Chapter 27Empire and Expansion, 1890–1909

I. America Turns Outward• National ambition for overseas expansion– Expanded resources and markets– Big Sister policy• Latin America nations behind Uncle Sam’s leadership

• Great Rapprochement– Multiple crises with Great Britain avoided– Two nations reconcile

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II. Spurning the Hawaiian Pear• Hawaii was an early attraction for Americans– Location, religion, sugar

• McKinley Tariff– Taxed Hawaiian sugar– Planters organized a successful revolt early 1893 – U.S. would not annex until 1898

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III. Cubans Rise in Revolt• Cuba rose against their Spanish oppressor(1895)– The roots of the revolt were partly economic– Spanish general “Butcher” Weyler took charge

• Maine to Cuba for a “friendly visit” (1898)– Maine mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor

• McKinley sent his war message to Congress– Congress adopted the Teller Amendment

• U.S. would fight for Cuba’s freedom

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IV. Dewey’s May Day Victory at Manila(Spanish-American-Filipino War)

• U.S. plunged into war (May, 1898)

• Commodore Dewey attacked Spain’s Philippines – Assisted by Emilio Aguinaldo

• Pacific war increased a desire for Hawaii– Hawaii received full territorial status in 1900

• Spain surrenders The Philippines (Aug., 1898)

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V. The Confused Invasion of Cuba(Spanish-American-Cuban War)

• The Rough Riders– Regiments of volunteers• Organized principally by Theodore Roosevelt• Commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood

• Spain on signed an armistice (August,1898) – U.S. deaths: ~5,000 died of disease, 400 by combat

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VI. America’s Course (Curse?) of Empire

• Paris Treaty(1898) ends Spanish-American War– Cuba gains independence (from Spanish overlords)– U.S. gains Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines• U.S. paid $20 million for Mania

• The Anti-Imperialist League– Don’t annex Philippines– Don’t make Philippines a colony

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VII. Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba

• The Insular Cases– Puerto Ricans/Filipinos) subject to American rule• But they did not enjoy all American rights

• The anomalous Puerto Rico– The Foraker Act (1900)• Congress granted U.S. citizenship in 1917

• Cubans forced to accept Platt Amendment(1901)

• U.S. intervention when U.S. saw necessary

VIII. New Horizons in Two Hemispheres

• Spanish-American War – a “splendid little war”– Short (113 days) and successful

• U.S. became a full-fledged Asian power

IX. “Little Brown Brothers” in the Philippines

• Disappointed Filipinos hoped for independence– Emilio Aguinaldo fights back (1899-1901)– United States was forced to deploy 126,000 troops – 4,234 Americans, ~600,000 Filipinos died

• William H. Taft became governor in 1901– He called them his “little brown brothers”– “Benevolent assimilation” policy• Cost U.S. millions• Filipinos pined for liberty

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X. Hinging the Open Door in China• Open Door note (1899)– Respect Chinese rights– Keep China an “open door’ to fair trade

• Boxer Rebellion– Anti-foreigner uprising

• Results of the Boxer Rebellion– Europeans/Americans win & control trade– Tens of thousands died– Chinese forced to pay $333 million reparations

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XI. Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?• McKinley renominated by Republicans in 1900• William Jennings, choice of the Democrats

• 1900 Election results–McKinley wins popular vote 7,218,491 to 6,356,734–Electoral College 292 to 155 for McKinley

• Victory for the Republicans–Won b/c of Prosperity & protectionism. (The 2 P’s)

XII. TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick• William McKinley murdered in September 1901

• Teddy Roosevelt becomes President (age 42)• Ardent champion of military and naval preparedness

• He loved people and mingled with all ranks– Disregarded delicate checks and balances – Take any action not forbidden by Constitution

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XIII. Building the Panama Canal• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: between US and GB– Gave U.S, legal right to build canal

• Congress decided on Panama route (June 1902)– The Columbian Senate rejected U.S. offer– Panama rebels, U.S. defends Panama and buys land

• Panama Canal Construction begins in 1901– Cost was ~$400 million, completed in 1914

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XIV. TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s Doctrine

• The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine– “Preventive intervention” by the U.S.– No Europeans could push around Latin America

• TR’s promote the “Bad Neighbor” policy– U.S. seen as the ‘Colossus of the North’– Policy used to justify wholesale interventions

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XV. Roosevelt on the World Stage• Russo – Japanese War (1904-1906)– Japan attacks Port Arthur (1904)– Russia’s counter attacks fail (1905)– TR negotiates a peace (1906)

• TR received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906– Russia & Japan both upset about treaty• Japan and America now became rivals in Asia

XVI. Japanese Laborers in California• Side effect of the Russo-Japanese War– Japanese immigrants poured into California– TR negotiated the “Gentlemen’s Agreement”

• TR sends out “The Great White Fleet” (1907)

• U.S./Japan sign Root-Tarahira agreement (1908)– Both agree to respect the other’s Pacific possessions– And to uphold the ‘Open Door’ in China.

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