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IMPROVED HYDRAULIC SAFETY FOR COVERED BRIDGES

Frank Jalinoos, Sheila Duwadi, Kornel Kerenyi (FHWA-TFHRC)Jerry Shen, Markus Neundlinger (Gennex System/TFHRC)

IMPROVED HYDRAULIC SAFETY FOR COVERED BRIDGES

Frank Jalinoos, Sheila Duwadi, Kornel Kerenyi (FHWA-TFHRC)Jerry Shen, Markus Neundlinger (Gennex System/TFHRC)

Second National Covered Bridge ConferenceDayton, Ohio

June 5-8, 2013

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• Background• Hurricane Irene• Flume Testing for Hydrodynamics Loads at

TFHRC Hydraulics Lab• CFD Modeling at Argonne-TRACC• Concluding Remarks

OUTLINEOUTLINE

Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesP. 2

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1. Neglect2. Fire and Arson3. Floods (Hydraulics)4. Poor Engineering Design

MAIN CAUSES OF FAILURES OF COVERED BRIDGES

MAIN CAUSES OF FAILURES OF COVERED BRIDGES

Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesP. 3

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• Covered bridges pose a distinct hydraulic risk. • In a devastating flood of November 1927 in Vermont, about

400 of Vermont's 600 covered bridges were lost in that storm. About 100 covered timber bridges remain in Vermont (~840 in the US)

• Most were NOT rebuilt to their original style, but replaced with new steel and concrete structures.

COVERED TIMBER BRIDGESCOVERED TIMBER BRIDGES

Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesP. 4

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Hurricane Irene August 2011

Hurricane Irene August 2011

P. 5Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Erosion and Scour Caused by Hurricane Irene in VTErosion and Scour Caused by Hurricane Irene in VT

P. 6Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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P. 7Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

Erosion and Scour Caused by Hurricane Irene in VTErosion and Scour Caused by Hurricane Irene in VT

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• Tropical Storm Irene destroyed two (2) historic (~141 years old) covered timber bridges in Vermont (out of 100), including: 1) Bartonsville Bridge in Rockingham; and, 2) Quechee Bridge near Hartford, VT and damaged several others.

• On November 1, 2011 town officials voted to rebuild the Bartonsville Bridge and on March 7, 2012, voted to rebuild the Quechee Bridge.

TROPICAL STORM IRENEAugust 28, 2011

TROPICAL STORM IRENEAugust 28, 2011

P. 8Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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TROPICAL STORM IRENEAugust 28, 2011

TROPICAL STORM IRENEAugust 28, 2011

P. 9Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

A : Bartonsville Bridge Rockingham, VT

B: Quechee BridgeHartford, VT

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Hurricane Irene Flooding Quechee Gorge, Vermont Looking from the Route 4 Bridge

Hurricane Irene Flooding Quechee Gorge, Vermont Looking from the Route 4 Bridge

P. 10Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Lower Bartonsville Covered BridgeBuilt 1870, 151’ Town Lattice, 3-Ton Posted Load, ADT: 850

Collapsed into the Williams River , VT (August 28, 2011)

Lower Bartonsville Covered BridgeBuilt 1870, 151’ Town Lattice, 3-Ton Posted Load, ADT: 850

Collapsed into the Williams River , VT (August 28, 2011)

P. 11Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Lower Bartonsville Covered BridgeLower Bartonsville Covered BridgeA new covered bridge is being built with an estimated cost of $2.6 (including the temporary span) being paid with the insurance payout from the old bridge, federal funds and 5 percent match from the state and the town of Rockingham. The bridge should be ready for traffic by early 2013.

.Old Bartonsville Bridge – October 2009

Jack McKenzieC Hanchey

AP/Wilson Ring

P. 12Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

New Bartonsville Bridge - October 1, 2012;Opened 1/26/2013

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Flooding from Irene Damaging the Quechee Bridge Flooding from Irene Damaging the Quechee Bridge

P. 13Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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AP/Toby Talbot

Quechee Covered BridgeQuechee Covered Bridge

Steel-Stringer Truss, Built 1870 at Simon Pierce Glass. Roughly $6.5-7 million in municipal damage was estimated. On March 7, 2012 Hatford, VT voters approved $1.8 m bond to

rebuild the bridge (FHWA: $700K, $1.1 M taxpayers.) “The new bridge provides an enlarged hydraulic opening for the

Ottaquechee River making it more flood resistant - capable of withstanding another Tropical Storm Irene.”

P. 14

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Tree Hits West Arlington Vermont Covered BridgeTree Hits West Arlington Vermont Covered Bridge

P. 15Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Greenfield, Massachusetts - A covered bridge that got washed away along with a road and most of a dam.

Blenheim, New York - Blenheim Covered Bridge, Nichols Powers’ 1855 masterpiece spanning 210 ft (64 m) across Schoharie Creek at North Blenheim, New York.

Tropical Storm Irene Damage in Other States

Tropical Storm Irene Damage in Other States

HAER photo NY-331-10, Jet Lowe P. 16

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• This research will assess the hydraulic vulnerability of a typical covered timber bridge taking into account hydrodynamic loading for partially and fully submerged covered timber bridges.

• Physical modeling, using scaled-down lab specimens, will be performed to calibrate analytical models.

COVERED TIMBER BRIDGESCOVERED TIMBER BRIDGES

P. 17Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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• Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analytical modeling will be used to study the hydraulic vulnerability and hydrodynamic forces on the covered bridges.

• A guidance document will be developed for improving the hydrodynamic performance of the covered bridges. This can include modest design improvements, structural strengthening and rehabilitation measures, and river training and improved hydraulic countermeasures.

COVERED TIMBER BRIDGESCOVERED TIMBER BRIDGES

P. 18Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Physical Modeling Lab at TFHRC in McLean, VAPhysical Modeling Lab at TFHRC in McLean, VA

P. 19Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Force Balance Flume and Force Balance TowerForce Balance Flume and Force Balance Tower

• Length of the Flume: 45ft

• Max. Flow Rate ~ 1500 gpm

• Max. Water Velocity ~ 5 ft/s

P. 20Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Force Balance Flume and Force Balance TowerForce Balance Flume and Force Balance Tower

• Measures the Forces on the Covered Bridges

• Presently, the sensors on the Force Balance Tower are being Replaced in Order to Measure Higher Magnitude Forces

P. 21Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Drag, Lift and Moments on Inundated Bridge DecksDrag, Lift and Moments on Inundated Bridge Decks

P. 22Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Analysis

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Analysis

P. 23Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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High Performance Computing Simulation Lab at DOE’s Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

High Performance Computing Simulation Lab at DOE’s Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

P. 24Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON INNUNDATED BRIDGE DECKSHYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON INNUNDATED BRIDGE DECKS

Comparison of flow fields for the 2-D and 3-D models for the STAR-CD® simulations

FHWA Report: FHWA-HRT-09-028May, 2009

P. 25Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Velocity Flow Field using PIVVelocity Flow Field using PIV

P. 26Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Velocity Flow Field using CFD ModelingVelocity Flow Field using CFD Modeling

P. 27Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Drag, Lift and Moments on Inundated Bridge DecksDefinition Sketch

Drag, Lift and Moments on Inundated Bridge DecksDefinition Sketch

P. 28Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5h*

Drag

Coe

fficie

nt C

D

Fr=0.22 Rs=20292Fr=0.32 Rs=28965Fitting EquationSTAR-CDFluent-LESFluent-K-Epsilon

Drag Force CoefficientsSix-Girder Bridge

Drag Force CoefficientsSix-Girder Bridge

P. 29Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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-2-1.8-1.6-1.4-1.2

-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2

00.20.4

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5h*

Lift

Coef

ficien

t CL

Fr=0.22 Rs=20292Fr=0.32 Rs=28965Fitting EquationSTAR-CDFluent-LESFluent-K-Epsilon

Lift Force CoefficientsLift Force Coefficients

P. 30Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5h*

Mom

ent C

oeffi

cient

CM

Fr=0.22 Rs=20292Fr=0.32 Rs=28965Fitting EquationStar-CDFluent-LESFluent-K-Epsilon

Moment CoefficientsMoment Coefficients

P. 31Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Most Common Covered Bridge Types with Example Models Built for Testing at the Research Flume

– Town Lattice (Brown Bridge, VT)

– Howe Truss (Pine Bluff Bridge, IN)

– Burr Arch Truss (Gilpin Falls Bridge, MD)

P. 32Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Brown Bridge CAD DrawingBrown Bridge CAD Drawing

P. 33Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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3D Printed Model of the Brown Bridge3D Printed Model of the Brown Bridge

P. 34Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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Howe Truss (Pine Bluff Bridge, IN)Howe Truss (Pine Bluff Bridge, IN)

P. 35Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges

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frank.jalinoos@dot.gov - (202) 493-3082kornel.kerenyi@dot.gov - (202) 493-3142

Federal Highway R&D

Thank You!Thank You!

Hydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber BridgesHydrodynamic Forces on Covered Timber Bridges