INDEX

- A -

ABANDONMENTchattels, of, 139, 152, 158easements, of, 140, 397, 398leases, of, 121, 310-2, 315real property, of, 139-40, 197

ABORIGINAL PEOPLE, POVERTYAND, 82

ABORIGINAL PROPERTY RIGHTS(see also METIS TITLE)

Aboriginal conceptions of, 373-4, 375adverse possession, and, 197alienability of, 198, 208, 266Australian developments concerning,

208-9communal nature of, 198conditional transfers and, 246-7constitutional protections for, 87, 201,

203, 205-7cultural appropriation and, 54-6, 230cultural property and, 54, 158, 208dedication, doctrine of, and, 400equitable doctrines, and, 230extinguishment of, 203-7fiduciary obligations of the Crown in

relation to, 202, 204, 230finders law and, 158grouphood interests and, 155, 158,

196honour of the Crown, and, 203-4, 205,

206, 207infringement of, 200-7land registration and, 495-6limitations on use of, 183, 199mines and minerals, and, 199nature of, 198-200other Aboriginal rights, and, 199-20overlay of English law on, 75partition and sale, and, 352possession (or occupation) and, 195-8recognition of, 195-8, 199-200reserves, and, 209-10

Royal Proclamation,1763, and, 199site-specific rights as, 200, 400surrender of, 198, 202, 208, 246-7,

495takings and, 87, 206-7treaties and, 197, 202, 203, 205, 207,

208, 399unique (sui generis) nature of, 75,

183, 196, 198, 208, 246, 494-5usufructuary rights, as, 196waste and, 183

ABSTRACT OF TITLE, 474, 481

ACCESSIONanimals and, 127intellectual property and, 127nature of, 94, 124-32principal chattel and, 127-8remedies and, 130-2security interests and, 129-30tests for, 128-9

ACCOUNTING (see PARTITIONAND SALE)

ACCRETION (see WATER)

ACTUAL NOTICE (see NOTICE)

AD MEDIUM FILUM AQUAE RULE(see WATER)

ADMIXTURE (see CONFUSION)

ADOPTION OF ENGLISH LAW (seeRECEPTION OF ENGLISH LAW)

ADVANCEMENT, PRESUMPTIONOF (see also RESULTING TRUSTS;TRUSTS)

children and, 232-3joint bank accounts and, 359, 360-1meaning of, 232reform of, 233-4spouses and, 233-4

502 INDEX

ADVERSE POSSESSIONAboriginal land rights, and, 197animus possidendi and, 135, 145, 148boundaries and, 144chattels and, 150-2colour of right (or title), entry under,

and, 147co-ownership and, 148efficiency basis of, 142-3elements of, 141-50environmental protection and, 143functions of, 141-5inconsistent use, test of, and, 148-50pedal possession (pedis possessio)

and, 147personhood and, 144prescription distinguished from, 391quieting titles and, 141-2, 497tacking and, 147Torrens title land and, 144-5, 497

AGREEMENT FOR A LEASE, 294,303, 443, 493

AIRSPACEcondominiums and, 365-6nature of, 95-6possessory nature of, 96trespass and, 95-6

ALBERTA BILL OF RIGHTS, 88

ALBERTA PERSONAL PROPERTYBILL OF RIGHTS, 88

ALIENABILITY (see EFFICIENCY;RESTRAINTS ON ALIENATION)

ALLODIAL LAND, 62, 71

ALLUVION, 113

ALTERATION, 124, 132

AMBIGUOUS LEGALDESCRIPTIONS, 108

AMORTIZATION (seeMORTGAGES)

ANDREWS v. PARTINGTON, RULEIN (see CLASS CLOSING RULES)

ANIMALSaccession and, 127animus revertendi and, 137

burial plots for, 403-4condominiums and, 370domestic, ownership of, 137possession of, 136-8wild, qualified property in, 137

ANNE, STATUTE OF (seePARTITION AND SALE), 356-7

ANTICOMMONS (see TRAGEDYOF THE ANTICOMMONS)

ARISTOTLE, 2, 18

ASSIGNMENTbailments, of, 332book debts, of, 463chose in action, of, 79, 166, 419, 447covenants, of, 419, 423leases, of, 297-303

- B -

BAILMENTassignment of, 332bailee’s obligations under, 325-8bailor’s obligations under, 329-30benefit of bailee, for, 326-7benefit of bailor, for, 326-7bringing suit for breach of, 326-7constructive, 324-5damages for breach of, 335essential elements of, 322-5exculpatory clauses and, 330-2finders and, 328fixed term, 323fundamental breach of, 332fungibles, of, 323gratuitous, 323, 330involuntary, 322leases of land, as compared to, 321,

323, 332-4licences, distinguished from, 323-4mutual benefit, for, 326-7nature of, 322-5onus of proof in actions relating to,

328-9parking lots and, 324, 330possession and, 322-5sub-bailment and, 332-4types of, 323-6unique nature of, 321vicarious liability and, 328

INDEX 503

BARE LICENCE (see LICENCES)

BARGAIN AND SALE, 226, 474, 475

BARRING OF FEE TAIL (see FEETAIL)

BASE FEE (see also FEE TAIL), 175

BELL, ANDREW, 80

BELLAMY, EDWARD, 11

BENEFICIAL RIGHTS, MEANINGOF, 80

BENEFICIARY, MEANING OF, 222

BENEFIT/BURDEN, DOCTRINE OF(see COVENANTS)

BENTHAM, JEREMY (see alsoUTILITARIANISM), 2, 12-5, 28, 38,49, 185

BLACKSTONE, WILLIAM, 2, 4, 73,75, 76, 126, 264, 338

BODY PARTS, PROPERTY IN, 51,52

BONA FIDE (OR GOOD FAITH)PURCHASER FOR VALUEWITHOUT NOTICE, 129, 145, 202,228, 230, 418, 454, 467, 469, 472, 486,492, 494, 496, 497

BONA VACANTIA, 212

BOUNDARIES (see also AIRSPACE;FENCES; SUBSURFACE,OWNERSHIP OF; TREES)

adverse possession, effect of, on, 144ambiguous legal descriptions of, 108conventional line doctrine, and, 108improvements, effect on, 109land bounded by land, for, 105-10land bounded by water, for, 112-5legal descriptions of, 105-8metes and bounds descriptions of,

106, 108, 115permeable nature of, 115-7Torrens title and, 497townships system of delineating, 105-

7

BUILDING SCHEMES (seeCOVENANTS)

BUNDLE OF RIGHTS, PROPERTYAS, 2, 52, 64, 89, 104, 199, 268, 383

- C -

CANADIAN BILL OF RIGHTS, 87-8

CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTSAND FREEDOMS (see alsoCONSTITUTION ACT, 1982), 7, 86-7,116, 205, 208, 257, 400-2, 403

CAPTURE, RULE OF (seeANIMALS; OCCUPANCYTHEORY)

CASE FOR PRIVATE PROPERTY,THE (see also CONSENT,PROPERTY RIGHTS AND;EFFICIENCY; FREEDOM,PRIVATE PROPERTY, AND;HAPPINESS, PROPERTY AND;HUMAN FLOURISHING,PROPERTY AND; JUSTICE,PROPERTY AND, LABOURTHEORY; MATERIAL WEALTH,PROPERTY AND; OCCUPANCYTHEORY; PERSONHOODTHEORY; PLURALIST ACCOUNTOF PROPERTY RIGHTS;UTILITARIANISM), 10-49

CAVEATS, 145, 417, 485, 493-4

CESTUI QUE TRUST, MEANING OF(see also TRUSTS), 222, 228

CESTUI QUE USE, MEANING OF(see also USES), 217-8, 222

CESTUI QUE VIE, MEANING OF(see LIFE ESTATE), 177

CHAIN OF COVENANTS (seeCOVENANTS)

CHAIN OF TITLE, 153, 174, 473-4,477

CHANCELLOR (see EQUITY)

CHANCERY (see EQUITY)

CHARGE, MEANING OF (see alsoFLOATING CHARGE;MORTGAGES), 440

504 INDEX

CHATTEL MORTGAGE, 129, 448,463, 464

CHATTELS PERSONAL (see alsoCHOSE IN ACTION; CHOSE INPOSSESSION)

adverse possession of, 150-2fixtures, distinguished from, 118-20nature of, 78-9

CHATTELS REAL, 76, 77, 78

CHATTELS REAL ACT (NL), 78

CHILD POVERTY, 82

CHOSE IN ACTION (see alsoPERSONAL PROPERTY), 79, 94,166, 419, 447

CHOSE IN POSSESSION (see alsoPERSONAL PROPERTY), 78, 79, 94

CLASS CLOSING RULES (see alsoCLASS GIFTS)

Andrews v. Partington, rule in, 284Festing v. Allen, rule in, 276, 284perpetuity reforms, and, 286

CLASS GIFTS (see also CLASSCLOSING RULES), 249, 273, 281,283

CLOGS ON THE EQUITY OFREDEMPTION (see EQUITY OFREDEMPTION)

COASE, RONALD, 2, 100, 101, 102

COASE THEOREM (see alsoECONOMIC ANALYSIS OFPROPERTY LAW; EFFICIENCY)

basic elements of, 100-2cave ownership, and, 100-3endowment effect and, 102, 143property law implications of, 101-3transaction costs and, 100, 101wealth effect and, 102

COHEN, FELIX, 6, 7, 8

COLLECTIVE PROPERTY (seeCOMMON PROPERTY)

COMMINGLING (see CONFUSION)

COMMIXTIO (see alsoCONFUSION), 124-5

COMMON PROPERTY,MEANINGS OF (see alsoABORIGINAL PROPERTYRIGHTS; CONDOMINIUMS;CREATIVE COMMONS;TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS), 7,8-10

COMMON RECOVERY (see alsoFEE TAIL), 175

COMMUNAL PROPERTY (seeABORIGINAL PROPERTYRIGHTS; COMMON PROPERTY)

CONCURRENT OWNERSHIP (seeCONDOMINIUMS; CO-OPERATIVES; JOINT TENANCY;TENANCY IN COMMON)

CONDITIONAL GRANTS (seeCONDITIONS PRECEDENT;CONDITIONS SUBSEQUENT;COVENANTS)

CONDITIONAL SALESAGREEMENT, 129, 463

CONDITIONS PRECEDENT (seealso CONTINGENT INTERESTS)

creation of, 247-9effect of invalidity on, 254-5nature of, 247tests of uncertainty for, 262-3

CONDITIONS SUBSEQUENTcreation of, 245-6effect of invalidity on, 253, 254nature of, 244test of uncertainty for, 262

CONDOMINIUMSairspace rights, and, 365-6common law, under, 365-6easements and, 394households living in, 364-5nature of, 364-70origins of, 364-5regulation of,

Alberta, in, 368-70Ontario, in, 367-8, 370

timesharing and, 193

CONFUSIO, MEANING OF (see alsoCONFUSION), 124-5

INDEX 505

CONFUSION, 124-7

CONQUEST (see NORMANCONQUEST)

CONSENT, PROPERTY RIGHTSAND, 43-4

CONSERVATION EASEMENTS,410, 429

CONSTITUTION ACT, 1867 (see alsoCONSTITUTION, PROPERTYRIGHTS AND THE), 86, 89, 207, 270

CONSTITUTION ACT, 1982 (see alsoCANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTSAND FREEDOMS;CONSTITUTION, PROPERTYRIGHTS AND THE), 7, 86, 87, 205,208, 257, 400

CONSTITUTION, PROPERTYRIGHTS AND THE, 7, 59, 86-8, 89,201, 203, 205-7, 257, 270, 400-2

CONSTRUCTION, RULE OF,MEANING OF, 173-4

CONSTRUCTIVE BAILMENT (seeBAILMENT)

CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE (seeNOTICE)

CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION,MEANING OF, 136

CONSTRUCTIVE TAKINGS (seeTAKINGS)

CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS (see alsoTRUSTS; UNJUST ENRICHMENT)

domestic labour and, 239, 240good conscience form of, 236, 237institutional, 234-6land registration and, 490licences and, 319nature of, 234-42remedial, 237-42unjust enrichment and, 237-42

CONSUMABLES, ESTATES IN, 212

CONTINGENT INTEREST,MEANING OF (see alsoCONDITIONS PRECEDENT;

PERPETUITIES, RULE AGAINST),247

CONVENTIONAL LINEDOCTRINE, 108

CONVERSIONequitable doctrine of, 123-4tort of,

bailments and, 325, 334co-ownership and, 358nature of, 79, 80, 130, 131, 134,

151

CO-OPERATIVES, 370-2

CO-OWNERSHIP (see COMMONPROPERTY; CONDOMINIUMS;CO-OPERATIVES; JOINTTENANCY; TENANCY INCOMMON)

CO-PARCENARY, 337, 340

COPYHOLD TENURE, 65, 72, 381,478

COPYLEFT, 376-7

COPYRIGHT, 4, 8, 21, 34-5, 45-6, 56,377, 403, 435

CORPOREAL INTERESTS, 78, 365

COVENANTSannexation of, 418-9assignment of, 419benefit/burden principle, 428benefits of,

running of, at law, 423running of, in equity, 418-22

building schemes and, 420-22burdens of,

running of, at law, 423running of, in equity, 418-22

chain of, 246common plans and, 420-2conditional grants, and, 427-9conservation, and, 410, 429externalities and, 406functions of, 404-10implied annexation of, 419leases, in, 307meaning of, 410modification of, 430

506 INDEX

negativity, requirement for, 412-3notice and, 410personal property and, 433-5personhood values and, 406positive, 423-9racial restrictions and, 269, 379, 407-

10real, meaning of, 297-8restraints on alienation, and, 268, 407,

433schemes of development and, 420-2termination of, 430-3touch and concern requirement under,

416, 418, 420, 425usual, in leases, 303-5

COVERTURE, MEANING OF, 73

CREATIVE COMMONS, 377

CRIMINAL LAW, PROPERTYAND, 5, 31, 50, 59, 80, 86, 115, 126,134, 136, 141, 153-4, 193, 208, 234,256, 459

CROWN PROPERTY (see PUBLICPROPERTY)

CUJUS EST SOLUM EJUS ESTUSQUE AD COELUM ET ADINFEROS (see also AIRSPACE;BOUNDARIES; FENCES;SUBSURFACE, OWNERSHIP OF;TREES), 94, 98, 101, 103, 105, 155

CULTURAL APPROPRIATION (seealso CULTURAL PROPERTY), 54-6,230

CULTURAL PROPERTY (see alsoCULTURAL APPROPRIATION)

Aboriginal claims to, 54, 158, 208finders and, 158

CURTESYabolition of, 192avoidance of, 218functions of, 74, 177, 191-2, 218nature of, 191-2

CUSTODY, POSSESSIONDISTINGUISHED FROM, 136

CUSTOMARY RIGHTS, 374, 375,399-400

CYBERSQUATTERS, 48

- D -

DE DONIS CONDITIONALIBUS,STATUTE (see also FEE TAIL), 174

DE FACTO TAKINGS (seeTAKINGS)

DE MATTOS v. GIBSON, RULE IN,434-5

DE SOTO, HERNANDO, 27-8, 143

DEDICATION, DOCTRINE OF, 400

DEEDS REGISTRATION (seeREGISTRATION OF TITLE)

DEFEASIBLE INTEREST,MEANING OF (see alsoCONDITIONS SUBSEQUENT), 244

DELIVERY, MEANING OF (seeGIFTS)

DEMOCRACY, PROPERTY AND,22, 24, 26, 36, 401

DERELICTION (see also WATER),113, 115

DESERT THEORY (see LABOURTHEORY; NATURAL LAWTHEORIES OF OWNERSHIP)

DESTRUCTION, OWNER’S RIGHTOF, 4-5

DETERMINABLE INTERESTS (seealso POSSIBILITY OF REVERTER,MEANING OF)

creation of, 245-6effect of invalidity on, 253, 254nature of, 244-5test of uncertainty and, 262

DETINUE, 76, 80, 130, 131, 325, 334,335

DILUVION (see also WATER), 113

DISTRESS FOR RENT, 307-8, 313,322, 427

DIVINE SERVICE, 63

DIVISIONS IN THE LAW OFPROPERTY, 76-80

INDEX 507

DOMESDAY BOOK, 439, 474

DOMESTIC LABOUR (seeCONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS;MARITAL PROPERTY LAW;UNJUST ENRICHMENT)

DONATIO MORTIS CAUSA (see alsoGIFTS)

basic elements of, 167-70delivery requirement of, 163, 169-70functions of, 167land, of, 168

DOWER (see also CURTESY;HOMESTEAD LAWS)

abolition of, 191avoidance of, 190-1, 218common law rights of, 177functions of, 189-91nature of, 189-91origins of, 73, 189statutory forms of, 189, 191, 192-3,

212, 354uses and, 218

DUE-ON-SALE CLAUSES (seeMORTGAGES)

DUTIES, OWNERSHIP ASINVOLVING, 3-4

- E -

EARLY VESTING, PREFERENCEFOR

nature of, 247-9, 260Phipps v. Ackers, rule in, and, 249

EASEMENTS (see alsoPRESCRIPTION)

abandonment of, 140, 397, 398accommodation requirement for, 382analogous interests, and, 398-404capable grantor and grantee,

requirement of, 383condominiums and, 394conservation, 410, 429creation of, through,

estoppel, 390-1express grant, 385-6express reservation, 389-90implied grant, 386-9implied reservation, 390prescription, 391-4

statute, 394divergent ownership requirement for,

383dominant tenement requirement for,

381-2duration of, 385-6estoppel,

creation by, 390-1land registration and, 493location based on, 396loss through, 398

examples of, 381gross, in, 381Harris v. Flower, rule in, 396-7intended, 387, 390licences and, 398location of, 394-6necessity, of, 386-7, 398, 404negative, 384novel forms of, reluctance of law to

recognize, 384-5origins of, 381positive, 384possession and, 383-4quasi-easements and, 387-8requirements for, 397-8reservations of, 389-90scope of, 394-7servient tenement, meaning of, 381severance and, 346support, of, 398termination of, 397-8Torrens title and, 492-3Wheeldon v. Burrows, rule in, 387-8,

389, 390

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OFPROPERTY LAW (see also COASETHEOREM; EFFICIENCY;EXTERNALITIES; MATERIALWEALTH, PROPERTY AND;TRANSACTION COSTS)

basic elements of, 27-9endowment effect and, 102, 143liability v. property rules, and, 76restraints on alienation, of, 264-5,

268-9subsurface rights, and, 99-103wealth effect, and, 102

EFFICIENCY (see also COASETHEOREM; ECONOMIC

508 INDEX

ANALYSIS OF PROPERTY LAW;EXTERNALITIES; MATERIALWEALTH, PROPERTY AND;TRANSACTION COSTS)

adverse possession and, 142-3, 144basics of, 27-9exclusivity, and, 27-8future interests, and, 251, 252goal of property law, as, 27, 50-1labour theory, and, 42, 44, 45land registration, and, 50, 465-6mortgages and, 437-8occupancy theory, and, 48rent control and, 316-7rent-seeking and, 252restraints on alienation and, 28, 264-5,

268-9transferability and, 28universality and, 28, 35, 36, 99, 100utilitarianism, and, 28-9

EJECTMENT, ACTION OF, 76-7

ELLICKSON, ROBERT, 31

ENCROCHMENT, POWER OF (seeLIFE ESTATE)

ENDOWMENT EFFECT, 102, 143

ENROLMENTS, STATUTE OF, 226,474-5

ENTAIL (see FEE TAIL)

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONadverse possession and, 143conservation easements and, 410, 429constitution and, 86, 206property law and, 33, 34, 57-60riparian rights and, 112trusts and, 230

ENVY, PROPERTY AND, 20

EQUITABLE INTERESTS (seeCONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS;EQUITY; MERE EQUITIES;RESULTING TRUSTS; TRUSTS;USES)

EQUITY (see also TRUSTS; USES)Chancellor, and, 214-6, 217, 218, 242,

273conflict between law and, 215, 228

Court of Chancery and, 80, 213, 215-7fusion of law and, 216-7, 228maxims of equity, development of,

215mortgages and, 440-5nature of, 213-6origins of, 213-7reception of, 216-7

EQUITY OF REDEMPTION (see alsoFORECLOSURE; MORTGAGES)

clogs and fetters on, 444-5collateral advantages and, 444-5nature of, 441origins of, 441social significance of, 441-2

ESCHEAT, 64, 67, 68, 71, 172, 212,218

ESTATES, DOCTRINE OF (see alsoFEE SIMPLE; FEE TAIL;FREEHOLD ESTATES, NATUREOF; LIFE ESTATE)

nature of, 64-5, 66, 72, 78, 171-2personal property and, 211-2

ESTOPPELeasements and, 385, 390-1, 395, 396,

398, 493gifts and, 164licences, and, 318-20priorities and, 471

EVICTION (see LEASES)

EX PROPRIO VIGORE, 70

EXCLUSION, PROPERTYOWNER’S RIGHT OF, 4-5, 6-7

EXCLUSIONARY SCHOLARSHIPS,VALIDITY OF (see LEONARDFOUNDATION TRUST)

EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION (seePOSSESSION)

EXCULPATORY CLAUSES (seeBAILMENT)

EXPRESS TRUSTS (see TRUSTS)

EXPROPRIATION (see TAKINGS)

INDEX 509

EXTERNALITIES (see alsoECONOMIC ANALYSIS OFPROPERTY LAW; EFFICIENCY)

boundaries and, 116covenants and, 406generally, 29-30, 32negative, 29-30, 35, 116, 406positive, 30, 42, 181, 406

- F -

FEE, MEANING OF, 172

FEE SIMPLElanguage of creation for, 172-4nature of, 172

FEE TAILbarring of, 175-6creation of, 174demise of, 176function of, 174-6nature of, 174-5origins of, 174special forms of, 175

FENCES, 108, 109

FEOFFEE TO USES (see USES)

FEOFFOR TO USES (see USES)

FESTING v. ALLEN, RULE IN (seealso CLASS CLOSING RULES), 273,276, 284

FIDUCIARY, MEANING OF (seealso ABORIGINAL PROPERTYRIGHTS), 204

FINDERSAboriginal artefacts and, 158bailees, as, 328duties of, 328fixtures and, 154-5general rules governing, 152-7goods found on premises by, 155-7items found embedded in land by,

154, 155lost or mislaid goods found by, 155possession and, 152-7public lands and historical resources,

and, 157-8title of, 134, 152, 466treasure trove of, 157

unlawfulness and, 154

FINE (see also FEE TAIL), 175

FIRST OCCUPANCY (seeOCCUPANCY THEORY)

FIXTURESagricultural fixtures, detachment rules

for, 121chattels, distinguished from, 117-8contract, effect of in classifying, 120finding, and, 154-5generally, 94, 117-21mobile homes as, 119nature of, 117-21security interests, and, 122-3tenant’s, 120-1, 307test for, 118-120

FLOATING CHARGE, 463, 464

FORECLOSURE (see also EQUITYOF REDEMPTION; MORTGAGES)

effect on other remedies of, 458final orders of, 453, 472nature of, 448, 449, 452-4, 455, 457origins of, 452

FORFEITUREincident of tenure, as, 64, 67leases and, 121, 299, 300, 303, 307-9,

312relief from, 244, 308-9, 441, 453restraint on alienation, form of, 266,

269

FRANKALMOIGN, 63

FRAUDland registration and, 476, 478, 481,

484, 485, 486-90, 491, 492priorities and, 469, 470, 471, 472

FRAUDS, STATUTE OF, 167, 293

FREE AND COMMON SOCAGE(see SOCAGE)

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSIONprivate property and, 87, 402-3public property and, 400-2

FREEDOM, PRIVATE PROPERTY,AND, 22-6, 27, 99, 163, 244, 251, 252,259, 264, 304, 369, 401

510 INDEX

FREEHOLD ESTATES, NATUREOF (see also ESTATES, DOCTRINEOF; FEE SIMPLE; FEE TAIL; LIFEESTATE), 64-5, 67, 78

FREUD, SIGMUND, 19

FUGACIOUS SUBSTANCES, 32

FUNCTIONS OF PROPERTY LAW(see also JUSTIFICATIONS OFOWNERSHIP; NUMERUSCLAUSUS POLICY)

assessing novel claims,attributes approach to, 52-3cultural appropriation, 54-6examples of, 51-2functional approach to, 53land, and, 56-7university degrees, concerning, 53-

4generally, 49-51

FUSION OF LAW AND EQUITY,216-7, 228

FUTURE INTERESTS (see alsoCONDITIONS SUBSEQUENT;CONTINGENT INTERESTS;REMAINDER, MEANING OF;REVERSION, MEANING OF)

state limitations on, 251-88transferability of, 250-1types of, 244-9

- G -

GENERAL PUBLIC LICENCE(G.P.L.), 376

GIFTS (see also DONATIO MORTISCAUSA)

acceptance of, 160, 161basic requirements for, 159-70between family members, 165-6choses in action, of, 166constructive delivery and, 164, 167,

170declarations of trust and, 163, 165,

166deed, by, 166delivery of, 159, 160, 161-70disclaimer of, 161estoppel and, 164intention required for, 160, 161

land, of, 166-7policy considerations relating to, 163Strong v. Bird, rule in, and, 163-4symbolic delivery and, 167, 169

GOOD FAITH PURCHASER (seeBONA FIDE (OR GOOD FAITH)PURCHASER FOR VALUEWITHOUT NOTICE)

GOOD ROOT OF TITLE, 473, 478

GREED, PROPERTY AND, 20, 93, 99

GROUPHOOD INTERESTS (see alsoABORIGINAL PROPERTYRIGHTS; PERSONHOODTHEORY), 19, 55, 158, 196

- H -

HAMMURABI’S CODE, 463

HAPPINESS, PROPERTY AND, 12-5

HARRIS, JAMES, 43

HARRIS v. FLOWER, RULE IN, 396-7

HEGEL, G.W.F., 16, 17

HEINZ DILEMMA, 10

HENDERSON, SAKEJ, 373

HIRE-PURCHASE AGREEMENTS,463

HOMELESSNESS, 19, 26, 81-2, 87

HOMESTEAD LAWSlife estates created by, 192nature of, 191-3origins of, 191personalty and, 192, 212policy basis for, 192-3

HOMESTEADING (see alsoHOMESTEAD LAWS)

occupancy theory, and, 47-8policy of, 26, 33, 47, 51

HOMO ECONOMICUS (seeRATIONAL WEALTHMAXIMIZER)

HONORE, A.M., 2-5, 211

INDEX 511

HONOUR OF THE CROWN (seeABORIGINAL PROPERTYRIGHTS)

HOUSING, 82

HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY (seealso RUPERT’S LAND), 64, 70-1, 201

HUMAN FLOURISHING,PROPERTY AND, 16-22

HUMAN RIGHTS, PROPERTYAND, 4, 257, 259, 314, 433

HUNT, ALAN, 20-1

HUTTERITE COLONIES, 266, 273

- I -

IMPROVEMENTS ON ANOTHER’SLAND, 109

IN PERSONAM, MEANING OF (seealso TORRENS TITLE), 77

IN REM, MEANING OF, 77

IN TERROREM CONDITIONS, 249-50

INCIDENTS OF OWNERSHIP, 2-7

INCIDENTS OF TENUREavoidance of, 191, 219, 223, 224nature of, 64, 65, 66, 68, 72, 224, 270

INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCANADA (see INEQUALITY,PROPERTY AND; OWNERSHIP OFPROPERTY IN CANADA)

INCOME v. CAPITALBENEFICIARY, 180-1

INCORPOREALHEREDITAMENTS, 78, 140, 380,381, 383, 385, 399, 400, 426

INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP (seePRIVATE PROPERTY)

INEQUALITY, PROPERTY AND(see also OWNERSHIP OFPROPERTY IN CANADA), 83-5

INJURY TO REVERSIONARYINTEREST, 332

INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRUCTIVETRUSTS (see CONSTRUCTIVETRUSTS)

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (seealso COPYRIGHT; PATENTS), 8, 34,46, 52, 54, 56, 78, 208, 372, 375, 376

INTER VIVOS GIFTS (see GIFTS)

INTERMIXTURE (see CONFUSION)

INTESTATE SUCCESSION, 77, 172,190, 193, 340, 346

INVALIDITY, CONDITIONALTRANSFERS AND (see also LEGALREMAINDER RULES;PERPETUITIES, RULE AGAINST;PUBLIC POLICY; RACIAL ANDRELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION;RESTRAINTS ON ALIENATION;UNCERTAINTY, INALIDITYARISING FROM), 251-88

- J -

JOINT BANK ACCOUNTS, 358, 359-61

JOINT FAMILY VENTURE,MEANING OF (see alsoCONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS;UNJUST ENRICHMENT), 240-2

JOINT TENANCY (see alsoPARTITION AND SALE;SEVERANCE)

creation of, 338, 341-4equity’s attitude toward, 341four unities required for, 338functions of, 219, 339jus accrescendi (or survivorship)

under, 338-9, 341, 342, 344, 346,347, 348, 349, 351, 359, 360

nature of, 338-9personal property, of, 343presumption (at common law) in

favour of, 341severance of, 344-51statutory changes affecting, 342-3survivorship (or jus accrescendi)

under, 338-9, 341, 342, 344, 346,347, 348, 349, 351, 359, 360

termination of, 351-3

512 INDEX

words of severance and, 341-2

JOINT WILL, 348

JURISTIC REASON (see UNJUSTENRICHMENT)

JUS ACCRESCENDI (see JOINTTENANCY)

JUS TERTII, 158-9, 325

JUSTICE, PROPERTY AND, 37-49

JUSTIFICATIONS OFOWNERSHIP (see also CONSENT,PROPERTY RIGHTS AND;EFFICIENCY; FREEDOM,PRIVATE PROPERTY, AND;HAPPINESS, PROPERTY AND;HUMAN FLOURISHING,PROPERTY AND; JUSTICE,PROPERTY AND, LABOURTHEORY; MATERIAL WEALTH,PROPERTY AND; OCCUPANCYTHEORY; PERSONHOODTHEORY; PLURALIST ACCOUNTOF PROPERTY RIGHTS;UTILITARIANISM), 10-49

- K -

KEYNES, JOHN MAYNARD, 18-9

KNIGHT SERVICE, 63, 64, 68, 70,220

- L -

LABOUR THEORY (see alsoLOCKE, JOHN; OCCUPANCYTHEORY)

alteration and, 132constitutional protections and, 42efficiency and, 42, 44, 45mixing metaphor, and, 39-41, 132nature of, 37-49settlement of North America and, 42

LAND, PHYSICAL DIMENSIONSOF (see BOUNDARIES)

LAND TITLES (seeREGISTRATION OF TITLE;TORRENS TITLE)

LANDLORD AND TENANT (seeLEASES; TENANCIES)

LATERAL BOUNDARIES (seeBOUNDARIES)

LAW AND ECONOMICS (seeCOASE THEOREM; ECONOMICANALYSIS OF PROPERTY LAW;EFFICIENCY; EXTERNALITIES;TRANSACTION COSTS)

LAW, RULE OF, MEANING OF (seealso OPERATION OF LAW,MEANING OF), 174

LEASEHOLD ESTATES (seeLEASES; TENANCIES)

LEASES (see also RESIDENTIALTENANCY LAW, REFORM OF;TENANCIES)

abandonment of, 121, 310-2, 315assignments of,

equity, in, 299-300landlord’s control over, 300-3nature of, 297-300

bailments, as compared to, 321, 323,332-4

breaches of, 307-12chattels real, as, 76, 77, 321conditions in, 307contract law and, 289, 310-2covenants in, 307disclaimer, termination of, through,

307distress for rent under, 307-8, 313,

322, 427equitable, 294eviction and, 305, 309, 312, 316, 450exclusive possession and, 290, 294-6fixtures and, 120-1, 307forfeiture of, and relief therefrom,

307-8formal elements of, 293-4frustration of, 307licences, as distinguished from, 290,

294-6life, for, 291merger, termination of, through, 307non-derogation, and, 305-6, 398notices terminating, 292, 307obligations under, 303-7origins of, 76-7, 289-90part performance, leases and, 294perpetuities and, 280

INDEX 513

personhood values and, 313, 317privity of estate and, 297, 299quiet enjoyment under, 303, 304-5real covenants in, 297-8remedies for breach of, 307-12rent and, 293rent control and, 313, 316-7repair obligations under, 306-7residential, 296, 313-7reversion after, 290-1severance of joint tenancies and, 346-

7Spencer’s Case, rule in, and, 297, 299,

321subleases of,

landlord’s control over, 300-3nature of, 297

surrender of,express, 309fixtures and, 121operation of law, by, 309-11

termination of, 307-12top, 280types of, 291-3usual covenants and, 303, 305vacancy rates, and, 290waste, liability for, under, 307

LEGAL DESCRIPTIONS (seeBOUNDARIES)

LEGAL EXECUTORY INTERESTSlegal remainder rules and, 273-6, 278nature of, 271origins of, 227

LEGAL REMAINDER RULESdiminished significance of, 270-1equitable interests and, 273-4functions of, 271-3inter vivos transfers and, 271-3legal executory interests and, 273-6,

278Rule #1, 271Rule #2, 271-2Rule #3, 272Rule #4, 272-3, 275testamentary gifts and, 275-8

LEONARD FOUNDATION TRUSThistory of, 258-9public policy and, 259-60recitals in, 258

validity of, 259

LEONARD, REUBEN WELLS, 258

LEVANT AND COUCHANT, 30

LICENCES (LICENSES)bailments, distinguished from, 323-4bare, 318constructive trusts and, 319contractual, 318copyright and, 375-6, 377coupled with an interest, 321easements and, 398equitable, 319-20estoppel and, 318-9irrevocable, 318leases, as distinguished from, 290,

294-6nature of, 294, 318profits a prendre and, 321proprietary status of, 318-21revocable, 318unjust enrichment, and, 318

LIENS, 133, 462-3

LIFE ESTATE (see also CURTESY;DOWER; HOMESTEAD LAWS;SETTLED ESTATES; WASTE)

cestui que vie and, 177equitable, 185insurance, and, 184language of creation for, 172, 178-80lease for life as, 291mortgages and, 184nature of, 5, 64, 65, 172, 176-8operation of law, created by, 177,

189-93origins of, 176-7power to encroach and, 179-80pur autre vie, 177pur sa vie, 177remedial, 177, 238rights, powers and obligations of a life

tenant under, 180-5taxes and, 183types of, 177-8valuation of, 187-9waste and, 181-3, 184

LIFE IN BEING (seePERPETUITIES, RULE AGAINST)

514 INDEX

LIMITATION OF ACTIONS (seeADVERSE POSSESSION)

LIMITATION, WORDS OF,MEANING OF, 173

LIS PENDENS, 346, 454, 494, 495

LITTLE BEAR, LEROY, 373-4

LIVERY OF SEISIN (see alsoSEISIN), 159, 160, 162, 167, 226, 365,468, 474

LOCKE, JOHN (see also LABOURTHEORY), 2, 37-42, 46, 47, 132

LOST GOODS (see FINDERS)

LOST MODERN GRANT (seePRESCRIPTION)

LOWER CANADA, PROPERTYLAW IN, 72-3

- M -

MAGNA CARTA, 66, 190

MAINE, HENRY, 76

MANAGERIAL RIGHTS, 80, 218,339

MANORdevelopment of easements within, 381nature of, in England, 65, 66

MARITAL PROPERTY LAW‘accumulations’ approach under, 363Alberta law of, 363-4community property, and, 362contracting out of, 363development of, 238, 361-2dower, and, 193family assets, and, 363nature of, 361-4occupation of the matrimonial home

under, 363-4partition and sale applications and,

364personhood, and, 21

MARITAL UNITY, DOCTRINE OFabolition of, 74-5circumvention of, 74, 219nature of, 73-5, 340, 362

MARRIED WOMEN’S PROPERTYLEGISLATION (see also MARITALUNITY, DOCTRINE OF), 74-5, 362

MARX, KARL, 16, 68

MATERIAL WEALTH, PROPERTYAND, 27-37

MERE EQUITY, 472, 494

MESNE LORD, 62-3

METES AND BOUNDS (seeBOUNDARIES)

METIS TITLE (see alsoABORIGINAL PROPERTYRIGHTS), 210-1

MILL, JOHN STUART, 29, 185

MINES AND MINERALS (see alsoOCCUPANCY THEORY,SUBSURFACE, OWNERSHIP OF),103-5, 199

MIXING METAPHOR (see LABOURTHEORY)

MORAL DEVELOPMENT,THEORIES OF OWNERSHIPBASED ON (see PERSONHOODTHEORY)

MORAL RIGHTS (see alsoCOPYRIGHT), 21

MORE, THOMAS, 11

MORTGAGE INDUSTRY, 438-9

MORTGAGES (see also CHARGE;EQUITY OF REDEMPTION;FORECLOSURE)

alienation of, 445-7amortization of, 448-9blended payments under, 184, 448-9,

460charges, distinguished from, 440closed, 442-4collateral advantages and, 444-5consumer protection concerning, 459-

61deposit of title deeds, by, 443disguised forms of, 442-4due-on-sale clauses under, 446-7

INDEX 515

equitable, 442-4equity of redemption under, 441-2,

444-5foreclosure under, 452-4Interest Act and, 460-1interrelationship of remedies for, 458life estates and, 184mortgage, meaning of, 437mortgagee, meaning of, 437mortgagor, meaning of, 437origins of, 439-40personal covenant under, 448-9, 458possession by mortgagee after default

under, 449-51receiver, appointment of under, 452redemption of, 452-4relief from acceleration under, 458-9remedies under, 447-59sale following breach of,

duties of mortgagee under, 456-7nature of, 448, 454-7

severance of joint tenancies and, 346social significance of, 438-9waste and, 448, 451

MULTI-VARIABLEESSENTIALISM, 6

MUNZER, STEPHEN, 49

MURDOCH, BEAMISH, 47, 76, 137

MUTUAL WILLS, 348-9

- N -

NATIVE TITLE (see ABORIGINALPROPERTY RIGHTS)

NATURAL LAW THEORIES OFOWNERSHIP (see also DESERTTHEORY; LABOUR THEORY), 38-42, 45

NEC VI, NEC CLAM, NECPRECARIO (see PRESCRIPTION)

NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES (seeEXTERNALITIES)

NEGATIVE LIBERTY (seeFREEDOM, PRIVATE PROPERTY,AND)

NEMO DAT QUOD NON HABET,153, 266, 466, 468, 480, 485, 486

NEWS, PROPERTY CLAIMS TO,44, 45

NOMINALISM, 5-6, 53

NON-DEROGATION FROMGRANT

easements, and, 387, 388, 390leases, and, 305-6, 398

NORMAN CONQUEST, 62, 474

NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADEAGREEMENT (N.A.F.T.A.), 88-91

NOTICEactual, 470constructive, 470-1covenants and, 418deeds registration and, 416-7exculpatory clauses and, 331imputed, 471terminate a lease, to, 292, 307

NOVEL CLAIMS TO PROPERTY(see also NUMERUS CLAUSUSPOLICY)

concerning land, 56-7cultural appropriation, 54-6generally, 51-3university degrees, 53-4

NOZICK, ROBERT, 23

NUISANCE, 80, 90, 96, 110, 116, 357,381, 392

NUMERUS CLAUSUS POLICY (seealso NOVEL CLAIMS TOPROPERTY), 56-7, 270, 379, 424

- O -

OCCUPANCY THEORY (see alsoPOSSESSION), 46-9

OCCUPATION (see OCCUPANCYTHEORY; POSSESSION)

OCCUPATION RENT (see alsoPARTITION AND SALE)

co-owners, as between, 354-7, 364mortgagee in possession, owed by,

451trespass and, 109

OCCUPY MOVEMENT, 401-2

516 INDEX

OLD RULE AGAINSTPERPETUITIES (see WHITBY v.MITCHELL, RULE IN)

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE, 376

OPERATION OF LAW, MEANINGOF (see also LAW, RULE OF,MEANING OF), 177

OWNERSHIP, MEANING OF (seealso PROPERTY, MEANING OF), 2-7

OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY INCANADA (see also INEQUALITY,PROPERTY AND), 81-4, 290, 364-5,438-9

- P -

PART PERFORMANCE,DOCTRINE OF, 294, 386, 443

PARTICULAR ESTATE, MEANINGOF (see also LEGAL REMAINDERRULES), 244

PARTITION AND SALEaccounting on, 353-8Alberta statute law governing, 354contracting out of, 353dower and, 354improvements, claims for on, 357-8nature of, 351-8occupation rent and, 354-7, 364origins of, 351ouster and, 354-5, 364personal property and, 358refusal of order for, 352-3repair claims on, 357severance and, 347Statute of Anne, claims under, on,

356-7waste and, 357

PARTNERSHIP ASSETS, CO-OWNERSHIP AND, 340, 341, 358,360

PATENTS, 86, 127

PENN CENTRAL TEST (seeTAKINGS)

PERPETUITIES, RULE AGAINST

abolition of, 287-8class gifts and, 281, 283-4elements of, 279-84examples of limitations concerning,

284-6‘if at all’, meaning of, as part of, 282interests affected by, 279-81land registration and, 497leases and, 280life in being under,

child en ventre sa mere as, 282meaning of, 282-3

perpetuity period, calculation of,under, 282-4

professional negligence and, 279purposes of, 278-9reform of, 286-8royal lives clause and, 283stated, 279vesting required by, 281-2Whitby v. Mitchell, rule in, 278

PERSONAL ACTIONS, 76

PERSONAL COVENANT (seeMORTGAGES)

PERSONAL PROPERTYadverse possession and, 150-2chattels, 76chattels personal, 78-9chattels real and, 76, 77, 78, 321choses in action as, 79, 94, 166, 419,

447choses in possession as, 78, 79, 94co-ownership of, 358-61covenants and, 433-5estates and, 211-2invalid conditions precedent of, 254-5real property compared to, 76-8security interests in, 462-4uses, and, 223

PERSONAL PROPERTYSECURITY LEGISLATION (ORP.P.S.A.)

accession and, 129-30fixtures and, 123reform of, 464

PERSONALITY, PROPERTY IN, 52

PERSONHOOD THEORY (see alsoGROUPHOOD INTERESTS)

INDEX 517

accession, and, 132adverse possession and, 143, 144chattels, recovery of, and, 77, 132copyright, and, 21covenants and, 406mortgages and, 438-9, 451nature of, 16-21, 43, 162residential tenancy law and, 313, 317settled estates and, 186waste and, 182

PHIPPS v. ACKERS, RULE IN (seealso EARLY VESTING,PREFERENCE FOR), 249

PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE, 221, 227

PLEDGE, 439, 462, 464

PLURALIST ACCOUNT OFPROPERTY RIGHTS, 49

PORTER, JOHN, 83

POSITIVE COVENANTS (seeCOVENANTS)

POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES (seeEXTERNALITIES)

POSSESSION (see also ADVERSEPOSSESSION; FINDERS;OCCUPANCY THEORY)

Aboriginal title and, 195-8animals, of, 136-8animus element of, 135bailment and, 324basic elements of, 134-6constructive, 136corpus element of, 135custody, distinguished from, 136easements, and, 383-4employee, by, 136, 158exclusive, requirement of, in leases,

290, 294-6factum element of, 135mortgagee, by, 449-51nature of, 134-9policy factors, importance of

concerning, 135pre-possessory right, and, 138-9prevalence in the law, of, 133-4title, as, 140, 158, 335

POSSESSORY TITLE (seeADVERSE POSSESSION)

POSSIBILITY OF REVERTER,MEANING OF (see alsoDETERMINABLE INTERESTS), 245

POSTPONEMENT (seePRIORITIES)

POVERTY IN CANADA, 81-5, 87,239

POWER OF SALE (seeMORTGAGES)

POWER, PROPERTY AND, 19, 21,22, 24-6, 243, 290, 441

POWER TO ENCROACH (see LIFEESTATE)

PRECATORY TRUSTS, 250

PRECATORY WORDS, 249-50

PRE-POSSESSORY RIGHT (seePOSSESSION)

PRESCRIPTIONabolition of, 392adverse possession, as distinguished

from, 391elements of, 392-4lost modern grant, by, 392-3, 394nature of, 391-4nec clam requirement and, 392-3nec precario requirement and, 393nec vi requirement and, 393statute, under, 392, 394time immemorial, by use since, 392,

394

PRIME NECESSITY, DOCTRINEOF, 403

PRIMOGENITURE, 77, 189, 219, 340

PRINCIPAL CHATTEL (seeACCESSION)

PRIORITIES (see alsoREGISTRATION OF TITLE;TORRENS TITLE)

adverse possession and, 473equitable interests, and, 471-2legal interests, and, 468

518 INDEX

nature of, 468-72prior equitable v. subsequent legal, of,

468-71prior legal v. subsequent equitable, of,

471

PRIVATE PROPERTY (see alsoPROPERTY, MEANING OF)

case for, 10-49general nature of, 1-7multi-variable essentialism and, 6nominalism, and, 5, 6, 53single-variable essentialism, and, 6

PRIVITY OF ESTATE (see alsoLEASES; TOUCH AND CONCERN,MEANING OF), 297-9

PROFITS A PRENDRE, 78, 280, 294,321, 380, 399

PROPERTY, MEANING OF (see alsoOWNERSHIP, MEANING OF)

definitions of, 1-7divisions of, 76-80relationships, as set of, 2

PROPRIETARY ESTOPPEL (seeESTOPPEL)

PSYCHOLOGY OF OWNERSHIP(see PERSONHOOD THEORY)

PUBLIC DOMAIN, 8, 34, 56, 372, 375

PUBLIC POLICYCanadian Charter of Rights and

Freedoms and, 257covenants and, 407-9, 433meaning of, 255-7sources of, 257

PUBLIC PROPERTYnature of, 7-8, 9, 10rights over, 400-2

PUBLIC ROADS, RIGHTS OVER,400

PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE, 7, 230

PUFENDORF, SAMUEL VON, 2, 38,135

PUR AUTRE VIE (see LIFEESTATE), 177

PUR SA VIE (see LIFE ESTATE), 177

PURCHASE, WORDS OF,MEANING OF, 172-3

PUREFOY v. ROGERS, RULE IN,275-7

- Q -

QUASI-EASEMENTS (seeEASEMENTS; WHEELDON v.BURROWS, RULE IN)

QUIA EMPTORES, STATUTE, 67-9,71, 271, 446

QUIET ENJOYMENT, COVENANTFOR (see LEASES)

- R -

RACIAL AND RELIGIOUSDISCRIMINATION (seeCOVENANTS; HUMAN RIGHTS,PROPERTY AND; LEONARDFOUNDATION TRUST)

RADICAL TITLE, 9-10, 75

RATIONAL WEALTHMAXIMIZER (HOMOECONOMICUS), 28, 36, 101, 162, 267

REAL ACTIONS, 76, 77

REAL COVENANTS, MEANINGOF, 297-8

REAL ESTATE (see REALPROPERTY)

REAL PROPERTYnature of, 76-8personalty, compared to, 76-8

RECAPTION OF GOODS (see SELF-HELP)

RECEIVER, APPOINTMENT OF(see MORTGAGES)

RECEPTION OF ENGLISH LAWagricultural fixtures, detachment rules

for, 121Alberta, rules governing in, 69equitable principles, of, 216-7general principles governing, 69-73Quia Emptores, Statute, 71socage, of, 70-1

INDEX 519

Statute of Uses, of, 225

RECTIFICATION, EQUITABLEDOCTRINE OF, 80, 173, 472, 490

RE-ENTRY, RIGHT OF, MEANINGOF (see also CONDITIONSSUBSEQUENT), 244

REGISTRATION OF TITLE (see alsoTORRENS TITLE)

advent of, 474-6costs of, 31deeds registration forms of, 476-8efficiency, and, 50, 465-6notice system of, 476race-notice system of, 477race system of, 476-7titles registration, systems of, 478-97

REGULATORY TAKINGS (seeTAKINGS)

REICH, CHARLES, 22, 23

RELIGIOUS RESTRICTIONS,INTERESTS SUBJECT TO (seeHUMAN RIGHTS, PROPERTYAND; LEONARD FOUNDATIONTRUST; RACIAL AND RELIGIOUSDISCRIMINATION)

REMAINDER, MEANING OF, 244

REMEDIAL CONSTRUCTIVETRUSTS (see CONSTRUCTIVETRUSTS)

REMEDIAL RIGHT, MEANING OF,80

RENT (see LEASES)

RENT CONTROL, 313, 316-7

RENTCHARGE, 78, 292, 346, 380,426-7

RENT-SEEKING (see EFFICIENCY)

REPAIR, LEASEHOLDCOVENANT FOR (see LEASES)

REPLEVIN, 335

REPUGNANCY, 179, 264, 269

RESIDENTIAL TENANCY LAW,REFORM OF

Alberta’s approach to, 296, 314-5elements of, 296, 313-7factors giving rise to, 312-3personhood and, 21, 313rent control and, 313, 316-7

RESTRAINT OF TRADE, 417, 433,445

RESTRAINTS ON ALIENATIONAboriginal lands and, 198, 266condominiums and, 370contractual, 266, 269-70covenants and, 268, 433critique of rules concerning, 268-70disabling, 266, 268, 269efficiency and, 28, 264-5, 268-9factors affecting validity of, 266-7forfeiture, 266, 269freedom and, 264-5indirect, 268mortgages and, 446-7perpetuities and, 288promissory, 266, 269-70rationale of law governing, 264-6rules prohibiting, 266-70

RESTRAINTS ON ANTICIPATION,74

RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS (seeCOVENANTS)

RESULTING TRUSTS (see alsoADVANCEMENT, PRESUMPTIONOF; TRUSTS)

common intention form of, 234nature of, 231-4presumption of, 232-4

REVERSION, MEANING OF, 244

REVERTER, POSSIBILITY OF (seePOSSIBILITY OF REVERTER,MEANING OF)

RICE ORDER, 455

RIPARIAN RIGHTS (see WATER)

RISK ALLOCATION, PROPERTYDEALINGS AND, 27, 102, 117, 142,143, 194, 366, 425, 438, 456, 466, 467,480, 485, 495

ROYAL PROCLAMATION, 1763, 199

520 INDEX

RUPERT’S LAND (see alsoHUDSON’S BAY COMPANY), 64,69, 70, 201

- S -

SCUTAGE, 63

SECURITY RIGHTS (see alsoMORTGAGES), 80

SEISIN (see also LIVERY OFSEISIN), 65, 160, 222, 226, 270, 271-3,275, 277

SELDEN, JOHN, 214-5

SELF-HELP, 141, 151, 152, 313, 315,335

SEN, AMARTYA, 22

SERJEANTYgrand, 63petty, 63

SERVICES OF TENURE (see alsoDIVINE SERVICE;FRANKALMOIGN; KNIGHTSERVICE; SERJEANTY; SOCAGE),63-4, 65, 66

SERVITUDES, MEANING OF (seealso COVENANTS; EASEMENTS;PROFITS A PRENDRE), 379

SETTLED ESTATES, 185-7

SETTLOR, MEANING OF, 222

SEVERANCE (see also JOINTTENANCY)

acts of, 344-50agreement, by, 347-8agreement precluding, 350-1bankruptcy, by, 350course of dealing, by, 348-9declaration, effect of on, 347easements and, 346equity, in, 345, 347failed negotiations, by, 349lease, by, 346-7mortgage, by, 346murder, by, 340operation of law, by, 350partial alienation, by, 345-7

partition and sale proceedings and,347

policy basis underlying, 344, 349unilateral action, by, 344-7words of, 341-2

SHARED OWNERSHIP (seeCOMMON PROPERTY;CONDOMINIUMS; CO-OPERATIVES; CREATIVECOMMONS; JOINT TENANCY;TENANCY IN COMMON)

SHELLEY’S CASE, RULE IN, 172

SHIFTING INTEREST, 274, 276

SHORT FORMS OF LEASESLEGISLATION, 304

SINGLE-VARIABLEESSENTIALISM, 6

SLAVES, PROPERTY IN, 53

SMITH, ADAM, 185

SOCAGE, 64, 68, 70-1, 220, 225

SOCIAL COSTS (seeEXTERNALITIES)

SOCIAL DARWINISMLeonard Foundation Trust and, 258restraints on alienation and, 265

SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE, 216,235-6

SPECIFICATIO (see ALTERATION)

SPENCER’S CASE, RULE IN (seealso PRIVITY OF ESTATE), 297,299, 321, 379, 416

SPES SUCCESSIONIS, 173

SPRINGING INTEREST, 231, 272,274, 276

SQUATTERS’ RIGHTS (seeADVERSE POSSESSION)

STALLMAN, RICHARD, 375, 376

STANDING, PROPERTY DISPUTESAND, 59

STATE LIMITATIONS ONPRIVATE DISPOSITIONS (see also

INDEX 521

LEGAL REMAINDER RULES;PERPETUITIES, RULE AGAINST;PUBLIC POLICY; RACIAL ANDRELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION;RESTRAINTS ON ALIENATION;UNCERTAINTY, INALIDITYARISING FROM), 251-88

STATE PROPERTY (see PUBLICPROPERTY)

STATUS, PROPERTY AND (see alsoPERSONHOOD THEORY), 20-1

STEWARDSHIP, PROPERTY AND,55, 59-60, 172

STORK DERBY, 25

STRATA TITLE (seeCONDOMINIUMS)

SUB-BAILMENT (see BAILMENT)

SUBINFEUDATION, 62-3, 67-8, 212,271

SUBLEASES (see LEASES)

SUBSTITUTION, 62, 67

SUBSURFACE, OWNERSHIP OF(see also MINES AND MINERALS),97-105

SUI GENERIS (see ABORIGINALPROPERTY RIGHTS)

SUMPTUARY LAWS, 20-1

SUPPORTbuildings and, 117easements of, 398natural right of, 116-7, 398

SURRENDER (see ABORIGINALPROPERTY RIGHTS; LEASES)

SURVIVORSHIP, RIGHT OF (seeJOINT TENANCY)

SYMBOLIC DELIVERY (see GIFTS)

- T -

TAKINGS (see alsoCONSTITUTION, PROPERTYRIGHTS AND THE), 86-91

TENANCIES, TYPES OF (see alsoLEASES; RESIDENTIALTENANCY LAW, REFORM OF)

fixed term, 291periodic, 292perpetual, 292-3residential, 312-7sufferance, at, 292will, at, 292years, term of, 291

TENANCY BY (THE) ENTIRETIES,337, 340

TENANCY IN COMMON (see alsoPARTITION AND SALE)

creation of, 341-3equity’s preference for, 341nature of, 339-40statutory presumption in favour of,

342termination of, 351-3uses of, 339-40

TENANT IN CHIEF (OR INCAPITE), 62-3, 65, 67-8

TENANT IN DEMESNE, 62-3, 65

TENANT-LIKE MANNER,MEANING OF, 306

TENANT’S FIXTURES, 120-1, 307

TENURES ABOLITION ACT, 1660(see TENURES, STATUTE OF)

TENURES, DOCTRINE OF, 62-6

TENURES, STATUTE OF, 68, 70, 71,72, 224

TERRA NULLIUS, 47

TIME IMMEMORIALcustomary rights and, 374, 399, 400prescription and, 392, 394

TIMELY VESTING, RULE OF (seealso LEGAL REMAINDER RUES;PUREFOY v. ROGERS, RULE IN),272, 273, 275, 277, 278

TIMESHARING, 172, 193-5, 370

TITLE INSURANCE, 497-9

TITLE PARAMOUNT, 305, 309

522 INDEX

TITLE REGISTRATION (seeREGISTRATION OF TITLE;TORRENS TITLE)

TOP LEASE, 280

TORRENS, ROBERT, 478-9

TORRENS TITLE (see alsoREGISTRATION OF TITLE)

Aboriginal land rights and, 495-6adverse possession and, 144-5, 497assurance (insurance) fund under,

480-485benefits of, 482boundaries and, 145, 497cardinal elements of, 480-3caveats and, 493-4curtain principle and, 481, 483, 492,

496, 497easements and, 492-3forgery and, 484, 485, 486fraud under, 486-90gratuitous transfers and, 496in personam claims and, 490-2indefeasibility of title under,

deferred, 483-5immediate, 483-5nature of, 483qualifications on, 486-97

insurance principle of, 482mirror principle of, 50, 144, 481, 492,

493misdescription under, 497net principle of, 482origins of, 478-80overriding interests under, 492-3, 496personal rights and, 490-2prior certificate of title and, 496-7substantive validity of documents

under, 496-7volunteers, and, 496

TORT LAW, PROPERTY AND (seeCONVERSION; DETINUE; INJURYTO REVERSIONARY INTEREST;NUISANCE; TRESPASS)

TOUCH AND CONCERNcovenants, in relation to, 416, 418,

420, 425leases, in relation to, 297-8

TRAGEDY OF THEANTICOMMONS, 34-6, 67

TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS(see also ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OFPROPERTY LAW)

co-ownership and, 353generally, 29-30mortgages and, 456responses to, 30-4waste and, 181

TRANSACTION COSTS (see alsoECONOMIC ANALYSIS OFPROPERTY LAW; EFFICIENCY),28, 50, 72, 100, 101, 102, 137, 152, 363,466

TREASURE TROVE (see FINDERS)

TREES, 53, 58-9, 110, 118, 182, 200

TRESPASS, 3, 26, 80, 96, 98, 109, 110,130, 131, 134, 140, 141, 142, 149, 150,153, 156, 157, 197, 216, 292, 294, 296,318, 325, 335, 355

TRUSTEE, MEANING OF (see alsoTRUSTS), 80, 222

TRUSTS (see also BENEFICIARY,MEANING OF; CESTUI QUETRUST, MEANING OF;CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS;EQUITY; RESULTING TRUSTS;SETTLOR, MEANING OF;TRUSTEE, MEANING OF; UNJUSTENRICHMENT; USES; USES,STATUTE OF)

constructive, 234-8, 240-2express, 229-31hockey tickets and, 229-30modern deployment of, 229-31origins of, 217-26resulting, nature of, 231-4resulting, presumption of, 231-4

- U -

UNCERTAINTY, INVALIDITYARISING FROM

covenants and, 407, 409, 433generally, 260-4preventing invalidity due to, 263-4tests for, 262

INDEX 523

UNIVERSITY DEGREES, CLAIMSFOR PROPERTY IN, 53-4

UNJUST ENRICHMENT (see alsoCONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS)

development of current Canadian law,230

domestic labour and, 45, 237-42elements of, 45, 238-42improvements and, 109joint family venture and, 240-2labour theory and, 45licences and, 318life estates and, 177remedies for, 239-42Torrens title and, 491

USES (see also USES, STATUTE OF)active duties under, 222-3cestui que use, under, 217-8, 222corporations, held by, 222curtesy and, 218doctrine of marital unity and, 219dower, and, 218‘dry’, 222execution of, 220-6feoffee to uses under, 217-8, 219, 220,

221, 222, 223, 274feoffor to uses under, 217, 222, 226functions of, 218-9nature of, 217-9origins of, 217-9personalty, of, 223separate, 219‘use upon a use’ device, and, 223-4,

276

USES, STATUTE OF (see alsoEQUITY; TRUSTS; USES)

avoidance of, 222-3execution of uses under, 220-2exhaustion of, 223-5factors giving rise to, 217-9incidental effects of, 226-7legal remainder rules and, 273-8nature of, 219-22operation of, 220-2personalty and, 223reception of, 225statutory precursor of, 220terms of, 220-1

USUAL COVENANTS, 303, 305

USUFRUCTUARY RIGHTS, 96, 112,198, 211, 400

UTILITARIANISM (see alsoBENTHAM, JEREMY), 12-5, 28-9,49, 161

UTOPIAS, PROPERTY AND, 11

- V -

VALIDITY OF CONDITIONS (seealso LEGAL REMAINDER RULES;PERPETUITIES, RULE AGAINST;PUBLIC POLICY; RACIAL ANDRELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION;RESTRAINTS ON ALIENATION;UNCERTAINTY, INALIDITYARISING FROM), 251-88

VALUE, MEANING OF, 469-70

VENDOR’S LIEN (see LIENS)

VESTED, MEANING OF (see alsoEARLY VESTING, PREFERENCEFOR; PHIPPS v. ACKERS, RULE IN)

generally, 247interest, in, 247perpetuities, meaning in relation to,

281possession, in, 247

VILLEINAGE TENURE, 65

VOLUNTEERS (see also GIFTS), 163,469, 496

- W -

‘WAIT AND SEE’legal remainder rules and, 273, 275perpetuities reforms and, 286rule against perpetuities and, 281

WALSH v. LONSDALE, RULE IN,294, 386

WASTEAboriginal title and, 183ameliorating, 181, 182, 183co-ownership and, 357equitable, 183leaseholds, and, 307mortgages and, 448, 451permissive, 181, 182, 184personhood theory and, 182

524 INDEX

tragedy of the commons and, 181unimpeachable for, 181voluntary, 181, 182

WATERaccretion and, 113-5ad medium filum aquae rule, 110-2boundaries, and, 112-5public trust doctrine, and, 230riparian rights and, 112-3, 114, 115,

116, 398

WEALTH EFFECT (see COASETHEOREM; ECONOMICANALYSIS OF LAW)

WHEELDON v. BURROWS, RULEIN, 387-8, 389, 390

WHITBY v. MITCHELL, RULE IN,278

WIKIPEDIA, 377

WILD ANIMALS (see ANIMALS)

WILLS, STATUTE OF, 1540, 227, 275

WOMEN (see also MARITALUNITY, DOCTRINE OF; MARRIEDWOMEN’S PROPERTYLEGISLATION)

poverty, and, 82, 239psychology of ownership and, 18

-Y -

YEARS, TERM OF (seeTENANCIES)

YOUNG PEOPLE, POVERTY AND,82

- Z -

ZONING, 80, 107, 406, 432