Presented by Arivazhagan.S
1) Windows Task Manager
Task Manager on Windows XP.
Windows Task Manager is a task manager application included with
Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems that provides
detailed information about computer performance and running
applications, processes and CPU usage, commit charge and memory
information, network activity and statistics, logged-in users, and
system services. The Task Manager can also be used to set process
priorities, processor affinity, forcibly terminate processes, and
shut down, restart, hibernate or log off from WindowsThe task list
was capable of listing currently running processes and killing
them, or creating a new process.
How to start Task Manager
To start Task Manager, take any of the following actions:
Press CTRL+ALT+DELETE, and then click Task Manager.
Press CTRL+SHIFT+ESC.
Right-click an empty area of the taskbar, and then click Task
Manager2) Safe Mode Boot options in Windows XP
To use a Safe Boot option, follow these steps:
1. Restart your computer and start pressing the F8 key on your
keyboard. On a computer that is configured for booting to multiple
operating systems, you can press the F8 key when the Boot Menu
appears.
2. Select an option when the Windows Advanced Options menu
appears, and then press ENTER.
3. When the Boot menu appears again, and the words "Safe Mode"
appear in blue at the bottom, select the installation that you want
to start, and then press ENTER.
Description of Safe Boot options
Safe Mode (SAFEBOOT_OPTION=Minimal): This option uses a minimal
set of device drivers and services to start Windows.
Safe Mode with Networking (SAFEBOOT_OPTION=Network): This option
uses a minimal set of device drivers and services to start Windows
together with the drivers that you must have to load
networking.
Safe Mode with Command Prompt
(SAFEBOOT_OPTION=Minimal(AlternateShell)): This option is the same
as Safe mode, except that Cmd.exe starts instead of Windows
Explorer.
Enable VGA Mode: This option starts Windows in 640 x 480 mode by
using the current video driver (not Vga.sys). This mode is useful
if the display is configured for a setting that the monitor cannot
display.
Note Safe mode and Safe mode with Networking load the Vga.sys
driver instead.
Last Known Good Configuration: This option starts Windows by
using the previous good configuration.
Directory Service Restore Mode: This mode is valid only for
Windows-based domain controllers. This mode performs a directory
service repair.
Debugging Mode: This option turns on debug mode in Windows.
Debugging information can be sent across a serial cable to another
computer that is running a debugger. This mode is configured to use
COM2.
Enable Boot Logging: This option turns on logging when the
computer is started with any of the Safe Boot options except Last
Known Good Configuration. The Boot Logging text is recorded in the
Ntbtlog.txt file in the %SystemRoot% folder.
Starts Windows Normally: This option starts Windows in its
normal mode.
Reboot: This option restarts the computer.
Return to OS Choices Menu: On a computer that is configured to
starting to more than one operating system, this option returns to
the Boot menu.
2) WHAT IS VIRUS?
A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and
infect a computer. The term "virus" is also commonly but
erroneously used to refer to other types of malware, adware, and
spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. A true
virus can only spread from one computer to another (in some form of
executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer; for
instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or
carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or
USB drive. Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other
computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file
system that is accessed by another computer.[1]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus" \l
"cite_note-1" [2]The term "computer virus" is sometimes used as a
catch-all phrase to include all types of malware. Malware includes
computer viruses, worms, trojans, most rootkits, spyware, dishonest
adware, crimeware, and other malicious and unwanted software,
including true viruses. Viruses are sometimes confused with
computer worms and Trojan horses, which are technically different.
A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself to
other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a
host, and a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but has
a hidden agenda. Worms and Trojans, like viruses, may cause harm to
either a computer system's hosted data, functional performance, or
networking throughput, when they are executed. Some viruses and
other malware have symptoms noticeable to the computer user, but
many are surreptitious or go unnoticed.
3) WHAT IS Registry?
A database used by the Windows operating system (Windows 95 and
NT ) to store configuration information. The Registry consists of
the following major sections:
HKEY_Classes_Root - file associations and OLE information
HKEY_Current_User - all preferences set for current user
HKEY_User - all the current user information for each user of
the system
HKEY_Local_Machine - settings for hardware, operating system,
and installed applications
HKEY_Current_Configuration - settings for the display and
printers
HKEY_Dyn_Data - performance data
Most Windows applications write data to the Registry, at least
during installation. You can edit the Registry directly by using
the Registry Editor (regedit.exe) provided with the operating
system. However, you must take great care because errors in the
Registry could disable your computer.How to Open the Windows
Registry Editor 1. Step 1
Click the Start menu.
2. Step 2
Click Run.
3. Step 3
Type "regedit" and click OK.5) What is Command Prompt ?
(CMD)
A command prompt is a non-graphical interface that allows you to
interact with your operating system. At the command prompt, you
enter commands by typing their names followed by options and
arguments. Most modern computers use a graphical user interface
(GUI), which allows users to more intuitively access programs and
documents. However, some programs and commands are still only
available only through a command prompt. To access the command
prompt, follow the instructions appropriate to your operating
system. Windows :- To access the command prompt in Windows, from
the Start menu, select Run.... In the "Open:" field, enter CMD6)
What is System Restore?
System Restore helps you restore your computer's system files to
an earlier point in time. It's a way to undo system changes to your
computer without affecting your personal files, such as email,
documents, or photos.
Sometimes, the installation of a program or a driver can cause
an unexpected change to your computer or cause Windows to behave
unpredictably. Usually, uninstalling the program or driver corrects
the problem. If uninstalling does not fix the problem, you can try
restoring your computer's system to an earlier date when everything
worked correctly.
System Restore uses a feature called System Protection to
regularly create and save restore points on your computer. These
restore points contain information about registry settings and
other system information that Windows uses. You can also create
restore points manually.
System Restore is not intended for backing up personal files, so
it cannot help you recover a personal file that has been deleted or
damaged. You should regularly back up your personal files and
important data using a backup program.
Open System Restore by clicking the Start button , clicking All
Programs, clicking Accessories, clicking System Tools, and then
clicking System Restore. If you are prompted for an administrator
password or confirmation, type the password or provide
confirmation.7) what is Folder Options ?
With Folder Options, you can specify how your folders function
and how content is displayed.
For example, you can indicate that you want your folders to
display hyperlinks to common tasks, other storage locations, and
detailed file information. You can also choose to open items with
either a single or a double click.
You can change the program that opens a file type. You can also
change the items that appear on your desktop
To change folder options settings, open Folder Options in
Control Panel. Or, to open Folder Options from a folder window,
click Tools, and then click Folder Options. 8) What is Control
Panel?
The Control Panel centralises access to Windows' multitudinous
settings. From the Control Panel you can adjust and tweak Windows'
appearance, performance, network connections, hardware settings and
a whole lot more.
While many of the settings in the Control Panel are also
accessible in other ways for instance, you can change the desktop
appearance by right-clicking the desktop and choosing Properties
from the pop-up menu or by opening the Display applet in the
Control Panel the Control Panel makes it easy to keep tabs on all
your Windows settings.
You open the Control Panel by clicking Start -> Control
Panel. If it's not on your Start MenuHow to change an installed
program
You can use this feature to change the installation of Windows
Installer-based programs such as Microsoft Office XP. Windows
Installer-based programs include a Maintenance Mode option. With
this option, you can add or remove features, change the
installation state of the program or of individual components, or
repair and restore the installation.
To change a program, follow these steps:
1. Click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click Add
or Remove Programs.
2. In the Currently installed programs box, click the program
that you want to remove, and then click Change or
Change/Remove.
3. Follow the instructions that appear on the screen to make the
changes that you want.
How to remove an installed program
To remove a program that is installed on your computer, follow
these steps:
1. Click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click Add
or Remove Programs.
2. In the Currently installed programs box, click the program
that you want to remove, and then click Remove.
3. If you are prompted to confirm the removal of the program,
click Yes.
Troubleshooting
Make sure that the program that you click in the Add or Remove
Programs tool is the program that you want to remove from your
computer. Some programs may not prompt you to confirm the removal
before the program is removed from the computer.
You can only remove a program with the Add or Remove Programs
tool if the program is written for Windows. If you do not see the
program that you want to remove in the Currently installed programs
box, view the program documentation for instructions about how to
remove it.
9) What is an operating system (OS) ?
The most important program that runs on a computer. Every
general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other
programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as
recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display
screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and
controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and
printers.
For large systems, the operating system has even greater
responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop -- it makes
sure that different programs and users running at the same time do
not interfere with each other. The operating system is also
responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not
access the system.
Operating systems can be classified as follows:
multi-user : Allows two or more users to run programs at the
same time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands
of concurrent users.
multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one
CPU.
multitasking : Allows more than one program to run
concurrently.
multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to
run concurrently.
real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose
operating systems, such as DOS and UNIX, are not real-time.
Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which
other programs, called application programs, can run. The
application programs must be written to run on top of a particular
operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore,
determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs,
the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but
others are available, such as Linux.
As a user, you normally interact with the operating system
through a set of commands. For example, the DOS operating system
contains commands such as COPY and RENAME for copying files and
changing the names of files, respectively. The commands are
accepted and executed by a part of the operating system called the
command processor or command line interpreter. Graphical user
interfaces allow you to enter commands by pointing and clicking at
objects that appear on the screen. Different types of Operating
systems
Windows 2000 Windows 2003
Windows 95Windows 98Windows CEWindows MEWindows NTWindows 7
Windows VistaWindows XP MAC OS X
Sun SolarisLinuxAmigaOS10) General keyboard shortcuts
CTRL+C (Copy)
CTRL+X (Cut)
CTRL+V (Paste)
CTRL+Z (Undo)
DELETE (Delete)
SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without
placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the
selected item)
F2 key (Rename the selected item)
CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of
the next word)
CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of
the previous word)
CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of
the next paragraph)
CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the
previous paragraph)
CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of
text)
SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a
window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)
CTRL+A (Select all)
F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you
to have multiple documents open simultaneously)
ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been
opened)
F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the
desktop)
F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows
Explorer)
SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding
menu)
Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the
corresponding command)
F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a
submenu)
LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a
submenu)
F5 key (Update the active window)
BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or
Windows Explorer)
ESC (Cancel the current task)
SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent
the CD-ROM from automatically playing)
CTRL+SHIFT+ESC (Open Task Manager)Dialog box keyboard
shortcuts
If you press SHIFT+F8 in extended selection list boxes, you
enable extended selection mode. In this mode, you can use an arrow
key to move a cursor without changing the selection. You can press
CTRL+SPACEBAR or SHIFT+SPACEBAR to adjust the selection. To cancel
extended selection mode, press SHIFT+F8 again. Extended selection
mode cancels itself when you move the focus to another control.
CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
TAB (Move forward through the options)
SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or
select the corresponding option)
ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)
SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is
a check box)
Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of
option buttons)
F1 key (Display Help)
F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in
the Save As or Open dialog box)
Microsoft natural keyboard shortcuts
Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)
Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog
box)
Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)
Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)
Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restore the minimized windows)
Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)
CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)
Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)
Accessibility keyboard shortcuts
Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or
off)
Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on
or off)
Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or
off)
SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or
off)
Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)
Windows Explorer keyboard shortcuts
END (Display the bottom of the active window)
HOME (Display the top of the active window)
NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that
are under the selected folder)
NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected
folder)
NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)
LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or
select the parent folder)
RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed,
or select the first subfolder)
Shortcut keys for Character Map
After you double-click a character on the grid of characters,
you can move through the grid by using the keyboard shortcuts:
RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next
line)
LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous
line)
UP ARROW (Move up one row)
DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)
PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)
PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)
HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)
END (Move to the end of the line)
CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)
CTRL+END (Move to the last character)
SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a
character is selected)
Microsoft Management Console (MMC) main window keyboard
shortcuts
CTRL+O (Open a saved console)
CTRL+N (Open a new console)
CTRL+S (Save the open console)
CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)
CTRL+W (Open a new window)
F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)
ALT+F4 (Close the console)
ALT+A (Display the Action menu)
ALT+V (Display the View menu)
ALT+F (Display the File menu)
ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)
MMC console window keyboard shortcuts
CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)
ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active
console window)
SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected
item)
F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)
F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the
selected item)
F2 key (Rename the selected item)
CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has
only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)
Remote desktop connection navigation
CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog
box)
ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used
order)
ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and
a full screen)
ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the entire client
window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same
functionality as pressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local
computer.)
CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place a snapshot of the active window in
the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same
functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
Microsoft Internet Explorer navigation
CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)
CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web
address)
CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L)
CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)
CTRL+W (Close the current window)
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