IN THE MODERN ERA 1 Chapter 6 THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Pgs: 192-217

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IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERAChapter 6Chapter 6

THE SECOND THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

Pgs: 192-217Pgs: 192-217

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IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

This was the beginning of This was the beginning of the 2the 2ndnd Industrial Industrial Revolution. This Revolution Revolution. This Revolution began with numerous began with numerous discoveries and inventions discoveries and inventions that significantly changed that significantly changed manufacturing, manufacturing, transportation and transportation and everyday life in America.everyday life in America.

Section 1: The Age of InventionSection 1: The Age of Invention

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1865-1905 = during these years the 1865-1905 = during these years the U.S. experienced a surge of industrial U.S. experienced a surge of industrial growth growth

(buildings, factories, jobs, etc.). (buildings, factories, jobs, etc.).


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Oil refiningOil refining

resulted in the production of resulted in the production of kerosene for fuel and lightkerosene for fuel and light

allowed the manufacturing of other allowed the manufacturing of other petroleum productspetroleum products

helped machinery operatehelped machinery operate

Makes the world go roundMakes the world go round


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IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERAWhy is it called the 2Why is it called the 2ndnd??

The 1The 1stst Industrial Revolution in the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. was because of coal and steam. U.S. was because of coal and steam. Coal was the fuel that produced the Coal was the fuel that produced the steam engines that powered the first steam engines that powered the first factories that in turn produced goods factories that in turn produced goods that generated economic growth.that generated economic growth.

COAL STEAM ENGINES COAL STEAM ENGINES FACTORIES GOODSFACTORIES GOODS

ECOMINIC GROWTH!ECOMINIC GROWTH!


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Why did the 2Why did the 2ndnd occur? occur?

In the late 1800’s an abundance of steel and In the late 1800’s an abundance of steel and oil helped spur a 2oil helped spur a 2ndnd period of industrialization. period of industrialization.

Steel made machines that mass produced Steel made machines that mass produced goods. Steel also built railroad tracks, bridges goods. Steel also built railroad tracks, bridges and tall city buildings. and tall city buildings.

The symbol of the 2The symbol of the 2ndnd revolution was the revolution was the factory. Business as well as American lives factory. Business as well as American lives changed for the good and bad. changed for the good and bad.


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IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERASteelSteel

First, the Bessemer process was First, the Bessemer process was invented: Henry Bessemer invented: Henry Bessemer developed a method that could developed a method that could produce more steel in one day than produce more steel in one day than the older techniques could turn out in the older techniques could turn out in one week. one week.


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An American engineer adapted this An American engineer adapted this process; steel production skyrocketed process; steel production skyrocketed from 15,000 tons in 1865 to more than 28 from 15,000 tons in 1865 to more than 28 million tons by 1910. million tons by 1910.

Major centers for steel production: Gary, Major centers for steel production: Gary,

Indiana, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh. Indiana, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh.

What happened to these cities when we What happened to these cities when we started to use foreign steel? started to use foreign steel?


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provided a strong, cheap source of provided a strong, cheap source of building materialbuilding material

allowed expansion of the railroad allowed expansion of the railroad industryindustry

allowed construction of more allowed construction of more complex machines and taller complex machines and taller buildingsbuildings

Section 1: The Age of InventionSection 1: The Age of InventionSteel refiningSteel refining

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IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERATransportation innovationsTransportation innovations

Railroads promoted western Railroads promoted western settlement, urban growth, and settlement, urban growth, and economic prosperity.economic prosperity.

Automobiles became a substantial Automobiles became a substantial industry.industry.

Airplanes introduced new Airplanes introduced new possibilities.possibilities.


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IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERACommunications innovationsCommunications innovations

The telegraph allowed businesses to The telegraph allowed businesses to place long-distance orders quickly.place long-distance orders quickly.

The telephone brought both The telephone brought both businesses and individuals together.businesses and individuals together.

The typewriter allowed the quick The typewriter allowed the quick production of legible documents.production of legible documents.


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IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERAOilOil

Refining oil was significant to the 2Refining oil was significant to the 2ndnd industrial revolution as well.industrial revolution as well.

Edwin L. Drake used a steam engine to Edwin L. Drake used a steam engine to drill for oil. This seemed so impossible drill for oil. This seemed so impossible that people that Drake was insane that people that Drake was insane (Drake’s Folly). (Drake’s Folly).


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He was successful though and was He was successful though and was soon producing 20 barrels a day. soon producing 20 barrels a day. This created a rush to western This created a rush to western Pennsylvania where the oil was being Pennsylvania where the oil was being found. Everyone wanted to make found. Everyone wanted to make money on oil. It became known as money on oil. It became known as “Black Gold.”“Black Gold.”

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IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERARefining processes in the U.S. Refining processes in the U.S.

SteelSteelEffects on IndustryEffects on Industry

Provided a strong Provided a strong inexpensive source of inexpensive source of building materialbuilding material

Allowed the expansion Allowed the expansion of the railroad industryof the railroad industry

Allowed the Allowed the construction of construction of sophisticated bridges, sophisticated bridges, tall buildings, etc. tall buildings, etc.

OilOilEffects on IndustryEffects on Industry

Resulted in the Resulted in the production of kerosene production of kerosene for fuel or lightfor fuel or light

Allowed the Allowed the manufacturing of other manufacturing of other important industrial important industrial petroleum products petroleum products

Helped machinery Helped machinery operate. operate.


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Transportation expands

Railroads Airplanes Automobiles

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IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA Communication

expands

Telegraph Telephone Typewriter

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Thomas Edison’s research lab.Thomas Edison’s research lab.

the light bulbthe light bulb

the phonograph (early record player)the phonograph (early record player)

early motion-picture cameraearly motion-picture camera


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2: Rise of Big Business (201-08)2: Rise of Big Business (201-08)

The U.S. operated under CAPITALISM. The U.S. operated under CAPITALISM. (private business ran most (private business ran most industries, and competition industries, and competition determines how much goods cost determines how much goods cost and workers are paid). and workers are paid).


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““Laissez-faire” capitalism was Laissez-faire” capitalism was adopted by many; meaning “to let adopted by many; meaning “to let people do as they choose” without people do as they choose” without government interfering. Also government interfering. Also sometimes called free enterprise. sometimes called free enterprise. Government kept its hands off Government kept its hands off business!business!


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Concerning government’s role in Concerning government’s role in businessbusiness

Business leaders:Business leaders:• Individuals should be self-reliant.Individuals should be self-reliant.• Businesses prosper most without Businesses prosper most without

government interference.government interference.• Government interference reduces self-Government interference reduces self-

reliance.reliance.

Section 2: The Rise of Big BusinessSection 2: The Rise of Big Business

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Social critics:Social critics:• Factory life and poor working conditions Factory life and poor working conditions

harm workers.harm workers.• All citizens should own all means of All citizens should own all means of

production.production.• Government assistance would prevent Government assistance would prevent

the best businesses from rising to the the best businesses from rising to the top.top.


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Arguments of Government’s Arguments of Government’s Role in Business:Role in Business:

Business leaders Business leaders argued:argued:

Individuals should be Individuals should be self-reliant.self-reliant.

Businesses prosper Businesses prosper most w/o government most w/o government interference.interference.

Government Government interference reduces interference reduces self-reliance.self-reliance.

Society argued:Society argued: Factory life and poor Factory life and poor

working conditions are working conditions are harmful.harmful.

Citizens should own all Citizens should own all means of production.means of production.

Government assistance Government assistance would prevent the best would prevent the best businesses from rising businesses from rising to the top. to the top.

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Three main theories were Three main theories were argued through the U.S.:argued through the U.S.:

Free enterprise or Laissez faire (Business Free enterprise or Laissez faire (Business liked). liked).

Communism – individuals ownership of Communism – individuals ownership of property should not be allowed. property should not be allowed. Government owned and controlled Government owned and controlled everything (Workers liked). everything (Workers liked).

Social Darwinism- the theory of natural Social Darwinism- the theory of natural selection of nature. The most strong and selection of nature. The most strong and fit will survive (Business leaders liked)fit will survive (Business leaders liked)

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IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERABusiness won out for the time Business won out for the time

beingbeing The Corporation was created: business The Corporation was created: business

leaders sell shares in company (stock) to leaders sell shares in company (stock) to Americans. Those that buy stock own a Americans. Those that buy stock own a share of the company. share of the company.

Corporations had many advantages over Corporations had many advantages over partnerships and family owned companies, partnerships and family owned companies, most important being they could make most important being they could make more $ with selling stocks. more $ with selling stocks.

From this trusts and monopolies were From this trusts and monopolies were formedformed

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Entrepreneurs take advantageEntrepreneurs take advantage

Carnegie created corporations and used vertical Carnegie created corporations and used vertical integration to dominate the steel industry.integration to dominate the steel industry.

Rockefeller created corporations and used Rockefeller created corporations and used horizontal integration to dominate the oil horizontal integration to dominate the oil industry.industry.

Vanderbilt bought and consolidated many Vanderbilt bought and consolidated many railroad lines.railroad lines.

Westinghouse and Pullman introduced and Westinghouse and Pullman introduced and controlled new railroad technologiescontrolled new railroad technologies..

EXAMPLES DO NOT COPYEXAMPLES DO NOT COPY

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New marketing methodsNew marketing methods

use of brand names and special packaginguse of brand names and special packaging

AdvertisingAdvertising

department storesdepartment stores

CatalogsCatalogs

chain storeschain stores


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3: Labor Strives to Organize 3: Labor Strives to Organize pgs. 209-15pgs. 209-15

The Banning of Trusts:The Banning of Trusts: Desired because believed that without Desired because believed that without

competition large monopolies would have competition large monopolies would have no reason to maintain quality or keep no reason to maintain quality or keep prices low.prices low.

This was not yet accomplished despite This was not yet accomplished despite the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act which outlawed monopolies and trusts. which outlawed monopolies and trusts. Business leaders were too strong. Business leaders were too strong.

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Working conditionsWorking conditions

low paylow pay long hourslong hours unsafe environmentsunsafe environments possibility of racial discriminationpossibility of racial discrimination

Section 3: Labor Strives to OrganizeSection 3: Labor Strives to Organize

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The Knights of LaborThe Knights of Labor

included both skilled and unskilled included both skilled and unskilled workersworkers

included women and, later, African included women and, later, African Americans Americans

organized strikes, marches, and organized strikes, marches, and demonstrationsdemonstrations

educated and organized workerseducated and organized workers

Section 3: Labor Strives to OrganizeSection 3: Labor Strives to Organize

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IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERAStrikes in the late 1800’sStrikes in the late 1800’s

Businesses responded with blacklists, Businesses responded with blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, lockouts and yellow-dog contracts, lockouts and violence. violence.

Businesses tactics hurt many unions and Businesses tactics hurt many unions and caused skilled workers to break away from caused skilled workers to break away from unskilled ones to form their own unions unskilled ones to form their own unions (American Federation of Labor) (American Federation of Labor)

1886 – became known as the Great 1886 – became known as the Great Upheaval because of all the strikes and Upheaval because of all the strikes and violence that year. violence that year. • Haymarket RiotHaymarket Riot

Documents

IN THE MODERN ERA 1 Chapter 6 THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Pgs: 192-217