Improving the content and composition of dietary fibre in wheat

Peter Shewry (Rothamsted Research and University of Reading)

The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2002 and 2003); Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (2003); DoH (2004). *UK, ** Australia/NZ

Consumption of DF In the UK is below dietary guidelines

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

CO

MA

*

EFSA

NR

V**

(f)

NR

V**

(m

)Consum

pti

on g

/day

Year source

There is increasing evidence for health benefits of dietary fibre in wholegrain cereals

Take home messages from meta-analyses

• 10% reduction in risk of colon cancer with10g extra cereal and wholegrain fibre

• 5% reduction in risk of breast cancer with 10g extra

soluble fibre • 7% reduction in risk of stroke with 7g extra total

fibre

Thanks to Janet Cade, University of Leeds

Cereals contribute 40% of the DF intake in the UK

(NDNS 2001)

48%

20% 4%

15%

13% Cereals and

cereal products

Vegetables

Miscellaneous

Potatoes and

savoury snacks

Fruit and nuts

http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/ndnsv2.pdf

Slide provided by Janet Cade, Leeds

Taken from Steer et al., Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2008, 67, E363

Bread contributes significantly to the Intake of fibre of adults in the UK

Energy Protein Carbohydrate Fibre

All bread 13 12 21 20

White bread 8 8 14 11

Wholemeal bread

2 2 3 5

Mean percentage contribution

Potential mechanisms for benefits of DF

7

• Decreased transit time

• Dilute carcinogens Increased stool bulk

• Excrete potential carcinogens Binds with bile acids etc

• Reduced absorption

• Fermentation by fecal flora to SCFA Reduce cholesterol

• Form diffusion barrier due to increased viscosity

• Inhibit amylase and absorption of sugars

Slow glucose absorption,

improve insulin sensitivity

• BUT may not all be bioavailable from fibre

substrate Increase in luminal AOs

• Inhibit reabsorption

• Inhibit synthesis

Affect estrogen

metabolism

Lower blood pressure Promote weight loss Anti-inflammatory

Slide provided by Janet Cade, Leeds

Slide provided by Janet Cade, Leeds

Landraces and old varieties (10): Ble des Domes, Bankuti 1201, Fleischmann 481, Seu Seun 27, Grandrieu population, Queyras 72 population, Haute Loire population, Portugaise 3 population, Portugaise 6 population, Lovaszpatonai 1 Old and transitional varieties (64): Etoile de Choisy, Maris Huntsman, Estica, Disponent, Herzog, Kanzler, Monopol, Agron, Amadeus, Capo, Probstdorfer Perlo, Arina, Tamaro, Hana, Alba, Autonomia, Produttore, San Pastore, Libellula, Roussalka, Sadovo 1, Sava, Ferto¨di 293, GK Tiszataj, Fundulea 29, Carmen, Flamura 85, Alabasskaja, Bezostaya 1, Aurora, Skorospelka 3B, Saratov 29, Iljicovka, Yubileinayais 50, Obriy, Atlas 66, Scout 66, Plainsman V, Key, Stephens, Glenlea, Red Fife, Thatcher, Manitoba, Augusta, Fredrick, Su 321, Janz, Kukri, Chara, Red River, Atay-85, Gerek-79, Kirac 66, Dankowskie Zlote, Erhard Frederichsen, Borzymowicki, Dicktoo, Creso, Parus, Altin, Oberkulmer Rotkorn, Arthur 71, Kirkpinar 79 Modern varieties (103): Camp Remy, Courtot, Isengrain, MagdalenaFR, Recital, Renan, Soisson, Tremie, Apache, Qualital, Ornicar, Thesee, Taldor, Valoris, Caphorn, Avalon, Claire, Galahad, Hereward, Lynx, Malacca, Moulin, Rialto, Spark, Riband, Cubus, Tommi, Dekan, Akteur, Campari, Ellvis, Lona, Begra, Korweta, Ravenna, Sagittario, Blasco, Nomade, Bilancia, Geronimo, Granbel, Guarni, Mieti, Palesio, Momtchil, NS Rana1, Balkan, Agrounia, Lasta, Pobeda, Baranjka, Martonvasar 17, Mv Suba, Mv Palotas, Spartanka, Krasnodarskaya 99, Albatros Odeskaja, Ukrainka, TAM 200, Karl 92, Gene, Cardinal, Millenium, Alliance, Vona, Azteca 67, Cadenza, Milan, Pastor, Sultan 95, Klein Estrella, Buck Catriel, Yumai 34, Sunstar, Warko, Amilo, Rekrut, Avanti, Fernando, Rasant, Nikita, Igri, Tiffany, Lomerit, Morex, Plaisant, Semperdur, Durabon, Orjaune, Lajtadur, Mv Makaroni, Franckenkorn, Spy, Ressac, Rouquin, Cacko, Zvezda, Manital, Mexique 50, Kotuku, Rastik, Altar 84 Germplasm (23): B16, Nap Hal, Chinese Spring, Sumai 3, Catbird, CF99075, CF99102, CF99105, CF99007, CFL 93-149, CFL 98-398, CFL 98-404, CFL 98-450, 1529-91, MvGB04, 08-2004, MvGB57, 122-2004, MvGB304, MvGB317, MvGB349, 192-2004, 265-2004 Winter types (169) (all except those listed below) Spring or alternative types (31): Chinese Spring, Sumai 3, Saratov 29, Glenlea, Red Fife, Thatcher, Manitoba, Janz, Kukri, Chara, Red River, Catbird, Erhard Frederichen, Borzymowicki, Creso, Lona, Cadenza, Milan, Pastor, Sultan 95, Sunstar, Morex, Cacko, CFL 93-149, CFL 98-398, CFL 98-404, CFL 98-450, Bajka, Mv Pehely, Fengli, Expander

The HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen of 150 bread wheat lines

Bran 45-50 %TDF

The content and composition of DF varies between tissues with the major components being arabinoxylan (AX) and β-glucan (BG)

White flour 2-3% TDF

Cell Walls 70% AX 20% BG

10% other

ALSO Fructans Raffinose Resistant Starch

Pericarp 60% GAX 30% cellulose 10% lignin

Aleurone 60 AX 29% BG 11% other

Embryo AX BG

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

ALB

AT

RO

S-…

BE

ZO

ST

AJA

-1

ET

OILE

-D

E-…

HA

NA

UK

RA

IN

KA

BE

GR

AS

AD

OV

O-1

AR

IN

AZ

VE

ZD

AS

U321

CA

RD

IN

AL

SA

GIT

TA

RIO

VO

NA

NA

P-H

AL

MO

MT

CH

IL

BA

LK

AN

MILA

NB

AN

KU

TI-1201

FE

RT

OD

I-293

HE

RE

WA

RD

TA

MA

RO

PO

BE

DA

SC

OU

T66

AK

TE

UR

MIE

TI

NO

MA

DE

AP

AC

HE

PR

OB

ST

DO…

ALA

BA

SS

KA…

AG

RO

NM

AN

IT

OB

AS

TE

PH

EN

ST

OM

MI

CA

TB

IR

DS

EU

-S

EU

N-27

DE

KA

NV

ALO

RIS

AM

AD

EU

SG

EN

ELO

NA

CF

99105

BA

RA

NJK

AK

AR

L-92

CO

UR

TO

TA

UT

ON

OM

IA

SU

NS

TA

RB

UC

K-…

SA

RA

TO

V-29

GR

AN

BE

LP

RO

DU

TT

OR

EA

TLA

S-66

LIB

ELLU

LA

CF

99102

JU

BILE

JN

AJ…

TR

EM

IE

BIS

CA

YK

RA

SN

OD

A…

IS

EN

GR

AIN

CH

AR

AC

UB

US

KA

NZ

LE

RT

HA

TC

HE

RG

ALA

HA

DR

IB

AN

DA

LB

AK

UK

RI

BILA

NC

IA

MA

LA

CC

AS

ULT

AN

95

KE

YM

AN

IT

AL

SA

VA

CF

99007

CH

IN

ES

E-…

TH

ES

EE

0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.90

YU

MA

I-34

MIE

TI

CA

MP

AR

IC

F99007

MA

NIT

AL

AZ

TE

CA

67

GR

AN

BE

LC

UB

US

MA

GD

ALE

NA

-F

RM

OU

LIN

SE

U-S

EU

N-27

UK

RA

IN

KA

MILLE

NN

IU

MA

VA

LO

NK

IR

KP

IN

AR

-79

CA

TB

IR

DA

MA

DE

US

SU

321

CF

99102

BA

LK

AN

MA

LA

CC

AC

HA

RA

SK

OR

OS

PE

LK

A-…

TO

MM

IB

LE

-D

ES

-D

OM

ES

PR

OB

ST

DO

RF

E…

CLA

IR

ER

EN

AN

ELLV

IS

ES

TIC

AB

16

JA

NZ

ALB

AT

RO

S-…

HE

RZ

OG

DE

KA

NA

RIN

AA

GR

ON

HE

RE

WA

RD

SC

OU

T66

ALB

AR

ED

-F

IF

EB

LU

E/A

GA

TA

Y-85

SA

GIT

TA

RIO

BLA

SC

ON

S-R

AN

A-1

HA

NA

AU

GU

ST

AF

UN

DU

LE

A-29

CA

MP

-R

EM

YA

KT

EU

RF

LA

MU

RA

-85

MO

NO

PO

LG

LO

RIA

JU

BILE

JN

AJA

-50

SP

AR

TA

NK

AA

RT

HU

R-71

TH

AT

CH

ER

BE

GR

AR

AV

EN

NA

PO

BE

DA

CA

PO

BIS

CA

YO

BR

IY

OR

NIC

AR

FLE

IS

CH

MA

NN

-…

FR

ED

RIC

KLO

NA

AU

TO

NO

MIA

GLE

NLE

AT

ALD

OR

QU

ALIT

AL

SA

VA

SO

IS

SO

NS

CH

IN

ES

E-S

PR

IN

G

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

YU

MA

I-34

CU

BU

S

AM

AD

EU

SS

AR

AT

OV

-29

LY

NX

RE

CIT

AL

TA

M200

TO

MM

IR

EN

AN

BIS

CA

YS

EU

-S

EU

N-27

MO

MT

CH

IL

GK

-T

IS

ZA

TA

JV

ALO

RIS

DE

KA

NA

TA

Y-85

SP

AR

KS

UN

ST

AR

MV

-S

UB

A

LIB

ELLU

LA

CO

UR

TO

TH

AN

AC

AP

HO

RN

MA

RIS

-…

MA

NIT

AL

KR

AS

NO

DA

RS…

CF

99007

KLE

IN

-…

AP

AC

HE

CA

RM

EN

AG

RO

NF

UN

DU

LE

A-29

BA

LK

AN

B16

SU

321

JA

NZ

GA

LA

HA

DM

ALA

CC

AM

EX

IQ

UE

-50

RU

SA

LK

AT

HA

TC

HE

RF

LA

MU

RA

-85

KIR

KP

IN

AR

-79

JU

BILE

JN

AJA

-50

AV

ALO

ND

IS

PO

NE

NT

KO

RW

ET

A

PA

ST

OR

GLE

NLE

AG

EN

ER

IB

AN

DP

RO

DU

TT

OR

EM

V-P

ALO

TA

SQ

UA

LIT

AL

RE

D-R

IV

ER

AU

GU

ST

AC

LA

IR

ES

CO

UT

66

NA

P-H

AL

SO

IS

SO

NS

RA

VE

NN

AA

UR

OR

AH

ER

EW

AR

DB

UC

K-C

AT

RIE

LM

ON

OP

OL

ALA

BA

SS

KA

JA

KE

YG

ER

ON

IM

O

CH

AR

AP

LA

IN

SM

AN

-V

KA

NZ

LE

R

ALB

AS

TE

PH

EN

SB

AR

AN

JK

AB

EG

RA

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60Y

UM

AI-34

BILA

NC

IA

MILA

NS

EU

-S

EU

N-27

LY

NX

CF

99007

LA

ST

AC

AR

ME

NS

U321

BA

LK

AN

JU

BILE

JN

AJA…

B16

RIA

LT

OC

AM

PA

RI

AM

AD

EU

SA

TLA

S-66

GA

LA

HA

DM

EX

IQ

UE

-50

SA

GIT

TA

RIO

MO

MT

CH

IL

RE

CIT

AL

MA

NIT

AL

PA

NA

UT

ON

OM

IA

CH

IN

ES

E-…

KE

YS

AR

AT

OV

-29

MV

-P

ALO

TA

SG

RA

NB

EL

KR

AS

NO

DA

R…

SA

VA

FLA

MU

RA

-85

KA

RL-92

CF

99102

RE

NA

NK

IR

AC

66

RA

VE

NN

AH

AN

AA

RIN

AG

ER

EK

-79

BLA

SC

OC

AD

EN

ZA

TH

ES

EE

GU

AR

NI

MILLE

NN

IU

MV

ON

AE

TO

ILE

-D

E-…

SU

NS

TA

RK

UK

RI

BLU

E/A

GA

PA

CH

EK

AN

ZLE

RC

LA

IR

EA

GR

ON

ALB

AT

RO

S-…

JA

NZ

TO

MM

IC

HA

RA

SU

LT

AN

95

MIE

TI

PA

LE

SIO

TA

LD

OR

KIR

KP

IN

AR

-79

SP

AR

TA

NK

AB

IS

CA

YG

ER

ON

IM

OD

EK

AN

UK

RA

IN

KA

CO

UR

TO

TA

TA

Y-85

RU

SA

LK

AK

OR

WE

TA

AK

TE

UR

CA

MP

-R

EM

YG

LE

NLE

A

FLOUR TOTAL: 1.35-2.75%

FLOUR SOLUBLE: 0.3-1.4%

BRAN TOTAL: 12.7-22.1%

BRAN SOLUBLE: 0.3-0.85%

The contents of soluble and total AX fibre vary widely in bran and white flour of 150 wheat lines

Data of Kurt Gebruers, Christophe Courtin and Jan Delcour (KU Leuven)

Yumai 34

Yumai 34

The proportion of WE-AX in flour and bran also varies

Bran

5

0

60

0

Flour

Pro

po

rtio

n W

E-A

X/T

OT

-AX

(%)

in B

ran

P

rop

ort

ion

WE-

AX

/TO

T-A

X (%

) in

W

hit

e Fl

ou

r

Yumai 34 is a source of high viscosity with good breadmaking performance

Loaves made by Campden BRI with grain grown at Martonvasar (Hungary)

Yumai 34

Yumai 34 Commercial control

Yumai 34

Commercial control

Relative viscosity

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

TOT-AX

TOT_AX

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

WE-AX

WE_AX

TOT-AX and WE-AX in flour of Yumai 34 crosses

Data of Mariann Rakszegi and Zoltan Bedo, Martonvasar, Hungary

A E Watkins (University of Cambridge) 1920s and 30s Farmers, markets and researchers Several thousand but now 1300 34 countries Held at JIC, duplicated in Australia Core genetic collection, c 120 lines

Watkins Collection

WE-pentosan

TOT-pentosan

0.14

0

0.6

0

pento

se u

nit

s

pento

se u

nit

s

Yumai 34

Yumai 34

Cadenza white flour

Cadenza white flour

Total and WE-pentosans (AX) in wholemeal flours of the Watkins lines

WE-pentosan as % of TOT-pentosan

40%

0%

Yumai 34 Cadenza white flour

The proportion of WE-pentosans (AX) in wholemeal flours of the Watkins lines

Turkish wheat lines

Prof.Mehmet Ulker

Capelle Desprez

1946

Maris Widgeon

1964

Maris Huntsman

1971

Brimstone 1985

Consort 1993

Xi 19 2002

Square Head Master 1850

Red Fife 1842

Red Lamas 1850

Yeoman 1916

Holdfast 1935

“Historic “ UK wheats are being grown for detailed comparisons

Thanks

ROTHAMSTED Rowan Mitchell Alison Lovegrove Mark Wilkinson Till Pellny Sam Reynolds Jackie Freeman Ondrej Kosik Mehmet Ulker (Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey)

Zoltan Bedo (Martonvasar) Mariann Rakszegi (Martonvasar) Kurt Gebruers (Leuven) Jan Delcour (Leuven) Simon Griffiths (JIC) Simon Orford (JIC) Luzie Wingen (JIC) Sam Millar (Campden BRI)