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An International, Peer Reviewed, Open access, Monthly E-Journal

ISSN 2277 – 4289 www.gjrmi.com

Editor-in-chief

Dr Hari Venkatesh K Rajaraman

Managing Editor

Dr. Shwetha Hari

Administrator & Associate Editor

Miss. Shyamala Rupavahini

Advisory Board

Prof. Rabinarayan Acharya Dr. Dinesh Katoch

Dr. S.N.Murthy Dr. Mathew Dan Mr. Tanay Bose

Dr. Nagaraja T. M.

Editorial board

Dr. Nithin Ujjaliya Mr. Sriram Sridharan

Dr. Ashok B.K. Dr. Madhu .K.P

Dr. Sushrutha .C.K Dr. Vidhya Priya Dharshini. K. R.

Honorary Members - Editorial Board

Dr Farhad Mirzaei Dr. Sabarinath Subramaniam

Dr. Yogitha Bali

INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2016

INDIGENOUS MEDICINE

Ayurveda – Dravya Guna

COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF SEEDS OF MUCUNA

COCHINCHINENSIS (LOUR.) A. CHEV. (BLACK AND WHITE VARIETIES) WITH M. PRURIENS

(L.) DC.

Murthy SN*, Nirawane RB, Gurav AM, Mhase AG, Sangvikar S, Rao GB, Kulkarni YR 79–91

Ayurveda – Dravya Guna – Review

THE PHARMACOVIGILANCE CONCERN AS QUOTED IN VARIOUS CHAPTERS OF

MADANAPALA NIGHANTU

Anagha V Ranade*, Rabinarayan Acharya 92–106

Ayurveda – Rasa Shastra – Review

HARATALA SHODHANA- A REVIEW THROUGH RASA CLASSICS

Shivanand T Biradar*, Galib, Prajapati PK 107–113

Cover Page Photography: Dr. Hari Venkatesh K.R.

Plant ID: Twig of Euphorbia hypericifolia L.* of the family Euphorbiaceae

Place: Off Kanakapura Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

*Botanical Name validated from www.theplantlist.org as on 30/03/2016

http://www.theplantlist.org/

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF SEEDS OF

MUCUNA COCHINCHINENSIS (LOUR.) A. CHEV. (BLACK AND WHITE

VARIETIES) WITH M. PRURIENS (L.) DC.

Murthy SN1*

, Nirawane RB2, Gurav AM

3, Mhase AG

4,

Sangvikar S5, Rao GB

6, Kulkarni YR

7

1Assistant Director Incharge, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud,

Pune, India 411038. 2Senior Research Fellow, Department of Pharmacognosy, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic

Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 3Research Officer (Botany), Department of Pharmacognosy, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic

Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 4Herbarium assistant, Department of Botany, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic Sciences

(NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 5Research Officer (Ayurveda), Department of Phytochemistry, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic

Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 6Research Officer (Botany), Department of Botany, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic Sciences

(NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 7Professor PDEA College of Ayurveda and Research Center, Pune, India 411044.

*Corresponding author: Email- [email protected] Mobile: +91 9527034246

Received: 03/02/2016; Revised: 15/03/2016; Accepted: 20/03/2016

ABSTRACT

M. Pruriens (L.) DC., Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. black and white are

reported to contain chemical compound L-dopa, which is used in the treatment of Parkinson’s

disease. Aqueous extract of seeds of these species showed aphrodisiac properties. Many Ayurvedic

practitioners are using the seed powder to treat disease like gonorrhoea, sterility and general debility.

Seeds of these species were collected, shade dried and kept in airtight container and preserved in

FAA for microscopic evaluation. Shade dried seeds were made in to powder and sieved through #60.

Characters such as color, size, shape, weight as well as microscopic characters observed through

transverse section and powder microscopy have also been described in detailed. Result revealed that

microscopic characters such as, thickening of lumen of palisade cells of testa, number of layers of

spongy parenchyma of testa region and number of mesophyll layers of cotyledon were the main

distinguishing characters of selected Mucuna species.

KEY WORDS: Mucuna species, pharmacognosy, macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy,

Ayurveda

Research article

Cite this article: Murthy SN, Nirawane RB, Gurav AM, Mhase AG, Sangvikar S, Rao GB, Kulkarni YR (2016),

COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF SEEDS OF MUCUNA

COCHINCHINENSIS (LOUR.) A. CHEV. (BLACK AND WHITE VARIETIES) WITH M. PRURIENS (L.)

DC. Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(3): 79–91

mailto:[email protected]



INTRODUCTION:

Indian system of Medicine, particularly

Ayurveda, prescribes 80% of their medicines,

which are plant origin (Anonymous, 2003).

The demand of Ayurvedic or herbal medicine

is increasing day by day in the developed

countries due to its safety and efficacy. Now a

days, there are, plenty of formulations and

preparations available in the markets in the

name of vitalisers and aphrodisiac products.

Increasing demand for aphrodisiac products in

the global market, lead the industry to prepare

neutraceuticals which does not require

approval of the drug controllers (Ramawat and

Goyal, 2008).

There are 105 species of Mucuna available

in the tropical parts of the Earth and about 15

species found in India (Anonymous, 1962).

Plants of this genus belong to family fabaceae

and are annual or perrenial twinner herb or

shrub (Mebberly, 2008). Among these species,

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. has been reported

as an aphrodisiac drug and known as

Kapikacchu in Ayurveda (Sharma et al.,

2000). Mucuna pruriens is an ingredient of

Ayurvedic formulations Shakuladi sidhmala,

Pana, Bhakshana which is used in the

treatment of rheumatism (Parmar et al., 2016).

Pharmacognostic studies on seed and root of

Mucuna pruriens have been reported by Yelne

and Sharma, (1992); Chauhan and Pillai

(2011). According to Garg (1992), other

species namely, Mucuna utilis Wall ex Wight

are being sold in the name of Kapikacchu.

A literature survey revealed that, there are

other species of Mucuna viz., Mucuna

cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. white seeded

from Northen parts and Mucuna

cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. black seeded

varieties from Southern parts of India are also

used by Ayurvedic physicians and sold in the

market in the name of Kapikacchu. Murthy et

al. (2015), reported that the M.

cochinchinensis black seed variety contains

maximum L-dopa as compared to the other

species of Mucuna.

Keeping in view, the variation in seed, leaf,

pod and plant morphology; a comparative

account of seed pharmacognosy has been

performed. This communication deals with the

macroscopic, microscopic and powder

microscopic evaluation of M. pruriens, M.

cochinchinensis black and white seed varieties.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Plant material:

Seed material of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC,

Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev.

(White seed) procured from Pune market and


(Black seed) from Kerala market were

authenticated from Agharkar Research

Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India, with

voucher number S-162, S-161 and S-159,

respectively. Above seeds were sown at

Institute’s garden and thereafter saplings were

further cultivated. The fresh materials have

been used from these cultivated sources for

further pharmacognostical studies.

Herbarium preparation:

Herbarium specimens were prepared and

preserved in the Herbarium section of the

Institute with voucher specimen number


(White seed)- 4476, Mucuna cochinchinensis

(Lour.) A. Chev. (black seed) – 4487 and

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.- 4475.

Preparation of wet sample:

Fresh seeds were collected from the plants

cultivated in institute garden. Seeds were

thoroughly washed and kept separately in a

glass bottle containing a mixture of Formalin:

Glacial Acetic Acid: 70% Ethyl alcohol

[10:5:85] (Johansen, 1940).

Powder preparation:

Shade dried seeds of Mucuna species were

made into powder with the help of grinding

mill. Powder was sieved through #60 mesh and

kept in a air tight container for further analysis.



Morphological characters of seed:

Morphological or organoleptic characters

like shape, size, taste, odour, colour of the

three pods, seeds and powder were recorded as

seen from naked eyes (Kokate et al., 2008).

Microscopic characters of seeds:

Free hand sections (T.S.) of each material

were taken and stained with Phloroglucinol

plus Hydrochloric acid and Iodine. Micro

photographs were snapped with the help of

DenoCapture 2.0 version 1.4.2.D the versatile

digital microscope. The histological studies

were carried out as per the methods described

by Johansen, 1940.

Powder microscopy of seed:

Pinch of powder taken in watch glass and

stained with Phloroglucinol plus Hydrochloric

acid and Iodine. Micro-slides were prepared

and observed under trinocular, Biolux make.

Micro photographs were snapped with Deno

Capture 2.0 version 1.4.2.D the versetile

digital microscope.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Morphological characters of seed:

Seeds of Mucuna were ovate to oblong

with hard, glossy surface; hilum conspicuous

more or less elongated with distinct slit,

cushioned with white spongy tissue and

bordered with aril, located at one end of the

longer edge of the seed near micropylar end.

Details of comparative account of these

species have been depicted in the Table-1, 2

and Figure-1

Table-1: Comparative morphological characters of plants of Mucuna species

Morphometric

characters

M. cochinchinensis (Lour.)

A. Chev. var. Black


A. Chev. var. White

M. pruriens (L.)

DC.

Habit Annual twiner Annual twiner Annual twiner

Flower white or pale purple Dark purple purple

Pod 10–15 cm long, 1–2.5 cm

wide, green with black bristles

when young, black, wrinkled

and destitude of down when

ripe, bristles not irritant

10–15 cm long, 1–2.5 cm

wide, green with white

bristles when young, black,

wrinkled and destitude of

down when ripe, bristles not

irritant

5–10 cm long,

1.5–1.8 cm wide,

light green with

white bristles

when young, pale

brown or grey,

longitudinally

ribbed, turgid,

bristles irritant.

Seed Brown to black, 6–8 in a pod. Dull white, 6–8 in a pod. Black, 4–6 in a

pod.



FIGURE 1: Comparative morphological characters of Mucuna species

Figure 1: 1,2,3- Habit; 4,5,6- Flowers; 7,8,9- Fresh pods; 10,11,12- Mature dried pods; 13,14,15- Mature dried

seeds



Table-2: Comparative morphological characters of seeds of Mucuna species

Macroscopic

characters


A. Chev. var. Black

M. cochinchinensis

(Lour.) A. Chev. var.

White

M. pruriens (L.) DC.

Shape ovate, oblong, globose ovate, oblong, globose ovate, oblong, flattened

Size length -1.25–2.19 cm,

breadth- 0.93–1.5 cm,

thickness -0.45–1.16 cm.

length -1.20–2.0 cm

breadth- 0.95–1.37 cm

thickness -0.50–1.0 cm

length -0.8–1.29 cm,

breadth- 0.6–0.9 cm,

thickness -0.3–0.63 cm

Surface hard, smooth, glossy hard, smooth, glossy hard, smooth, glossy

Colour brown to black dull white brown to black

Hilum conspicuous, 0.6–0.8 cm

long

conspicuous, 0.7–

0.9 cm long.

conspicuous 0.4–0.5 cm

long.

Weight of seed Upto 2.7 gm Upto 1.9 gm Upto 0.5 gm

Powder characters

Colour creamish gray yellowish cream creamish gray

Texture course course course

Odour odourless odourless odourless

Taste starchy - slightly bitter starchy -slightly bitter starchy - slightly bitter

Microscopy:

Detailed T. S. of seed passing through testa:

Transversed section (TS) of Mucuna

species was oval in shape. TS showed outer

most single, malpighian layer of testa,

composed of thick walled cylindrical palisade

cells covered with thin cuticle. A line of linea

lucida could easily be seen across these cells;

followed by a layer of spool shaped cells

having apical and basal ends; both ends

connected with long, vertically running narrow

strip. Underneath this lies the spongy

parenchyma layer. Major differences among

the microscopic characters of testa of seeds

have been exhibited in Table-3 and Figure-2.

Table-3: Comparative account of microscopic characters of Mucuna species

Microscopic

characters


A. Chev. var. Black


A. Chev. var. White

M. pruriens (L.) DC.

Palisade

cells of testa

Lumen narrow and broadest

at apical end

Lumen narrow and broadest

at apical end and basal end.

Lumen narrow and

broadest at basal end.

Spongy

parenchyma

of testa

No. of layers 18–20

outer 7–8 layers small with

few inter cellular spaces

Middle 8–9 layers elongated

cells with compact

arrangement

inner 3–4 collapsed layers


outer 7–8 layers big with

inter cellular spaces

Middle 5–6 layers with few

inter cellular spaces

inner 3–4 collapsed layers


outer 7–8 layers small,

compact

middle 5–6 layers

elongated, compact

inner 3–4 collapsed

layers

No. of

mesophill

layers in

cotyledon

up to 30 up to 35 up to 20



FIGURE 2: Comparative account of detailed T. S. of seed passing through testa

Figure 2: 1,2,3- Transverse section of seed passing through testa; 4,5,6- Enlarge view of palisade showing linea

lucida; 7,8,9- Enlarge view of spool shaped parenchyma; 10,11,12- Enlarge view of testa showing parenchyma

traverse with vascular bundle.

Detailed T. S. of seed passing through

cotyledon:

Transverse section exhibed outer and inner

epidermis, made up of squarish to rectangular

cells, embeded with aleurone grains. Cells of

inner epidermis observed to be bigger in size as

compared to the cells of outer epidermis. In

between, outer and inner epidermis, cells of

mesophyll present, containig starch grains and

aleurone grains and traversed with developed

and undeveloped vascular bundles. Detailed

comparative account among these species is

given in Table –3 and Figure- 3.



FIGURE 3: Comparative account of detailed T. S. of seed passing through cotyledon

Figure 3: 1,2,3- TS of cotyledon showing outer epidermis; 4,5,6- TS of cotyledon showing middle mesophyll cells;

7,8,9- TS of cotyledon showing inner epidermis.

Detailed T. S. of seed passing through hilum

region:

Section showed two layered palisade cells

containing brown content. Below this, irregular

parenchyama layers, traversed with developed

and undeveloped vascular bundles and few

layers collapsed at the lower end. Tracheidal

bar found embedded in it at narrow groove run

from the centre of two rows of palisade cells.

Arillus was lying adjacent to the palisade cells.

Details are shown in Figure -4.



FIGURE 4: Comparative account of detailed T. S. of seed passing through hilum region

Figure 4:1,2,3-Transverse section of seed passing through hilum; 4,5,6- Enlarge view showing double layered

palisade, tracheidial bar and irregular parenchyma; 7,8,9- Enlarge view showing lower parenchyma and vascular

bundle.

Powder microscopy of seeds-

Powder showed palisade cells in surface

view seen from above and below, 2 layers of

palisade cells from the hilum region, spool

shaped cells in surface view, spiral vessels,

isolated cells of arillus, isolated starch grains

from cotyledons, fragment of tracheidal bar,

isolated starch grains from radical (Figure 5

and 6).



FIGURE 5: Comparative cellular details observed in powder microscopy of seed

Figure 5: 1,2,3- Isolated cells of arrilus; 4,5,6- Isolated starch grains from cotyledon; 7,8,9- Fragment of tracheidal

bar; 10,11,12- Isolated starch grains from radical.



FIGURE 6: Comparative cellular details observed in powder microscopy of seed

Figure 6: 1,2,3- Palisade cells in surface view seen from above; 4,5,6- Palisade cells in surface view seen from

below; 7,8,9- 2 layers of palisade cells from the hilum region; 10,11,12- Spool shaped cells in surface view;

13,14,15- Spiral vessels.

Abbreviations- alg- aleurone grains, ar- arillus, cpar- collapsed parenchyma, ct- cortex, e- epidermis, ie- inner

epidermis, ipar- irregular parenchyma, ll- linea lucida, oe- outer epidermis, pal- palisade, par- parenchyma, sg-

starch grains, spar- spool shaped parenchyma, trb- tracheidal bar, uvb- undeveloped vascular bundle, vb-

vascular bundle.



DISCUSSION

Yelne and Sharma (1992) and Chauhan and

Pillai (2011) reported presence of palisade

layer columnar or spool shaped cells, tracheids

and reticulate, spiral vessels in the seed powder

of M. pruriens (L.) DC. Our findings were also

at par with them; except that Yelne and Sharma

(1992) had not reported the presence of double

layered palisade cells, palisade cells in surface

view seen from above and below; columnar

cells in surface view. Whereas isolated cells of

arillus and isolated starch grains from radical

region of seed were not reported by both the

authors, but newly found and being reported in

the present communication.

We found major differences in

morphological characters of seed of M.

cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. Black,

M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. White

and M. pruriens (L.) DC., in respect of size,

shape, color and weight as well as in

microscopic characters such as, thickening of

lumen of palisade cells of testa, number of

layers of spongy parenchyma of testa region

and number of mesophyll layers of cotyledon.

CONCLUSION

The resultant data obtained through

experimental exercise such as,

pharmacongnostic evaluation of M.

cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. Black,

M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. White

and M. pruriens (L.) DC. will be useful for the

identification and authentication of correct

Mucuna species. The differences in

morphological and microscopical characters

among these species would also be helpful to

detect the possible adulteration in the genuine

drugs of Kapikacchu (Mucuna species).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authers are thankful to the Director

General, Central Council for Research in

Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi, for

encouragement and facilities provided to

complete the work.

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(Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.) Root and

seed. Bulletin of Medico- Ethno-

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Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared




THE PHARMACOVIGILANCE CONCERN AS QUOTED IN VARIOUS

CHAPTERS OF MADANAPALA NIGHANTU

Anagha V Ranade1*, Rabinarayan Acharya

2

1 PhD scholar, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, IPGT&RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, 361008

2Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, IPGT&RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, 361008

*Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected]


ABSTRACT

The safety issues regarding the medicines used in traditional systems, especially Ayurveda, are

on a rise. There is a need to upsurge the pharmaco-vigilant views of seers who have already

mentioned the possible adverse effects of medicinal plants, minerals, animal products (that possess

medicinal value), if not consumed cautiously. The best illustrations in these lines are evident in

Nighantus (lexicons) of Dravyaguna wherein possible adverse aspects of medicines as well as food

have been delineated along with their therapeutic values. Madanapala nighantu, one among them

stipulates varied undesirable actions of drugs when consumed wrongly or against regular protocol.

The present paper is an attempt to emphasize the pharmaco-vigilant aspects of certain medicinal

drugs documented in Madanapala nighantu. It was observed that the classification of drugs in this

nighantu stresses not only on different medicines but also various foodstuffs that are consumed daily.

The description of cereals, pulses, oils, cooked and prepared food items suggest that the author was

well aware about pathya kalpana and also the role of diet in etiology of lifestyle disorders.

KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, Dravyaguna, Drug safety, Madanapala nighantu, pharmacovigilance.

Review article

Cite this article: Anagha V Ranade, Rabinarayan Acharya (2016), THE PHARMACOVIGILANCE

CONCERN AS QUOTED IN VARIOUS CHAPTERS OF MADANAPALA NIGHANTU,

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(3): 92–106



INTRODUCTION:

Pharmaco-vigilance deals with assessment

of drug and safety monitoring. It is essential

that new and medically still evolving

treatments are monitored for their effectiveness

and safety under real-life conditions, post

release (Anonymous, 2004). At the same time,

the drugs available should also be monitored

throughout its life cycle. The safety issues

regarding medicines used in traditional systems

especially Ayurveda are in vogue. Physicians

should have a thorough knowledge about the

properties of medicines that are being

prescribed by them. In order to know the

adverse drug reactions, a sound knowledge of

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of

dravyas is necessary. In Ayurveda (Acharya JT,

2007), the mode of action of any drug is

attributed to its basic elements like Rasa

(perecption), Guna (properties), Virya and

Vipaka (potency of drug). Seers have quoted

the normal functions of Dosha (humors), Dhatu

(tissue) and Mala (excretory products) that help

in maintenance of body metabolism (Vidyanath

R, 2013). The pathogenesis of any disease is

solely dependent upon the disruption in

equilibrium of all of the Dosha, Dhatu and

Mala. Thus, the action of drug can be assessed

based upon the alterations occurring in these

fundamentals of human physiology through

Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, etc. Further the target

action of dravyas has been described by

mentioning three types of drug action; one in

which drug acts on doshas (Vata, Pitta &

Kapha), other wherein dravyas affect the seven

dhatus (tissues) and the third type where

dravya acts to maintain equilibrium

(Rajeshwardutta, 2011).

The pharmacokinetics and

pharmacodynamics of medicinal plants are

described in Dravyaguna in the nighantu texts.

These texts contain a documented list of

medicinal plants that includes their properties,

therapeutic action, contra-indications and their

possible adverse effects if not used judiciously.

Thus, Ayurveda way back follows the concept

of pharmacovigilance. Samhitas have portrayed

the vigilance of side effects of drug while

denoting the treatment module e.g. in case of

administration of Bhallataka (Semecarpus

anacardium Linn), prior intake or application

of ghee internally in the oral cavity is indicated

to avoid adverse effects (Shastri

Rajeshwardutta, 2011). In addition to this, the

Shodhana (detoxification procedures) in case of

poisonous plants, minerals and metals has also

been quoted in Ayurveda in the texts related to

Rasashastra (Ilanchezhian R et al., 2010).

There are works wherein validation of these

purificatory methods have been done in case of

plants from Upavisha (semi-poisonous)

category viz. Langali (Gloriosa superba L.),

Kupilu (Strychnos nux vomica) etc (Acharya

RN, 2014).

Among the lexicons, the contribution of

Dhanwantari nighantu (Ranade Anagha et al.,

2014)

and

Bhavaprakasha nighantu (Kolhe

rasika et al, 2015) towards drug safety has been

reported. Madanpala nighantu of 13th

century

(Sharma H, 2009) describes various drugs

being classified neatly into 13 vargas (groups)

and vividly described certain properties and

actions of dravyas. The first three groups are

predominantly medicinal plant-based, followed

by Suvarnadi group consisting of minerals and

metals having medicinal value. Majority of the

other groups typically focuses on diet. The

present paper is an attempt to put forth the

possible adverse drug documentation specified

in Madanapala nighantu. The observations

have been given in a tabular form consisting of

the name of the plant, part used, botanical

name, its effect on dosha, dhatu, mala and

others. For easy understanding, an attempt has

also been made to express the technical

Sanskrit terms into convenient English

language (Baghel M.S, 2011) in Table 1.

OBSERVATIONS & DISCUSSION:

The observed data in relation to the possible

side effects of drugs mentioned in Madanapala

Nighantu have been tabulated in table -1.

Dravyas:

There are 494 drugs of plant, mineral and

animal origin described in whole text of this

nighantu. Out of them, pharmacovigilant

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ilanchezhian%20R%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22557427



aspects of 177 drugs have been found. Among

them, 106 are of plant origin, five of mineral

origin, properties of 14 types of water from

different resources and regions, 19 of animal

origin milk products, four of oils, nine

alcoholic preparations, eight of sugarcane

origin, ten food preparations, two are kshara

(alkali) and one lavana (salt). Among the 106

drugs of plant origin, the confirmed botanical

identity of Chosha, Kalhara, Kolashimbi,

Kanchuka, Keyura, Padmini and Renuka is not

still established.

Dosha:

In Ayurveda, Tridosha are the essential

triad influencing the health and disease

conditions. Thus, the knowledge of side effects

of drugs that affect their normal functions

becomes necessary. There are 33 dravyas out

of 177, which have been reported to vitiate

Vata dosha while 26 are reported to vitiate

Pitta dosha and two as Kapha dosha vardhaka

(vitiation of Kapha). Also eight of them are

mentioned to vitiate all the Doshas.

Dhatu:

Dhatus (tissues) are vital for basic

metabolism in body. Thus, study of

interference in their normal function by the side

effects of some medicines is a must. Among the

177 dravyas mentioned in Madanapala

nighantu, in relation to adverse effect on dhatus

(tissue system), only seven references are

available among which four cause raktadushti

(blood disorders), two cause Shukrakshaya

(oligospermia) and one mamsa dhatu dushti

(disorders of muscle tissue).

Mala:

Trimala (three types of body wastes)

namely Mala (faeces), Mutra (urine) and Sveda

(sweat) form an indispensable part of excretory

processes which maintain equilibrium in the

body by eliminating toxic waste products.

Hence, the study of consequences of different

dravyas on these processes is crucial. Effects

of 14 drugs out of 177 drugs are available on

Malas. Out of them, eight have been reported

to cause Baddha mala pravritti (decrease

quantity of faeces). Hasti dadhi (curd from

elephant milk) and Rajamasha (Vigna catiang

Walp.) have been reported to increase the

faecal output (mala vriddhikara). Four have an

effect of inducing diuresis i.e. Romaka lavana

(type of mineral salt), trapusha (Cucumis

sativus L.), Pindalu (Randia uglinosa DC.) and

Nishpava (Dolichos lablab L).

Others:

Certain properties attributed to any drug are

known for their stringent pharmacological

action and can provide adverse effects if not

administered properly taking into consideration

the Prakriti of the person in combination to his

dosha/dushya. Nine dravyas have been

mentioned to be Durjara (difficult to digest),

eight dravyas are quoted to produce ocular

disturbances. 20 dravyas have been

documented to be Vishtambhi (obstructive to

flatus). Desmodium gangeticum DC, Celastrus

panniculatus Willd. and Piper longum L. have

been reported to possess very hot potency. Four

dravyas have been reported to induce Chhardi

(vomiting). Nine dravyas are documented to

have bhedana (strong purgative action). Meat

of owl has been reported to produce vertigo.

Abhayadi varga: This group starts with a very

common drug, Abhaya (Terminalia chebula

Retz.) and includes other commonly used drugs

having varied habits. In this varga (group), the

adverse effects of 38 drugs have been

mentioned. Among 36 plants whose parts used

are quoted, 11 are fruits, 8 are roots four are

seeds, two are leaves, two are stems, two are

flowers, five are whole plants and two latex.

Five plants are from semi-poisonous group

namely Langali (Gloriosa superb L). Karvira

(Nerium oleander L), Dhattura (Datura metel

L.), Snuhi (Euphorbia neriifolia L.) and

Ahiphena (Papaver somniferum L.). Dravyas

like Parasika yavani (Hyoscymus niger L),

Bibhitaki (Terminalia bellerica Roxb.) and

Dhattura (Datura metel L.) have stupefying

properties. Most of dravyas in this varga have

been reported to be durjara (difficult to digest)

and producing flatulence. Drugs like

Snuhi(Euphorbia neriifolia L.), Eranda

(Ricinus communis L.), Kumari (Aloe vera



Tourn ex. L) and tender shoots of Bamboo are

reported to cause strong purgation.

Shunthyadi varga: This group mainly includes

spices, salts and Kshara (alkalis) which are

carminative in particular. In this varga (group),

adverse effects of 12 drugs have been

mentioned wherein five are fruits, two are

whole plants, one rhizome, one exudate and

three belong to the kshara (alkali) group. Here,

major drugs are of hot potency, causing

constipation, thus pertaining to gastro-intestinal

system. Some like Tilaparni (Gynandropis

gynandra L.Briq) and Kshara (alkali) have

been reported to cause dimness in vision if not

used judiciously.

Karpuradi varga: This group incorporates all

aromatic plants. In this varga (group), adverse

effects of 12 drugs have been mentioned.

Among parts used of 10 dravyas, roots (two),

seeds (two), whole plants (two) and one each of

exudate, bark & fruit and last one of animal

origin i.e. bile of cow have been quoted.

Among these, bile is reported to be hypnotic in

nature. The rhizome of (Padmacharini) has

been typically reported to cause burning

sensation in breast. Rest of them cause

Vishtambha (obstruction to flatus) and Vidaha

(burning sensation in stomach). Many of them

vitiate Vata and Pitta dosha.

Suvarnadi varga: Herein, adverse effects of

five drugs of mineral origin are described. But

unlike Dhanwantari nighantu, the author hasn’t

quoted the harmful effects of crude mineral

intake. The first description of Kacha (glass) is

found in this Nighantu.

Vatadi varga: Herein, the properties of

medicinal trees starting with Vata (Ficus

benghalensis L) have been quoted. Collective

adverse effect of a group of five plants (Pancha

valkal) cause Vishtambha (obstruction of

flatus) whose bark is used for therapeutic

purpose, has been reported.

Phaladi varga: In this group of Phala (edible

fruits), 10 fruits have been reported to produce

side effects if not consumed cautiously. Most

of them are durjara (difficult to digest) and

cause obstruction in passage of flatus. A typical

observation in relation to immature grapes has

been mentioned to vitiate Pitta and cause

bleeding disorders which in mature condition

alleviates the same.

Shaka varga: In this group of Shaka

(vegetables), 22 have been reported to possess

adverse effects. Among 17 vegetables whose

parts used have been mentioned, 8 are fruits, 4

are roots, 1 bulb, 1 corm, 2 leaves and 1 seed.

Among them, Cucumis sativus L. has been

reported to have produce diuresis. Most of

them vitiate Vata and Pitta and causing

obstruction in passage of flatus. Moringa

oleifera Lam. has been reported to cause

raktadushti (blood related disorders).

Paniya varga: This group involves all Paniya

(liquid food items) like water, milk, oil etc.

which if not used judiciously, can lead to side

effects. These include water from different

stagnant sources like wells, reservoirs, lakes,

sea, etc. The quality of water changes

according to the region from where rivers

originate. A typical documentation of

development of Shlipada (elephantiasis) has

been documented in consumption of water of

stagnant river water. Many such reports of

disease predominance according to site of river

origin have been documented. Later on in case

of milk, it has been mentioned that

consumption of fresh milk expressed in early

morning causes flatulence. Also, the milk of the

cow whose calf is dead has been quoted to be

doshakaraka. Later, the properties of curd

obtained from milk of various animals has been

given, horse and elephant in particular.

Thereafter, an account of adverse effect due to

various oils and alcoholic preparations has also

been mentioned.

Ikshukadi varga: This group entails certain

adverse effects of sugarcane and its products

with honey. Here, honey which is purana (old),

has been reported to cause ati lekhana (severe

therapeutic scrapping action) inside the body.

Honey derived from poisonous bees is reported

to be toxic and not for internal use. The

consumption of honey subjected to heat



directly under sun or exposed to fire has been

documented to be fatal.

Dhanyadi varga: This varga consists of

description of cereals and pulses wherein,

adverse reports of 14 such dravyas have been

quoted. Most of the symptoms like

Vishtambha, Baddha mala pravritti (decrease

in faecal output), Vidahi (producing burning

sensation) have been reported related to gastro-

intestinal disorders. Among them, Atasi (Linum

usitatissimum L.) can cause oligospermia and

also affect vision.

Dhanyakritanna varga: This group consists of

various delicacies often prepared in kitchens.

Starting with code of conduct, later on author

has reported some adverse effects; viz. taila

pachita padartha (fried items) when consumed

in excess can cause ocular disturbances. All the

vataka and laddus are reported to be

Vishtambhi.

Mamsa varga: In this group, various types of

Mamsa (meat) have been discussed. Among

them, eight types of meat have been reported to

produce adverse reactions when taken against

code of food consumption. Typically, mouse

meat has a tendency to cause a decrease in

faecal and urine output. Owl meat has been

reported to cause vertigo.

Mishraka varga: Herein mainly the adverse

effects/anomalies related to over-consumption

of madhura (sweet predominant food), amla

(sour predominant food), lavana (salty

predominant food), tikta (bitter predominant

food), katu (pungent predominant food),

kashaya rasa (astringent predominant food)

have been given.

Table 1: The adverse effects of drugs quoted in Madanapala nighantu:

Sr.

no

Dravya ( botanical

name)

Part used Effects on-

Dosha Dhatu Mala Other concern

Abhayadi varga

1.

Ahiphena

(Papaver somniferum

L.)

Seed

coating

Ruksha, grahi

Exudate,

latex

2. Amarvela (Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.)

Stem Picchhila

3. Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera L.)

Whole plant - - - Tikshna

4. Aragvadha

(Cassia fistula L.)

Flower Vatala - - -

5. Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia L.)

Seed - Vishtambhini

6. Bhudhatri

(Phyllanthus niruri

Hook.f. non Linn)

Fruit Vatakara

7. Vibhitaka (Terminalia

bellerica Roxb.)

Fruit - - - Madakari

(stupefying)

8. Bilva

(Aegle marmelos

Correa. Ex Roxb.)

Matured

fruit

Putimarutam - - Durjara

(difficult to

digest), Vidahi

(causing heart

burns),

Vishtambhi

(obstruction to

flatus)



9. Chhikkika (Centipeda minima L.)

Whole plant Pittala

10. Chosha - - - Agnimandya,

utkledakarini

11. Danti

(Baliospermum

montanum Muell.

Arg.)

Root - - - Tikshna

12. Devadali

(Lufa echinata Roxb.)

Fruit - - - Vamani, tikshna

13. Dhattura

(Datura metel L)

Seed Madakari

(stupefying)

14. Dronapushpi

(Leucas aspera

Willd.)

Whole plant Bhedana

15. Dugdhika

(Lagenaria vulgaris

Ser.)

Fruit vatala Vishtambha

16. Eranda

(Ricinus communis L.)

Fruit - - - Bhedana

(osmotic

laxative)

17. Jyotishmati

(Celastrus

panniculatus Willd.)

Root - Ati ushna,

vamani, tikshana

18. Kakajangha

(Peristrophe

bicalyculata Nees.)

- Chhardikarini

19. Karavira

(Nerium odorum

Soland.)

Root Visha

20. Kirattikta

(Swertia chirayta

Karst.)

Whole plant Vatala - - -

21. Krishna trivrut

(Ipomoea petaloides

Choisy.)

Root - - - Tivra virechana

(drastic

purgative)

22. Kumari (Aloe vera Tour. Ex. L.)

Leaf Pulp Bhedana

(purgative)

23. Langali

(Gloriosa superba L.)

Root Pittala Tikshna, ushna,

garbhapatini

(abortifacient)

24. Meshashringi

(Gymnema sylvestre

R.Br)

Root Vatala - - -

25. Naga bala

(Grewia hirsuta Vahl.)

Fruit - Stambhana,

vibandha,

adhmana

(abdominal

distension)

26. Nimba phala

(Azadirachta indica A.

Juss.)

Fruit - - - Bhedana



27. Parsika yavani

(Hyocymus niger L.)

Seeds Madini

28. Patala pushpa

(Stereospermum

suaveolens DC).

flower Vatala - - Grahi

(astringent)

29. Prachinamalaka

(Flacourtia

cataphracta Roxb.)

Fruit Pitta and

kapha

vardhana

30. Rakta apamarga

(Achyranthes rubra

fusca Hook.f.)

Whole plant - - - Vishtambhi

31. Rakta punarnava

( Boerhaavia diffusa

L.)

Root Vatala

32. Shalaparni

(Desmodium

gangeticum DC.)

Root - - - Ati ushna(very

hot in potency)

33. Shanapushpi

(Crotolaria juncea L.)

Seed - Chhardikarini

(induce

vomiting)

34. Snuhi

(Euphorbia neriifolia

L.)

Latex - - - Tikshna rechaka

35. Vandhyakarkoti

(Momordia dioca

Roxb.)

Fruit Tikshna

36. Vansha

(Bambusa

arundinacea Willd.)

Tender

shoot

Bhedana

37. Vasa

(Adhatoda vasica

Nees.)

Leaves Vatakara - -

38. Vatapatri

(Bergenia ligulata

Engl.)

Fruit - - - Stambhana

Shunthyadi varga

39. Ajagandha

(Gynandropis

gynandra L.)

Whole plant Shukraghna Drishti mandya

(dimness of

vision)

40. Ajamoda

(Apium graveollens

L.)

Fruit Baddha

mala

pravritti

Vidahini,tikshna

41. Dhanyaka

(Coriandrum sativum

L.)

Whole plant Baddha

mala

pravritti

42. Hingu

(Ferula narthex

Boiss.)

Exudate Pittavardha

na,

Tikshna

43. Maricha

(Piper nigrum L.)

Fruit Pittala

44. Mishreya

(Foeniculum vulgare

Mill.)

Fruit Baddha

mala

pravritti



45. Pippali

(Piper longum L.)

Fruit Pittala Ati ushna,

rechana

46. Romaka lavana Alkali Mutrala

47. Sarvakshara Bhedana,

darana,

raktapittakara ,

drishtinashana

48. Shatapushpa

(Anethum sowa Kurz.)

Fruit Pittala Tikshna

49. Sudhakshara Alkali Kledi, vidarana

50. Vacha

Acorus calamus L.

Rhizome Vamini

Karpuradi varga

51. Bakula

(Mimusops elengi L.)

Fruit Vatala

52. Gorochana Bile of cow Vashikarana

53. Guggulu

(Commiphora mukula

Hook. Ex. Stocks.)

Exudate Purana-

atilekhana

54. Kalhara - Vishtambhi

55. Kutheraka

(Ocimum basilicum

L.)

Whole plant Pittala Vidahi

56. Padmacharini

(Nervilia aragoana

Gaudich.)

Rhizome Stana daha

karini

57. Padmini Vishtambha

58. Renuka Seed Pittala

59. Sthula Ela

(Amomum subulatum

Roxb.)

Seed Tikshna

60. Tulasi

(Ocimum sanctum L)

Whole plant Piitakrut Dahajanak

61. Tvak

(Cinnamomum

zeylanicum Blume.)

Bark Pittala Vishada

62. Ushira

(Vetiveria zizanoides

L.)

Root Stambhana

Suvarnadi varga

63. Gandhaka Sulphur Pittala

64. Kacha glass Vidaraka

65. Loha Iron Vata

prakopaka

66. Svarnamakshika Copper

pyrite

Vyavayi

67. Vanga Tin Pittala

Vatadi varga

68. Panchavalkala Fruit Vishtambhi

Phala varga

69. Draksha

(Vitis vinifera L.)

Immature

fruit

Pittala Raktapittakrit



70. Kapittha

(Feronia limonia L.)

Mature Fruit Durjara

71. Kinkini

(Flacourtia sepiaria

Roxb.)

Fruit Vatala

72. Lakoocha

(Artocarpus lakoocha

Roxb.)

Fruit Vishtambhi

73. Lavali

(Phyllanthua distichus

Muell.Arg.)

Fruit Vishada

74. Madhuka

(Madhuka indica

Gmel.)

Fruit Ahridya

75. Mukulaka

(Pistacia vera L.)

Seed Durjara

76. Panasa

(Artocarpus

integrifolia L.)

Immature

fruit

Vishtambhi

77. Parushaka

(Grewia asiatica L.)

Mature Fruit Vishtambhi

78. Tinduka

(Diospyros

embryopteris Pers.)

Immature

fruit

Vatala

Shaka varga

79. Bimbi

(Coccinia indica

W&A.)

Fruit Stambhana

80. Chanchuda Root Shoshana

81. Chirbhata

(Cucumis melo L.)

Fruit Vishtambha

82. Dindisha

(Citrullus vulgaris

Schrad.)

Fruit Vatala

83. Grunjana

(Daucus carota L)

Root Pittala

84. Jivanti

(Leptadenis reticulate

W&A.)

Leaves Vatala

85. Kanchuka Vatala

86. Karira

(Capparis aphylla

Roth.)

Fruit Shleshma

vardhak,

pittala

87. Karvellaka

(Momordia charantia

L.)

Fruit Vatala

88. Keyura Pittala

89. Kolashimbi - Kapha

pittakar

90. Loni (Portulaca oleracea L.)

Leaves Vatala Vishtambhi

91. Mulaka

(Raphanua sativus L.)

Root Vatala



92. Palandu

(Allium cepa L.)

Bulb Pittala,

Kapha

vardhaka

93. Patola

(Trichosanthes dioica

Roxb.)

Root Virechana

94. Pindalu

(Colocasia esculenta

L.)

Mutrala Durjara,

vishtambhi

95. Shirnavrinta Fruit Pittala

96. Shobhanjana

(Moringa oleifera

Lam.)

Seed Pittakrit Raktadushti Tikshna,

97. Surana

(Amorphophallus

campanulatusBlume

ex Decne.)

Corm Kandu (pruritus),

vishtambhi,

98. Trapusha

(Cucumis sativus L.)

Fruit Pittala Mutrala

99. Tuntuka Vatala Vishtambhi

100. Vrintaka

(Solanum melongena

L.)

Fruit Pittala

Paniya varga

101. Akshiki Alcoholic

preparation

made from

cereals

Vatala

102. Ama dugdha Fresh milk Abhishyanda

103. Anupa pradesha jala Abhishyandi

104. Ashwa dadhi Curds from

horse milk

Abhishyandi

105. Ashwa mutra Horse urine Bhedana

106. Avanti pradesha jala Causes Arsha

107. Chhachhika Curd

without fat

Vatala Vishtambhi

108. Chukra Raktapittaakrit,

bhedana

109. Darija jala River water

in valleys

Causes kushtha,

pruritus,

dyspepsia

110. Ghrita Clarified

butter

Atyabhishyandi

111. Gouda sura Alcoholic

preparation

made from

jaggery

Abhishyandi

112. Hasti dadhi Curds from

elephant

milk

Mala

vriddhikar

Agnimandya

113. Jyotishmati tail Oil from

Celastrus panniculatus

Pittala



114. Kadambari Alcoholic

preparation

Vatakrit

115. Kakoli Alcoholic

preparation

from grains

Drishtimandya

116. Katu taila Mustard oil Tikshna,ushna

117. Kaupa jala Water from

wells

Pittala

118. Kedara jala Reservoir

water

Abhishyandi

119. Kinva Alcoholic

preparation

Durjara,ahridya

120. Mahisha dugdha Buffalo milk Mala

baddhata

Nidrakara

121. Medaka Alcoholic

preparation

Stambhana

122. Nadeya jala River water Vatala

123. Narikela tail Coconut oil Kapha

vardhaka

124. Nava madya Freshly

prepared

alcohol

Tridoshakara

125. Pakva stanya Boiled milk

from

lactating

mothers

Doshakaraka

126. Pala jala - Sarva

doshakrit

127. Paryushita jala Stale water Tridoshakara

128. Prabhatika paya Milk

expressed

early

morning

Vishtambhi

129. Samudra jala Sea water Shukrahara Drishtinashak

(ocular

disturbance)

130. Shailabhava nadeya

jala

Rivers from mountaneous region

Causes kushtha

131. Shitala jala Cold water Contra-indicated

in diseases like

flatulence,

hiccups, asthma,

diabetes etc.

132. Sidhu Alcoholic

preparation

from

sugarcane

Vata

pittakar

133. Sthira jala nadi Stagnant

water of

river

Causes shlipada

134. Tadaga jala Lake water Vatala



135. Takrakurchika Vatala Durjara

136. Trapushadi taila - Kaphakara Abhishyanda

137. Vapya jala Water from

wells

Pittala

138. Vivatsaa, bala vatsa Milk of the

cow whose

calf is dead

Doshakaraka

Ikshukadi varga

139. Atapa, agni tapta

madhu

Honey

heated in

sun

Mrityukaraka

140. Ikshu rasa

Saccharum

officinarum L.

Stem Vishtambhi

141. Madhuka Pittala

142. Makshika madhu Honey Pittala Raktadushti Dahajanaka

143. Phanita Doshala Abhishyandi

144. Purana madhu Stored

honey

Atilekhana

145. Vishapushpokta

madhu

Honey from

poisonous

bees

Visha

146. Yavasa sharkara

(Hordeum vulgare L.)

Sugar

extracted

from

hordeum

Vatala

Dhanyadi varga

147. Atasi (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Seed Shukraghna Drishtinashaka

148. Chanaka

(Cicer arietinum L)

Seed Vatala Vishtambhi

149. Kalaya

(Lathyrus sativus L.)

Seed Ativatala

150. Makushtha

(Phaseolus

aconitifolius Jacq.)

Seed Vatala

151. Nishpava

(Dolichos lablab

Linn,)

Seed Vatala,

pittala

Mutrala Vidahi

152. Nivara

(Hygroryza aristata

Nees.)

Seed Kaphakar,

vatala

153. Rajamasha

(Vigna catja ng

Walp.)

Seed Mala

vruddhikar

154. Rajika

(Brassica juncea L.)

Seed Tivra tikshna

155. Sarshapa (Brassica campestris L.)

Seed Pittala Raktadushti Tikshna

156. Shali

(Oryza sativa L.)

Seed Mutrala,

Baddha

mala

pravrutti



157. Shashtika

(Oryza sativa L.)

Seed Baddha

mala

pravrutti

158. Shimbi dhanya Pulses Vishtambhi,

adhamana,

drishtinashaka

159. Tila

(Sesamum indicum L.)

Seed Pittala Raktavardhaka

160. Yava

(Hordeum vulgare

Linn)

Seed Baddha

mala

pravrutti

Dhanyakrutanna varga

161. Ati ushna anna Extremely

Hot food

Balahar

162. Atiklinna Glanikar

163. Krishara Vishtambhi,

durjara

164. Kulmasha Bhinna varchas

165. Masha bhakshya Kapha-pitta

karaka

166. Masha vataka Vishtambhi,

vidahi

167. Modaka Laddu Durjara

168. Payasa Vishtambhi

169. Pinyaka fermented

fodder

Vishtambhi, drishtidushana

170. Shandak vataka Drishtinashak

171. Shita anna Cold food Durjara

172. Taila pachita padartha Fried in oil Drishtinashaka

173. Tushambu vataka Vishtambhi

Mamsadi varga

174. Ashwa mamsa Horse meat Kaphakara,

pittakara

175. Mesha mamsa Sheep meat Kaphakara,

pittakara

176. Mushaka mamsa Mouse meat Baddha

vinmutra

177. Paravat mamsa Pigeon meat Tridoshakar

178. Shyena mamsa Mamsadushti

179. Uluka mamsa Owl meat Vatala Bhrantikara

180. Ushtra Camel meat Kaphakara,

pittakara

181. Vruddha pashu

mamsa

Old animal

meat

Doshakaraka

Mishrakadi varga

182. Amla rasa atisevana

(excessive use of

sour predominant

food)

Rakpitta krit

183. Dhuma sevana Vatala,

pittala



184. Kashaya rasa

atisevana (excessive

use of astringent

predominant food)

Adhmana,

hritpida,

akshepa

185. Katu rasa atisevana

(excessive use of

pungent predominant

food)

Bhrama,

sthaulya,

talushosha

186. Lavana rasa


use of salty

predominant food)

Akshipaka,

raktapitta, etc.

187. Madhura rasa


use of sweet

predominant food)

Jvara, shwasa,

galaganda

188. Pravata sevana

(exposure to winds in

early morning)

Vaivarnya,

stambha

189. Tama (darkness) Alasya,

abhishyanda

190. Tikta rasa atisevana

(excessive use of

bitter predominant

food)

Shirashula,

manyastambha,

bhrama

CONCLUSION:

After a critical analysis, it is observed that

Madanapala nighantu has a well-developed

idea about adverse effects of drug and diets if

not consumed according to classical

recommendations. The classification of drugs

stresses not only on different medicines but

also various foodstuffs that are consumed daily.

The knowledge about potable water suggests

that there was public health awareness too. The

description of cereals, pulses, oils, cooked and

prepared food items suggest that the author was

well aware about pathya kalpana and also the

role of diet in etiology of lifestyle disorders.

The adverse effects caused by inadvertent use

of foodstuffs in daily routine have an impact on

the physiology of the body. Thus, it can be

concluded that Madanapala Nighantu

encompasses a well-organised data in the

context of pharmacovigilant aspects of various

dravyas of Ayurveda.

REFERENCES:

Acharya Jadavji Trikamji (2007). Editor.

Sushruta Samhita with Dalhana

commentary. Sutrasthana. Chap

40.verse 14. Varanasi: Chaukhambha

orientalia, pp179.

Acharya RN (2014). Impact of Shodhana

(Detoxification procedures) on Certain

Poisonous Herbal Drugs used in

Ayurveda. In: Kumar Abhimanyu,

Padhi Madam Mohan, Srikanth

Narayanam, Dhar Vishnupriya and

Mangal Anupam. (Eds) Conservation,

Cultivation and Exploration of

Therapeutic potential of Medicinal

plants. 1stedi. New Delhi: CCRAS,

427–450.

Anonymous (2004). Pharmacovigilance:

Ensuring the Safe Use of Medicines -

WHO Policy Perspectives on

Medicines. No. 009; October 2004.

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Available on: http:// apps. who.int

/medicinedocs/fr/d/Js6164e/1.html

Baghel M.S (2011). Standardization of

Ayurvedic Clinical terminologies. IPGT

& RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat.

Ilanchezhian R, Joseph CR. Acharya RN

(2010) Importance of media in

shodhana (purification / processing) of

poisonous herbal drugs. Anc Sci Life.

Oct; 30(2): 54–7.

Kolhe RH, Acharya RN (2015). Analyzing the

drug safety issue in Bhavaprakasha

nighantu – A critical review.

Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci.;

4(10):183–196.

Nripamadana (2009). Madanapala nighantu.

editor, Sharma Hariprasad. 1stedition.

Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas

Academy.

Rajeshwardutta (2011). Editor of Charaka

Samhita. Vidyotini Hindi Vyakhya.

Sutrasthana. Chap 1.verse 68. Varanasi:

Chaukhambha Prakashan, pp 40.

Ranade AV, Acharya RN (2014). Contribution

of Dhanwantari Nighantu towards drug

safety- a critical analysis. Global J Res.

Med. Plants & Indigen. Med; 4(2):20–

29.

Shastri Rajeshwardutta (2011). Editor of

Charaka Samhita. Vidyotini Hindi

Vyakhya. Chikitsasthana. Chap 1/2.

Verse 13. Varanasi: Chaukhambha

Prakashan, pp 28.

Vidyanath R (2013). editor. Ashtanga hridaya.

Sutrasthana. Chap 11. verse 1-5.

Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surabharati

Prakashana, pp187–188.


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ilanchezhian%20R%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22557427

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22557427




HARATALA SHODHANA- A REVIEW THROUGH RASA CLASSICS

Shivanand T Biradar1*, Galib

2, Prajapati PK

3

1 PhD Scholar, Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat

2 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat

3 Professor, Dept of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Director, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat

*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]


ABSTRACT

Shodhana is a preliminary pharmaceutical procedure which deals with purification and

detoxification of raw drugs before using them therapeutically or in further pharmaceutical

procedures. As per Ayurvedic texts, all metals, minerals, poisonous herbs are to be processed

through this specific procedure. These procedures are mandatory before their administration in

therapeutics. Haratala (Arsenic trisulphide), a mineral drug mentioned in Ayurveda is a known

poisonous substance which needs to be processed to avoid untoward effects as well as to increase the

efficacy. Noting the importance of purification; shodhana processes and shodhana dravya mentioned

for Haratala shodhana are compiled and screened to facilitate the author to get data easily.

KEY WORDS: Ayurveda, Shodhana, Haratala, Kushmanda swarasa, Churnodaka, Kanji.

Review article

Cite this article: Shivanand T Biradar, Galib, Prajapati PK (2016), HARATALA SHODHANA- A REVIEW

THROUGH RASA CLASSICS, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(3): 107–113



INTRODUCTION:

Ayurveda emphasizes on maintenance of

health in healthy and treatment of the diseases

in diseased. This system of medicine

recognized two major sources of medicine i.e.

Kashthaushadhi (herbal medicines) and

Rasaushadhi (herbo-mineral medicines). The

former consist of various herbs and considered

as safe. Later consist of metals and minerals in

the form of Bhasma. Recently doubt has been

raised on the safety of Rasaushadhi and

expressed in the form of Heavy metal

poisoning. Use of Ayurvedic medicine is

concurrently targeted due to the notion of

heavy metal toxicity (Saper et al., 2008). Use

of metals and minerals in therapeutics is always

questioned due lack of safety data (Sathya T et

al., 2009). Shodhana treatment removes the

soluble, evaporable and washable impurities

from metal/mineral and also adds some organic

materials which from chemical point of view

may be considered as impurities but

pharmacological point of view prove beneficial

by reducing their toxicity to the great extent

(Rajput D et al., 2013).

Before utilizing such preparations, it is

mandatory to process metals and minerals to

avoid untoward effects. Rasa classics have

stressed various pharmaceutical procedure viz.

shodhana, marana, jarana of metals, minerals

etc. before using them in formulations to

potentiate their properties and make them

suitable for absorption in body and to increase

their bio-availability. Shodhana (purification)

helps in the removal of impurities and

impregnates desired qualities into the raw drug

which can be used directly in formulations or

make them suitable for further procedures.

Arsenicals documented in Ayurveda

include Haratala (orpiment), Manahshila

(realgar) and Somala (White arsenic). As

arsenicals are known poisons, it is essential to

carry out shodhana before using them in

therapeutics. Texts have documented different

procedures regarding their shodhana like

swedana, mardana etc. Haratala, not purified

properly, shortens life and gives rise to an

abnormal excess of phlegm, air,

spermatorrhoea, gonorrhoea, inflammation,

boils and contraction of the limbs. It should

therefore be purified very carefully (Bhudeva

Mukharjee, 1998). Arsenic causes mild

vasodilatation, mild abdominal cramp,

diarrhoea, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, renal

damage, impaired memory, Parkinson’s

disease, encephalopathy and peripheral

neuropathy (Goodman and Gilman, 2012).

Haratala is highly potent mineral which is

included in the list of poisonous drugs by Drug

and Cosmetic Rule 1940 (Schedule E) because

of its highly toxic nature in its crude form

(Malik V, 2005). Haratala (orpiment) is widely

utilized in Ayurveda in reference to curing

various diseases such as Kushtha (skin

disorders), Vatarakta (Rheumatoid arthritis)

etc. (Sadanand Sharma, 2009).

Despite its vast utility in therapeutic, there

are some issues about its safety as it is an

arsenic compound (Mehta M et al., 2014).

Ayurveda recommends purification /

detoxification of such toxic materials before

either it is processed further or administered in

the body for therapeutic purpose. Shodhana is

treating the drug with various materials that

make it devoid of the toxic effects. (Murthy

PHC, 2008). So, to make use of Haratala in

therapeutics, it should be go through shodhana

processes which are described elaborately in

Ayurveda. Hence, the compilation of various

procedures and materials for shodhana is

criticized to facilitate author to get the data in

an appropriate manner.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Shodhana processes of Haratala mentioned

in about 24 Rasa classics during the period of

8th_

20th

century AD is compiled and screened.

OBSERVATIONS & DISCUSSION:

Haratala is mentioned in Uparasa (drugs

utilized in mercurial procedures) group.

Samanya shodhana mentioned for Uparasa

group could be applied to Haratala. It includes

the levigation with the juices of the plants viz.

Suryavartaka (Helianthus annuus Linn), Kadali

(Musa paradisiaca Linn.), Vandhya (Lagenaria



vulgaris), Kosataki (Luffa acutangula Linn.),

Surdali (Luffa echinata Roxb.), Shigru

(Moringa oleifera Lam), Vajrakanda (Urginea

indica Kunth), Jala Pippali (Lipia nodiflora

Mich.) and Kakamaci (Solanum nigrum Linn.)

and various Lavana (salts) and Kshara

(alkalis). These drugs are used to triturate

intimately with raw drugs from Uparasa group

to be purified. Such mixture when intensively

heated systematically, gives out their extract

(VA Dole, 2006). By heating in Amla (sour)

and Kshara (alkalis) media, Haratala gets

purified (Siddhinandan Mishra, 2000).

Most of the Acharya have described

Vishesha Shodhana for Haratala (Table 1).

Table 1 – List of Shodhana Dravya advised for Haratala shodhana Shodhana

dravya

A.P

.

Ayu

. S

ara

.S

RT

S &

SP

S

Bh

.P.

R.C

ha.

R.J

.N.

Rasa

yan

. S

ara

R.A

.

Rase

nd

r P

ura

Rasa

pad

dh

ati

.

Rasa

rnav

R.P

.S.

R.R

.S.

R.T

.

Rasa

dh

yay

R.C

hin

t

R.R

.

R.M

an

gala

Rasm

an

jri

R.S

a.S

a

S.S

.

Y.R

.

B.R

.R.S

un

dar

Y.C

hin

t

Churnodaka + + +

0

+ + +

0

+ + + + + +

0

+ + + + + + +

Gruhadhu

majala +

Kanji + + + +

0

+ + + + 0 + + +

0 0 0 + 0

Kushmanda swarasa

+

*

+ + +

*

+ + + + + + + + + + +

*

+

0

+ + +

*

+ + +

Nimbu

swarasa + 0

+ +

Palashamula jala

+ +

Salmali

mula

kwatha

+

0 + + + +

0 +

Tilakshara

jala + + + + + + + +

Tila taila + + + + + + + + + + + + Triphala

jala + + + + + + + + + + + +

Dadhi

amla * * *

Mahishi

Mutra +

Kumari

Rasa + +

Sharapunk

ha +

Brahma

moola +

Ikshu Rasa + Godugdha + + Vadavayika + Vata

dugdha +

+- Used for fumigation, 0- Used for impregnation *- Used for dipping



Drugs found for Haratala shodhana include

Kushmanda [Benincasa hispida (Thunb)

Cogn.] swarasa, Triphala Jala (Three

Myrobalans), Tilakshara jala (alkali of

Sesamum indicum Linn. Dissolved in water),

Churnodaka (Lime water), Kanji (Gruel),

Shalmalimula kwatha (decoction of root of

Bombax malabaricum DC) etc. amongst

Kushmanda swarasa has been given prime

importance for Shodhana of Haratala by most

of classics. Additionally Further Jambira

(Citrus limon Linn.), Palashamoola jala (juice

of the root of Butea monosperma (Lamk.)

Taub),

Rasatarangini indicated swedana

(fumigation) in Grihadhuma (Kitchen soot)

jala for one hour in Dolayantra (swinging

apparatus) (Sadanand Sharma, 2009). Further

the text indicates Shalmalimula kwatha for

swedana for one hour or bhavana (trituration)

for seven days (Sadanand Sharma, 2009). In

addition, it has suggested bhavana with

Churnodaka for seven times (Sadanand

Sharma, 2009).

Rasendra Chintamani has advised kshipta

(dipping) method for shodhana using

Kushmanda swarasa and sour curd for three or

seven days while preparing Rasamanikya

(Siddhinandan Mishra 2000). Rasa Ratnakara

has suggested swedana in Churnodaka and

kanji for one day followed by bhavana with

Kushmanda swarasa for hundred times

(Swaminath Mishra, 2003). Rasarnava has

suggested swedana in Kushmanda swarasa for

hundred times (Indradev Tripathi, 2001).

Rasavagbhata has suggested to powder

Haratala coarsely, mix with 1/10th

amount of

borax, wash with lime juice and sour gruel.

Afterwards, the mixture is to be tied in a four

folded cloth and subjected to steam heat for a

day by using sour gruel and Kushmanda

swarasa for a day (VA Dole, 2006). Godanti

Haratala is purified by swedana in juice of

Jayanti (Sesbania sesban Linn.), Jambira

(Citrus limon Linn.) or Dronapushpi (Leucas

cephalotes Roth Spreng.) for a period of three

hours (Vishwanath Dvivedi, 1997).

Rasendra Purana included Vata dugdha

(latex of Ficus benghalensis Linn.) for

shodhana of Haratala by means of swedana for

three times (Ramprasad, 2000). Further it

suggests putting Haratala inside Kushmanda

fruit by making an opening and entire fruit is

subjected to heat, fruit liquefies later; followed

by collection of Haratala from fruit. Same

procedure is conducted for two more times

(Ramprasad, 2000). Haratala should be

macerated with 16 times of lime water for 7

days or fumigated for three hours in Tilakshara

jala (Anonymous, 2001).

Haratala is rubbed with the urine of buffalo

and subjected to bhavana for three times with

the juice of root of the Brahma tree [Butea

monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze], made as dense as

honey. It is then to be confined in a crucible

and heated by means of fire made of ten pieces

of cow dung cakes; same procedure is repeated

for eleven more times. Haratala, thus purified,

may be used for all purposes (Mukharjee,

1998). Patra Haratala is broken into pieces

and wrapped up in a piece of cloth, and boiled

for six hours in the juice of lemon fruit, by

means of a Dola yantra. When cooled itself,

the bundle is again boiled in the same way in

each of the following liquid media- urine of

she-buffalo, juice of Kumari (Aloe barbadensis

Linn.), solution of lime, mixed with the juice of

Musta (Cyperus rotundus Linn.), juice of

Sharapunkha [Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.)

Pers.], juice of ripe lemon mixed with water

and juice of sugar-cane boiled steadily by using

charcoal. Thus Haratala becomes purified

(Mukharjee, 1998).

Rasayana Sara has utilized dravya that is

used for Samanya shodhana of metals for

Haratala shodhana i.e. Haratala is purified by

swedana in Tila taila, Takra (Butter milk),

Gomutra (Cows urine), Kanji and Kulattha

kwatha [decoction of Vigna unguiculata (Linn.)

Walp.] for 3 yama in each media

(Shyamsundaracharya Vaishya, 2005).

Haratala is kept inside the Kushmanda fruit

and subjected to heat, which allows fumigation

of Haratala inside the fruit

(Shyamsundaracharya Vaishya, 2005).

According to Brihat Rasa Raj Sundara,



Kushmanda is tied in to a Pottali and placed

inside the Kushmanda fruit opened from one

side. The fruit is then kept over fire till the fruit

softens completely. Following, the pottali is

separated and kept in another fruit and same

procedure is to be repeated for two more times

(Dattaram Choube, 2000). According to

Rasaraja Mahodhadi Vaidyaka, Haratala is

boiled in Triphala kashaya, Kanji, Kushmanda

swarasa and Tila taila separately each for 3 hrs

or boiled in Churnodaka for 12 hrs.

According to Rasarnava, Haratala should

be fumigated 100 times in Kushmanda

swarasa. Rasendra Purana suggested keeping

Haratala inside the Kushmanda fruit and

allowed to heat the whole fruit. By this process,

the pulp inside the fruit gets liquefied and

results into fumigation of Haratala. Simply

Grihadhuma Jala can also be used for Haratala

shodhana. Rasajalanidhi has suggested

exceptional method for shodhana by giving

Puta to Haratala using ten cow dung cakes,

which repeated for eleven times more. The

media used in Samanya shodhana of metals is

suggested by Rasayana Sara for Haratala

shodhana.

Shodhana process is classified into two

types viz. Samanya Shodhana (common

purificatory method) and Vishesha Shodhana

(specific purificatory method). Samanya

Shodhana is mainly aimed for particular group

of the drugs. It may be applied for every dravya

or for a concerned group. Vishesha Shodhana

means a particular shodhana dravya for a

particular drug to be purified. Various drugs are

mentioned for Vishesha shodhana of drugs.

There are various drugs described for the

shodhana in the texts. Every shodhana dravya

is having a particular characteristic and

purpose. A single shodhana dravya is not

described for all the drugs and more than one

shodhana dravya is described for a single drug.

It differs depending on the Guna (nature) and

Dharma (properties) of a particular drug to be

purified. So, it is necessary to evaluate the most

suitable method for shodhana which make the

drug suitable for further pharmaceutical

procedure.

Haratala is subjected to purification by

means of three procedures viz. Swedana,

Bhavana and Kshipta among which swedana is

considered as prime process. The frequency of

indicated procedures is shown in Table 2. More

than 24 classics of Rasashastra have described

about shodhana of Haratala. The frequency of

Kushmanda swarasa mentioned for Haratala

shodhana is found nearly 21 times in Rasa

classics. More than 19 liquid media are utilized

for swedana like Kushmanda swarasa,

Churnodaka, Kanji, Tila taila, Triphala

kwatha. Haratala is processed with these media

individually or in combination of more than

one medium. The list of individual & multiple

media used for Haratala shodhana has been

documented in Table 3. Tankana treated

method for Haratala shodhana is found better,

because the Rasamanikya prepared by it is

having good quality (Srimannarayana K et al.,

2010).

Table 2- Frequency of procedures indicated for Haratala shodhana

Sr. No. Procedure Frequency

1 Swedana 24

2 Mardana 11

3 Kshipta 5



Table 3- List of individual and multiple media used for Haratala shodhana

Sr. No. Media List of media

1 Individual 1. Kushmanda swarasa

2. Churnodaka

3. Tilakshara jala

2 Multiple 1. Nimbu swarasa, Kanji, Churnodaka, Kushmanda swarasa,

Shalmali mula kwatha

2. Nimbu swarasa, Mahishi Mutra, Kumari swarasa, Churnodaka,

Sharpunkha swarasa, Ikshu rasa

3. Brahma mula kashaya, Mahishi Mutra

4. Churnodaka, Kanji, Kushmanda swarasa, Tila taila, Triphala jala

5. Churnodaka, Kanji with Saindhava, Godugdha, Kushmanda

swarasa, Vadavayika swarasa

6. Churnodaka, Kanji, Kushmanda swarasa

7. Churnodaka, Kushmanda swarasa, Tila taila

8. Kushmanda swarasa, Palasha mula kwatha, Shalmali mula

kwatha

9. Tila taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanji and Kulattha kwatha

CONCLUSION:

Shodhana is one of the basic pharmaceutical

processes of the drug necessitating either to use

therapeutically or for further pharmaceutical

procedures. Haratala is a derivative of arsenic,

administration in impure form give rise to

various toxic effects which could be avoided by

purifying it before utilization. Among various

dravya and procedures for shodhana,

Kushmanda and swedana process are primary

and could be applied.

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Saper%20RB%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18728265

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Phillips%20RS%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18728265

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Sehgal%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18728265

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Khouri%20N%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18728265



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Davis%20RB%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18728265

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Paquin%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18728265

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Thuppil%20V%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18728265



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kales%20SN%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18728265

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18728265

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