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Immune System & OncologyNursing Care
PN 143Rebecca Maier, BSN
Key Terms
The list is in your handouts.You Need To Know: definitions, Spelling and pronunciation,how does it apply/work, significance to a patient, nursing
considerations/actions
Introduction “The human body exists
in an environment of antagonistic forces that are constantly attacking and threatening its integrity.”
“In response to these onslaughts, the body exhibits a wide array of adaptations to protect against external and internal harmful agents.”
P. 753 Adult Health Nursing
Nature of Immunity
We have thingsinside our bodies thatprotect us from being
sick. These thingsare found in our
Immune system
Nature of Immunity Functions of the immune system
1. Protect the body’s internal environment against invading organisms
2. Maintain homeostasis by removing damaged cells from the circulation
3. Serve as a surveillance network for recognizing and guarding against the development and growth of abnormal cells
ImmunologyThe study of the immune system Immunocompetence
The immune system responds appropriately to a foreign stimulus
ImmunityThe quality of being insusceptible
to or unaffected by a particular disease or condition
B-Cells make immunoglobulins(im-mu-no-glob-u-lins), also called antibodies(an-ti-bod-ies) or Igs.
There are 3 kinds of T-cells-Killer T-cells, Helper T-cells and Regulatory T-cells
Complement System
The complement system can destroy the cell membrane of many bacterial species, and this action attracts phagocytes to the area
The Immune system
I tell theB-cells whento stop!
3 kinds of T-cells,
I killgerms!
I tell theKiller T-cells toattack germs! I tell the B-cells when to make antibodies.
I make thecells go intoaction!
Nature of Immunity Inappropriate responses:
If the immune response is too weak or too vigorous, homeostasis is disrupted, causing a malfunction of the system or : immunoincompetence
This can cause a number of diseases to manifest:
Pemphigus vulgaris: Torso
Nature of Immunity
1. Hyperactive response against environmental antigens (allergy)
2. Inability to protect the body, as in immunodeficiency disorders (AIDS)
3. Failure to recognize the body as self, as in autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus)
4. Attacks on beneficial foreign tissue (organ transplant rejection or transfusion reaction)
Nature of Immunity Innate (natural) immunity
First line of defense
Provides physical and chemical barriers to invading pathogens and protects against the external environment
Nature of Immunity
Provides non-specific immunity
Nature of Immunity Adaptive (acquired) immunity
Second line of defense
Composed of thymus, spleen, bone marrow, blood, and lymph (p. 755 AHN)
Nature of Immunity
Adaptive (acquired) ImmunityProduces antibodies in the cells
after an infection or vaccination
Received passively from mother’s antibodies, animal serum or from production of antibodies in response to disease
Organization of the immune system.
(From Grimes, D. [1991]. Infectious diseases. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Cells of the Immune System
Leukocytes (WBCs) are vital components of the immune system
Formed mostly in the bone marrow and partly in lymph tissue; fights infectious organisms
There are 6 types of WBCs normally found in the blood
6 Types of WBC
1. Neutrophils – ingest bacteria2. Eosinophils – allergic reactions,
parasitic invasions3. Basophils – secrete histamine4. Monocytes – may turn into
macrophages5. Lymphocytes – B cells & T cells6. Plasma cells
Origin and processing of B and T cells.
B Cells
aka B Lymphocytes
Responsible for humoral immunity (immunity dominated by antibodies)
Stimulate plasma cells to secrete antibodies in response to antigens
Produce memory cells
T cells
aka T lymphocytes
Responsible for cellular immunity
T-suppressor and T-helper cells are important in understanding HIV
HIV is a progressive depletion of the CD4 T-helper cells
Nature of Immunity Macrophages (phagocytes)
Engulf and destroy microorganisms that pass the skin and mucous membrane
Carry antigen to the lymphocytes Lymphokine
One of the chemical factors produced and released by T cells that attracts macrophages to the site of infection or inflammation
Antigen A substance recognized by the body as
foreign that can trigger an immune response
Immune Response
Humoral responseB cells: produce antibodies in
response to antigen challengeAn immediate responseProvides protection against acute,
rapidly developing bacterial and viral infection
Immune Responsehttp://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.stru.immune/immune-cells-in-action/
Immune Response Cellular response
T cells: release lymphokine that attracts macrophages to site of infection
A delayed response; delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Active against slowly developing infections
Also involved in autoimmune response, some allergic reactions and rejection of foreign cells
Nature of Immunity
Humoral immunity
Responds to antigens such as bacteria and foreign tissue
Result of the development and continuing presence of circulating antibodies in the plasma
Nature of Immunity
Humoral Immunity
Nature of Immunity
Nature of Immunity
Nature of Immunity
4 R’sRecognize: self from non-selfRespond: to non-self invadersRemember: the invaderRegulate: its action
Factors Influencing Immunity
Age
Sex Nutritional status
Stress Treatment modalities
Genetic Control of Immunity
There is a genetic link to both well-developed immune systems and poorly developed or compromised immune systems
Effects of Normal Aging on the Immune System
Immune Response
Immune Response
ImmunizationA controlled exposure to a
disease-producing pathogen which triggers antibody production and prevents disease
Provides protection for months to years
Immune Response
Immune Response
Immune Response
