ImperialismImperialism

1890 19091890 1909

United States ExpansionUnited States Expansion

Uncle Sam and People From Uncle Sam and People From his Colonies, c. 1900his Colonies, c. 1900

Cubra Libre Cubra Libre by Captian Fritz W. Guerinby Captian Fritz W. Guerin

Stage picture Stage picture depicts depicts Confederate and Confederate and Union officers Union officers reconciled three reconciled three decades after the decades after the civil war to defeat civil war to defeat Cuba from her Cuba from her chains of bondagechains of bondage

America Turns OutwardAmerica Turns Outward Expansion – farmers/factory owners want new Expansion – farmers/factory owners want new

marketsmarkets Americentrism – power generated by population, Americentrism – power generated by population,

wealth and industrial productionwealth and industrial production Yellow Press – manly adventures – HearstYellow Press – manly adventures – Hearst Missionaries – Josiah Strong – “souls to harvest” – Missionaries – Josiah Strong – “souls to harvest” –

ethnocentrismethnocentrism Social Darwinism – Lodge and RooseveltSocial Darwinism – Lodge and Roosevelt Exploiting China – Japan, Russia, Germany, and Exploiting China – Japan, Russia, Germany, and

the USthe US Mahan – Steel navy – key to world dominanceMahan – Steel navy – key to world dominance

• Spurred demands for an isthmian canalSpurred demands for an isthmian canal

America Turns Outward Cont…America Turns Outward Cont… Big Sister Policy in Latin America – pushed by Sec. State Big Sister Policy in Latin America – pushed by Sec. State

James BlaineJames Blaine Samoa – US vs. GermanySamoa – US vs. Germany 11 Italians lynched in New Orleans11 Italians lynched in New Orleans 2 American Sailors died in Chile, agreed to pay indemnity2 American Sailors died in Chile, agreed to pay indemnity US vs. Canada – seal huntingUS vs. Canada – seal hunting Willingness of America to risk war for distant minor disputes Willingness of America to risk war for distant minor disputes

demonstrated new aggressive foreign policydemonstrated new aggressive foreign policy US Invokes Monroe Doctrine in Venezuela – inform Britian US Invokes Monroe Doctrine in Venezuela – inform Britian

that US is now calling the shots in Western Hemispherethat US is now calling the shots in Western Hemisphere• Great Rapprochment (Reconciliation between the two nations)Great Rapprochment (Reconciliation between the two nations)

Shift from “twisting the lions tale” to “patting the eagle’s head”Shift from “twisting the lions tale” to “patting the eagle’s head”

Spurning the Hawaiian PearSpurning the Hawaiian Pear Early 19Early 19thth Century – trade stop for Yankee shippers, sailors Century – trade stop for Yankee shippers, sailors

and whalersand whalers 1820s – Christian Missionaries Arrive – preached 1820s – Christian Missionaries Arrive – preached

Christianity and protective Calico (clothing)Christianity and protective Calico (clothing) Important center of sugar productionImportant center of sugar production 1840s – USSD develops protectionist policies1840s – USSD develops protectionist policies 1887 – Pearl Harbor Naval Base Treaty1887 – Pearl Harbor Naval Base Treaty 5/6 of indigenous population died from old world disease5/6 of indigenous population died from old world disease

• Asian Immigration for sugar fields and mills – Chinese and Japanese Asian Immigration for sugar fields and mills – Chinese and Japanese outnumber indigenous and whites – mounting worries of Japanese outnumber indigenous and whites – mounting worries of Japanese interventionintervention

McKinley Tarriff -> barriers for imported sugarMcKinley Tarriff -> barriers for imported sugar Queen Lil – block sugar lords efforts to annex HawaiiQueen Lil – block sugar lords efforts to annex Hawaii

Cubans in Rise RevoltCubans in Rise Revolt Torched Earth – 1895Torched Earth – 1895 US investment – 50 million in Cuba, trade stake of 100 mill.US investment – 50 million in Cuba, trade stake of 100 mill. Re-concentration camp victims -> “Butcher” WeylerRe-concentration camp victims -> “Butcher” Weyler Yellow Journalism – Hearst and Pulitzer ->sensationalismYellow Journalism – Hearst and Pulitzer ->sensationalism USS Maine – drove war against SpainUSS Maine – drove war against Spain

• 1976 – US admitted explosion was engine related1976 – US admitted explosion was engine related• Spain’s agreement to armistice and end of Spain’s agreement to armistice and end of

reconcentration camps did not quell war fervorreconcentration camps did not quell war fervor• Teller Amendment – place troops, but not annex CubaTeller Amendment – place troops, but not annex Cuba

Dewey’s May Day VictoryDewey’s May Day Victory There’ll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town TonightThere’ll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight Hail, Hail, the Gang’s All HereHail, Hail, the Gang’s All Here February 1898 US Declared war on SpainFebruary 1898 US Declared war on Spain May 1898, Commodore Dewey’s fleet attacked Spanish in the May 1898, Commodore Dewey’s fleet attacked Spanish in the

Manila harborManila harbor• 400 Spanish killed, zero American casualties400 Spanish killed, zero American casualties

Reinforcements arrived in August to storm the Spanish Reinforcements arrived in August to storm the Spanish fortsforts• Collaborated with Emilio Aguinaldo, insurgent leader, brought Collaborated with Emilio Aguinaldo, insurgent leader, brought

out of exile by Dewey to organize the Phillipino insurgencyout of exile by Dewey to organize the Phillipino insurgency Hawaii was quickly annexed in July to provide a fueling Hawaii was quickly annexed in July to provide a fueling

station for Deweystation for Dewey

The Confused Invasion of CubaThe Confused Invasion of Cuba Spanish Armada arrived in Cuba, easily blocked by Spanish Armada arrived in Cuba, easily blocked by

American fleetAmerican fleet Rough Riders – organized principally by Teddy RooseveltRough Riders – organized principally by Teddy Roosevelt Shafter’s Fleet and Rough Riders captured Santiago with Shafter’s Fleet and Rough Riders captured Santiago with

the help of the insurgencythe help of the insurgency• Next descended on Puerto RicoNext descended on Puerto Rico

Spain surrendered on August 12, 1898Spain surrendered on August 12, 1898 400 American died in Battle400 American died in Battle 5,000 died from either malaria, typhoid fever, 5,000 died from either malaria, typhoid fever,

dysentery, and yellow feverdysentery, and yellow fever• Kennedy hypothesizes that if Spanish had held out longer, Kennedy hypothesizes that if Spanish had held out longer,

Americans would have succumbed to tropical diseaseAmericans would have succumbed to tropical disease

““Oh dewy was the morningOh dewy was the morningUpon the first of May,Upon the first of May,

And Dewey was the AdmiralAnd Dewey was the AdmiralDown in Manila BayDown in Manila Bay

And dewy were the Spaniard’s eyes,And dewy were the Spaniard’s eyes,Them orbs of black and blue;Them orbs of black and blue;

And dew we feel discouraged?And dew we feel discouraged?I dew not think we dew.I dew not think we dew.

America’s Course (Curse?) of EmpireAmerica’s Course (Curse?) of Empire Late 1898 – Americans met Spanish in ParisLate 1898 – Americans met Spanish in Paris

• Cuba provided sovereigntyCuba provided sovereignty• Captured Guam from Spain w/o their initial knowledgeCaptured Guam from Spain w/o their initial knowledge• Spain ceded Puerto Rico to US for war reparations (first Spain ceded Puerto Rico to US for war reparations (first

territory annexed without the promise of statehood)territory annexed without the promise of statehood) Who pays the cost of war?Who pays the cost of war?

McKinley’s Philippine Dilemma McKinley’s Philippine Dilemma • sovereignty (anarchy?), return to Spain, occupation/protection, sovereignty (anarchy?), return to Spain, occupation/protection,

possible German and Spanish occupationpossible German and Spanish occupation• Claimed inner voice said take the Philippines and Christianize Claimed inner voice said take the Philippines and Christianize

them - decided on annexationthem - decided on annexation• Manilla taken a day after armistice – America agreed to pay 20 Manilla taken a day after armistice – America agreed to pay 20

millionmillion

Course of Curse Cont…Course of Curse Cont… Anti-ImperialistsAnti-Imperialists

• Harvard Professor William Harvard Professor William JamesJames

Destroys America’s Destroys America’s commitment to self-commitment to self-determination and anti-determination and anti-colonialismcolonialism

• Speaker of House Thomas Speaker of House Thomas Czar resignedCzar resigned

• Anti-Imperialist LeagueAnti-Imperialist League President of President of

Stanford/Harvard and Stanford/Harvard and Mark TwainMark Twain

• Would violate Would violate constitution and Dec. constitution and Dec. of Ind.of Ind.

• Expensive and not Expensive and not turn a profitturn a profit

• Carnegie and MellonCarnegie and Mellon

ImperialistsImperialists• Civilizing MissionCivilizing Mission• Manila the next Hong Manila the next Hong

KongKong• Kipling “White Man’s Kipling “White Man’s

Burden”Burden” Wealthy American’s Wealthy American’s

must uplift the must uplift the underfed, and underfed, and undercard worldundercard world

• America approved the America approved the treaty of Spain amidst treaty of Spain amidst protests in 1899protests in 1899