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Images courtesy of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Copyright © 2001 Images courtesy of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Copyright © 2001
Chapter 9Chapter 9Memory OrganizationMemory Organization
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Chapter OutlineChapter Outline
• Hierarchical Memory SystemsHierarchical Memory Systems
• Cache MemoryCache Memory
• Virtual MemoryVirtual Memory
• Pentium/Windows Memory SystemPentium/Windows Memory System
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Memory HierarchyMemory Hierarchy
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Associative MemoryAssociative Memory
• Data RegisterData Register
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Associative MemoryAssociative Memory
• Data RegisterData Register
• Mask RegisterMask Register
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Associative MemoryAssociative Memory
• Data RegisterData Register
• Mask RegisterMask Register
• Match RegisterMatch Register
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Associative MemoryAssociative Memory
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Associative CacheAssociative Cache
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Data Lines/BlocksData Lines/Blocks
• Multiple consecutive words form a lineMultiple consecutive words form a line
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Data Lines/BlocksData Lines/Blocks
• Multiple consecutive words form a lineMultiple consecutive words form a line
• All data in a line is moved togetherAll data in a line is moved together
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Data Lines/BlocksData Lines/Blocks
• Multiple consecutive words form a lineMultiple consecutive words form a line
• All data in a line is moved togetherAll data in a line is moved together
• Takes advantage of locality of referenceTakes advantage of locality of reference
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Associative Cache with a Line Associative Cache with a Line Size of 4 BytesSize of 4 Bytes
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Direct Mapped CacheDirect Mapped Cache
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Direct Mapped Cache with a Direct Mapped Cache with a Line Size of 4 BytesLine Size of 4 Bytes
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Drawbacks of Direct Mapped Drawbacks of Direct Mapped CacheCache
0000 0000 0000 0000: JUMP 1000H0000 0000 0000 0000: JUMP 1000H
0001 0000 0000 0000: JUMP 0000H0001 0000 0000 0000: JUMP 0000H
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Set-Associative CacheSet-Associative Cache
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Set-Associative Cache with a Set-Associative Cache with a Line Size of 4 BytesLine Size of 4 Bytes
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Data Replacement PoliciesData Replacement Policies
• FIFOFIFO
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Data Replacement PoliciesData Replacement Policies
• FIFOFIFO
• LRULRU
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Data Replacement PoliciesData Replacement Policies
• FIFOFIFO
• LRULRU
• RandomRandom
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ExampleExample
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ExampleExample
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ExampleExample
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ExampleExample
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Writing Data to CacheWriting Data to Cache
• Write backWrite back
• Write throughWrite through
• Write allocateWrite allocate
• Write no-allocateWrite no-allocate
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Cache PerformanceCache Performance
• Hits and missesHits and misses
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Cache PerformanceCache Performance
• Hits and missesHits and misses
• Hit ratioHit ratio
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Cache PerformanceCache Performance
• Hits and missesHits and misses
• Hit ratioHit ratio
• Average memory access timeAverage memory access time
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Cache Activity - Associative Cache Activity - Associative CacheCache
0 0 2 0 1 0 4 5 0 2 1 0 3 2 7 6 0 0A B C A D B E F A C D B G C H I A B
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Cache Activity - Associative Cache Activity - Associative CacheCache
0 0 2 0 1 0 4 5 0 2 1 0 3 2 7 6 0 0A B C A D B E F A C D B G C H I A B
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Cache Activity - Direct Cache Activity - Direct Mapped CacheMapped Cache
0 0 2 0 1 0 4 5 0 2 1 0 3 2 7 6 0 0A B C A D B E F A C D B G C H I A B
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Cache Activity - Direct Cache Activity - Direct Mapped CacheMapped Cache
0 0 2 0 1 0 4 5 0 2 1 0 3 2 7 6 0 0A B C A D B E F A C D B G C H I A B
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Cache Activity - 2-Way Set-Cache Activity - 2-Way Set-Associative CacheAssociative Cache
0 0 2 0 1 0 4 5 0 2 1 0 3 2 7 6 0 0A B C A D B E F A C D B G C H I A B
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Cache Activity - 2-Way Set-Cache Activity - 2-Way Set-Associative CacheAssociative Cache
0 0 2 0 1 0 4 5 0 2 1 0 3 2 7 6 0 0A B C A D B E F A C D B G C H I A B
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2-Way Set-Associative Cache 2-Way Set-Associative Cache with a Line Size of 2with a Line Size of 2
0 0 2 0 1 0 4 5 0 2 1 0 3 2 7 6 0 0A B C A D B E F A C D B G C H I A B
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2-Way Set-Associative Cache 2-Way Set-Associative Cache with a Line Size of 2with a Line Size of 2
0 0 2 0 1 0 4 5 0 2 1 0 3 2 7 6 0 0A B C A D B E F A C D B G C H I A B
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Virtual MemoryVirtual Memory
• Memory Management Unit (MMU)Memory Management Unit (MMU)
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Virtual MemoryVirtual Memory
• Memory Management Unit (MMU)Memory Management Unit (MMU)
• Swap disk/fileSwap disk/file
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Virtual MemoryVirtual Memory
• Memory Management Unit (MMU)Memory Management Unit (MMU)
• Swap disk/fileSwap disk/file
• Logical addressLogical address
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Virtual MemoryVirtual Memory
• Memory Management Unit (MMU)Memory Management Unit (MMU)
• Swap disk/fileSwap disk/file
• Logical addressLogical address
• Physical addressPhysical address
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Paging - Pages and FramesPaging - Pages and Frames
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MMU ConfigurationMMU Configuration
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Page TablePage Table
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Address ConversionAddress Conversion
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Translation Lookaside BufferTranslation Lookaside Buffer
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ExampleExample
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ExampleExample
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SegmentationSegmentation
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FragmentationFragmentation• Internal fragmentationInternal fragmentation
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FragmentationFragmentation• Internal fragmentationInternal fragmentation
• External fragmentationExternal fragmentation
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FragmentationFragmentation• Internal fragmentationInternal fragmentation
• External fragmentationExternal fragmentation
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Beyond the BasicsBeyond the Basics
• Split cacheSplit cache
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Beyond the BasicsBeyond the Basics
• Split cacheSplit cache
• Multilevel page tableMultilevel page table
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Multilevel Page TableMultilevel Page Table
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Pentium/Windows NT Memory Pentium/Windows NT Memory ManagementManagement
8 KB
8 KB
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Pentium/Windows NT Cache Pentium/Windows NT Cache Memory ManagementMemory Management
• 16KB L1 split cache16KB L1 split cache– 2-way set-associative2-way set-associative– Line size of 32 bytesLine size of 32 bytes
• TLB used for cache and virtual memoryTLB used for cache and virtual memory
• Pseudo-LRU replacement policyPseudo-LRU replacement policy
• 256K L2 unified cache256K L2 unified cache– 4-way set-associative4-way set-associative
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Pentium/Windows NT Virtual Pentium/Windows NT Virtual Memory ManagementMemory Management
• 4 GB address space4 GB address space– Low-order 2 GB for individual processesLow-order 2 GB for individual processes– High-order 2 GB for Windows NT High-order 2 GB for Windows NT
componentscomponents
• Uses paging, not segmentationUses paging, not segmentation• 10-bit page directory pointer + 10-bit 10-bit page directory pointer + 10-bit
offsetoffset• Uses the same TLBs as cache memoryUses the same TLBs as cache memory
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SummarySummary
• Hierarchical Memory SystemsHierarchical Memory Systems
• Cache MemoryCache Memory
• Virtual MemoryVirtual Memory
• Pentium/Windows Memory SystemPentium/Windows Memory System