretation.

Review Article

Cite this article:

Sujata P Dhoke, Dwivedi R R, Vyas M K, Mithilesh Kumar Sah (2015),

APPLICATION OF TANTRAYUKTI FOR THE BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF AYURVEDA CLASSICS

- A LITERARY REVIEW, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(6): 125–134

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 125–134

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

INTRODUCTION:

Learning is considered to be the holiest of

divine things in the world because the

continuous process of acquiring knowledge

with unwavering devotion and untiring efforts

is absolutely essential for the growth and

development of the human culture (Acharya

Y.T., 2012). Ayurvedic Classics are such

treasures of knowledge where boundless

knowledge is stalled. Acharya have used some

methodology while composing the Shashtra

(science) in the form of Sutras (quotation) to

put knowledge in concise and precise manner

(Acharya Y.T., 2011). So this knowledge can’t

be perceived by everyone as it is hidden and

kind enough to show their affection on us in the

form of tools to understand this brief

knowledge. Ancient scholars of India followed

various grammatical and compositional tools

while writing their treatises and Tantrayukti

(rules of interpretation) is one of them (Dash

B., & Sharma R. K., 2004). It presents as a

frame work which clears the appropriate

meaning and helps to understand the real sense

of Shlokas (quotation).

Tantrayukti is the methodology / technique

/systemic approach of studying a Tantra

(science) to interpret its correct unambiguous

meaning for its practical application (Mhetre H.

B., 1998). The knowledge of Tantrayukti serves

the purpose to understand the depth of

knowledge in the classics and their application

in proper way (Acharya Y.T., 2003). Acharya

Charaka mentioned total 36 Tantrayukti in the

last chapter of Charaka Samhita (ancient

ayurvedic classics) (Acharya. Y.T., 2011).

Hence to explain the importance and utility of

Tantrayukti in understanding of classics and

their therapeutic utility this work has been

planned via available Ayurvedic treatises.

Necessity of Tantrayukti: Two examples have

been quoted to explain the necessity of

Tantrayukti. As the sun causes blossoming of

lotus pond and as the lamp enlightens the

house, Similarly Tantrayukti serve for the

Tantra (Acharya Y.T., 2011). Examples of sun

and lotus indicates that, the concepts which are

described in short are elaborated by

Tantrayukti, while example of lamp and house

hints that Tantrayukti highlights Gudarthas

(deep meaning) which subtly exits in Tantra

(Dash B., & Sharma R. K., 2004). It means to

make out secrete or unsaid things or reading

between the lines is possible only with

Tantrayukti. In first example elaboration of

concise subject is expected while in second the

things are there but the view point or

orientation is given by Tantrayukti. It plays

necessary and integral role in literary research

to understand the concepts of Ayurveda which

being explained in many fold and presented in

the form of Samhitas.

Importance of Tantrayukti: One, who is well

versed in one Tantra by applying knowledge of

Tantrayukti, can easily grasp the meaning of

another Tantra (Acharya Y.T., 2011). One

should have understanding of many Tantras

related to the subject he learns. Knowledge of

single Tantra is not enough to be an expert

physician. Hence Tantra is to be understood

properly. If not then it behaves same as

unskilled person having weapon with him. So

both Shaastra (Science) and Shastra (Weapon)

are protective and beneficial if handled

skilfully (Acharya Y.T., 2011). On the same

way valuable knowledge of classics can only be

obtained through proper application of

Tantrayukti.

Utility of Tantrayukti: Utility of Tantrayukti

can be explained under two headings viz.

Vakyayojana (Arrangement of words in a

sentence for proper meanings) and Arthayojana

(Proper arrangement of hidden or deeper

meaning).

1) Vakyayojana: It means Arrangement of

words in a sentence or two different

sentences to arrive at proper meaning.

Vakyayojana is literary aspect of

Tantrayukti, highest perfection in grammar

provided by Sanskrit language, gives great

liberty to arrange any Pada (word)

anywhere in sentences without changing its

meaning.

2) Arthayojana: This is elaboration or

organizations of meanings. Many times

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 125–134

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

though Vakya (sentence) is clear, still the

Artha (meanings) may not be understood

easily. Here one has to rely again on

Tantrayukti.

SOME GLIMPSES ON TANTRAYUKTI

WITH THEIR UTILITY:

1) Adhikarana (Subject / Topic of

discussion): The convincing subject or

topic of a Shastra or Tantra (science) is

Adhikarana. The sage formulated Ayurveda

to cure the Roga (disease). Adhikarana

Tantrayukti is the central theme in respect

of which the statements are made. So Rogas

are the Adhikarana (Acharya Y.T., 2011).

Adhikarana is one in which the Tatparya

(conclusion) of Tantra is present.

2) Yoga (Joining /Uniting): Arrangement of

words in a sentence is called Yoga (Gairola

V, 1996). Establishing a statement by

putting different words together is called

Yoga (Acharya Y.T., 2011). Ex: The origin

of fetus is from mother. It is proved by

Panchavayava (Five elements) (Acharya

Y.T., 2011).

Table no.1 – Panchavayava Vakya ( statement through Five elements)

Sr.No. Panchavayavavakya( statement

through Five elements)

Explanation

1 Pratijna (statement)

The origin of fetus is from mother.

2 Hetu (reason)

Because it is in the womb of mother.

3 Dristhanta (example)

Kutagaar (home)

4 Upanaya (explanation of example)

In Kutagaar (home) there is collection of many things

like bed, table etc. Fetus is also having the

combination of many parts Twacha (skin), Rakta

(blood), Hridaya (heart) etc which is Matruja Bhavas.

5 Nigamana (re-statement)

Thus the origin of fetus is from mother.

Yoga means arrangement of common

pattern, linking of words, even if situated far

and thus making the sentence compact and

meaningful (Acharya Y.T., 2003).

Hetwartha (Adducing acause) - When a

statement is made in a particular context, that is

applic able to other situations is called as

Hetwartha. Ex: habitual intake of homologous

matter is stated to increase Dhatus. The term

Dhatu in this context implies Dosha as well

besides tissue elements. Vata gets increased by

the use of similar Rasa and Guna. (Acharya

Y.T., 2011). It indicates required meaning

along with the facts that are mentioned earlier

(Sengupta S., Sengupta B., 2002).

Padartha (The meanings of a word)-The

meaning told in a Sutra or a Pada (words) is

called Padartha. Meaning of one, two or three

words is called Padartha. Padarthas are

innumerable (Acharya Y.T., 2003). Among the

meanings listed, particular meanings is to be

considered in that particular context. Ex: ‘Rasa’

word has at least 7 meanings. When it is

Samsarjanakarma (post procedure of

Panchkarma) after Vaman (vomiting), Rechana

(purgation) it means Mamsarasa (meat soup) is

used for that context (Paradkar H.S.S., 2011).

When it is after completion of all

Panchakarmas, it is ‘Sadrasa’ (Acharya Y.T.,

2011). In Patha (context) of Arogyavardhini it

is Parada (mercury), in Medhya Rasayana (a

type of rejuvenation) (Acharya Y.T., 2011). It

is Svarasa (extract/juice) of Guduchi (Indian

tinospora) (Acharya Y.T., 2011).

Pradesha (Extension of past to the present)-

When some present idea is supported by the

past facts it is known as Pradesha such as; this

surgeon had extracted the Shalya (foreign

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 125–134

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

material) of Deva -dataa. Hence he would do

similarly in case of Yajnadatta (Acharya Y.T.,

2003).

3) Uddesha (A brief mention): Saying

something in brief is called Uddesha

(Acharya Y.T., 2003). Chakrapani says the

same thing (Acharya Y.T., 2011). Ex: Hetu

(etiology), Linga (Symptomatology),

Aushadhajnana (Medicaments) is Uddesha,

narrated about the whole Ayurveda means a

concise statement having wider

implications.

4) Nirdesha (Specification of the items once

by one): Detailed description of a subject

or elaboration of the topic is called as

Nirdesha (Gairola V., 1996). Nirdesha

means explaining the things which are

mentioned in brief. Such as explaining

Hetu, Linga, Aushadha in detail (Acharya

Y.T., 2011). Ex: After giving the names of

Bastivyapata (side effects of enema

procedure) Vibandha (constipation),

Gaurava (heaviness) etc. are explained

individually (Sharma S., 2006).

5) Vakyashesha (Thought out but not

spoken aloud): Incomplete sentence which

are not giving the complete message is

known as Vakyashesha (Acharya Y.T,

2003). example-In the word Trisutra

(triads) Ayurveda, contents are not clear.

6) Prayojana (purpose/aim/object): For

which one initiates some work, is known as

Prayojana. (Acharya Y.T., 2011). The

Artha or Uddesha or the object for which

one proceeds. Prayojana is one for which

Shastra is told. Ex. Dhatusamyakriya

(balance state of body constituent) is told as

Prayojana of Tantra (Acharya Y.T., 2011).

Word Dhatusamyakriya has two meanings

i.e. in aspect of health to maintain and also

in aspect of illness. It is just like giving

helping hand for those who is fallen in clay

(Acharya Y.T., 2011).

7) Upadesha (Advisory guidance): The

authoritative instruction is called Upadesha

i.e. one should behave in this way (Lele

W.K., 2013). It teaches the reader to

distinguish between the right and the

wrong. Charaka was aware of such

conditions. So he claims it is impossible to

go for any examination, without

preconception of Upadesha. Vagbhata and

Sushruta go two steps ahead and assess

with Mantra (chanting), the

unchallengeable facts. Ex: One should not

keep awake in night and sleep in the day

time. One should act according to Dharma

(faith/religion) and Artha. If it is opposed

then one can’t be happy (Acharya Y.T.,

2011).

8) Apadesha (Statement of the reason):

Pointing out the reasons for the particular

action is Apadesha. Also expressing others

opinion is Apadesha. Ex: Madhura Rasa

(sweat taste) aggravates Sleshma Dosha

(Acharya Y.T., 2011). So, for scientific

approach towards any event a training of

systemic research skill is necessary. It is the

purpose of Apadesha Tantrayukti.

9) Atidesha (Extented application):

Inference of future on the basis of present

things (situation) Ex: Vata Dosha of this

person is rising upwards so he will suffer

from Udavartha (disorder due to vitiated

vata dosha). Also establishment of unsaid

things with the help of said things is

Atidesha. After describing certain things it

is also said that same may be applied to

other cases which are not mentioned here

(Acharya Y.T., 2011).

10) Arthapatti (Implication): Implication of

unmentioned by indication of mentioned is

Arthapatti (Acharya Y.T., 2003). Ex: If a

person says he will take Odana (prepared

soup in which the ratio of water and rice is

5:1), then this is understood that he is not

interested to take Yavagu (prepared soup in

which the ratio of water and rice is 6:1).

Both Chakrapani and Sushruta have same

view (Acharya Y.T., 2011). Ex: Dadhi

(curd) should not be taken at night; means

can be taken in daytime. If Dadhi is

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 125–134

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

contraindicated in hot Ritus like Grisma

(summer), Sharada (early winter) and

Vasanta (spring) then by Arthapatti one

may have it in Shita Ritus (cold season) like

Hemanta (winter), Shisira (autumn) and

Vasanta. Similarly, Madhu (honey) is

contraindicated to combine with Usna (hot)

then by Arthapatti it should be taken with

normal water only.

11) Nirnaya (Conclusion/Determination):

The reply to the objection is Nirnaya

(Acharya Y.T., 2003). Ex: Vata afflicting

the body and then moving downwards

expels urine associated with Vasa, Meda,

Majja and as such Vataja Prameha are

incurable. The conclusive statement of

discussed facts is Nirnaya (Acharya Y.T.,

2011). Determination through confusion,

satisfaction of doubt and refutation of

Purvapaksa (the prima facia arguments) are

the functions of Nirnaya.

12) Prasanga (Inseperable connection):

Restatement of some fact at the end which

is being mentioned in another context while

concluding is Prasanga i.e. mentioning of

some fact once again when it is related to

the present context (Acharya Y.T., 2011).

13) Ekanta (An Exclusive sratements): A fact

which is told everywhere in a same manner

is called Ekanta. Ex : Trivrita (Indian jalap)

causes purgation, Madanphala (emetic nut)

causes emesis (Acharya Y.T., 2003).

Statement of fact without any alternative or

a categorical statement is called Ekanta Ex:

Nijarogas are produced by bodily Dosha

i.e. Vata, Pitta and Kapha (Acharya Y.T.,

2011).

14) Naikanta (An inclusion statement):

Giving different opinions about same thing

at different places is known as Naikanta

(Acharya Y.T., 2003). Ex: Some Acharyas

quote Dravya is important, some say Rasa,

some other say Veerya / Vipaka. Naikanta

is just opposite to Ekanta in which no

alternative side is stated decisively

(Acharya Y.T., 2011). Postulations of

Dhatuposhana Nyayas (maxims),

definitions of Ama (foreign particle), time

of Basti (enema) Administration, number of

Basti to be administered, time of

Anjanakarma (collyrium), Karmukata

(action/potency) of Dravya, etc. These all

are Anekanta. All views are correct and

possible in one or other conditions.

15) Apavarga (An exception to a general

rule): Apavarga is a state of exception i.e.

when something is taken out of the ambit of

general statement. Ex: Swedana

(fomentation) is contraindicated in all types

of Visha (poison) except Keetavisha

(poisons of insect). Excluding one thing

from a group of things is Apavarga. Ex:

Paryushitaanna (stale food) should not be

taken except Mamsa, Hareetaka (Ardraka),

Shushkashaka (dry herbs), Phala (fruits),

Bhakshya (edible) etc. Also Lasuna (garlic)

is quoted as the best remedy for all Avarnas

but it is not used in Pittaja and Raktaja

Avarana conditions (Acharya Y.T., 2011).

16) Viparyaya (Contrariety): Understanding

the contrary idea along with what has been

stated (Sharma S., 2006). Ex: Krisha

(malnourish), Alpaprana (low immunity),

Pranabhirava (coward) are difficult to

treat. If it is told, then it is understood that,

Dridha (strong), Mahaprana (well

immunity) and brave persons are easy to

treat. It is the statement of contradictory

(Acharya Y.T., 2011). Ex: Nidanokta

Karanas (causative factors) don’t act as

Upashaya (Relief from disease) while the

opposite ones act as Upashaya. Viparyaya

means contrary or reverse to said subjects

(Sharma S., 2006). Ex: The reasons told in

the Nidana (causative factor) act as

Anupashaya (aggravating factor for

disease) to the Vyadhi (disease). Hence

opposite are Upashaya (relieving factor of

disease).

17) Poorvapaksha (View of a question):

Questioning some statement with an

objection is called Poorvapaksha (Acharya

Y.T., 2003). Ex: How 4 types of Vatajanya

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 125–134

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Prameha are Asadhya (Untreatable).

Poorvapaksha is objecting the proposed

idea or vitiation of the Pratijna (statement)

with an objection. Poorvapaksha means

denying or refuting others views. Ex: All

fishes should not be taken with milk but

some of the Acharyas (authors) objects and

give the view that chilichima can be taken

with milk.(Acharya Y.T., 2011).

18) Vidhana (A systemic and sequential

exposition of a scientific subject):

Systematic description of a subject in an

order is called Vidhana (Acharya Y.T.,

2003). Vidhana means explaining the

method followed by Sutrakarta (author)

(Acharya Y.T., 2011). Ex: While explaining

Malayana (channel of waste products), it is

told that when Mala (waste product of

body) becomes vitiated and gets increased

in Matra (quantity) and does Baddha

(obstruction) to Malamarga (route of waste

products). Malavriddhi is understood by

Gaurava (heaviness) and Sanga

(obstructive) where as in Malakshaya (less

in quantity of waste products) is predicted

by Laghava (lightness) and Atiutsarga

(excessive gush). Otherwise Vidhana can

also be understood as explaination in a

priority manner of mentioned order. Ex:

Rasa (lymph channles), Rakta (blood),

Mamsa (muscles), Meda (fat), Asthi (bone),

Majja (bone marrow), Shukra (semen)

explaining these in an order as they are

originated.

19) Anumata (Assent/Agreement):

Acceptinging others opinion as it is

(Acharya Y.T., 2003) or

acceptance/approval of others views is

Anumata (Sharma S., 2006). This is quoted

in Vadamarga Prakarana as Abhyanujna

Vada (Ayurvedic principles). It shows

humbleness of our Acharyas to respect

others views. This ethical conduct is also

trained to reader by this Tantrayukti. Only

such unbiased nature can acquire pure

knowledge (Acharya Y.T., 2011).

20) Vyakhyana (A detailed explanation of all

aspect of substance): Detailed exposition

of the special additional topic in the treatise

is Vyakhyana (Acharya Y.T., 2003).

Vyakhyana means explanation of a fact not

known to all (Acharya Y.T., 2011). All the

Tika Vajnmaya (annotations) is its

application. Tacchilya, Kalpana,

Arthashraya, Vyakhya etc. All components

are complementary tools or corollary to

Vyakhyana Tantrayukti. Garbhavakranti,

Prakritivarnana, Jentakasveda, Varnana,

Madyapanavidhi Varnana etc. are its

applications.

21) Samshaya

(Doubt/Irresolution/Indecision):

Narrating the two contrary things in a same

treatise is called Samshaya (Acharya Y.T.,

2003). Ex. Injury to Talahridaya Marma

(vital) causes death but cutting hands and

feet will not cause death. So when the

statement seems to be similar towards both

the opponent, then it is called Samshaya

(Gairola V., 1996).

22) Ateetaveksha (Retrospective): Reference

of particular subject which has been said

earlier is Atikrantavekshana (Acharya Y.T.,

2003). Ex: In Chikitsasthana, statement is

given that it has been described in

Sutrasthana. So, Ateetavekshana means a

statement made in reference to past

(Acharya Y.T., 2011).

23) Anagatavekshana (Refer to a future

statement): Mentioning a thing which has

to be described in future is

Anagatavekshana (Acharya Y.T., 2003).

Ex: In Sutrasthana, statement is given that

this subject will be dealt in detailed in

Chikitsasthana. So, Anagataveksha is

related to the things which is (to be told in

the future) not told (Sharma S., 2006). Ex:

Navan (application through nostrils),

Gandusha (gargle), etc. are explained in the

Dinacharya Adhyaya (daily regimen

chapter) but Nasyadi Vidhana will be

explained in coming chapter of Siddhistana

(Acharya Y.T., 2011).

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 125–134

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

24) Swasanjna (A scientific name/A technical

term): Using some technical words for

famous things in Shastra (text) which are

unknown or new to other Shastra is

Swasanjna (Acharya Y.T., 2003). Ex: Word

Mithuna is used for the combination of

Madhu and Sarpi (Ghee). So, the words

which are not used by people of other

faculty are known as Swasanjna (Gairola

V., 1996). Hence, Swasanjna denotes

technical terms used in a particular Tantra

(Acharya Y.T., 2011).

25) Uhya (Inference by reasoning): The

subject or meaning which is not told

directly but left off to be understood on the

basis of logic i.e. Uhya, Tarka, Avagaman,

etc. is known as Uhya Tantrayukti (Acharya

Y.T., 2003). Ex: In Annapanavidhi

Adhyaya four types of Annapana are

explained as – Bhakshya (snatching/biting),

Bhojya (chewing), Lehya (liking), and

Peya (drinking) and at some other places

only 2 types of Annapana are mentioned

where we have to take it as Anna(food) as

Ghanahara (solid diet) and Peya and Lehya

as Dravaahara (liquid diet) by logic.

26) Samucchaya

(Addition/Connection/Unification):

Narrating many things in same context in

the form of collection is called Samucchaya

(Acharya Y.T., 2003). Clinically

Samucchaya-Tantrayukti is important. Ex:

All symptoms if present then it is disease.

Since Samucchaya works on Samanya i.e.

Common factor, one can know mode of

action and site of action of a Kalpa

(formulation) by studying its constituents.

27) Nidarshana (An example/An

illustration): To clarify subject through

example is called Nidarshana (Acharya

Y.T., 2003). Nidarshana is statement of

example so that all learned and illiterate

alike may comprehend the fact. It is for

easier explanation of otherwise difficult

topics. It is for the benefit of

Trividhashishyabuddhi (students with

different intelligence quotients). Real

importance of Nidarshana is to explain the

topic on handful intelligibility (Acharya

Y.T., 2011).

28) Nirvachanam (Derivation/Etymology):

To define a word on the basis of

etymological derivation (Acharya Y.T.,

2003) or etymological derivation of subject

is called Nirvachana (Gairola V., 1996).

Nirvachana means statement of illustration

comprehensible to the Pandita (learned) or

it denotes derivative/ etymological

definition (Acharya Y.T., 2011). Every

word has its own sense. It is also a treasure

of knowledge to pursue how and why such

word is derived. It also helps in exposing

some unsaid or inbuilt aspects of the

subject.

29) Niyoga (Dictate/ authorities command):

Stating what must be done is called Niyoga

(Acharya Y.T., 2003). Ex: One should

always practice Pathyabhojana (proper

diet). Niyoga is the positive instruction

(statement) which is to be followed

essentially (Acharya Y.T., 2011). Ex: You

should not leave the Kuti (home) even you

get Sweda (heat) and Murcha (gidiness).

Also, after Snehapana (oleation) one should

use hot water for everything (Paradkar

H.S.S., 2002).

30) Vikalpana (An alternative): This or

something else is superior such type of

statement is called Vikalpa (Acharya Y.T.,

2003). Ex: Mamsarasasevana (meat soup)

along with Odana or Saghritayavagu

(Yavagu mixed with Ghee). Vikalpa is

statement of alternative option (Acharya

Y.T., 2011). Ex: Udaka (water) of Sara

(Ayurvedic drug) or kusha (Ayurvedic

drug) to be given. Expounding the possible

things in order or simultaneously is called

Vikalpa (Sharma S., 2006). Bahukalpam

(lots of formulation) is one of four qualities

of a good Aushadha. Complete Sthana of

Charaka Samhita is devoted for Vikalpa in

Aushadha formulations is for pallatabily,

execution of specific potency of Aushadha

and appropriate administability are the

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 125–134

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

example of Vikalpa Tantrayukti (Acharya

Y.T., 2011).

31) Pratyutsara (Gainsaying/Supply of

omitted words): Pratyutsara is refutation

of others view with logical reasoning. Ex:

Acharya Vayorvida (author) explained

Shareera is formed by Rasa because

Vyadhi (disease) are Rasaja. Then Acharya

Hiranyaksha (author) objects arguing that

Purusha is not Rasaja but he is

Shaddhatuja and Vyadhi are also produced

by Shaddhatu is the example of Pratyutsara

Tantrayukti. It helps in oral exam, seminars

and presentations, etc.

32) Uddhara (Extraction/Digging out):

Establishment of own view after refuting

others is known as Uddhara (Acharya Y.T.,

2011). Ex: Sampatti (avalaibility) of

Bhavas (things) causes Utpatti (formation)

of Purusha and Vipatti (destruction) of

same Bhava causes Vyadhi. So, Uddhara is

clarification of some fact by providing

some illustration (Sengupta S., Sengupta B.,

2002). Ex: Katu (pungent), Tikta (bitter)

Kashaya (astringent), Atiruksabhojana (dry

food), it means Marichadikatu (pungent

drugs), Nimbaditikta (bitter drugs),

Haritakyadikashaya (astringent drugs).

Establishment of Kshiradadhinyaya

(maxims) by Aadhamalla (Paradkar H.S.S.,

2002) confirming existence of Akasha and

Vayu by Aadhamalla (Paradkar H.S.S.,

2002), Pitta-Agni-Abheda (similarity in

between Pitta and fire) (Acharya Y.T.,

2003), Punarjanmasiddhi (re-birth)

(Acharya Y.T., 2011), etc. are its examples.

In today’s perspective, Uddhara

Tantrayukti is more important because

numerous Asadvadi (refuse the wrong

statement) and their Vakya-s (sentence) are

prevailing in Ayurvedic field which led

much of scientific concepts in confusions

and also controversies, vague and absurd.

33) Sambhava (possibility): Sambhava is the

statement of source or site of origin

(Sharma S., 2006). Ex : Viplu, Vyanga,

Nileeka (skin disease) etc. originate on

face.The Mula (base) of originating thing is

called Sambhava (Sengupta S., Sengupta

B.).Ex: Dosha are Sambhava of Vyadhi.

Sambhava makes the not specified and

invisible thing into specified and visible

(Paradkar H.S.S., 2002).

DISCUSSION

As Ratnas (dazzling stones) are used to

decorate the golden ornaments, in the same

way Tantrayukti decorate the classics

(Jyotirmitra, 2012). The Bhishaka (Medical

Practitioner) who knows Tantrayukti is superior

and intelligent, hence worth to be worshipped

because success depends on Yukti. Again the

importance of Tantrayukti is emphasized by

quotation that these are the guiding lights on

the path of knowledge i.e. without Tantrayukti

it is impossible to compose Tantra. Even in this

age of computerizetion, Tantrayukti may serve

as programmers as these are the prime tools of

research. For Yuganurupa Sandarbha (Periodic

evaluation) one needs to get acquainted with

original Brihatrayee (three basic classics of

Ayurveda) which is possible only through

Tantrayukti to interpret and see the changing

world in Ayurvedic terminology.

Merit of each subject depends on its utility.

As per Acharya Sushruta, Tantrayukti which

have specific features besides the common ones

and which relate to both form and content, help

one to unlock the secrets of a scientific subject

(Lele W.K., 2012). Therefore it is desirable to

examine utility of such an essential and vital

subject like Tantrayukti. By proper use of

Tantrayukti one can refute the statements made

by wicked disputant and establish own correct

views (Acharya Y.T., 2003) in accordance with

approval of Tantra i.e. in Vigrihya Sambhasha

(hostile symposium). Tadvidya-Sambhasa

(congregation) is also included in

Adhyayanavidhi (Acharya Y.T., 2011) where

knowledge of Tantrayukti is essential. Many

Vadamargas also exhibit influence of

Tantrayukti on them (Acharya Y.T., 2011). In

present era it is also used to prevent wrong

interpretation and misconceptions. It is

necessary to have proper orientation towards

true meanings of Shlokas. Utility of Tantrayukti

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 125–134

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

can be exhibited as per the field where they are

to be used. Ex:-Study and composition of

Samhita, Tika, book, theories, monograph,

paper, protocol, etc.

Adhikarana tells about the topic of the

Tantra (W.K. Lele, 1981). Subject oriented

study is again an application of Adhikarana

Tantrayukti. Classification also needs subject

orientation. e.g. Various Ganas

(classifications), Dashemani etc. Thus heading

or ctiterion of the classification is an example

of application of Adhikarana Tantrayukti.

Uddesha demonstrates style of scientific

presentation. Today’s all medical proformas are

based on Uddesha Tantrayukti. It can be seen

on OPD case paper denoting present symptoms.

Statement made for something, is extended to

clarify something else is known as Hetwartha.

Ex: A lump of mud is moistened by water, in

the same way wound gets moistened by black

gram and milk etc (Acharya Y.T., 2003) can be

understood by Hetwartha Tantrayukti. The

importance of Pradesha Tantrayukti can be

seen in self clinical practice too. During OPD

it’s not possible to take detailed history and

examination of patients. Here one has to

depend on brief outlook of patient. With this

Tantrayukti, perfect judgement regarding

diagnosis can be made. Clinically, Prasanga

Tantrayukti is also important. All the

pathological investigations, biopsy, etc. are the

examples of its application. In Samhitas also

Prasanga Tantrayukti makes one attentive to

remember the location of topic irrespective of

Adhikarana. Much of the times it is observed

that patient with general illness i.e. Adhikarana

is different, is diagnosed some subclinical and

irrelevant pathology during the course of

examination by an accident. Some of the

diseases are Diabetes mellitus, heart problems,

some congenital anomalies, malignancies etc.

Thus Prasanga is useful clinically and textually

in Samhitadyayanam too. Nirnaya helps to

trace out the successful headway through

confusing circumstances. This is important in

diagnosing patient’s condition when

differential diagnosis is not clear. Ekanta is

important for perfection in diagnosis and also

the line of treatment.

Samshaya is statement of condition of

doubt where there is inability to decide on the

two alternatives (Acharya Y.T., 2011). If one

remained undecided, it leads to Anekanta. It is

important for differential diagnosis.

Understanding of the present illness with the

history of past illness is Atitavekshanam

(Paradkar H.S.S., 2002). In classics Atitaveksha

and Anagataveksha are similar as both

functions to locate cross reference. Therefore

they are the base of all other Tantrayukti. Uhya

is the statement that what is not mentioned in

the text should be deducted with own intellect

(Acharya Y.T., 2011). Ex: If the drugs

mentioned in Shadaskandha (quantum) are not

available then based on composition of these

drugs, other drugs can be used by practitioners

own intellect (Paradkar H.S.S, 2002). Niyoga

explains Do-s and Don’t-s for patients and

practitioners both. For example- Don’t see Sun

directly (Paradkar H.S.S., 2002), don’t

administer any medicine in Visuchika (Paradkar

H.S.S., 2002), don’t apply Swedana at Hridaya

(heart), Akshi (eyes), Vrishana (scrotum), etc.

(Paradkar H.S.S., 2002). The Tantrayukti

doctrine is useful and absolutely necessary for

the composition of a scientific treatise on any

branch of knowledge and ignorance leads to

ambiguity, confusion, contradiction &

misconception of basic principles embedded in

Samhita. Hence, Tantrayukti are Svasanjna and

original doctrines of Ayurveda, and also have

specific sense which differs from Darshana

and other Shastra.

CONCLUSION

The ancient Acharya had not only produced

scientific works on different branches but had

also envisaged a comprehensive and perfect

methodology of theoretical-scientific

compositions. Tantrayukti is a technique,

methodology and systematic approach adopted

for precise composition & unambiguous correct

interpretation of Tantra. Utility of Tantrayukti

is essential in the interpretation of Samhita as

they are helpful for Vaakyayojana and

Arthayojana. If one knows Tantayukti then he

will know how to produce a perfect scientific

work, how to study and teach a scientific work,

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 6 | June 2015 | 125–134

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

how to examine a scientific treatise precisely

and unaffectedly. By the knowledge of

Tantrayukti one becomes expert in theoretical

aspects of Tantra like Grahana (grasping),

Dharna (understanding), Vijnana (knowledge)

and practical aspects like Prayoga, Karma,

Kala etc. and becomes a life saver physician.

REFERENCES

Acharya Y.T. (2011), Charakasamhita with

Ayurvedadipika Commentary by

Chakrapani, Reprint edition,

Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthana,

Varanasi,

18,64,68,264,266,268,289,308,642,651,

730,736,737,377.

Acharya Y.T. (2003), Sushrutasamhita with

nibandha sangrahateeka by Dalhana,

Reprint Ed., Chaukhamba Surbharati

Prakashana, Varanasi,

16,17,65,100,815,816,817,818,819.

Bhagvan Das and Sharma R.K. (2004),

Charakasamhita by Agniveshatantra,

Vol-VII, Reprint edited, Chaukhamba

Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, 445.

Gairola V. (1996), Arthashastra of Koutilya,

4th ed., Chaukhamba vidyabhavana,

Varanasi, 766,767,768.

Mhetre H.B. et al. (1998), MD Thesis entitled

Application of Tantrayukti in

Samhitaadhyayanam, IPGT & RA,

Jamnagar, 32.

Jyotirmitra (2012), Ashtangasamgraha of

Vagbhata with the Shashilekha

Commentary by Indu, Reprint edited,

Chaukhamba surbharati prakashana,

Varanasi, 958.

Lele W. K.(1981), The Doctrines of

Tantrayuktis 1st ed., Chaukhamba

Surbharati Prakashana, Varanasi,

27,40,63.

Paradkar H.S.S.(2002), Astangahridaya of

Vagbhata, Sarvangasundarateeka by

Arunadatta & Ayurvedarasayana of

Hemadri, Reprint Ed., Chaukhamba

Surbharati Prakashana, Varanasi,

33,150,164,240,264,395,947,948,949.

Sengupta S., Sengupta B.(2002),

Charaksamhita of maharshicharaka,

Ayurvedadeepikateeka of

Chakrapanidatta and Jalpakalpataru of

Gangadhara, 2nd ed., Choukhamba

Publishers, Vol-5, Varanasi, 3815,3822.

Sharma R. K. & Dash B. (2005),

Charakasamhita of charaka, 2nd ed.,

Choukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi,

435.

Sharma S. (2006), Astangasamgraha with

Shashilekhateeka by Indu, 1st ed.,

Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office,

Varanasi, 958,959.

Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared

Call for Papers – Vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2015

Submit your manuscripts (Research articles, Review

articles, Short Communications, Letters to the Editor,

Book Reviews) to Global Journal of Research on

Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine – GJRMI

Submit it online through www.gjrmi.com or mail it to

submitarticle@gjrmi.com on or before

July 10th

2015.

To advertise on the Flip book Cover page freely,

write to

chiefeditor@gjrmi.com or editorinchief@gjrmi.com

Or

Call - +919590574495