ImperialismImperialism

A. Imperialism – intentional control by an industrial A. Imperialism – intentional control by an industrial developed nation over a less developed region or developed nation over a less developed region or nation. This control is usually political, economic, nation. This control is usually political, economic, social, or cultural.social, or cultural.

B. Old Imperialism (1500-1800)B. Old Imperialism (1500-1800)1. Took place during the Age of 1. Took place during the Age of

ExplorationExploration2. European countries, companies, and private 2. European countries, companies, and private individuals established trade routes to obtain individuals established trade routes to obtain resources, acquire land, and as an effect resources, acquire land, and as an effect subjugate indigenous populations.subjugate indigenous populations.3. Took place mainly in North America, South 3. Took place mainly in North America, South America, and the Caribbean Region.America, and the Caribbean Region.

C. New Imperialism (1850 – 1952)C. New Imperialism (1850 – 1952)1. Carried out mainly by governments as official policy in Africa 1. Carried out mainly by governments as official policy in Africa

and Asiaand Asia2. Similar to goals of Old Imperialism except there was also an 2. Similar to goals of Old Imperialism except there was also an

interest in creating markets and places worthy of financial interest in creating markets and places worthy of financial investments.investments.

3. Aspects of Imperialism3. Aspects of Imperialisma. Economic Reasonsa. Economic Reasons

i. Nations wanted to find and sustain new i. Nations wanted to find and sustain new markets indefinitely for the growing markets indefinitely for the growing

number of number of goods produced because of the goods produced because of the Industrial Revolution.Industrial Revolution.

ii. Sought out rich regions for their raw ii. Sought out rich regions for their raw natural natural materials, that would be turned materials, that would be turned

into finished, into finished, manufactured products.manufactured products.iii. Rise of wealthy businessmen and iii. Rise of wealthy businessmen and

companies companies (They expected their governments to send (They expected their governments to send soldiers to soldiers to protect their investments from other protect their investments from other imperialistic imperialistic nations and from indigenous populations)nations and from indigenous populations)

4. Political Reasons4. Political Reasonsa. Nations want to gain prestige and power a. Nations want to gain prestige and power b. Germany and Italy want to catch up with long b. Germany and Italy want to catch up with long time Imperial powers France, Great Britain, and time Imperial powers France, Great Britain, and the Netherlands.the Netherlands.c. Leaders engaged in jingoism - nationalism c. Leaders engaged in jingoism - nationalism marked by an aggressive foreign policy.marked by an aggressive foreign policy.d. Wanted places for military bases and coal d. Wanted places for military bases and coal stations.stations.e. Potential source of man-power for European e. Potential source of man-power for European armies.armies.

5 . Social Reasons5 . Social Reasonsa) European nations thought their way of life was a) European nations thought their way of life was superior (ethnocentrism) and superior (ethnocentrism) and that it was their that it was their obligation and right to spread their culture.obligation and right to spread their culture.b) exemplified by Kipling in poem “White b) exemplified by Kipling in poem “White

Man’s Burden”Man’s Burden”i.) Social Darwinism – biased idea of i.) Social Darwinism – biased idea of

racial racial superiority “survival of the fittest” superiority “survival of the fittest”ii.) Thought it was natural for stronger ii.) Thought it was natural for stronger societies to conquer weak societies to conquer weak

societiessocietiesc. Christian missionaries want to convert c. Christian missionaries want to convert

indigenous populations to Christianity and indigenous populations to Christianity and improve health and living conditions.improve health and living conditions.

d. Some doctors, engineers, educators, and d. Some doctors, engineers, educators, and scientists went for humanitarian purposes.scientists went for humanitarian purposes.

ImperialismImperialism

Forms of ImperialismForms of Imperialism

1.1. ColonyColony – foreign power directly controls area – foreign power directly controls area

2.2. ProtectorateProtectorate – indigenous government kept as – indigenous government kept as long as long as it did what the foreign power long as long as it did what the foreign power wantedwanted

a.a. Puppet governmentPuppet government

3.3. Sphere of InfluenceSphere of Influence – foreign power rules – foreign power rules through exclusive trade agreementsthrough exclusive trade agreements

4.4. ConcessionConcession- - foreign nation obtaining special foreign nation obtaining special priviledgespriviledges

5.5. MandateMandate – – region is placed under contemporary region is placed under contemporary control by an international organizationcontrol by an international organization

North AfricaNorth Africa French involvementFrench involvement

• AlgeriaAlgeria Starting in 1830’s it takes France over Starting in 1830’s it takes France over

10 years and 100,000 soldiers to 10 years and 100,000 soldiers to control Algeriacontrol Algeria

• Opposed by Abd al QadirOpposed by Abd al Qadir

• Tunisia – taken in 1881Tunisia – taken in 1881• Morocco – sticking point, but taken Morocco – sticking point, but taken

by 1905by 1905• 1,000,000 French in North Africa by 1,000,000 French in North Africa by

19051905

Abd al QadirAbd al Qadir

French in AlgeriaFrench in Algeria

North AfricaNorth Africa British InvolvementBritish Involvement

• Egypt – Suez Canal finished in 1869Egypt – Suez Canal finished in 1869 Egyptian government sells land to Egyptian government sells land to

England to pay for debt.England to pay for debt.• People don’t like this and revolt against People don’t like this and revolt against

Egyptian governmentEgyptian government England seizes Suez CanalEngland seizes Suez Canal

• Sudan – taken in 1889Sudan – taken in 1889 French claim it too – compromise: British will French claim it too – compromise: British will

recognize French claim to Morocco and keep recognize French claim to Morocco and keep SudanSudan

Suez CanalSuez Canal

Suez CanalSuez Canal

North AfricaNorth Africa

Italian InvolvementItalian Involvement• 1911 – takes Libya from Ottoman 1911 – takes Libya from Ottoman

EmpireEmpire Checked with England and FranceChecked with England and France Not difficultNot difficult Vindication after loss in EthiopiaVindication after loss in Ethiopia

Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa

West AfricaWest Africa• Europe trading since 1700’sEurope trading since 1700’s

““Triangular Trade”Triangular Trade”

• Europeans push inward in 1870’sEuropeans push inward in 1870’s

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

Berlin Conference of 1884Berlin Conference of 1884European Powers break up AfricaEuropean Powers break up Africa

Conference Resolution

Imperialization of AfricaImperialization of Africa

Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa Independent StatesIndependent States

• LiberiaLiberia Founded in 1822 by James MonroeFounded in 1822 by James Monroe

• Freedmen could return to AfricaFreedmen could return to Africa Protected by USAProtected by USA

• EthiopiaEthiopia Attacked by ItalyAttacked by Italy King Menelik unites tribes and crushes King Menelik unites tribes and crushes

ItaliansItalians• No other country triesNo other country tries

King MenelikKing Menelik

South AfricaSouth Africa

First settled by DutchFirst settled by Dutch• Afrikaners – Dutch settlersAfrikaners – Dutch settlers

Boers – Dutch farmersBoers – Dutch farmers

Became English possession after Became English possession after Napoleonic WarsNapoleonic Wars• Outlaw slavery – Boers are NOT Outlaw slavery – Boers are NOT

happyhappy Afrikaners move inland – Orange Free Afrikaners move inland – Orange Free

State and TransvaalState and Transvaal

South AfricaSouth Africa

South AfricaSouth Africa Boer War of 1899Boer War of 1899

• English defeat the AfrikanersEnglish defeat the Afrikaners Ban slavery, but state that indigenous population can not Ban slavery, but state that indigenous population can not

participate in governmentparticipate in government 1910 – Union of South Africa formed1910 – Union of South Africa formed

• Unites all the territoriesUnites all the territories• Apartheid is put in placeApartheid is put in place

African National Congress (ANC) starts in 1912African National Congress (ANC) starts in 1912• Nelson Mandela leads movement against apartheid Nelson Mandela leads movement against apartheid

(1961)(1961) Imprisoned for 26 years on Robben Island (1963-1990)Imprisoned for 26 years on Robben Island (1963-1990) Released and becomes first indigenous president of South Released and becomes first indigenous president of South

Africa (1994-1999)Africa (1994-1999)

Latin AmericaLatin America

Remember “Conquistadors”?Remember “Conquistadors”? Mostly Economic ImperialismMostly Economic Imperialism

• United Fruit CompanyUnited Fruit Company Started by Minor Keith Started by Minor Keith Controls the rail-lines and therefore Controls the rail-lines and therefore

the banana trade in several countriesthe banana trade in several countries• Use these resources to convince, with Use these resources to convince, with

USA governmental support, Latin USA governmental support, Latin American governmentsAmerican governments

Minor KeithMinor Keith

Latin AmericaLatin America

United Fruit CompanyUnited Fruit Company• called “El Pulpa” called “El Pulpa”

monopolized the banana trade monopolized the banana trade exploited workers exploited workers aided small dictatorships known as aided small dictatorships known as

“banana republics.”“banana republics.”

United Fruit CompanyUnited Fruit Company

Latin AmericaLatin America

Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt• Adds corollary to Monroe DoctrineAdds corollary to Monroe Doctrine

USA could intervene to stop “chronic USA could intervene to stop “chronic wrongdoing” through out the western wrongdoing” through out the western hemispherehemisphere

• Used to meddle in Latin American affairsUsed to meddle in Latin American affairs

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

Modern ImperialismModern Imperialism

Does Imperialism exist today?Does Imperialism exist today?• Economic?Economic?• Cultural?Cultural?• Colonialism?Colonialism?