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Imperialism Chapter 9, Section 1

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Imperialism Quest for colonial empires Desire for power and world prestige For economic advantage Spread political beliefs

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Industrialism Workers + efficient machines + raw materials = produced more than could be consumed at home

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Industrialism Turned to Africa, Asia, and Latin America for customers and more raw materials Railroad, telegraph, and the steamship allowed for an increase in product markets farther from home

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Imperialism Interested in also spreading Christian beliefs At times, this went hand-in-hand with racial superiority:

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Our Country by Josiah Strong (Protestant Miniser) God, with infinite wisdom and skill, is training the Ango-Saxon (people of English ancestry) for an hour sure to come in the worlds futureThen this race, the representative, let us hope, of the largest liberty, the purest Christianity, the highest civilizationwill spread itself over the earth.

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The Quest for Empire was: Strategic Economic Cultural/Religious

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1876-1915 African, Asian, and Latin American nations fell under control of a handful of industrialized nations (ex. France, Great Britain, Belgium, U.S., etc.)

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Great Britain Leading industrial power Sun never sets on the British Empire

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Samoa The desire for Naval bases and fueling stations (rather than culture) led the U.S., Great Britain, and Germany to square off

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Samoans realize this put them in danger A Samoan government official warned: Be kind and dont start a war in Samoa, because if you do the Three Powers [Britain, Germany, and the U.S.] will take over the conduct of the country and your orators and Chiefs and things that you have been accustomed to will be of no further use.

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March 1889 7 warships (1 British; 3 German; 3 American) Faceoff in the South Pacific Harbor (by Samoa) Before a shot is fired, a typhoon destroys all but the British ship

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A Year Later Samoans surrendered their government U.S. controlled East Samoa Germany controlled West Samoa Today: West is independent, East is a U.S. territory

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Cuba 90 miles from the Florida keys Testing ground for US imperialism Cuba + Puerto Rico were the last of the Spanish colonies in America

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Cuba Since 1868, Cuba had launched a series of unsuccessful revolts against Spanish rule Spain exiled rebellion leadersmany who came to the US (one wrote for a NY newspaper calling for Cuban independence)

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Cuba Another revolt was unleashed in 1896 Within days, thousands of farmers were put into concentration camps to prevent them from supplying the rebels Over 2 years, about 200,000 Cubans died from starvation and disease

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William Randolf Hearst American journalist (wrote for the Journal) He, and others, named General Weyler (responsible for the concentration camps) the Butcher Newspapers began avidly reporting the actions of the Spanish in Cuba

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Yellow Journalism NY newspapers began outdoing each other in publicizing Spanish atrocitiesoften sensationalizing events/acts This grandiose journalism is called yellow journalism (after a comic strip)

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Frederic Remington Hearst sent Remington (an artist) to Cuba to send back drawings that documented Spanish Cruelty Hearst wanted to horrify and scare Americans into buying his paper and into a war against Spain

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Yellow Journalism Remington: EVERYTING IS QUIET. THERE IS NO TROUBLE HERE. THERE WILL BE NO WAR. WISH TO RETURN. Hearst: PLEASE REMAIN. YOU FURNISH THE PICTURES AND ILL FURNISH THE WAR.

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War? U.S. horror at Spanish atrocities + threats to U.S. investments in Cuba was convincing for them to help Cuban rebels

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President William McKinley Veteran of the Civil War Faced increasing war fever from Americans Struggled to remain neutral Did not want to commit American troops for fear of casualties

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Turning Points 1.Hearsts Journal printed a letter by Spains minister which was intercepted by a Cuban spy and sold to Hearst The letter ridiculed President McKinley asweak and afraid of the American crowd Americans were outraged and insulted

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Turning Points 2. American battleship MAINE (sent to protect US lives/property) blew up killing 260 sailors DESTRUCTION OF THE WAR SHIP MAINE WAS THE WORK OF AN ENEMY! (headline of Hearsts Journal)

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Too late Later, it was discovered that a fire in a coal bin had probably caused the explosion But, that did not matter. Americans blamed Spain and began chanting Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!

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Too late Spain tried to calm tensions by agreeing to U.S. proposed peace plan But, McKinley (under public pressure) asked Congress to intervene in Cuba in the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, and in behalf of endangered American interests.

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Teller Amendment The United States claimed no sovereignty jurisdiction, or control over Cuba Congress recognized Cuban independence and voted to use military force to help Cuba get it US promised to leave Cuba to self-government after the war

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Spanish-American War: Philippines First battles fought in the Philippine Islands Commodore George Dewey was ordered to keep the Navys fleet ready to take action in the Phillipines May 1, 1898: (2 weeks after war declared) Deweys fleet easily defeated the small Spanish fleet guarding the Philippine city of Manila

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Spanish-American War: Philippines Dewey + US soldiers + rebel army of Filipino patriots (who had been fighting Spanish for 2 years) Attacked and captured Manila Spanish forces surrendered on August 14 th, 1898

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Spanish-American War: Cuba Victory in Cuba would not come as easily US sent only 28,000 soldiers (unprepared for land battles) Volunteers raced to join, but could not be trained and fitted in time

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Spanish-American War: Cuba US soldiers: little training, heavy wool uniforms, & not well prepared Given canned corned beef for food rations, meant to keep in any weatherbut they exploded

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Spanish-American War: Cuba Heavy rains pouring down, no tents for cover, standing in trenches in a foot of water and mud, day and nightration issue consisting of sow belly, hardtack, and some grains of coffee. Then came the issue of fleece-lined underwear in a 132 degree climateThen came on malaria.

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July 1 Major American land invasions US wanted to take high ground so they could shoot down at the Spanish Looked to take El Caney and San Juan Hill

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San Juan Hill One division took El Caney Lieutenant Colonel Teddy Roosevelt led a unit (about 1,000 men) to take San Juan Hill Unit was mostly college athletes, miners, cowboys, Native Americans, ranchers, and Rough Riders (aka adventurers)

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Defeating the Spanish Took San Juan Hill and controlled the heights and ridge July 3: US Navy sank the Spanish fleet off the coast of Cuba (killing about 400 Spaniards) July 17: Spanish troops in Cuba surrendered; US troops defeated Spanish in Puerto Rico too

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Costs Spain: had to grant Cuba its independence, give Puerto Rico and Guam to the US, and gave up the Philippines for a US payment of $20 million US: 5,400 soldiers died (400 from battle, others from disease and food poisoning)

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Rewards US gained overseas territories Secured its position as an imperialist and world power While some Americans were happy, others were troubled by the conquest of other countries

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