437

INDEX

ANAPHOR, 331-334, 423

APPLICATIONS FOR JUDICIAL AUTHORIZATIONbest practices, 203blood warrants. See SEARCH WARRANTScrime language, localism and, 205-206Criminal Code applications, generally, 202deluxe judicial applications, 266-268DNA warrants. See SEARCH WARRANTSentry (Feeney) warrants. See SEARCH WARRANTSextended time to execute warrant request, 258-259forms of, 202general warrants. See SEARCH WARRANTSgenerally, 201-206informer pedigrees, writing, 263-266nighttime entry requests, 259-261“no knock” endorsements, 262-263omission of announcement notices, 262-263production orders. See SEARCH WARRANTSsealing orders. See SEARCH WARRANTSscrutiny level, 201search warrants. See SEARCH WARRANTSspecialized endorsements, 266-268telewarrants. See SEARCH WARRANTStracking warrants. See SEARCH WARRANTSwriting challenges, 202-204

ARGUMENTATION, 388, 423

AVALENT SENTENCE, 103, 423

BLOOD WARRANT. See SEARCH WARRANTS

BLOTTER, 339, 423

INDEX

438

BLUNTING, 423

BOILERPLATE, 214-215, 424

BOLO MEMORANDA, 193-194

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION, see also EVIDENCE, WRITTENaudience, knowledge of, 390-392

colloquial phrases, 392familiarity, degrees of, 391“four C’s” rule, 390-391global/international audience, 391-392

dating and signing, 387disclosure, 383economy of language, use of, 387, 396embarrassment test, 384freestyle writing technique, 392generally, 383-387internal vs. external communications, 388lawyer-drafted communications, 385leaks/dissemination, 385multi-draft/media approach, 393non-lawyer drafted communications, types of, 385-386procrastination, 392rhetorical modes, 388-390

argumentation, 388defi ned, 430description, 389exposition, 389narration, 389

risk assessment, 384-387road map style/format, 394-395

body, 395conclusion, 395introduction, 394outline, 394reason for correspondence, 394

439

INDEX

spelling, 396tone, 395

CANADIAN POLICE INFORMATION CENTRE, 194-200

CANVASS, 365, 367-368, 424

CHARGE AND COURT BRIEFcharge brief

body, content of, 161described, 160prosecution summary. See prosecution summarytombstone information, 160Uniform Crime Report codes, 161

prosecution summary, 161-172description, 161detail and rhetorical value, 163-165example, 168-172hostile audience context, 163narrative voice, 166-167fi rst-person voice, 166neutrality, 167third-person voice, 167

précis writing, as, 163punctuation, use of, 163reading of, prosecutor’s, 162, 164sentence types, use of, 165-166

complex sentence, 165compound sentence, 165-166compound-complex sentence, 165simple sentence, 165

CLOSED CLASS WORDS, 49, 424

COMMUNICATION INTERCEPTS. See WIRETAP APPLICATIONS

CONCISION, 270, 296, 424

INDEX

440

COPY EDIT, 340, 424

COURT BRIEF. See CHARGE AND COURT BRIEF

CPIC AND NCIC MESSAGES, 194

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATORS. See POLICE WRITING

DAILY ACTIVITY LOGS, 190-193

DESCRIPTION, 134, 161, 389, 424

DIASPORA, 392, 425

DISCLOSUREbusiness communication and, 383case law foundations. See FORENSIC WRITINGsealing order and, 254statutory foundations. See FORENSIC WRITING

DNA WARRANTS. See SEARCH WARRANTS

ELECTRONIC DEVICES/DATAfederal statutes. See FEDERAL DISCLOSURE STATUTESmedical records, 407offence notice format options, 129police fi eld notes, 111-113production orders, 281provincial statutes. See PROVINCIAL DISCLOSURE STATUTESwill state reports format, 136

ENTRY WARRANTS. See SEARCH WARRANTS

EVIDENCE, WRITTENbusiness correspondence/documentation, 408

Canada Evidence Act, s. 30 requirements, 408context specifi city, 406deceased/unavailable witness, DNA testing and, 412-413

441

INDEX

dying declarations, 417-421DNA evidence, 412-413essential elements, 406generally, 406, 421hearsay evidence, admission of, 413-417

dying declaration exception, 417-421hearsay rule, exceptions to, 413necessity criteria, 413-415reliability criteria, 413, 415-417

medical charts/records, 406-408electronic medical records, 407objectivity and dispassion, 407retention of, 407SOAP protocol, 407

police notebooks, 409-412best practices, 412defi ned, 410Kaufman Commission recommendations, 409-410omissions, 411-412purpose of, 410subsequent use of, 411vague recollections and, 411

wrongful convictions, 409-410, 412-413

EXPOSITION, 389, 425

FEDERAL DISCLOSURE STATUTESAccess to Information Act, 28Personal Information Protection & Electronic Documents Act, 29-30Privacy Act, 29

FIELD INTERVIEW REPORTScontent of, 150described, 148direct contact report, 150-151impartiality, requirement of, 148indirect contact, 151-152

INDEX

442

intelligence reports and, 152-154intelligence-oriented reports, 153-160

example, 155grammatical case, understanding of, 156-160human source, reference to, 155informers, 156-157possessive infl ection, 159pronouns, use of, 158-160rhetorical balancing act requirement, 156sources, 157subjective vs. objective infl ections, 157-160transitive vs. intransitive verbs, 156

litigation, involvement in, 149Police Information Portal access, 149-150style of, 148

FIELD NOTES. See POLICE FIELD NOTES

FIRST PERSON VOICE, 166, 425

FORENSIC AGE, PERSPECTIVE RE, 3-5

FORENSIC GENRE, ORIGINS OFforensic science, functions of, 5forensic writing. See FORENSIC WRITINGforensis, meaning of, 5-6Greek and Roman context, 4-7

FORENSIC LEXICOLOGY, 41, 425

FORENSIC LEXICON. See WORDS AND GRAMMAR

FORENSIC LINGUISTICSdescribed, 41, 426forensic writing vs., 42Investigative Discourse Analysis, 42Scientifi c Content Analysis technique, 41stylometry, 42

443

INDEX

FORENSIC REPORTAGE. See INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM

FORENSIC STYLOMETRY, 42, 426

FORENSIC WRITINGcase law foundations, 19-26

disclosure, 21-24generally, 19R. v. Askov, 20-21R. v. O’Connor, 24-26R. v. Stinchcombe, 21-24third party records, production of, 24-26trial process timelines, 20-21

command of writing, as, 8-10described, generally, 8-11, 47-48disclosure of documents. See case law foundations; statutory

foundationsforensic linguistics vs. See FORENSIC LINGUISTICSforensic professions, connector of, 8-9Internet and, 11law and legal practitioners, as essential to, 8legalese, 9oversights and expectations of privacy, 11-16phraseology, 48Pinto Memo case study, 11-16rhetoric, 42-46

Ancient Greek roots, 43Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle, 43-44Churchill’s principles of, 45defi ned, 430described, 43ethos, 43-44logos, 43-44pathos, 43-44Sophists, 43

statutory foundations, 26-35Charter, effects of, 27

INDEX

444

federal statutes. See FEDERAL DISCLOSURE STATUTESgenerally, 26-28

provincial statutes. See PROVINCIAL DISCLOSURE STATUTES

technology, 16-19digital media, effects of, 17personal communications, effect on, 18privacy and privilege, effects on, 18space-biased documents, 16time-biased documents, 16

words and grammar. See WORDS AND GRAMMAR

GRAMMAR. See WORDS AND GRAMMAR

HEARSAY. See EVIDENCE, WRITTEN

INFORMER, 156-157, 263-266, 350-358, 426

INTELLIGENCE-ORIENTED REPORTS. See FIELD INTERVIEW REPORTS

INTERVIEWS. See INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM

INVERTED PYRAMID, 341, 375-377, 426

INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISMamateur reporters, 357Auger, Michel, 342-343Bernardo, Paul, 348-349canvass notes, 367-368canvassing, 365confi dential information, 345-351copy edit practices, 340creativity and subjectivity in, 342crime reporting methods, 348crime scene, writing, 368-379

bottom-up approaches to, 379digital culture/economy, effects of, 378-379

445

INDEX

example, 375-377fi eld notes and, 374-377generally, 368-369inverted pyramid model of narrative reportage, 375-377leads, traditional sources of, 371-372mobile apps, reliance on, 372note-taking/notepads, 373-374PIO real-time updates, 372police perspective of mistrust, 371rhetorical principles, application of, 375strategies required, 372-373

digital copy edit policies, 340disinformation/misinformation, 349editing style requirements, 340formatting, 341generally, 337-340Grim Sleep case study, 358-362, 363handling sources, 350-351harassment of “justice system participant”, CC provisions re, 344history of, 337-340informers. See sourcesinterviews, see also sources

documenting methods, 362-363note-taking, avoiding, 362sources, horizontal relationship with, 363-365sourcing facts, suggested wording, 365spokeswitnesses, 366

inverted pyramid vs. rhetorical triangle models, 341LA Weekly case study, 358-362, 363Le Journal de Montreal case study, 342-344Mackenzie, William Lyon, 337muckraking, 337-338nineteenth century origins, 337-338origin of, 339outlaw motorcycle gangs case study, 342-344Pelisek, Christine, 358-362police handlers, 350

INDEX

446

reportage, 430Ripper Letters, 347-348romanticized journalists, 357source integrity, 345-351sources, see also interviews

coercion motivation, 355-356ego motivation, 356-358handling, 350-351horizontal relationship with, 363-365ideology motivation, 353-355Money, Ideology, Coercion and Ego motivation principle,

352-358money motivation, 353

U.S. practice, 349vetting, 351-358Williams, Colonel Russell, 348-349yellow journalism, 338

JOURNALISM. See INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM

JUDICIAL AUTHORIZATION. See APPLICATIONS FOR JUDICIAL AUTHORIZATION

LEXICAL DISTINCTIONS, 80, 92-97, 427

LEXICAL SEMANTICS, 101-102, 427

LEXICOLOGY, 41, 427

LONGITUDINAL NARRATIVES, 201, 427

MEDIA RELEASESarmed robberies, 179-180described, 173drug/weapon seizures, 182-184homicides/discovered remains, 175-177

example, 177holdback information, 176

447

INDEX

speed, 176media scrum, 174,427missing persons, 177-178motor vehicle collisions, 180-181multimedia context, 175new media and, 173ongoing major investigations, 184-187outsourcing, 174Public Information Offi cer, 174-175

MEDICAL CHARTS/RECORDS. See EVIDENCE, WRITTEN

MINIMIZATION, 295-297, 427

NARRATION, 389, 428

NATIONAL CRIME INFORMATION CENTRE, 194-200

NEWS MEDIA REPORTING. See INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM

OFFENCE NOTICE SYNOPSEScontent, 130described, 129descriptive narrative, example, 134detail, 130electronic format options, 129examples, 131, 133hostile audience factor, 134identity in form and content, rule re, 130offences with empirical/mechanical data, 132self-representation factor, 135trial context, 134-135written form of, 129-130

OPEN CLASS WORDS, 49, 428

OPEN SOURCE INVESTIGATION, 351, 369, 378, 428

INDEX

448

PARALLELISM, 145-146, 428

PARENT SYNONYMS. See WORDS AND GRAMMAR

PART VI APPLICATIONS. See WIRETAP APPLICATIONS

PHONOLOGY, 428

PHRASEOLOGY, 48, 428

POLICE BEAT, 369-373, 429

POLICE FIELD NOTES, see also EVIDENCE, WRITTENanalogue vs. electronic writing, 111-113book type, selection of, 114-117

crime scene investigators, 116duty book, 115hardcover notebook, 115-116

content, post-Stinchcombe, 110-111deletions, 111editorial policies, need for, 126-129electronic devices, use of, 112entries, 112errors and omissions, 121-123fabrications, 124format, 111formatting and margins, 117-119generally, 109-111index for further writings, as, 129ink and font, selection of, 119-121legibility, 120questionable entries, 123-125R. v. McNeil, case study re need for policies, 126-129

POLICE WRITINGblood warrants. See SEARCH WARRANTS BOLO memoranda, 193-194charge and court brief. See CHARGE AND COURT BRIEF

449

INDEX

CPIC and NCIC messages, 194-200daily activity logs, 190-193DNA warrants. See SEARCH WARRANTS entry (Feeney) warrants. See SEARCH WARRANTS fi eld interview. See FIELD INTERVIEW REPORTSfi eld notes. See POLICE FIELD NOTESgenerally, 109-110judicial authorization applications. See APPLICATIONS FOR

JUDICIAL AUTHORIZATIONmedia releases. See MEDIA RELEASESoffence notice synopses. See OFFENCE NOTICE SYNOPSESproduction orders. See SEARCH WARRANTS sealing orders. See SEARCH WARRANTS surveillance logs, 188-190telewarrants warrants. See SEARCH WARRANTS tracking warrants. See SEARCH WARRANTS “will state” reports. See WILL STATE REPORTS

PRAXIAL WRITER, 48, 429

PRODUCTION ORDERS. See SEARCH WARRANTS

PROGRESSIVE EMPHASIS, 213, 277, 429

PROPRIETY EPONYM, 429

PROSECUTION SUMMARY. See CHARGE AND COURT BRIEF

PROVENANCE, 345, 429

PROVINCIAL DISCLOSURE STATUTESAlberta Freedom of Information & Protection of Privacy Act, 31British Columbia Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy

Act, 31Manitoba Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, 32New Brunswick Right to Information & Protection of Privacy Act, 32Newfoundland & Labrador Access to Information & Protection of

Privacy Act, 32

INDEX

450

Northwest Territories Access to Information & Protection of Privacy Act, 35

Nova Scotia Freedom of Information & Protection of Privacy Act, 33Nunavut Access to Information & Protection of Privacy Act, 35Ontario Freedom of Information & Protection of Privacy Act, 33Prince Edward Island Freedom of Information & Protection of

Privacy Act, 33Quebec Act Respecting Access to Documents Held by Public Bodies

& Protection of Personal Information, 34Saskatchewan Freedom of Information & Protection of Privacy Act,

34Yukon Access to Information & Protection of Privacy Act, 35

PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICER, 174-175, 430

REGISTER, 9, 430

REPORTAGE. See INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM

RHETORIC. See FORENSIC WRITING

RHETORICAL MODES. See BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

SEALING ORDERS. See SEARCH WARRANTS

SEARCH WARRANTSAppendix A, 209-212

example, 210items sought, 210-212restrained approach to, 211-212

Appendix B, 212-245background of investigation, 228-241boilerplate, 214-215conclusion and grounds, 241-245confi dential source material, 245defi nitions, 218-220format, 215introduction, 216-218

451

INDEX

investigative sources, 220-224involved persons, 225-228minutiae approach, 213-214table of contents, 212-213technological terms, 219

blood warrants, 284-287associated medical records, seeking, 287CC provisions re, 285described, 284example, 286-287format of, 286preliminary hospital steps, 286

deluxe judicial applications, 266-268DNA warrants, 275-280

content of, 275-276described, 275drafting style, 276-277example, 277-280

entry (Feeney) warrants, 269-272concise drafting, 270described, 269example, 272exigency context to style, 270limitations of, 271police trickery, scrutiny of, 269

extended time to execute requests, 258-259face pages, 208-209formal training re writing, 207general warrants, 272-275

anticipatory warrants, as, 273example, 274-275functions of, 273narrative format of, 274reasonable notice requirement, 273

generally, 206-207informer pedigrees, writing, 263-266ITO, 208-209

INDEX

452

nighttime entry requests, 259-261“no knock” endorsements, 262-263omission of announcement notices, 262-263production orders, 280-284

assistance order applications vs., 281described, 280-281electronic records and, 281example, 283-284privacy expectations, 281-282record custodians, 281-283

sealing order, 254-257caution in requesting, 255disclosure and, 254ephemeral nature of, 255example, 256-257position of, 254

specialized endorsements, 266-268supplemental appendices, 245-247

content of, 246-247inclusion of, 246order and form of, 246

tear away appendices, 247-249telewarrants, special considerations re, 249-253

Appendix B portion, 250four corners rule and, 249generally, 249-250grounds/justifi cation portion, 250-253standardized forms re, 250

tracking warrants, 287-292content, 288described, 287-288example, 289-292format of, 288privacy expectations, 292

SEMANTICS. See WORDS AND GRAMMAR

453

INDEX

SOURCES. See INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM

SPOKESWITNESS, 366, 431

SQUAD ROOM. See POLICE WRITING

STREET CHECK REPORTS. See FIELD INTERVIEW REPORTS

SUPERSCRIPT SUFFIXES, 431

SURVEILLANCE LOGS, 188-190

SYNTAX. See WORDS AND GRAMMAR

TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM, 297, 431

TECHNOLOGY. See FORENSIC WRITING; POLICE FIELD NOTES

TELEWARRANTS. See SEARCH WARRANTS

TESTIMONYgenerally, 397, 403memory, refreshing, 400-403

past recollection recorded, 402permissible documents, 400-401present memory refreshed, 401

persuasive, art of, 397-400answering question asked, 399cross-examination, 398examination in chief, 398intention to communicate, 397own language, use of, 399preparation, 398trier-of-fact, addressing, 399-400

THIRD-PERSON VOICE, 167, 432

INDEX

454

TOMBSTONE INFORMATION, 160, 432

TOPIC SENTENCE, 432

TRACKING WARRANTS. See SEARCH WARRANTS

TRANSITION SENTENCE, 432

TRIPWIRE WORDS. See WORDS AND GRAMMAR

VALENCY. See WORDS AND GRAMMAR

WILL STATE REPORTSbody, 138-141

example, 140-141preliminary facts, 139

conclusions, 142-144case closed sample, 144case open and active sample, 143case open but inactive sample, 143described, 142types, 142-147

described, 136detail, 145electronic format of, 136fi eld interview and, 147introduction, 137-138

modifi cation of, 137-138writing of, 137

key information, consistency and, 145parallelism, 145-146policies re, 136related event, reference to, 147

WIRETAP APPLICATIONSanaphors and alternate terms, use of, 331-334, 423archived text message data, 299-300assistance orders, writing, 301-302

455

INDEX

concision/conciseness, strategy of, 296-297generally, 293intercept applications, 303-331

example, 303-331writing, 303

minimization, importance of, 295-296production orders, 299smartphones, privacy expectations re, 298technological determinism, 297Telus Communications case study, 297-300wireless vs. wired communication, 298wiretapping subculture, 293-294wordiness, avoidance of, 296

WORDS AND GRAMMARadjectives, 69-74

capitalization, 70coordinate adjectives, 71demonyms, 70described, 69modifi er, as, 72-74

absolute, 73comparative, 73superlative, 73

post-positive adjectives, 71proper adjectives, 69-70use in forensic writing, 74

adverbs, 75-78conjunctive, 76-77described, 75prepositional, 75pronominal, 76use in forensic writing, 78

adversarial readers, 96-104defi nitions, subjective use of, 96-97forensic lexicon

building of, 78-83

INDEX

456

development of, 49-50double bind peer review procedure and, 80, 81-82insulation of report as objective, 78lexical distinctions, 80lexicon, Greek origin, 79parent synonyms. See parent synonymswriting process and, 79wrongful convictions and, 81

hostile audiences, 96-104lexical distinctions, case study re, 92-97nouns, 56-68

common, 62-68articles, use of with, 62-64described, 62pronouns. See pronouns

generally, 56pronouns, 64-68

demonstrative, 66described, 64-65indefi nite, 66interrogative, 65personal, 65reciprocal, 68refl exive, 67relative, 65

proper, 57-62described, 57italics and quotations, use of, 57-58, 59-62long works, nouns constituting, 58short works, nouns constituting, 59

types of, 56use in forensic writing, 68

parent synonyms, see also tripwire wordsconsistency approach, 84-86described, 82-83, 428euphemisms, as, 89examples of, 86-89

457

INDEX

non-universal examples, 89regular verbs, use of, 83selection of, 85simplicity, principle of, 83-84

police notes, duties and requirements, 104-106pronouns. See nounsR. v. Little, as case study in lexical distinctions, 92-97Schaeffer v. Ontario (Provincial Police), as case study re police notes,

104-106semantics, 98, 100-102

defi ned, 431described, 100-101lexical semantics, 101-102

syntax, 98-100bad, 99-100defi ned, 431good, 99-100

tripwire words, see also parent synonymscolloquialisms, etc., as, 90defi ned, 432described, 90examples of, 90-91metonyms, examples of, 90-91

valency, 102-104avalent form of, 103common form of, 103defi ned, 432

verbs, 50-56auxiliary, 53generally, 50intransitive, 51irregular, 52modal, 54regular, 52transitive, 51use in forensic writing, 55valency, 102-104

INDEX

458

word classes, open vs. closed, 49

WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS, 409, 412-413