Empire & Empire & ExpansionExpansion

1890-19091890-1909We assert that no nation can long We assert that no nation can long

endure half Republic and half endure half Republic and half Empire, and we warn the American Empire, and we warn the American people that imperialism abroad will people that imperialism abroad will lead quickly to despotism at home.lead quickly to despotism at home.

Democratic National Platform, 1900Democratic National Platform, 1900

Post –Civil War AmericaPost –Civil War America

Americans remained indifferent to Americans remained indifferent to the outside world-mostlythe outside world-mostly

America absorbed in Reconstruction, America absorbed in Reconstruction, the new industrial economy, blight the new industrial economy, blight in the cities, and settling the west.in the cities, and settling the west.

At the close of the 19At the close of the 19thth century, century, American foreign policy shifted.American foreign policy shifted.

Cartoon-European grab bag

Cartoon-European grab bag

Cartoon-

European grab bag

European nations colonizing--US needed to do the same or European nations colonizing--US needed to do the same or become an insignificant county……become an insignificant county……

• In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought bought AlaskaAlaska from Russia. from Russia.

Seward’s Seward’s FollyFolly

• Seward bought the uninhabited Midway Islands for use as repairing and refueling stations for navy vessels in the Pacific.

Midway Islands

• The United States signed a treaty with Hawaii and took a The United States signed a treaty with Hawaii and took a more active role in protecting Latin America.more active role in protecting Latin America.

• US policy would expand into the Philippines and US policy would expand into the Philippines and negotiate trade treaties.negotiate trade treaties.

Latin Latin America, America, Hawaii Hawaii and Asiaand Asia

Expanding U.S. Interests

American Interest in Asia Before the Civil War

1. Caleb Cushing Expedition (1844)- Mass. Lawyer sent to China by Pres. John Tyler.

* Treaty of Wanghia US citizens in China accused of crimes

only tried by US consular offices Right to buy land in the 5 treaty ports

& set up churches US gets “most favored nation trade

status with China like the British had.

US Interest in Asia Before Civil War

2. Matthew Perry Expedition (1853-4): opened two Japanese ports to US trade.

* Treaty of Kanagawa Opened ports of Shimoda & Hakodate. Guaranteed safety of shipwrecked US

sailors** ended Japan’s 200 year policy of

seclusion.

Seward’s Icebox: 1867Seward’s Icebox: 1867Seward’s Icebox: 1867Seward’s Icebox: 1867

Island Possessions

Reasons for US Interest in Overseas

American ImperialismPost Civil War

1.Evangelism & Foreign Missions

Post Civil war- the major Protestant religions sponsored missions in foreign lands.

By 1900, 23 Protestant denominations had missions in China- mostly staffed by women.

**Rev. Josiah Strong (Congregational Minister)- wrote Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis; promoted Anglo-Saxonism.

* Inspired Missionaries“imperialism of righteousness” to

Christianize & “civilize”. The *“White Man’s Burden”- Rudyard

Kipling

documents expan3

Source: Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis…

American Home Missionary Society, 1885….

It seems to me that God, with infinite wisdom and skill, is training the Anglo-Saxon race for an hour sure to come in the world’s future….The unoccupied

arable lands of the earth are limited, and will soon be taken. Then, will the world enter upon a new stage of its history----the final competition of races, for which the final competition of races, for which

the Angle-Saxon is being schooled….the Angle-Saxon is being schooled….

documents expan3

Source: Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis…

American Home Missionary Society, 1885….

Then this race of unequalled energy, with all the majesty of numbers and the

might of wealth behind it----the representative, let us hope, of the largest

liberty the purest Christianity, the highest civilization…will spread itself

over the earth…. If I read not amiss, this powerful race will move down

documents expan3

Source: Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis…

American Home Missionary Society, 1885….

upon Mexico, down Central and South America, out upon the islands of the sea, over upon Africa and beyond. And can

any one doubt that the result of this competition of races will be the “survival “survival

of the fittest”?of the fittest”?

American Missionariesin China, 1905

Religious/Missionary Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

Religious/Missionary Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

Social Darwinist ThinkingSocial Darwinist ThinkingSocial Darwinist ThinkingSocial Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sThe White Man’sBurden: to civilize the worldBurden: to civilize the world

The Hierarchyof Race

The Hierarchyof Race

2.Need for New Markets

Panic of 1893-1897- most Americans blamed on collapse of overbuilt RR’s & over speculation on Stock market.

Other structural problems existed: over built economy & insufficient market for goods.

1870-1900- US exports went from $400 million to $1.5 Billion (but --European markets for US goods contracted)

Expansion and spreading our culture

America & Latin America America & Latin America

Sec. of State Sec. of State James G. BlaineJames G. Blaine (2 times)- (2 times)- ““Big Sister” policyBig Sister” policy;; rally Latin America behind US policy & open Latin rally Latin America behind US policy & open Latin American markets to US. == 1889 American markets to US. == 1889 **Pan-American Pan-American Conference-Conference- (D.C.). (D.C.).

ConflictConflict 1889- US & German navies almost go to war over the 1889- US & German navies almost go to war over the

Samoan Islands= 1899- islands divided= Samoan Islands= 1899- islands divided= American SamoaAmerican Samoa.. 1892- 2 American sailors killed in port of Valparaiso; US & 1892- 2 American sailors killed in port of Valparaiso; US &

Chile war averted when Chile agreed to pay an indemnity.Chile war averted when Chile agreed to pay an indemnity. 1893- US/ Canadian argument over seal hunting off coast 1893- US/ Canadian argument over seal hunting off coast

of Alaska= resolved by arbitration.of Alaska= resolved by arbitration. 1895-1896- Venezuela & Britain dispute over boundary 1895-1896- Venezuela & Britain dispute over boundary

between British Guiana & Venezuela= US Sec. of State & between British Guiana & Venezuela= US Sec. of State & Pres. Cleveland invoked the Monroe Doctrine.Pres. Cleveland invoked the Monroe Doctrine.

Britain backed off because of threats in Germany & Boer Britain backed off because of threats in Germany & Boer War= new era War= new era ““patting the eagle’s headpatting the eagle’s head”” = = ( (The Great The Great RapprochementRapprochement))

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

Commercial/Business Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

Commercial/Business Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

•Originally meant that the United States declared itself neutral in European wars and warned other nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.

• Later, the doctrine was interpreted to mean a more active role to protect the interests of the United States.

The The Monroe Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

Expanding U.S. Interests

Cartoon-US Expansion1US goal was always expansion

3. Jingoists- Nationalism3. Jingoists- Nationalism 1883- Congress set aside money to build a

modern navy. Theodore Roosevelt & Henry Cabot Lodge

(“jingoists”- extreme nationalists)- believed the earth belonged to the strong & fit- Darwinism applied to foreign policy.

• 1880’s Africa- partitioned by Europeans• 1890’s Japan, Germany, Russia sought

leaseholds in China. 1890 **Captain Alfred T. Mahan- wrote The

Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783 = strong navy needed to control colonies; called for annexation of coaling bases in Caribbean & Pacific.

Need for coaling stations around the world.

Military/Strategic InterestsMilitary/Strategic Interests Military/Strategic InterestsMilitary/Strategic Interests

**Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

**Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

The Annexation of Hawaii

Americans Desire HawaiiAmericans Desire Hawaii 1820’s New England missionaries arrived1820’s New England missionaries arrived Way station & provision point of Yankee shippers, Way station & provision point of Yankee shippers,

sailors, whalers.sailors, whalers. Island ideal for growing sugar Island ideal for growing sugar 1840’s US warns other powers –hands off1840’s US warns other powers –hands off 1875- US corporations dominated sugar trade1875- US corporations dominated sugar trade 1880- US companies in Hawaii tripled; sent sugar 1880- US companies in Hawaii tripled; sent sugar

to US duty free.to US duty free. 1887- US –Hawaiian agreement-- guaranteeing 1887- US –Hawaiian agreement-- guaranteeing

America the America the use of Pearl Harboruse of Pearl Harbor as a naval base. as a naval base. 1888- US planters arranged overthrow of King 1888- US planters arranged overthrow of King

Kalakaua= new gov’t . Kalakaua= new gov’t .

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity TreatyTreaty

1890 – 1890 – McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff

1893 – AmericanAmerican businessmen backed businessmen backed anan uprising against Queen uprising against Queen

Liliuokalani. Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. of Hawaii in 1894.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaiians WeakenedHawaiians Weakened Population decreased by 1/6 of its size at the Population decreased by 1/6 of its size at the

time of first contact (due to disease from Old time of first contact (due to disease from Old World)World)

American “sugar lords” imported Asian American “sugar lords” imported Asian workers (China & Japan) to work on sugar workers (China & Japan) to work on sugar cane fields & mill= end of 19cane fields & mill= end of 19thth century= century= Asian immigrants outnumbered whites & Asian immigrants outnumbered whites & Hawaiians.Hawaiians.

1890 1890 McKinley Tariff-McKinley Tariff- raised tariff = white raised tariff = white planters want to be annexed by US.planters want to be annexed by US.

1891Queen Liliuokalani1891Queen Liliuokalani Assumed power; Assumed power; issued constitution giving her more power issued constitution giving her more power resisted= 1893 whites (assisted by US resisted= 1893 whites (assisted by US Marines) revoltedMarines) revolted

Planter effort was unauthorized-pushed by Planter effort was unauthorized-pushed by U.S. FOREIGN minister TO Hawaii (U.S. FOREIGN minister TO Hawaii (StevensStevens) ) “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe…” & “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe…” & Sanford DoleSanford Dole

Treaty of Annexation was withdrawn by new President Grover Cleveland= annexation delayed 5 years.

Queen Liliuokalani

John L. Stevens- US Foreign Minister to Hawaii

The Spanish-American War 1898

Cubans Revolt Against SpainCubans Revolt Against Spain 1894- US Tariff raised high duties on 1894- US Tariff raised high duties on

sugar=sugar production crippled.sugar=sugar production crippled. 1895- Cubans revolt against Spanish rulers1895- Cubans revolt against Spanish rulers Cuban “insurrectos” burned cane fields & Cuban “insurrectos” burned cane fields &

dynamited passenger trains= threatened dynamited passenger trains= threatened $50 Million US investments (annual trade $50 Million US investments (annual trade of $100 million).of $100 million).

Cuba lay at the line of a hoped for Panama Cuba lay at the line of a hoped for Panama CanalCanal

Spain sends Spain sends Gen. Victoriano WeylerGen. Victoriano Weyler (“the (“the Butcher”)Butcher”)

US newspapers printed sensational stories US newspapers printed sensational stories about Spanish atrocities= about Spanish atrocities= ““yellow yellow journalismjournalism””

William Randolph Hearst to Remington- William Randolph Hearst to Remington- “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”the war”

•Spain controlled Cuba since 1500’s.

•Cuban people were fighting a revolution

against Spanish brutality

•Cubans wanted their independence from

Spain•90 miles from U.S.•Protect our trade

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst

•Both imperialists and wanted war with Spain.

•Their “Yellow Press”“Yellow Press” propaganda led Americans to support war with Spain.

Yellow JournalismPulitzer

Hearst

Searches were actually conducted by women

yellow journalism

How long are the Spaniards to drench Cuba with the blood and tears of her people?

How long is the peasantry of Spain to be drafted away to Cuba to die miserably in a hopeless war, that Spanish nobles and Spanish officers may get

medals and honors?How long shall old Cuban men and women and children be murdered by the score, the innocent

victims of Spanish rage against the patriot armies they cannot conquer?

How long shall the sound of rifles in Castle Morro at sunrise proclaim that bound and

helpless prisoners of war have been murdered in cold blood?

yellow journalism

How long shall Cuban women be the victims of Spanish outrages and lie sobbing and bruised in

loathsome prisons?How long shall women passengers on vessels flying the American flag be unlawfully seized,

stripped and searched by brutal, jeering Spanish officers, in violation of the laws of nations and of

the honor of the U.S.?How long shall American citizens, arbitrarily

arrested while on peaceful and legitimate errands, be immured in foul Spanish prisons

without trial?How long shall the U.S. sit idle and indifferent within sound and hearing or rapine and murder?

•HOW LONG?HOW LONG?

America Goes to War with America Goes to War with SpainSpain

Hearst published a Hearst published a private letterprivate letter by by Spanish minister to the US Spanish minister to the US Enrique Enrique Dupuy de LomeDupuy de Lome= referred to Pres. = referred to Pres. McKinley as “weak” McKinley as “weak”

1898- US sent 1898- US sent USS MaineUSS Maine to Havana to Havana Harbor- to evacuate US citizens.Harbor- to evacuate US citizens.

Feb. 15,1898- Feb. 15,1898- USS Maine blewUSS Maine blew up in up in Havana Harbor= 260 US sailors killed.Havana Harbor= 260 US sailors killed.

2 investigations: one by US Navy, one 2 investigations: one by US Navy, one by the Spanishby the Spanish

1898- US Navy concluded that the 1898- US Navy concluded that the Maine exploded due to a Maine exploded due to a Spanish mineSpanish mine

•USS Maine---260 US sailors killed

•Spain accused of blowing up the

Maine…..

•Polarized Americans to support the war

against Spain.

•Hearst was heard to say, “Supply me with pictures and I’ll give

you a war”.

Yellow Press

USS Maine entering Havana Harbor

USS Maine after the explosion

USS Maine

Yellow PressYellow Press

•Joseph Pulitzer and Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph William Randolph

Hearst were popular Hearst were popular newspaper editors newspaper editors

trying to sell trying to sell newspapers.newspapers.

•Expansionist’s war with Spain.

•Hearst was heard Hearst was heard to say, to say, “Supply me with pictures and

I’ll give you a war”.

Yellow Press

The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War Spain agreed to end re-concentration camps Spain agreed to end re-concentration camps

set up by Gen. Weyler & an armistice with set up by Gen. Weyler & an armistice with Cuban rebelsCuban rebels

McKinley- did not want war with Spain, did McKinley- did not want war with Spain, did not want Spain to remain in control of Cuba, not want Spain to remain in control of Cuba, did not want an independent Cuba.did not want an independent Cuba.

McKinley criticized by jingoists like Theodore McKinley criticized by jingoists like Theodore Roosevelt as “white livered” & “Wobbly Roosevelt as “white livered” & “Wobbly Willie”Willie”

April 11, 1898- McKinley sent a war message April 11, 1898- McKinley sent a war message to Congress to intervene to free oppressed to Congress to intervene to free oppressed Cubans.Cubans.

*Teller Amendment-*Teller Amendment- proclaimed that the proclaimed that the US would give Cuba it’s independence once US would give Cuba it’s independence once Spain was ousted Spain was ousted

Major Military Events of the Major Military Events of the WarWar

Feb. 25, 1898- Assistant Sec. of Navy Roosevelt Feb. 25, 1898- Assistant Sec. of Navy Roosevelt ordered ordered Commodore George DeweyCommodore George Dewey (American (American Asiatic Squadron) to go to the Philippines.Asiatic Squadron) to go to the Philippines.

May 1, 1898- Dewey & 6 US ships floated into May 1, 1898- Dewey & 6 US ships floated into Manila Bay; destroyed the Spanish fleet there Manila Bay; destroyed the Spanish fleet there (10 ships)=400 Spaniards killed/wounded= 0 (10 ships)=400 Spaniards killed/wounded= 0 US lives lost.US lives lost.

Dewey awaited US troops to invade the islands Dewey awaited US troops to invade the islands (captured Guam along the way) (captured Guam along the way)

August 13, 1898- US troops along with Filipino August 13, 1898- US troops along with Filipino revolutionaries (led by revolutionaries (led by Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo) ) captured Manila --Aguinaldo was forbidden to captured Manila --Aguinaldo was forbidden to reclaim the city.reclaim the city.

Sec. of State –John Hay remarked “It’s a Sec. of State –John Hay remarked “It’s a splendid little war”.splendid little war”.

July 7, 1898- US annexed Hawaii- territorial July 7, 1898- US annexed Hawaii- territorial status by 1900. status by 1900.

SP War in Pacific

SP War in Pacific

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Battle Ground CubaBattle Ground Cuba Outset of the war- Spain sent old Outset of the war- Spain sent old

warships to Cuba & they were quickly warships to Cuba & they were quickly blocked by the US navy.blocked by the US navy.

US prepared for ground invasion of Cuba US prepared for ground invasion of Cuba to drive the ships out of the harbor.to drive the ships out of the harbor.

Gen. William Shafter-led the invading Gen. William Shafter-led the invading force- troops ill equippedforce- troops ill equipped

The Rough Riders-The Rough Riders- a regiment of a regiment of cowboys & college jocks led by Leonard cowboys & college jocks led by Leonard Wood & Theodore Roosevelt.Wood & Theodore Roosevelt.

June 1898- 17,000 US troops left Tampa, June 1898- 17,000 US troops left Tampa, Fla.Fla.

Landed near Landed near SantiagoSantiago- -

SP War in Caribbean

Emilio Aguinaldo

TheodoreRoosevelt

The Rough Riders

Rough Riders

Rough Riders

•Captured San Juan Hill which led to the end of the war once Santiago was surrendered by the Spanish.

•Became a hero of the Spanish American War.

July 1, 1898- July 1, 1898- El CaneyEl Caney & & Kettle Hill-Kettle Hill- Col. Roosevelt & Rough Riders charged Col. Roosevelt & Rough Riders charged horseless with support from 2 blacks horseless with support from 2 blacks regiments.regiments.

July 3- the Spanish fleet steamed out of July 3- the Spanish fleet steamed out of the harbor= destroyed by the waiting the harbor= destroyed by the waiting US navy.US navy.

Santiago surrendered Santiago surrendered US took Puerto Rico= (US US took Puerto Rico= (US

protectorate)protectorate) August 12, 1898- armistice signed= August 12, 1898- armistice signed=

Treaty of Paris- 1898Treaty of Paris- 1898 400 men died due to war injuries; 400 men died due to war injuries;

5,000 due to bacteria etc.5,000 due to bacteria etc.

Cartoon-Sp & US War

•Spanish and American War was referred to as a “Splendid Little War”

•Cost of war in terms of loss of life and money was minimal

•US became a world power as a result of this war.

•Gained the following areas:

•Philippines

•Guam

•Puerto Rico

Effects of the “splendid Effects of the “splendid little war”little war” US prestige rose around the worldUS prestige rose around the world

Military marching music became Military marching music became

popular- John Philip Sousapopular- John Philip Sousa

Sec. of War-Elihu Root est. a War CollegeSec. of War-Elihu Root est. a War College

Closed the tension between North & Closed the tension between North & South in the US South in the US

US control of the Philippines =US is new US control of the Philippines =US is new player in Far East power. player in Far East power.

America’s Course (Curse) of America’s Course (Curse) of EmpireEmpire

1898-US & Spanish negotiators met in 1898-US & Spanish negotiators met in Paris= Paris= Treaty ofTreaty of Paris 1898Paris 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish ruleCuba was freed from Spanish rule US got Guam & Puerto Rico (as payment US got Guam & Puerto Rico (as payment

for war costs)for war costs) Neither guaranteed statehood Neither guaranteed statehood The Philippines-The Philippines- contained 7 million contained 7 million

ethnically diverse peopleethnically diverse people US business interests & missionaries US business interests & missionaries

pushed for annexationpushed for annexation McKinley –agreed to annexation; US paid McKinley –agreed to annexation; US paid

Spain $20 million for Manila.Spain $20 million for Manila. Puerto Rico –citizens get US citizenship in Puerto Rico –citizens get US citizenship in

19171917

Opponents of AnnexationOpponents of Annexation argued annexation would go against argued annexation would go against

American ideals of self-determination & anti-American ideals of self-determination & anti-colonialismcolonialism

Anti-Imperialist League (formed 1898)-Anti-Imperialist League (formed 1898)- members included presidents of Harvard & members included presidents of Harvard & Stanford, Mark Twain, & Andrew Carnegie .Stanford, Mark Twain, & Andrew Carnegie .

Annexation violated: “consent of the Annexation violated: “consent of the governed” ideas found in US Declaration of governed” ideas found in US Declaration of Independence & Constitution, despotism Independence & Constitution, despotism abroad might bring despotism at home, abroad might bring despotism at home, Imperialism was costly.Imperialism was costly.

ImperialistsImperialists- the US had a duty to civilize & - the US had a duty to civilize & annexation would yield trade profits= US annexation would yield trade profits= US became anbecame an empire=Senate approved the empire=Senate approved the treaty 1899treaty 1899. .

ImperialistsImperialists•Theodore Roosevelt•William Mckinley•William Randolph Hearst•Joseph Pulitzer

Anti-Imperialist Anti-Imperialist LeagueLeague

•Mark Twain

•Andrew Carnegie

•Susan B. Anthony

FOR EXPANSIONFOR EXPANSION■Keep up with European

nations■Desire for prestige■Theory of racial

superiority■Provide market for

surplus goods and investments

AGAINST AGAINST EXPANSIONEXPANSION

■America’s vastness provided enough of an outlet for the country’s

energies■America should not rule

over other peoples

documents expan1

Source:Source: Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League, 1899

“Much as we abhor the war of “criminal aggression” in the

Philippines, greatly we regret that the blood of the Filipinos is on

America hands, we more deeply resent the betrayal of American

institutions at home……

documents expan1

Whether the ruthless slaughter of the Filipinos shall end next month or next year is but an incident in a contest that must go on until the Declaration of Independence and

the Constitution of the US are rescued from the hands of their

betrayers.

documents expan1

Those who dispute about standards of value while the foundation of the Republic is

undermined will be listened to as little as those who would wrangle about the small economies of the household while the house is on

fire.

documents expan1

The training of a great people for a century, the aspiration for

liberty of a vast immigration are forces that will hurl aside those who is the delirium of conquest seek to destroy the character of

our institutions.”

Problems in Puerto RicoProblems in Puerto Rico Did the Constitution follow the flag? Did the Constitution follow the flag? Puerto Rico –neither a state nor a Puerto Rico –neither a state nor a

territory & with little hope of territory & with little hope of independenceindependence

*The Foraker Act*The Foraker Act (1900): granted Puerto (1900): granted Puerto Ricans limited popular government-not Ricans limited popular government-not US citizenship.US citizenship.

The American regime brought The American regime brought improvements: education, sanitation, improvements: education, sanitation, transportation.transportation.

1901 *1901 *Insular Cases-Insular Cases- US Supreme Court US Supreme Court ruled (dividedly) that ruled (dividedly) that the flag did outrun the flag did outrun the Constitutionthe Constitution= Puerto Ricans subject = Puerto Ricans subject to US laws— but had no rights.to US laws— but had no rights.

CubaCuba US military government set up & run by US military government set up & run by Gen. Gen.

LeonardLeonard WooWood = improved government, d = improved government, education, agriculture, & public health.education, agriculture, & public health.

Col. William GorgasCol. William Gorgas & & Dr. Walter ReedDr. Walter Reed= = discovered that the mosquito carried discovered that the mosquito carried yellow yellow feverfever= cleaned up breeding grounds= yellow = cleaned up breeding grounds= yellow fever threat decreased.fever threat decreased.

1901-Cubans draw up a new constitution that 1901-Cubans draw up a new constitution that includes the includes the Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment..

*Platt Amendment*Platt Amendment: Cubans may not sign : Cubans may not sign treaties that weaken their independence, Cuba treaties that weaken their independence, Cuba had to keep debt low, US may intervene to had to keep debt low, US may intervene to maintain order, Cubans must sell or lease maintain order, Cubans must sell or lease naval station= Guantanamo Bay.naval station= Guantanamo Bay.

1902-the US withdrew from Cuba1902-the US withdrew from Cuba

Trouble in the Philippines 27.1 Trouble in the Philippines 27.1 endend Filipinos did not get independence after the Filipinos did not get independence after the

Spanish-American War– kept out of negotiations Spanish-American War– kept out of negotiations in Paris.in Paris.

Feb. 4, 1899- Emilio Aguinaldo & revolutionaries Feb. 4, 1899- Emilio Aguinaldo & revolutionaries launched an launched an insurrection against the USinsurrection against the US..

US sent 126,000– used “water cure” & US sent 126,000– used “water cure” & reconcentration camps= (just like the Spanish?)reconcentration camps= (just like the Spanish?)

1901- US captured Aguinaldo– fighting continued 1901- US captured Aguinaldo– fighting continued for months= 4,234 US deaths & 600,000 Filipino for months= 4,234 US deaths & 600,000 Filipino deaths.deaths.

William H. Taft-William H. Taft- waswas appointed appointed Civil GovernorCivil Governor; ; US poured $$ millions = improved roads, US poured $$ millions = improved roads, sanitation, public health, education (English sanitation, public health, education (English became 2became 2ndnd language) language)

Filipinos longed for freedom= July 4, 1946 Filipinos longed for freedom= July 4, 1946 (Independence) (Independence)

Open Door Policy in ChinaOpen Door Policy in China 1894-1895- China defeated by Japan= Russia & 1894-1895- China defeated by Japan= Russia &

Germany moved in.Germany moved in. European powers est. European powers est. leaseholds & spheres of leaseholds & spheres of

influence influence 1899- 1899- Sec. of State John HaySec. of State John Hay = = Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy **Open Door Policy-Open Door Policy- respect Chinese rights & respect Chinese rights &

support fair competition (Hay did not consult with support fair competition (Hay did not consult with China).China).

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion (1900)- (1900)- members of a Chinese members of a Chinese group (the Boxers) murdered 200 foreigners & group (the Boxers) murdered 200 foreigners & thousands of Chinese Christens= multinational thousands of Chinese Christens= multinational force (including several thousand US troops) put force (including several thousand US troops) put the rebellion down.the rebellion down.

China- forced to pay $333 million ($24.5 million to China- forced to pay $333 million ($24.5 million to the US)the US)

US returned $ 18 million =used to educate Chinese US returned $ 18 million =used to educate Chinese students in US students in US

Election of 1900Election of 1900 RepublicansRepublicans nominate nominate William McKinleyWilliam McKinley & &

Theodore Roosevelt as running mate.Theodore Roosevelt as running mate. DemocratsDemocrats- nominate - nominate William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan Major issue of Democrats- Major issue of Democrats- Republican Republican

ImperialismImperialism The The “Front Porch Campaign”-“Front Porch Campaign”- McKinley McKinley Bryan & Roosevelt traveled the country Bryan & Roosevelt traveled the country

giving speechesgiving speeches McKinley won – mandate (protectionism & McKinley won – mandate (protectionism &

prosperity)prosperity) 1901- McKinley killed by deranged anarchist 1901- McKinley killed by deranged anarchist

Leon CzolgoszLeon Czolgosz in Buffalo, NY= Roosevelt in Buffalo, NY= Roosevelt became youngest president (42 years old)became youngest president (42 years old)

President Theodore RooseveltPresident Theodore Roosevelt Born to wealthy NY family; educated at Born to wealthy NY family; educated at

HarvardHarvard Asthmatic= exercised to build up his Asthmatic= exercised to build up his

weakened bodyweakened body Owned a ranch in the Dakotas-loved the Owned a ranch in the Dakotas-loved the

outdoorsoutdoors championed military & naval preparednesschampioned military & naval preparedness ““Speak Softly and Carry a Big StickSpeak Softly and Carry a Big Stick””

became the slogan of his foreign policy = became the slogan of his foreign policy = “Big Stick Diplomacy”“Big Stick Diplomacy”

Believed the president may take any action Believed the president may take any action that the constitution did not forbid. that the constitution did not forbid.

Used the presidency as a “bully pulpit”Used the presidency as a “bully pulpit”

Roosevelt & the Panama CanalRoosevelt & the Panama CanalWhy was a canal needed?Why was a canal needed? US ships traveling around the tip of South US ships traveling around the tip of South

America took weeks to get to Pacific or America took weeks to get to Pacific or Atlantic (Oregon incident)Atlantic (Oregon incident)

waterway needed to defend new waterway needed to defend new acquisitions: Puerto Rico, Hawaii, acquisitions: Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Philippines & US merchant shipsPhilippines & US merchant ships

Obstacle- Obstacle- previous treaty with Britain.previous treaty with Britain. Clayton-Bulwer TreatyClayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)- (1850)- US could US could

not secure exclusive control over an not secure exclusive control over an isthmian route.isthmian route.

1901- 1901- Hay-Pauncefote TreatyHay-Pauncefote Treaty - - gave the gave the US the right to build the canal & fortify it.US the right to build the canal & fortify it.

Roosevelt Secures the CanalRoosevelt Secures the CanalWhich location for a canal was bestWhich location for a canal was best?? Most American experts believed Most American experts believed NicaraguaNicaragua, ,

some thought some thought PanamaPanama French Canal Company- had French Canal Company- had unsuccessfully unsuccessfully

begun construction in Panama= now wanted begun construction in Panama= now wanted to sale equipment & holdings for $109 to sale equipment & holdings for $109 million.million.

Philippe Bunau- VarillaPhilippe Bunau- Varilla (engineer) agreed (engineer) agreed to sale holdings for $40 million.to sale holdings for $40 million.

June 1902-Congress decided on June 1902-Congress decided on PanamaPanama routeroute

Columbian Senate rejected US offer of $10 Columbian Senate rejected US offer of $10 million & yearly payment of $250,000 for 6 million & yearly payment of $250,000 for 6 mile wide zone.mile wide zone.

Panamanians were afraid that the canal might be Panamanians were afraid that the canal might be built in Nicaragua= revolted against Columbia.built in Nicaragua= revolted against Columbia.

Nov. 3, 1903- Panamanian revolutionaries spurred Nov. 3, 1903- Panamanian revolutionaries spurred by Philippe Bunau-Varilla rebelled against by Philippe Bunau-Varilla rebelled against Columbia.Columbia.

US warships prevented Columbia from interferingUS warships prevented Columbia from interfering Nov. 6-US officially recognized the Panamanian Nov. 6-US officially recognized the Panamanian

government= 15 days later Bunau-Varilla =new government= 15 days later Bunau-Varilla =new Panamanian minister.Panamanian minister.

1903- 1903- Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty-Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty- US bought rights US bought rights to canal $40 million, zone widened to ten miles.to canal $40 million, zone widened to ten miles.

1904- canal construction began—completed in 1914.1904- canal construction began—completed in 1914. Cost- $400 to buildCost- $400 to build Col. William Gorgas-Col. William Gorgas- made canal -safe from yellow made canal -safe from yellow

feverfever Workers battled: labor issues, landslides, & diseasesWorkers battled: labor issues, landslides, & diseases

Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy-The Colossus of the North

Latin American countries: Venezuela & Dominican Republic fell behind paying their debts owed to European nations.

Germany bombed a town in Venezuela in 1903

*The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: the US would take over custom houses in Latin America & collect delinquent debts owed to Europe.

1905- US took management of debt collection in Dominican Republic- in Caribbean.

Effects of the Corollary- “Bad Neighbor “policy- tension between US & Latin America

Used to intervene: US Marines in Latin America.

1906- US intervened in Cuba (asked by the Cuban President)

Roosevelt on the World Stage In 1904- Russo- Japanese War erupted• Russia invaded Manchuria (Port Arthur)= Japan threatened.• 1904- Japan attacks Russian fleet at Port Arthur= devastates Russian Navy• Japan began to run out of men= asked TR secretly to negotiate a peace.•1905- Portsmouth, New Hampshire= Peace Deal reached= Japan did not get cash indemnities but did get control of Korea (annexed in 1910)•1906- TR wins Nobel Peace Prize•Effects- Japan & Russia more hostile towards the US

*The Gentleman’s Agreement Waves of Japanese immigrants flooded into US

Pacific Coast= Californians worried about the “yellow peril”

1906- San Francisco School Board- ordered segregation of Chinese, Japanese, & Korean students in a special school to free up space for white students.

Caused international crisis= war talk

TR negotiated with the School Board & repealed the school order & Japan agreed to stop the flow of Japanese= the Gentleman’s Agreement.

*The Great White Fleet 1907 - TR sent 16 white US warships

around the world to show off US might= The Great White Fleet

Made stops in Latin America, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, & Japan.

1908- US & Japan signed the Root- Takahira Agreement – both powers agreed to respect each other's possessions in the Pacific Ocean & uphold the Open Door Policy in China.

The Great White Fleet

documents expan1

Isolationism

Expansionism

documents expan2

ExpansionExpansion

Expansion and a large naval Expansion and a large naval fleet to protect interestsfleet to protect interests