IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES … · to the professional attitude and social perceptions of employees 42-57 ercan Şahbudak, murat korkmaz, muhammet bekÇİ,

IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL

www.iibdergisi.comOctober, November, December Fall Semester Issue 20 Year: 2015

ISSN Print: 2146-5886 & ISSN: Online: 2147-172X(TRADEMARK-PATENT)

(ISO 9001-2008 Doc. No: 12879 & ISO 14001-2004 Doc. No: 12880) (2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)

II

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT IIB JOURNAL

1. Our journal is a refereed and internationally indexed journal. Each paper is evaluated by two referees who are field experts. The articles not reported as “issuable” positively by two field referees aren’t published in our journal. None of the author(s) can lay a claim on our journal in this case. Data, concerning the ethics committe of the studies, approved to be published in our journal, having the Ethics Committee Report, should be submitted to the editors in written and uploaded to the system with the article. Author(s) should take the responsibility of their articles, having the Ethics Committee Report, which were not submitted to the editors in written and were not uploaded to the system. None of the committes and the authorities in our journal are responsible for financial and emotional damage. The committes and the authorities in our journal do not have any legal obligations. Author(s) have accepted this situation beforehand.

2. Author(s) cannot make a demand for the journal’s procedure concerning the academicians in journal’s referee board and other boards and other authorities. Even if so, they aren’t given any information, system process cannot be changed. All kinds of information about our journal can be obtained from the website of the journal www. iibdergisi.com

3. Our journal publishes three times a year, all articles in the relevant volume of journal are uploaded to the web system of the journal in one volume on the last day of the months “April – August – December.” All readers can download the articles from the journal’s web system and the relevant paper “article” can be used on condition that our journal is cited. Readers can download all volumes of our journal for free.

4. All articles published in our journal are assured with certificate of quality (ISO 9001-2008 Doc. No: 12879 & ISO 14001-2004 Doc. No: 12880) and trademark patent (2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301). Articles published provide their authors with all kinds of legal rights and international assurance regarding their articles with quality, trademark, patent and doi information.

III

5. Our journal has both printed and online version. All kinds of information about our journal can be obtained from the T.R. Ministry of Culture with the number Print ISSN NO: 2146-5886 and Online ISSN NO: 2147-172X

6. Reference within the text should be (Yılmaz, 2015: 1) or (Yılmaz et al. 2015:1). in the reference part “YILMAZ, M., (2015).”. It is indicated as Effect of Rewarding in Employees on Job and Performance, IIB International Refereed Academic Social Sciences Journal, Issue:17, Volume:5, pp.1-2. All authors must follow the latest volumes of our journal and apply the print format of the published articles in their own papers. It is an obligation to indicate the access date of the internet sources and the last accessed full internet link in the references and below the page by giving numbers.

7. References are arranged by the Turkish alphabet. The printing format in the last volume of the journal should be taken into account by all authors

8. Our journal is an internationally indexed journal, and all articles and papers published in our journal are sent to relevant indices via e-mail by the publication date of the journal.

9. Original research, analysis, compilation, case study, project and book introduction “have to be in an article format” and these publications are also included.

10. All papers sent to the journal and uploaded to the system shouldn’t be previously published, not evaluated and not rejected. All articles uploaded to the system are acknowledged that author(s) conform to these rules. Otherwise, our journal keeps its legal rights reserved. All material and moral responsibility regarding a negative situation belong to author(s). Our journal acts in line with the T.R. Law.

IV

THE NUMBER OF ARTICLES

RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONAN EVALUATION OF THE STUDENTS’ OPINIONS ON THE ASSOCIATE DEGREE PROGRAM IN HOME MANAGEMENT AT THE DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE OPEN EDUCATION FACULTY AT ANADOLU UNIVERSITY 1-25Murat KORKMAZ, Ali Serdar YÜCEL, Hatice Nur GERMİR, Ercan ŞAHBUDAK, Erdal ŞEN, Nurullah KARTA

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIABLES CAUSING HAPPINESS IN TURKISH YOUTH EMPLOYMENT 26-41Murat KORKMAZ, Ali Serdar YÜCEL, Ercan ŞAHBUDAK, Hatice Nur GERMİR, Erdal ŞEN, Nurullah KARTA

A STUDY ON DEVELOPING A SCALE DIRECTED TO THE PROFESSIONAL ATTITUDE AND SOCIAL PERCEPTIONS OF EMPLOYEES 42-57Ercan ŞAHBUDAK, Murat KORKMAZ, Muhammet BEKÇİ, Meral ÖZTÜRK, Dilek ŞAHİN, Erdal ŞEN, Nurullah KARTA

THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRADE OPENNESS ON INCOME INEQUALITY: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FOR TURKISH ECONOMY 58-82Davuthan GÜNAYDIN, Murat ÇETİN

THE SPATIAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT:ENTREPRENEURSHIP ANALYSIS OF NUTS LEVEL-3 TR212 REGION 83-107Enver Erdinç DİNÇSOY

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF OUTSOURCING IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 108-130Cemalettin HATİPOĞLU

V

CHIEF EDITOR Ayhan AYTAÇ

ASSISTANT CHIEF EDITORGülten HERGÜNER Fatih ÇATIKKAŞ Fatma TEZEL ŞAHİN Adalet KANDIR Ali Serdar YÜCEL Yasemin KESKİN BENLİ

EDITOR-IN-CHIEFMurat KORKMAZ

ASSISTANTS OF EDITORSNurgül ÖZDEMİR H.Arif TUNCEZ Yener ATASEVEN Gülten BULDUKER

EDITORMetin YAMAN Nezahat GÜÇLÜ Halil İbrahim BAHAR Murat ERCAN Işık BAYRAKTAR Serdar TOK Hülya Gülay OGELMAN Çetin YAMAN Nurhayat ÇELEBİ Murat DELİCETaner AKÇACICemal ZEHİR Hatice Nur GERMİR Ahmet Burçin YERELİMehmet YÜCEFaruk ANDAÇ Ramazan ERDEM Dilaver TENGİLİMLİOĞLUNilgün SARP Kürşad ZORLU Nalan AKDOĞAN Sevinç ÜRETENHacı Arif TUNCEZ İlker PARASIZSalih ÖZTÜRKYener ATASEVENSüleyman ÖZDEMİRMevhibe ALBAYRAKAhmet Faruk AYSANMuzaffer AKSOYSefer GÜMÜŞ Volkan ÖNGELTimur Han GÜRAyşen TOKOLPınar TINAZSuat UĞURGülsen KIRLABesim AKINYakup HACIEbru Özgül GÜREL

SYSTEM EDITORS AND MANAGERSSerdar TOK

TECHNICAL EDITORBurhan MADEN

CONTACT EDITORAli Murat KIRIK Michael KUYUCU

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDITORGökşen ARAS

TURKISH LANGUAGE EDITORGülsemin HAZER

FIELD EDITORSAhmet AKŞİT Barış KARAELMA Barış KAYA Çiler HATİPOĞLU E. Görkem KAYAALP ERSOY Ebru ÖZGÜR GÜLER Esin ÖZKAN Eva ŞARLAK Hakan SARIBAŞ Hava ÖZKAN İbrahim YILMAZ Kerime ÜSTÜNOVANevin KOYUNCU Neylan ZİYALAR Özlem CANKURTARAN ÖNTAŞ Ruhet GENÇ Seda ŞENGÜL Serkan EKİZ Sevgi MORALI Siret HÜRSOY Solmaz ZELYUT Tuğçe TUNA Ülkü GÜNEY Valide PAŞAYEVA

INTERNATIONAL BOARD OF EDITORSDaniel L. RUBINFELD Mark M. SPIEGEL Robert S. PINDYCK Vibha GABA Nur Adiana HİAU ABDULLAH Adigun AGBAJE Kwame GYEKYE Joshua ALABİ Rashid SUMAİLA John KUADA Bayo OKUNDE Mawutor AVOKE Valentina DELLA CORTE Mohsen ELHAFSI Richard F. GHISELLIMai ISMANDAR DATTA Min YOUNG LEE Marco MAFFEI Javier LIORENS MONTES David W. STEWART Patrick VELTE Ruhei WU Alhassan BUNYAMİNU Vincent OMACHONU Fabio SABATINI Bruna ECCHIA Nazrul ISLAM Grigorios L. KYRIAKOPOULOS Fernando MATIAS RECHE

VI

DISCIPLINES

³ Bankingand Risk Management

³ Econometrics

³ Education Management

³ Health Management and Economics

³ Labour Economics

³ Political Science

³ Statistics

³ Business

³ Economics

³ Finance

³ International Relations

³ LabourEconomicsandIndustrialRelations

³ Public Administration

³ Tourism Economics

³ Commercial Law

³ Economy

³ Financial Accounting

³ International Trade

³ Management and Organization

³ Sports Economics

VII

MAGAZINE INDEXES AS SCREENING

VIII

OUR OTHER MAGAZINES1. International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Nutrition Research http://www.dbhadergisi.com2. International Refereed Journal of Gynaecology And Maternal Child Health

http://www.jacsdergisi.com

3. International Refereed Journal of Orthopaedic Traumatology and Sports Medicine

http://www.otshdergisi.com

4. International Refereed Journal of Marketing and Market Researches

http://www.uhpadergisi.com

International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Natural & Applied Sciences

http://www.hmfdergisi.com

6. International Refereed Journal of Humanities and Academic Sciences

www.uhbabdergisi.com

7. International Refereed Academic Journal of Sports, Health and Medical Sciences

www.sstbdergisi.com

8. International peer-reviewed Journal of Communication and Humanities Research

www.uhedergisi.com

9. International Refereed Journal of Family, Child and Educa-tion

www.aceddergisi.com

10. International Refereed Journal of Nursing Research www.khsdergisi.com11. International Refereed Journal Of Architecture and Design www.mtddergisi.com12. International Journal Of Psychiatry and psychological Rese-arches

www.uhpdergisi.com

13. International Refereed Journal of Music Researches www.uhmadergisi.com14. International Refereed Journal of Researches on Economy Management

www.uheyadergisi.com

IX

Dear Readers.,

We have published 6 valuable research and applied studies in this volume of our journal. We extend our sincere thanks to the esteemed scientists who made such a contribution to our journal. We aim to improve and reach the best with each volume thanks to our valuable readers, authors and fol-lowers who promote the journal with their all kinds of contributions and support. Upon the decision of editorial board, we decided to publish our December volume in October with the purpose of giving support to our authors who are in intense work process and prepare the file for associate professorship. Therefore, the evaluation process for the articles to be uploaded to the system later will take longer in the next volume. Application to Tomson ISI SSCI indices has been completed as of the 19th volume of the journal, and we have been included in evaluation process. We hope that our journal will reach to the place it deserves within the shortest time. Members of the referee board being expert in their own fields contributed to evaluation process and helped the swift process of this volume of the journal. We extend deepest gratitude to them. Our next volume will be uploaded to the system in 2016 covering the months of January, February and March as the 21st volume. I wish all our readers and valuable academicians of the science world welfare and joy. Best regards..

(In any kind of study requiring ethical board report in our journal, author(s) is/are obliged to enter the data of necessary ethical board report while uploading their publication in editorship and journal system. Our journal, publication board, grant holder, editorial office, referee and science boards do not undertake any responsibility for a problem to occur under any circumstances and conditions. Author(s) is/are obliged to give this information to journal in written. All liability in this issue belongs to author(s)).

As per the “5187” of Press Law, material and emotional damage arising from the actions via published works, the content and legal responsibility of the publications published in our journal within the scope of m-13-14 unilaterally belong to author(s). Our journal, executive board, referees, editor, science board and publisher don’t accept these obligations. The scientifically valuable papers with scientific content which contribute to literature are accepted and published in our journal. Apart from this, the papers with political, legal and commercial content which are against the intellectual property rights are not accepted. in case of a possible negative situation, author(s) is/

Ayhan AYTAÇ Chief Editör

X

are regarded as accepting and undertaking all kinds of possible material and emotional damage beforehand. Therefore, our journal’s management and other boards don’t accept any responsibility regarding the second, third and other persons and institutions under any condition. in this sense, a legal sanction on our journal and its boards is out of question. The content and the current status of the papers belong to author(s) and our journal only takes part in the publication of these papers and contribution to literature. Respectfully announced to all readers, public and followers by publication.

11

AN EVALUATION OF THE STUDENT’S OPINIONS ON THE ASSOCIATE DEGREE PROGRAM IN HOME MANAGEMENT AT THE

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE OPEN EDUCATION FACULTY AT ANADOLU UNIVERSITY1

Murat KORKMAZ1, Ali Serdar YÜCEL2, Hatice Nur GERMİR3, Ercan ŞAHBUDAK4, Erdal ŞEN5, Nurullah KARTA6

1 Güven Group Inc. Finance Manager, Istanbul / Turkey 2 Fırat University Faculty of Sports Sciences, Elazığ / Turkey

3Celal Bayar University School of Applied Sciences, Manisa / Turkey4 Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Education, Department of Sociology, Sivas / Turkey

5 Istanbul Gelişim University, Faculty of Businees Administration and Social Sciences Business Administration (English) Department, Istanbul / Turkey

6 Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Education, Primary Department, Van / Turkey

Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the students’ opinions about their Associate Degree Program in Home Management at the Department of Management and Organization of the Open Education Faculty at Anadolu University which offers distance education. For this purpose, a questionnaire with 33 questions was conducted with the participants of the study. The study firstly presents information on the aim, function, courses and the number of students of the Associate Degree Program in Home Management, which is an education program primarily for women. Then, the study addresses the topic of women in distance education in the world and in Turkey, provides statistical data on women and men regarding education and examines the positive and nega-tive aspects of distance education for women. 796 participants, who were selected through random sampling method, took part in the study. Data obtained through the study were analyzed and assessed through the SPSS 20.00 software. Then, Independent Samples t-Test, ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis Test and Jonckheere-Terpstra Test were used in the analysis of the data. The study concluded that the demographic characteristics of the students (age, gender, income, occupation, place of residence etc.) varied to different degrees by the reasons for choos-ing the program, by the courses benefited in social life, in family relationships and in working life, by the opinions about the curriculum, by the use of computer and the Internet, and by the contribution of the program to getting a vocation, to developing oneself as an individual and to raising awareness about women’s rights.

Key Words: Education, Management, Home Management, Gender, Internet, Program, Variable

(1) Corresponding Author: Ali Serdar YÜCEL, Fırat University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Elazığ / Turkey [email protected] Arrival Date 14.09.2015 Date of Admission: 16.10.2015 Article Type: (Research and Practice) Conflict of Interest No “Ethics Committee No”

Doi: 10.17364/IIB.20152013536


2

IIBwww.iibdergisi.com

International Refereed Academic Social Sciences JournalOctober, November, December Fall Semester Issue 20 Year: 2015

ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19

(Management and Organization)ISSN Print: 2146-5886 & ISSN: Online: 2147-172X

(ISO 9001-2008 Document No: 12879 & ISO 14001-2004 Document No: 12880)(TRADEMARK-PATENT)

(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)

ULUSLARARASI HAKEMLİ EKONOMİ YÖNETİMİ ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ International Refereed Journal of Researches on Economy Management

Ekim / Kasım / Aralık 2014 Sayı: 02 Cilt: 01 Sonbahar Kış October / November / December 2014 Issue: 02 Volume: 01 Autumn Winter

ID:13 K:02(Ekonomi) & (Economy)


(ISO 9001-2008 Belge No: 12879 & ISO 14001-2004 Belge No: 12880)

SANAYİ VE KONUTLAR AÇISINDAN TÜKETİM ARALIKLARINA GÖRE ELEKTİRİK VE DOĞALGAZ FİYATLARININ EKONOMETRİK AÇIDAN

İNCELENMESİ

Murat KORKMAZ, Hakan AÇIKGÖZ

Güven Grup A.Ş. Finans Yönetmeni

1Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi, Elektrik-Enerji Bölümü

Özet : 2012-2014 Yılları arasındaki TUİK verileri kullanılarak hazırlanan bu çalışma, sanayi ve konutlarda kullanılan doğalgaz ile elektrik tüketiminin istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmesi şeklindedir. Farklı analiz teknikleri kullanılarak hazırlanan çalışmada ANOVA modeliuygulanmıştır. Ayrıca hipotez testleri uygulanarak araştırma daha kapsamlı hale getirilmiştir. Sanayi ve konutlarda tüketim aralıklarına göre elektrik ve doğalgaz fiyatlarının tespit edilmesi yönünde hareket edilmiş olup, yapılan istatistik bulgulara göre de sonuca gidilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular sonucunda; sanayi sektörü için tüketim aralığı arttıkça, elektrik ve doğalgaz fiyatlarının genel seviyesinde düşüş gözlendiği sonucuna varılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak tüketim aralığı Kw cinsinden yükseldikçe, fiyatlarda da azalma meydana gelmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler : Elektrik, Doğalgaz, Tüketim, Sanayi, Konut, Anova, TUİK, Fiyat

ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY AND NATURAL GAS PRICES ACCORDING TO CONSUMPTION RANGES IN TERMS OF INDUSTRY AND

HOUSES

Abstract: In this study prepared by using data of TSI belonging to the years of 2012-2014, the consumption of electricity and natural gas used in industry and houses is statistically analyzed. ANOVA model was applied to the study prepared with the use of differenttechniques for analysis. Moreover, tests of hypothesis were applied and the research was made more comprehensive. The purpose was to determine electricity and natural gas prices

INTRODUCTION

Education is an activity that has taken place throughout the history of humanity. During their entire lives, human beings learn some-thing, develop themselves, and most impor-tantly, meet their needs through what they learn. Therefore, the human is considered as a being that learns even in the womb of his/her mother. This applies to other living beings, too. However, the most important feature of the humans that distinguishes them from other living beings is that they can use all the advantages in the world in the best way pos-sible. It is known that the style of education varies from one culture to another, from one belief to another, from one region to another, from one person to another, from one society to another, and most importantly, according to the current conditions. Education is the most natural right and it is required to be provided for individuals. Provision of education by the public sector for the benefit and self-develop-ment of the individuals throughout their life is an indicator of social development. Educa-tion is one of the most important distinctive features among the societies. A society is su-perior to others if it has a higher quality of education and a higher number of educated people and if its individuals have developed themselves and are well-equipped in many different areas. The USA, which is keeping its economy and technology at the highest level,

has a high level of education, and in line with this, it provides a higher level of welfare com-pared to other societies. Distance education is now an indispensable part of education since with the help of technology; it enables indi-viduals to get the education that they have not been able to achieve before. In Turkey, dis-tance education was for the first time provid-ed by the Open Education Faculty of Anadolu University through “open education” system. Then, the system of distance education started to be implemented in many universities and departments. An examination of the demo-graphic characteristics of the individuals re-ceiving distance education shows that they are mostly the individuals that have been re-stricted in terms of educational opportunities due to various reasons and that have not been able to get or access the education they desire. Distance education is therefore quite impor-tant. Today, distance education and learning is used very commonly in many countries of the world. Although there are many reasons for discussion, there are a high number of indi-viduals that have overcome their educational deficiency by getting distance education. Sys-tem of distance education and learning is now widely used in many areas and disciplines. There are a considerable number of people graduating from many different departments through distance education. Graduation from the department of business administration of the open education faculty helps individuals

3



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


working in enterprises in diverse areas, es-pecially in the manufacturing sector, and the self-employed individuals in becoming more efficient and qualified managers. Many stud-ies have been conducted and shed light on this topic. Besides, today’s housewives and other individuals of the society who cannot access the education they desire due to vari-ous reasons develop themselves by benefiting from this opportunity, and most importantly, they achieve the education they long for. Ed-ucation is the best indicator for the develop-ment level of the societies (Gültan, 2003: 47). A society’s superiority in science and tech-nology is only possible through education (Drucker, 1993: 293-301). One of the most important advantages of today is that the in-dividuals deprived of educational opportuni-ties in their youth can fulfill their educational needs through distance education (Ertürk, 2006: 261). Humans have always invested in information. They have made many efforts to get information about the things they do not know (Kocacık, 2003: 9). Inability of the communities or the individuals in a country to access the education they desire is the worst possible aspect of the development level of that country. For education is the most natural right of the individuals (Kuzgun, 1997: 28). Development of technology has facilitated the individuals’ access to the desired educa-tion (Özkan, 2005). In the world of the 21st century, humans can fulfill their needs only

through their knowledge (Sonyel, 2004: 400). The needs of a society can be met only by its knowledge. No integrity or unity can be expected from a society that cannot be under-stood. Therefore, an educated society is the best indicator of development (Yılman, 2006: 3-8-9-14). Lifelong education and learning activities contribute a lot to the individu-als’ personal and occupational development (Gordon, 2001: 11). The computer technol-ogy and the widespread Internet networks have facilitated the individuals’ access to ed-ucational opportunities (Giddens, 2008: 778). The system of distance education and learn-ing differs from one person to another and from one reason to another. Nevertheless, the distance education provided to the individu-als today makes a significant contribution to the individuals’ self-development (Gökdaş, 2005: 4). The system of distance education is not an alternative to the traditional system of education; it should be rather considered as a complementary educational technology (Uşun, 2006: 21). The success achieved by the traditional system of education cannot be compared with the level of success achieved through the system of distance education. But this cannot eliminate the fact that distance education develops individuals in many non-technical areas (Mehratra, 2001: 11). Learn-ing by living is one of the most natural rights. The system of distance education contributes to the individuals’ rapid and reliable access to

4



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


the education they desire (Sung, 2001: 3-6). With the help of the developed technology, the distance education approach is now used in master’s and PhD courses and programs in many universities (Atasoy, 2008: 1-10). In Turkey, the first program for educating teach-ers through distance education was started in 1985, and 130,000 teachers participated in this program. As of 1990, 54,000 teachers had taken part in the bachelor’s completion program and completed their education. The teachers who participated in these programs completed all their educational processes through radio and television and reinforced their own development (Uşun, 2006: 2-271).

Hypotheses of the Study

H0: There is no relation among the de-mographic variables.

H0: The attended school is independent from the gender.

H0: The high school of graduation is in-dependent from the gender.

H0: The attended school is independent from the family type.

H0: The high school of graduation is in-dependent from the family type.

H0: The factors are independent from the gender.

H0: The factors are independent from the attended school.

H0: The factors are independent from the education level of the mother.

H0: The factors are independent from the education level of the father.

IMPLEMENTATION and ANALYSES

Reliability Analysis

Table 1. Reliability Statistics

Cronbach’s AlphaNumber of

items,912 21

Since Alpha was found to be 0.912 in con-sequence of the reliability analysis, it can be suggested that the 21 factors have a very high level of reliability.

ANALYSES

DEMOGRAPHIC and DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Demographic and descriptive statistics of the study are provided in the following tables.

5



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 2. Demographic Statistics Frequency Column N %Gender Female 251 31,53%

Male 545 68,47%Age 18-24 268 33,67%

25-34 311 39,07%35-49 188 23,62%50-64 26 3,27%65+ 3 ,38%

Education General high school 184 23,12%Anatolian high school 19 2,39%Vocational high school 176 22,11%Imam hatip (religious)

high school

13 1,63%

Open education high

school

56 7,04%

2-year associate

degree

283 35,55%

4-year bachelor’s

degree

50 6,28%

Other 15 1,88%Marital status Married 331 41,58%

Single 465 58,42%Children No children 538 67,59%

1 child 113 14,20%2 children 111 13,94%3 children 27 3,39%4 or more children 7 ,88%

Region Black Sea 66 8,29%Central Anatolia 169 21,23%Aegean Region 81 10,18%Mediterranean Region 66 8,29%Marmara 329 41,33%Eastern Anatolia 32 4,02%Southeastern Anatolia 53 6,66%

Place of

residence

Metropolis 469 58,92%City 241 30,28%Town 51 6,41%Village 16 2,01%District 19 2,39%

Occupation Police officer 19 2,39%Public servant 114 14,32%Teacher 19 2,39%Self-employed 60 7,54%Worker 85 10,68%Housewife 36 4,52%Member of the

military

25 3,14%

Student/Unemployed 194 24,37%Retired 18 2,26%Craftsperson 8 1,01%Health worker 35 4,40%Technician 56 7,04%Bank officer 17 2,14%Other 110 13,82%

Income No income 252 31,66%Minimum wage 165 20,73%1000-2000 243 30,53%2001-3000 106 13,32%3001-4000 21 2,64%4001+ 9 1,13%

6



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


FURTHER ANALYSES

H0: There is no difference by gender in the factors.

According to the analysis, Sig. value was determined to be below 0.05 for the items in which gender had an effect on the factors. Ac-cording to this;

• Reason for choosing the program varies by gender.

• Contribution of the program to getting a vocation varies by gender.

• The second-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by gender.

• The second-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by gender.

Table 3. Gender Analyses - Independent Samples Test

Levene’s Test for Equality of

Variances t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t dfSig.

(2-tailed)Mean

Difference

Reason for choosing the program Equal variances assumed

8,330 ,004 3,924 794 ,000 ,43566

Equal variances not assumed

4,093 540,344 ,000 ,43566

Does your current program make any contribution to getting a vocation?

Equal variances assumed

119,117 ,000 -4,729 794 ,000 -,16441


-5,070 579,432 ,000 -,16441

The first-grade courses that you find most beneficial in your social life (please choose only one option)


,000 ,997 -1,346 794 ,179 -,23912


-1,348 487,105 ,178 -,23912

The second-grade courses that you find most beneficial in your social life


2,925 ,088 4,029 794 ,000 ,74345


3,993 475,398 ,000 ,74345

The first-grade courses that you find most beneficial in your family relationships


5,045 ,025 -,179 794 ,858 -,02582


-,185 530,959 ,853 -,02582

7



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


The second-grade courses that you find most beneficial in your family relationships


,435 ,510 2,949 794 ,003 ,51363


2,890 462,920 ,004 ,51363

The first-grade courses that you find most beneficial in your working life


,890 ,346 ,820 794 ,413 ,14334


,826 495,405 ,409 ,14334

The second-grade courses that you find most beneficial in your working life


6,639 ,010 ,877 794 ,381 ,16471


,861 464,372 ,390 ,16471

Do you think that the courses in the program contribute to the self-development of the students as individuals?


10,199 ,001 1,660 792 ,097 ,05451


1,617 456,658 ,107 ,05451

Do you think that the courses in the program contribute to raising awareness about women’s rights?


,173 ,678 -,206 794 ,837 -,00751


-,206 487,640 ,837 -,00751

Do you think that 2 years of associate degree education is sufficient for this program?


13,367 ,000 ,646 794 ,518 ,03000


,681 554,370 ,496 ,03000

Do you find the branch-specific courses of the program sufficient?


4,891 ,027 -1,073 794 ,284 -,03676


-1,089 504,475 ,277 -,03676

Do you find the basic courses of the program sufficient?


1,392 ,238 -,584 794 ,559 -,01678


-,592 503,519 ,554 -,01678

Do you find the foreign language courses of the program sufficient?


13,589 ,000 2,007 794 ,045 ,07144


1,967 462,887 ,050 ,07144

8



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Do you have a computer? Equal variances assumed

2,589 ,108 ,808 794 ,419 ,01483


,776 441,619 ,438 ,01483

How many hours per day do you use computer for distance education?


1,180 ,278 -,430 794 ,667 -,03722


-,426 473,965 ,670 -,03722

Do you have access to the Internet?


5,111 ,024 -1,114 794 ,266 -,02611


-1,162 540,273 ,246 -,02611

How many hours per day do you access the Internet for the purpose of distance education?


,078 ,780 -1,440 794 ,150 -,12519


-1,426 474,787 ,154 -,12519

Which materials do you use the most in your current distance education program?


,438 ,508 -1,513 794 ,131 -,19368


-1,510 483,605 ,132 -,19368

Which Internet opportunities do you use the most in your current distance education program?


11,390 ,001 1,788 794 ,074 ,30490


1,733 450,923 ,084 ,30490

Do you think that the content of this program is more suitable for female students?


3,429 ,064 -1,124 794 ,261 -,04260


-1,120 481,603 ,263 -,04260

9



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


H0: There is no difference by gender in the factors.

According to the analysis, Sig. value was determined to be below 0.05 for the items in which age had an effect on the factors. Ac-cording to this;

• Reason for choosing the program varies by age.

• Contribution of the program to getting a vocation varies by age.

• The first-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by age.

• The first-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by age.

• The second-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by age.

• Contribution of the courses to raising stu-dents’ awareness about women’s rights varies by age.

• Sufficiency of 2 years of associate degree education varies by age.

• Sufficiency of the branch-specific courses varies by age.

• Sufficiency of the foreign language cours-es varies by age.

• Status of having access to the Internet var-ies by age.

• Connecting to the Internet for distance education varies by age.

• Use of the Internet for distance education varies by age.

• Suitability of the program’s content for fe-male students varies by age.

10



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 4. Age Analyses - ANOVASum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Reason for choosing the program

Between Groups 26,027 4 6,507 3,047 ,017Within Groups 1688,968 791 2,135Total 1714,995 795


Between Groups 18,391 4 4,598 24,052 ,000Within Groups 151,201 791 ,191Total 169,592 795














Between Groups ,406 4 ,102 ,546 ,702Within Groups 146,703 789 ,186Total 147,110 793








Between Groups 1,252 4 ,313 2,220 ,065Within Groups 111,512 791 ,141Total 112,764 795



Do you have a computer? Between Groups ,539 4 ,135 2,346 ,053Within Groups 45,445 791 ,057Total 45,984 795












Between Groups 2,383 4 ,596 2,431 ,046

Within Groups 193,842 791 ,245Total 196,225 795

11



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


H0: There is no difference by education in the factors.

According to the analysis, Sig. value was determined to be below 0.05 for the items in which education has an effect for the factors. According to this;

• Reason for choosing the program varies by education.

• Contribution of the program to getting a vocation varies by education.

• The second-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by education.

• The first-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by education.

• The second-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by educa-tion.

• The first-grade courses most beneficial in the working life vary by education.

• The second-grade courses most beneficial in the working life vary by education.

• Contribution of the courses to the stu-dents’ development as individuals varies by education.

• Contribution of the courses to raising stu-dents’ awareness about women’s rights varies by education.

• Sufficiency of 2 years of associate degree education varies by education.

• Sufficiency of the branch-specific courses varies by education.

• Sufficiency of the basic courses varies by education.

• Sufficiency of the foreign language cours-es varies by education.

• Status of having a computer varies by edu-cation.

• Use of computers for distance education varies by education.

• Status of having access to the Internet var-ies by education.

• Connecting to the Internet for distance education varies by education.

• Use of materials for distance education varies by education.

• Use of the Internet for distance education varies by education.

• Suitability of the program’s content for fe-male students varies by education.

12



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 5. Education Analyses - ANOVASum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.






Between Groups 24,857 7 3,551 ,652 ,712Within Groups 4288,775 788 5,443Total 4313,632 795























Do you have a computer? Between Groups 2,660 7 ,380 6,911 ,000Within Groups 43,324 788 ,055Total 45,984 795












Between Groups 9,133 7 1,305 5,495 ,000


13



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


H0: There is no difference by place of resi-dence in the factors.

According to the analysis, Sig. value was determined to be below 0.05 for the items in which place of residence has an effect on the factors. According to this;

• Contribution of the program to getting a vocation varies by place of residence.

• The first-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by place of residence.

• The second-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by place of residence.

• The first-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by place of residence.

• The second-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by place of residence.

• The first-grade courses most beneficial in the working life vary by place of resi-dence.

• Sufficiency of the branch-specific courses varies by place of residence.

• Sufficiency of the basic courses varies by place of residence.

• Status of having a computer varies by place of residence.

• Use of computers for distance education varies by place of residence.

• Status of having access to the Internet var-ies by place of residence.

• Connecting to the Internet for distance ed-ucation varies by place of residence.

• Use of materials for distance education varies by place of residence.

• Suitability of the program’s content for fe-male students varies by place of residence.

14



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 6. Place of residence analyses – ANOVASum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.


Between Groups 3,041 4 ,760 ,351 ,843Within Groups 1711,954 791 2,164Total 1714,995 795
















Between Groups ,764 4 ,191 1,030 ,391Within Groups 146,345 789 ,185Total 147,110 793











Do you have a computer? Between Groups ,636 4 ,159 2,774 ,026Within Groups 45,347 791 ,057Total 45,984 795












Between Groups 3,617 4 ,904 3,713 ,005


15



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


H0: There is difference by occupation in the factors.

According to the analysis, Sig. value was determined to be below 0.05 for the items in which occupation has an effect on the factors. According to this;

• Reason for choosing the program varies by the variable of occupation.

• Contribution of the program to getting a vocation varies by the variable of occupa-tion.

• The first-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by the variable of oc-cupation.

• The second-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by the variable of occupation.

• The second-grade courses most benefi-cial in the family relationships vary by the variable of occupation.

• The first-grade courses most beneficial in the working life vary by the variable of oc-cupation.

• The second-grade courses most beneficial in the working life vary by the variable of occupation.

• Contribution of the courses to the stu-dents’ development as individuals varies by the variable of occupation.

• Contribution of the courses to raising stu-dents’ awareness about women’s rights varies by the variable of occupation.

• Sufficiency of 2 years of associate degree education varies by the variable of occu-pation.

• Sufficiency of the branch-specific courses varies by the variable of occupation.

• Sufficiency of the basic courses varies by the variable of occupation.

• Sufficiency of the foreign language cours-es varies by the variable of occupation.

• Status of having a computer varies by the variable of occupation.

• Use of computers for distance education varies by the variable of occupation.

• Status of having access to the Internet var-ies by the variable of occupation.

• Connecting to the Internet for distance education varies by the variable of occu-pation.

• Use of materials for distance education varies by the variable of occupation.

• Use of the Internet for distance education varies by the variable of occupation.

• Suitability of the program’s content for female students varies by the variable of occupation.

16



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 7. Occupation analyses - Test Statisticsa,b

Chi-square df Asymp. Sig.Reason for choosing the program 90,416 13 ,000Does your current program make any contribution to getting a vocation?

68,054 13 ,000


41,822 13 ,000


25,143 13 ,022


21,340 13 ,066


23,606 13 ,035


67,683 13 ,000


47,944 13 ,000


31,039 13 ,003


75,126 13 ,000


72,497 13 ,000


63,949 13 ,000


49,398 13 ,000


105,261 13 ,000

Do you have a computer? 37,875 13 ,000How many hours per day do you use computer for distance education?

29,899 13 ,005

Do you have access to the Internet? 26,508 13 ,015


34,476 13 ,001


34,021 13 ,001


52,809 13 ,000


29,922 13 ,005

a. Kruskal Wallis Testb. Grouping Variable: Occupation

17



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


H0: There is no difference by income in the factors.

According to the analysis, Sig. value was determined to be below 0.05 for the items in which income has an effect on the factors. According to this;

• Reason for choosing the program varies by the variable of income.

• Contribution of the program to getting a vocation varies by the variable of income.

• Contribution of the courses to raising stu-dents’ awareness about women’s rights varies by the variable of income.

• Sufficiency of 2 years of associate degree education varies by the variable of income.

• Sufficiency of the branch-specific courses varies by the variable of income.

• Sufficiency of the foreign language cours-es varies by the variable of income.

• Status of having a computer varies by the variable of income.

• Status of having access to the Internet var-ies by the variable of income.

• Use of the Internet for distance education varies by the variable of income.

18



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 8. Income Analyses - Jonckheere-Terpstra Testa

Number of Levels in Income N

Observed J-T Statistic

Mean J-T Statistic

Std. Deviation of J-T Statistic Std. J-T Statistic

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)


6 796 103225,500 118020,000 3476,131 -4,256 ,000


6 796 140579,000 118020,000 2885,336 7,819 ,000


6 796 111040,000 118020,000 3554,323 -1,964 ,050


6 796 122277,500 118020,000 3562,774 1,195 ,232


6 796 114818,500 118020,000 3431,071 -,933 ,351


6 796 115742,500 118020,000 3536,118 -,644 ,520


6 796 116877,500 118020,000 3540,496 -,323 ,747


6 796 123392,500 118020,000 3555,519 1,511 ,131


6 794 116591,000 117233,000 2679,762 -,240 ,811


6 796 104797,000 118020,000 2984,980 -4,430 ,000


6 796 105550,500 118020,000 3198,536 -3,899 ,000


6 796 109974,500 118020,000 2807,161 -2,866 ,004


6 796 115000,000 118020,000 2352,767 -1,284 ,199


6 796 107093,000 118020,000 2919,809 -3,742 ,000

Do you have a computer? 6 796 112080,500 118020,000 1502,436 -3,953 ,000How many hours per day do you use computer for distance education?

6 796 117526,000 118020,000 3420,608 -,144 ,885


6 796 110842,000 118020,000 1920,513 -3,738 ,000


6 796 121988,500 118020,000 3406,269 1,165 ,244


6 796 122098,000 118020,000 3359,813 1,214 ,225


6 796 95887,500 118020,000 3414,193 -6,482 ,000


6 796 119846,500 118020,000 3103,638 ,589 ,556

a. Grouping Variable: Income

19



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


CONCLUSION and ASSESSMENT

• Reason for choosing the program varies by gender. Contribution of the program to getting a vocation varies by gender. The second-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by gender. The second-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by gender.

• Reason for choosing the program varies by age. Contribution of the program to getting a vocation varies by age. The first-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by age. The first-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by age. The second-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by age. Contribution of the courses to rais-ing students’ awareness about women’s rights varies by age. Sufficiency of 2 years of associate degree education varies by age. Sufficiency of the branch-specific courses varies by age. Sufficiency of the foreign language courses varies by age. Status of having access to the Internet varies by age. Connecting to the Internet for distance ed-ucation varies by age. Use of the Internet for distance education varies by age. Suit-ability of the program’s content for female students varies by age.

• Reason for choosing the program varies by education. Contribution of the program

to getting a vocation varies by education. The second-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by education. The first-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by education. The second-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by educa-tion. The first-grade courses most benefi-cial in the working life vary by education. The second-grade courses most beneficial in the working life vary by education. Con-tribution of the courses to the students’ development as individuals varies by edu-cation. Contribution of the courses to rais-ing students’ awareness about women’s rights varies by education. Sufficiency of 2 years of associate degree education varies by education. Sufficiency of the branch-specific courses varies by education. Suf-ficiency of the basic courses varies by edu-cation. Sufficiency of the foreign language courses varies by education. Status of hav-ing a computer varies by education. Use of computers for distance education varies by education. Status of having access to the Internet varies by education. Connecting to the Internet for distance education var-ies by education. Use of materials for dis-tance education varies by education. Use of the Internet for distance education varies by education. Suitability of the program’s content for female students varies by edu-cation.

20



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


• Contribution of the program to getting a vocation varies by place of residence. The first-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by place of residence. The second-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by place of residence. The first-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by place of resi-dence. The second-grade courses most ben-eficial in the family relationships vary by place of residence. The first-grade courses most beneficial in the working life vary by place of residence. Sufficiency of the branch-specific courses varies by place of residence. Sufficiency of the basic cours-es varies by place of residence. Status of having a computer varies by place of resi-dence. Use of computers for distance edu-cation varies by place of residence. Status of having access to the Internet varies by place of residence. Connecting to the Inter-net for distance education varies by place of residence. Use of materials for distance education varies by place of residence. Suitability of the program’s content for fe-male students varies by place of residence.

• Reason for choosing the program varies by the variable of occupation. Contribution of the program to getting a vocation var-ies by the variable of occupation. The first-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by the variable of occupation. The

second-grade courses most beneficial in the social life vary by the variable of oc-cupation. The second-grade courses most beneficial in the family relationships vary by the variable of occupation. The first-grade courses most beneficial in the work-ing life vary by the variable of occupation. The second-grade courses most beneficial in the working life vary by the variable of occupation. Contribution of the courses to the students’ development as individuals varies by the variable of occupation. Con-tribution of the courses to raising students’ awareness about women’s rights varies by the variable of occupation. Sufficiency of 2 years of associate degree education varies by the variable of occupation. Sufficiency of the branch-specific courses varies by the variable of occupation. Sufficiency of the basic courses varies by the variable of occupation. Sufficiency of the foreign lan-guage courses varies by the variable of oc-cupation. Status of having a computer var-ies by the variable of occupation. Use of computers for distance education varies by the variable of occupation. Status of having access to the Internet varies by the variable of occupation. Connecting to the Internet for distance education varies by the vari-able of occupation. Use of materials for distance education varies by the variable of occupation. Use of the Internet for distance education varies by the variable of occupa-

21



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


tion. Suitability of the program’s content for female students varies by the variable of occupation.

• Reason for choosing the program varies by the variable of income. Contribution of the program to getting a vocation varies by the variable of income. Contribution of the courses to raising students’ awareness about women’s rights varies by the variable of in-come. Sufficiency of 2 years of associate degree education varies by the variable of income. Sufficiency of the branch-specific courses varies by the variable of income. Sufficiency of the foreign language courses varies by the variable of income. Status of having a computer varies by the variable of income. Status of having access to the In-ternet varies by the variable of income. Use of the Internet for distance education varies by the variable of income.

REFERENCES

ATASOY, B.Ç., et all., (2008). İnternet Te-melli Eğitim (Ed. H.İ. Yalın). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara

DRUCKER, P. F., (1993). Kapitalist Öte-si Toplum (Translated by B. Çorakçı). İnkılap Yayın Evi, İstanbul

ERTÜRK, M., (2006). Yaşam Boyu Öğrenim İçin Uzaktan Öğretim Yöntemleri. 1. Uluslararası Mesleki ve Teknik Eğitim

Teknolojileri Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, Marmara University, İstanbul

GIDDENS, A., (2008). Sosyoloji (Translat-ed by H. Özel et all.). Kırmızı Yayınları, İstanbul

GORDON, J., et al., (2001). Lifelong Learn-ing: Which Ways Forward? (Ed. D. Colar-dyn). Brüksel: College of Europe

GÖKTAŞ, İ., et all., (2005). E-Öğrenme Ve Türkiye Açısından Sorunlar, Çözüm Önerileri. Yüzüncü Yıl University Elek-tronik Eğitim Dergisi, 2(2). http://efdergi.yyu.edu.tr/makaleler/cilt_II/ig_mk.doc Accessed: 02.04.2015

GÜLTAN, S., (2003). Bilgi Toplumu Süre-cinde Avrupa Topluluğu ve Türkiye, Avru-pa Toplulukları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, Ankara

KOCACIK, F., (2003). Bilgi Toplumu ve Türkiye. Cumhuriyet University Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27(1). http://www.cum-huriyet.edu.tr/edergi/makale/78.pdf (Ac-cessed: 12.06.2015)

KUZGUN, K., et all., (1997). Öğrencilerin Akademik Danışmanlarından Bekle-dikleri Görevler ve Danışmanların Görev Algıları. Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences Journal, 30(1), 27-43. http://www.education.ankara.edu.tr/

22



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


ebfdergi/pdfler/1997-30-1/27-43.pdf Ac-cessed: 10.07.2015

MEHRATRA, C.M., et al., (2001). Distance Learning: Principles for Effective Design, Delivery, and Evaluation, Sage Publica-tions, Londra

ÖZKAN, R., (2005). Birey ve Toplum Gelişiminde Öğretmenlik Mesleğinin Önemi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, (166). http://yayim.meb.gov.tr/dergiler/166/index3-ozkan.htm Accessed: 10.05.2015

SONYEL, B., (2004). The Relationship Be-tween Teacher Education, Profession-alism and Lifelong Learning. Fifth In-ternational Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber =1358204&isnum-ber=29802 Accessed: 11.07.2015

SUNG, T. C., et al., (2001). Learning Through Collaborative Design: A Learn-ing Strategy On The Internet. ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, 3. http://ieeexplore. ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=963974&isnumb Ac-cessed: 10.06.2015

UŞUN, S., (2006). Uzaktan Eğitim, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, İstanbul

YILMAN, M., (2006). Türkiye’de Öğretmen Eğitiminin Temelleri, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara

Author’s Note: This study was presented as a poster presentation in the 2nd Inter-national Congress on Different Dimen-sions of Violence and Social Perception, which was organized in Istanbul Pekom Congress Center on 3-4 September 2015. The article is the extended version of the poster presentation.

23



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


ANADOLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIKÖĞRETİM FAKÜLTESİ YÖNETİM VE ORGANİZASYON BÖLÜMÜ EV İDARESİ ÖN LİSANS PROGRAMI’NDA OKUYAN ÖĞRENCİLERİN PROGRAMA İLİŞKİN GÖRÜŞLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Öz: Bu çalışma, uzaktan eğitim yöntemiyle eğitim verilen Anadolu Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yönetim ve Organizasyon Bölümü Ev İdaresi Ön Lisans Programı’nda okuyan öğrencilerin programa ilişkin görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaca yöne-lik olarak katılımcılara 33 sorudan oluşan bir anket uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle kadına yönelik bir eğitim programı olarak Ev idaresi Ön Lisans Programı’nın amacı, işlevi, dersler, öğrenci sayısı ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir. Daha sonra Dünyada ve Türkiye’de uzaktan eğitimde kadın konusuna ve kadın ve erkeğin eğitimle ilgili istatistiki verilerine yer verilerek, uzaktan eğitimin kadınlar açısından olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri irdelenmiştir. Araştırmaya rasgele yön-temle seçilen 796 katılımcı iştirak etmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen veriler SPSS 20.00 programında analiz edilerek değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde ise Indepen-dent Samples t-Test, ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis test, Jonckheere-Terpstra Testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonunda öğrencilerin demografik özelliklerinin (yaş, cinsiyet, gelir, meslek, yerleşim yeri vb.) programı tercih nedenleri, sosyal yaşamlarında, aile içi ilişkilerinde, iş yaşamlarında yararlandıkları dersler, ders programı hakkında düşünceleri, bilgisayar ve internet kullanımları, programın meslek edinmelerine, kendilerini birey olarak yetiştirmelerine ve kadın hakları ko-nusunda bilinçlendirmeye yönelik olarak farklı oranlarda değişiklik gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Program tercih nedeni cinsiyete göre farklılık göstermektedir. Devam edilen programın meslek edinimine katkısı cinsiyete göre farklılık göstermektedir. Sosyal yaşamda en çok yararlanılan ikinci sınıf dersleri cinsiyete göre farklılık göstermektedir. Aile ilişkilerinde en çok yararlanılan ikinci sınıf dersleri cinsiyete göre farklılık göstermektedir. Program tercih nedeni yaşa göre farklılık göstermektedir. Devam edilen programın meslek edinimine katkısı yaşa göre farklılık göstermektedir. Sosyal yaşamda en çok yararlanılan birinci sınıf dersleri yaşa göre farklılık göstermektedir. Aile ilişkilerinde en çok yararlanılan birinci sınıf dersleri yaşa göre farklılık

24



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


göstermektedir. Aile ilişkilerinde en çok yararlanılan ikinci sınıf dersleri yaşa göre farklılık göstermektedir. Derslerin öğrencilerin kadın hakları konusunda bilinçlenmeye katkısı yaşa göre farklılık göstermektedir. 2 yıllık ön lisansın yeterliliği yaşa göre farklılık göstermektedir. Branş derslerinin yeterliliği yaşa göre farklılık göstermektedir. Yabancı dil derslerinin yeterliliği yaşa göre farklılık göstermektedir. İnternet erişimine sahiplik yaşa göre farklılık göstermektedir. Uzaktan eğitim için internete bağlanma yaşa göre farklılık göstermektedir. Uzaktan eğitim için internetten yararlanma yaşa göre farklılık göstermektedir. Programın kadın öğrencilere yönelik içeriği yaşa göre farklılık göstermektedir. Program tercih nedeni eğitime göre farklılık göster-mektedir. Devam edilen programın meslek edinimine katkısı eğitime göre farklılık göstermek-tedir. Sosyal yaşamda en çok yararlanılan ikinci sınıf dersleri eğitime göre farklılık göstermek-tedir. Aile ilişkilerinde en çok yararlanılan birinci sınıf dersleri eğitime göre farklılık gösterme-ktedir. Aile ilişkilerinde en çok yararlanılan ikinci sınıf dersleri eğitime göre farklılık gösterme-ktedir. İş yaşamında en çok yararlanılan birinci sınıf dersleri eğitime göre farklılık göstermek-tedir. İş yaşamında en çok yararlanılan ikinci sınıf dersleri eğitime göre farklılık göstermektedir. Derslerin öğrencilerin birey olarak yetişmelerindeki katkısı eğitime göre farklılık göstermekte-dir. Derslerin öğrencilerin kadın hakları konusunda bilinçlenmeye katkısı eğitime göre farklılık göstermektedir. 2 yıllık ön lisansın yeterliliği eğitime göre farklılık göstermektedir. Branş der-slerinin yeterliliği eğitime göre farklılık göstermektedir. Temel derslerin yeterliliği eğitime göre farklılık göstermektedir. Yabancı dil derslerinin yeterliliği eğitime göre farklılık göstermekte-dir. Bilgisayar sahipliği eğitime göre farklılık göstermektedir. Uzaktan eğitim için bilgisayar kullanımı eğitime göre farklılık göstermektedir. İnternet erişimine sahiplik eğitime göre farklılık göstermektedir. Uzaktan eğitim için internete bağlanma eğitime göre farklılık göstermektedir. Uzaktan eğitim için materyallerden yararlanma eğitime göre farklılık göstermektedir. Uzaktan eğitim için internetten yararlanma eğitime göre farklılık göstermektedir. Programın kadın öğrencilere yönelik içeriği eğitime göre farklılık göstermektedir.Devam edilen programın meslek edinimine katkısı yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Sosyal yaşamda en çok yararlanılan birinci sınıf dersleri yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Sosyal yaşamda en çok yararlanılan ikinci sınıf dersleri yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Aile ilişkilerinde en çok yararlanılan birinci sınıf dersleri yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Aile ilişkilerinde en çok yararlanılan ikinci sınıf dersleri yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. İş yaşamında en çok yararlanılan birinci sınıf dersleri yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Branş derslerinin yeterliliği yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Temel derslerin yeterliliği yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Bilgisayar sahipliği yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Uzaktan

25



ID: 463 K:12GEL CODE: M5-M10-M19-Z19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


eğitim için bilgisayar kullanımı yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. İnternet erişimine sa-hiplik yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Uzaktan eğitim için internete bağlanma yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Uzaktan eğitim için materyallerden yararlanma yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Programın kadın öğrencilere yönelik içeriği yerleşim yerine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Program tercih nedeni meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Devam edilen programın meslek edinimine katkısı meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Sosyal yaşamda en çok yararlanılan birinci sınıf dersleri meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Sosyal yaşamda en çok yararlanılan ikinci sınıf dersleri meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Aile ilişkilerinde en çok yararlanılan ikinci sınıf dersleri meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. İş yaşamında en çok yararlanılan birinci sınıf dersleri meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. İş yaşamında en çok yararlanılan ikinci sınıf dersleri meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Derslerin öğrencilerin birey olarak yetişmelerindeki katkısı meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Derslerin öğrencilerin kadın hakları konusunda bilinçlen-meye katkısı meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. 2 yıllık ön lisansın yeterliliği meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Branş derslerinin yeterliliği meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Temel derslerin yeterliliği meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Yabancı dil derslerinin yeterliliği meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Bilgisayar sahipliği meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Uzaktan eğitim için bilgisayar kullanımı meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. İnternet erişimine sahiplik meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Uzaktan eğitim için internete bağlanma meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Uzaktan eğitim için materyallerden yararlanma meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Uzaktan eğitim için internetten yararlanma meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Programın kadın öğrencilere yönelik içeriği meslek değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Program tercih nedeni gelir değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Devam edilen programın meslek edinimine katkısı gelir değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Derslerin öğrencilerin kadın hakları konusunda bilin-çlenmeye katkısı gelir değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. 2 yıllık ön lisansın yeterliliği gelir değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Branş derslerinin yeterliliği gelir değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Yabancı dil derslerinin yeterliliği gelir değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Bilgisayar sahipliği gelir değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. İnternet erişimine sahiplik gelir değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır. Uzaktan eğitim için internetten yararlanma gelir değişkenine göre farklılaşmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Eğitim, Yönetim. Ev İdaresi, Cinsiyet, İnternet, Program, Değişken

2626

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIABLES CAUSING HAPPINESS IN TURKISH YOUTH EMPLOYMENT1

Murat KORKMAZ1, Ali Serdar YÜCEL2, Ercan ŞAHBUDAK3, Hatice Nur GERMİR4, Erdal ŞEN5, Nurullah KARTA6

1 Güven Group Inc. Finance Manager, Istanbul / Turkey 2 Fırat University Faculty of Sports Sciences, Elazığ / Turkey

3 Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Education, Department of Sociology, Sivas / Turkey4 Celal Bayar University School of Applied Sciences, Manisa / Turkey



Abstract: In this study, it was aimed to examine practically the relationship of variables with each other which cause personal happiness by using 2007-2013 data of Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI). Data acquired from this study was analyzed with E-Views 8.0 program. As a result of regression and correlation analyses, factors affecting workforce at the most were determined. At the end of the study, it was tried to determine positive and negative relationships among hope rate, happiness rate, love, success, business, trip, entertainment, sports and cultural activities, relative and friend visits and business trips (conference, meeting, duty, etc.) which cause happiness in youth employment.

Key Words: Employment, Happiness, Variable, Young, TSI, Relationship

(1) Corresponding Author: Ali Serdar YÜCEL, Fırat University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Elazığ / Turkey [email protected] Arrival Date 11.09.2015 Date of Admission: 12.10.2015 Article Type: (Research and Practice) Conflict of Interest No “Ethics Committee No”

Doi: 10.17364/IIB.20152013535


27



ID: 464 K:12GEL CODE: J23-M12

(Labor Economics and Employment)ISSN Print: 2146-5886 & ISSN: Online: 2147-172X


(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


INTRODUCTION

Youth which is seen as the summer of life and in which an individual experiences intensive changes biologically, physiologically and psychologically has a significant place in lifetime. Indeed, the most important and effective period of lifetime is youth. Youth is the period when human body is in its most energetic, active and idealist, there-fore the most fruitful form. A society that gives importance to its youth, equips it with all kind of knowledge, skill and ability will have a bright future, as well (Cirit, 2008). Especially enabling employment of the youth possesses social and individual importance.

Although loss of income which is the economic effect of unemployment on an individual can be compensated to some extent with ways such as unemployment insurance and helping each other within the family, it is stated that social effects of unemployment such as hopelessness, fear, lack of confidence and poverty are permanent (Ata-man, 2000). From this point of view, it should be emphasized that social outcomes of youth unemployment are much more important than its economic outcomes. Youth unemployment should be accepted as a problem which affects lives of youth and future of countries negatively, whose damages cannot be compensated and therefore which is compulsory to solve (Erdayı, 2009).

Employment is a determinant force shaping per-sonality of an individual as well as being a social

need (Lukowsk, 2004). Unemployment bears economic outcomes in terms of an individual and society and it also has some physiological and social effects on those who are unemployed and on their families (Güney, 2009).

Studies show that there is a relationship between unemployment and social disorders such as divorces, use of alcohol and drugs, committing crime and suicides as well as experiencing health problems (Güney, 2009).

For example, a study indicates that increase of unemployment for any reason increases crime rate, as well (Cömertler, 2007).

The youth brings energy, skill and efficiency to economies and lays the foundation of future development (ILO, 2008:2).

Employment of the youth who possesses the necessary knowledge, ability and skill with con-venient job opportunities can enable them to be more hopeful and happy individuals in the future.

Happiness level of a person can be qualified as how much that person evaluates his/her total life quality as positive in general (Bülbül and Giray, 2011). In this situation, life standards of an employed young person will change and he/she will be happier by evaluating his/her total life quality as more positive.

28






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Aim, Scope, Method

This study aims at examining practically the relationship of variables with each other which cause personal happiness by using TSI data. Variables were determined for the period between 2007 and 2013.

Data Analysis

Data acquired from this study was analyzed with E-Views 8.0 program. As a result of regression and correlation analyses, factors affecting workforce at the most were determined.

Hypotheses of the Study

H0: There isn’t any relationship among variables.

H0: There isn’t any relationship between hap-piness level among adults and other variables.

H0: There isn’t any relationship between hope level among adults and other variables.

H0: There isn’t any relationship between love and other variables.

H0: There isn’t any relationship between success and other variables.

H0: There isn’t any relationship between work level and other variables.

H0: There isn’t any relationship between entertainment trip level and other variables.

H0: There isn’t any relationship between relative visit level and other variables.

IMPLEMENTATION and ANALYSES

Summaries of Variables

• HAPP: Happiness rate among adults

• HOPE: Hope rate among adults

• LOVE: Love as the source of happiness

• SUCC: Success as the source of happiness

• JOB: Job as the source of happiness

• ENT: Trip, entertainment, sports and cultural activities

• REL: Relative and friend visit

• BUSS: Business (conference, meeting, duty, etc.)

CORRELATION ANALYSIS

H0: There isn’t any relationship among variables.

Results regarding the conducted correlation analysis are shown below.

• There is a positive high relationship between happiness level and hope level, a high rela-tionship between happiness level and love, a high relationship between happiness level and success, a medium relationship between happiness level and job, a medium relationship between happiness level and entertainment trips, a negative medium relationship between

29






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


happiness level and relative visits, a negative medium level relationship between happiness level and business trips.

• There is a high relationship between hope level and love, a high relationship between hope level and success, a low relationship between hope level and job, a medium relationship between hope level and entertainment trips, a medium relationship between hope level and relative visits, a medium level relationship between hope level and business trips.

• There is a high relationship between love and success, a low relationship between love and job, a medium relationship between love and entertainment trips, a medium relationship between love and relative visits, a high level relationship between love and business trips.

• There is a high relationship between success and job, a high relationship between success and entertainment trips, a high relationship between success and relative visits, a high level relationship between success and busi-ness trips.

• There is a medium relationship between busi-ness trips and entertainment trips, a medium relationship between business trips and rela-tive visits, a high level relationship among business trips.

• There is a high relationship between enter-tainment trips and relative visits, a high level relationship between entertainment trips and business trips.

• There is a high level relationship between relative visits and business trips.

Table 1. Pearson Correlation

HAPP HOPE LOVE SUCC JOB ENT REL BUSS

HAPP -

HOPE 0,827 -

LOVE 0,743 0,732 -

SUCC 0,829 0,633 0,905 -

JOB 0,388 0,158 0,744 0,735 -

ENT 0,502 0,496 0,690 0,784 0,587 -

REL -0,505 0,499 0,693 0,786 0,589 0,912 -

BUSS -0,614 0,596 0,780 0,839 0,649 0,981 0,982 -

30






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


REGRESSION ANALYSIS

H0: There isn’t any relationship between hap-piness level among adults and other variables.

When the regression analysis in which happiness level among adults and other variables were ex-amined all together was observed, the following results were acquired:

• When hope level increases one unit, happiness level increases 0,62 units.

• When love level increases one unit, happiness level increases 0,63 units.

• When success level increases one unit, hap-piness level increases 1,33 units.

• When work level increases one unit, happiness level increases 0,24 units.

• When entertainment trip level increases one unit, happiness level increases 16 units.

• When relative visit level increases one unit, happiness level increases 2,43 units.

• When business trip level increases one unit, happiness level increases 0,16 units.

31






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 2. Happiness RegressionDependent Variable: HAPP

Method: Least Squares

Date: 06/14/15 Time: 01:02

Sample: 2007 2013

Included observations: 7

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

HOPE 0.627270 0.029365 27.54217 0.0000

LOVE 0.631040 0.012950 6.022855 0.0000

SUCC 1.339387 0.022858 4.497401 0.0000

JOB 0.245276 0.028398 9.336664 0.0000

ENT 16.08822 0.038859 15.72513 0.0000

REL 2.436651 0.014899 90.99256 0.0000

BUSS 0.167442 0.001249 2.684778 0.0000

R-squared 1.000000 Mean dependent var 59.92857

S.D. dependent var 0.910521 Akaike info criterion -39.50538

Sum squared resid 3.86E-19 Schwarz criterion -39.55946

Log likelihood 145.2688 Hannan-Quinn criter. -40.17392

Durbin-Watson stat 2.721086

H0: There isn’t any relationship between hope level among adults and other variables.

When the regression analysis in which hope level among adults and other variables were examined all together was observed, the following results were acquired:

• When love level increases one unit, hope level increases 0,43 units.

• When success level increases one unit, hope level increases 0,14 units.

• When work level increases one unit, hope level increases 0,98 units.

• When entertainment trip level increases one unit, hope level increases 16 units.

• When relative visit level increases one unit, hope level increases 2,76 units.

32






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


• When business level increases one unit, hope level increases 0,31 units.

Table 3. Hope RegressionDependent Variable: HOPE


Date: 06/14/15 Time: 01:03

Sample: 2007 2013



LOVE 0.432855 0.392340 1.103265 0.4688

SUCC 0.141264 0.431883 0.327089 0.7988

JOB 0.982509 0.363249 2.704778 0.2254

ENT 16.43537 3.340347 4.920259 0.1276

REL 2.768388 6.255910 -4.425236 0.1415

BUSS 0.312411 0.181529 1.721000 0.3351


Adjusted R-squared 0.697311 S.D. dependent var 0.602376

S.E. of regression 0.331411 Akaike info criterion 0.397458

Sum squared resid 0.109833 Schwarz criterion 0.351096



H0: There isn’t any relationship between love and other variables.

When the regression analysis in which love and other variables were examined all together was observed, the following results were acquired:

• When success level increases one unit, love level increases 0,71 units.

• When work level increases one unit, love level increases 0,17 units.

• When entertainment trip level increases one unit, love level increases 5,74 units.

33






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


• When relative visit level increases one unit, love level increases 1,05 units.

• When business trip level increases one unit, love level increases 0,26 units.

Table 4. Love RegressionDependent Variable: LOVE


Date: 06/14/15 Time: 01:05

Sample: 2007 2013



SUCC 0.718398 0.589762 1.218116 0.3474

JOB 0.172469 0.643218 -0.268135 0.8137

ENT 5.745055 4.443033 1.293048 0.3252

REL 1.052379 8.470453 -1.242412 0.3400

BUSS 0.261928 0.269693 0.971208 0.4339





Log likelihood -1.940495 Hannan-Quinn criter. 1.505470


H0: There isn’t any relationship between suc-cess and other variables.

When the regression analysis in which success and other variables were examined all together was observed, the following results were acquired:

• When work level increases one unit, success level increases 0,41 units.

• When entertainment trip level increases one unit, success level increases 3,19 units.

• When relative visit level increases one unit, success level increases 0,57 units.

• When business trip level increases one unit, success level increases 0,19 units.

34






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 5. Success RegressionDependent Variable: SUCC


Date: 06/14/15 Time: 01:05

Sample: 2007 2013



JOB 0.417108 0.581813 -0.716910 0.5252

ENT 3.195977 3.938736 0.811422 0.4765

REL 0.579895 7.606227 -0.752002 0.5067

BUSS 0.195873 0.238572 0.821025 0.4718







H0: There isn’t any relationship between work level and other variables.

When the regression analysis in which work level and other variables were examined all together was observed, the following results were acquired:

• When entertainment trip level increases one unit, work level increases 1,63 units.

• When relative visit level increases one unit, work level increases 0,36 units.

• When business trip level increases one unit, work level increases 0,18 units.

35






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 6. Work RegressionDependent Variable: JOB


Date: 06/14/15 Time: 01:06

Sample: 2007 2013



ENT 1.631326 3.285137 -0.496578 0.6455

REL 0.365666 6.316330 0.532852 0.6224

BUSS 0.183284 0.183403 -0.999351 0.3742







H0: There isn’t any relationship between enter-tainment trip level and other variables.

When the regression analysis in which entertain-ment trip level and other variables were examined all together was observed, the following results were acquired:

• When relative visit level increases one unit, entertainment trip level increases 1,92 units.

• When business trip level increases one unit, entertainment trip level increases 0,05 units.

36






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 7. Entertainment RegressionDependent Variable: ENT


Date: 06/14/15 Time: 01:06

Sample: 2007 2013



REL 1.922683 0.003543 542.6709 0.0000

BUSS 0.054808 0.004752 -11.53294 0.0001



S.E. of regression 0.068407 Akaike info criterion -2.291729

Sum squared resid 0.023398 Schwarz criterion -2.307183



H0: There isn’t any relationship between relative visit level and other variables.

When the regression analysis in which relative visit level and other variables were examined

all together was observed, the following results were acquired:

• When business trip level increases one unit, relative visit level increases 1,23 units.

37






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 8. Relative Visit RegressionDependent Variable: REL


Date: 06/14/15 Time: 01:06

Sample: 2007 2013



BUSS 1.232583 0.215967 5.707260 0.0013

R-squared -51.548006 Mean dependent var 18.47571

Adjusted R-squared -51.548006 S.D. dependent var 1.087365





CONCLUSION and ASSESSMENT

• There is a positive high relationship between happiness level and hope level, a high rela-tionship between happiness level and love, a high relationship between happiness level and success, a medium relationship between happiness level and job, a medium relation-ship between happiness level and entertain-ment trips, a negative medium relationship between happiness level and relative visits, a negative medium level relationship between happiness level and business trips. There is a high relationship between hope level and

love, a high relationship between hope level and success, a low relationship between hope level and job, a medium relationship between hope level and entertainment trips, a medium relationship between hope level and relative visits, a medium level relationship between hope level and business trips. There is a high relationship between love and success, a low relationship between love and job, a medium relationship between love and entertainment trips, a medium relationship between love and relative visits, a high level relationship between love and business trips. There is a high relationship between success and job, a high relationship between success and entertain-

38






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


ment trips, a high relationship between success and relative visits, a high level relationship between success and business trips. There is a medium relationship between business trips and entertainment trips, a medium relationship between business trips and relative visits, a high level relationship among business trips. There is a high relationship between enter-tainment trips and relative visits, a high level relationship between entertainment trips and business trips. There is a high level relation-ship between relative visits and business trips.

• When hope level increases one unit, happiness level increases 0,62 units. When love level increases one unit, happiness level increases 0,63 units. When success level increases one unit, happiness level increases 1,33 units. When work level increases one unit, happiness level increases 0,24 units. When entertainment trip level increases one unit, happiness level increases 16 units. When relative visit level increases one unit, happiness level increases 2,43 units. When business trip level increases one unit, happiness level increases 0,16 units.

• When success level increases one unit, love level increases 0,71 units. When work level increases one unit, love level increases 0,17 units. When entertainment trip level increases one unit, love level increases 5,74 units. When relative visit level increases one unit, love level increases 1,05 units. When business trip

level increases one unit, love level increases 0,26 units.

• When work level increases one unit, success level increases 0,41 units. When entertainment trip level increases one unit, success level increases 3,19 units. When relative visit level increases one unit, success level increases 0,57 units.

• When business trip level increases one unit, success level increases 0,19 units. When en-tertainment trip level increases one unit, work level increases 1,63 units. When relative visit level increases one unit, work level increases 0,36 units. When business trip level increases one unit, work level increases 0,18 units.

• When relative visit level increases one unit, entertainment trip level increases 1,92 units. When business trip level increases one unit, entertainment trip level increases 0,05 units.

• When business trip level increases one unit, relative visit level increases 1,23 units.

REFERENCES

ATAMAN, C., (2000). İşgücü Piyasası ve İs-tihdam Politikalarının Temel Prensipleri, A.U. Faculty of Political Sciences Publica-tions, Ankara, p. 1

BÜLBÜL, Ş., GİRAY, S., (2011). Sosyodemogra-fik Özellikler ile Mutluluk Algısı Arasındaki İlişki Yapısının Analizi, Ege Akademik Bakış, 11, Special edition, 113-123

39






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


CİRİT, B.H., (2008). Hz. Peygamber ve Gençlik, Bakü State University Faculty of Divine İlmi Mecmuası, 09 April 2008, p. 61-66

CÖMERTLER, N., (2007). Türkiye’de Suç Oranının Sosyo-Ekonomik Belirleyicileri, Ankara University SBF Dergisi, Vol:62 No:2 April-June, Ankara

ERDAYI, A.U., (2009). Dünyada Genç İşsiz-liği Sorununun Çözümüne Yönelik Ulusal Politikalar ve Türkiye, Çalışma ve Toplum, 3: 135, 136

GÜNEY, A., (2009). İşsizlik, Nedenleri, Sonuçları ve mücadele yöntemleri, Kamu-İş; V:10, p.4

ILO (2008). Global Employment Trends For Youth 2008, Geneva: ILO Pub

LUKOWSK, A.V., (2004). The Relationship between Employer- Employee Congruence of Values, Job Satisfaction and Life Satis-faction, University of Northern Colorada, Thesis, p. 45

Author’s Note: This study was presented as a poster presentation in the 2nd International Congress on Different Dimensions of Violence and Social Perception, which was organized in Istanbul Pekom Congress Center on 3-4 September 2015. The article is the extended version of the poster presentation.

40






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


TÜRK GENÇ İSTİHDAMINDA MUTLUĞA NEDEN OLUŞTURAN DEĞİŞKENLERİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ

Öz: Çalışmada 2007-2013 yılları arasındaki TUIK verileri baz alınarak kişisel mutluluğa temel olan değişkenlerin birbirleri arasındaki ilişkinin uygulamalı olarak incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu araştırmadan elde edilen veriler E-Views 8.0 programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan regresyon ve korelasyon analizleri sonucunda işgücünü en çok etkileyen faktörler belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda genç istihdamında mutluluğa neden olan umut oranı, mutluluk oranı, sevgi, başarı, iş, Gezi, eğlence, sportif ve kültürel faaliyetler, Akraba ve arkadaş ziyareti ve İş amaçlı (konferans, toplantı, görev vb.) geziler arasındaki olumlu ve olumsuz ilişkiler ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. Mutluluk düzeyi ile umut düzeyi arasında pozitif yüksek, sevgi arasında yüksek, başarı arasında yüksek, iş arasında orta, eğlence amaçlı geziler arasında orta, akraba ziyareti amaçlı geziler arasında negatif orta, iş amaçlı geziler arasında negatif orta düzeyli ilişki bulunmaktadır. Umut düzeyi ile sevgi arasında yüksek, başarı arasında yüksek, iş arasında düşük, eğlence amaçlı geziler arasında orta, akraba ziyareti amaçlı geziler arasında orta, iş amaçlı geziler arasında orta düzeyli ilişki bulunmaktadır. Sevgi ile başarı arasında yüksek, iş arasında düşük, eğlence amaçlı geziler arasında orta, akraba ziyareti amaçlı geziler arasında orta, iş amaçlı geziler arasında yüksek düzeyli ilişki bulunmaktadır. Başarı ile iş arasında yüksek, eğlence amaçlı geziler arasında yüksek, akraba ziyareti amaçlı geziler arasında yüksek, iş amaçlı geziler arasında yüksek düzeyli ilişki bulunmaktadır. İş amaçlı geziler ile eğlence amaçlı geziler arasında orta, akraba ziyareti amaçlı geziler arasında orta, iş amaçlı geziler arasında yüksek düzeyli ilişki bulunmaktadır. Eğlence amaçlı geziler ile akraba ziyareti amaçlı geziler arasında yük-sek, iş amaçlı geziler arasında yüksek düzeyli ilişki bulunmaktadır. Akraba ziyareti amaçlı geziler ile iş amaçlı geziler arasında yüksek düzeyli ilişki bulunmaktadır. Umut düzeyi bir birim arttığında, mutluluk düzeyi 0,62 birim artmaktadır. Sevgi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, mutluluk düzeyi 0,63 birim artmaktadır. Başarı düzeyi bir birim arttığında, mutluluk düzeyi 1,33 birim artmaktadır. İş düzeyi bir birim arttığında, mutluluk düzeyi 0,24 birim artmaktadır. Eğlence amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttı-ğında, mutluluk düzeyi 16 birim artmaktadır. Akraba ziyareti amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında,

41






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


mutluluk düzeyi 2,43 birim artmaktadır. İş amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, mutluluk düzeyi 0,16 birim artmaktadır. Başarı düzeyi bir birim arttığında, sevgi düzeyi 0,71 birim artmaktadır. İş düzeyi bir birim arttığında, sevgi düzeyi 0,17 birim artmaktadır. Eğlence amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, sevgi düzeyi 5,74 birim artmaktadır. Akraba ziyareti amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, sevgi düzeyi 1,05 birim artmaktadır. İş amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, sevgi düzeyi 0,26 birim artmaktadır. İş düzeyi bir birim arttığında, başarı düzeyi 0,41 birim artmaktadır. Eğlence amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, başarı düzeyi 3,19 birim artmaktadır. Akraba ziyareti amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, başarı düzeyi 0,57 birim artmaktadır. İş amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, başarı düzeyi 0,19 birim artmaktadır. İş amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, iş düzeyi 1,63 birim artmaktadır. Akraba ziyareti amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, iş düzeyi 0,36 birim artmaktadır. İş amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, iş düzeyi 0,18 birim artmaktadır. Akraba ziyareti amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, Eğlence amaçlı gezi düzeyi 1,92 birim artmaktadır. İş amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, Eğlence amaçlı gezi düzeyi 0,05 birim artmaktadır. İş amaçlı gezi düzeyi bir birim arttığında, Akraba ziyareti amaçlı gezi düzeyi 1,23 birim artmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: İstihdam, Mutluluk, Değişken, Genç, TUİK, İlişki

4242

A STUDY ON DEVELOPING A SCALE DIRECTED TO THE PROFESSIONAL ATTITUDE AND SOCIAL PERCEPTIONS OF

EMPLOYEES1

Ercan ŞAHBUDAK1, Murat KORKMAZ2, Muhammet BEKÇİ3, Meral ÖZTÜRK4, Dilek ŞAHİN5, Erdal ŞEN6, Nurullah KARTA7

1 Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Education, Department of Sociology, Sivas / Turkey2 Güven Group Co. Inc. Finance Director, Istanbul / Turkey

3 Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Education, Department of Statistics, Sivas / Turkey4 Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Education, Department of Social Service, Sivas / Turkey

5 Cumhuriyet University, Tourism and Hotel Management, Hospitality Management Department, Sivas / Turkey



Abstract: A two-part questionnaire with a 5-point Likert-type scale, verified for validity and reliability, was used in this practical study, which included a total of 597 persons from different sectors. The study was com-pleted in around 5 months. All the participants included in the study were selected through simple random sampling method. All the participants expressed their choices on the questionnaire forms in accordance with their own free thoughts and ideas. The questionnaire forms were sent to the participants by hand, mail or e-mail. Questionnaire forms were submitted to a total of 2500 participants, and only 872 of them responded. 597 of the received questionnaire forms were found suitable for the research. According to the information obtained, Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient was calculated to be 0.928 by the SPSS Statistics 18 software. This value shows that the questionnaire used in the study is highly reliable. The study was extended through cor-relation, regression and factor analyses, and the study was examined under 7 sub-factors. According to the analyses and the findings of the study, it was determined that the influence of leadership was important for employees and it created difference in terms of mental activity. It was also concluded that the concept of leadership affected especially the motivation and performance of the employees.

Key Words: Leader, Employee, Job, Attitude, Factor, Performance, Motivation

(1) Corresponding Author: Ercan ŞAHBUDAK, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Education, Department of Sociol-ogy, Sivas / Turkey [email protected] Arrival Date 09.07.2015 Date of Admission: 13.10.2015 Article Type: (Research and Practice) Conflict of Interest No “Ethics Committee No”

Doi: 10.17364/IIB.20152013537


43


International Refereed Academic Social Sciences Journal October, November, December Fall Semester Issue 20 Year: 2015

ID: 466 K:12GEL CODE: J23-M12-M54-Y8-Z1

(Management and Sociology)ISSN Print: 2146-5886 & ISSN: Online: 2147-172X


(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW

One of the most important problems in to-day’s working life is the employees’ attitude towards and perceived problems about their jobs. This situation reveals the dimension of the relation between the employee and the job in different aspects. However, what the em-ployers usually want is the performance and productivity of the employees as well as their loyalty. Historically, much research has been conducted on employees’ attitude and social perception about their jobs. Especially in in-stitutional businesses, studies about organiza-tional structure are more prevalent. Organiza-tional culture and organizational behavior are important in increasing the labor productiv-ity and the level of performance (Kendirligil, 2006: 13, and Güçlü, 2006: 148). Professional success can be achieved only through creating an efficient level of perception in individuals and communities (Dinçer, 1997: 401-402). In today’s’ businesses, especially institutional responsibility and social cohesion are impor-tant concepts (Tatari, 2003: 2). Professional superiority ensures both competitive advan-tage and higher profitability, contributing to the success of businesses (Kotler, 2006: 2-3). Professional superiority is measured by indi-viduals’ behaviors and attitude towards their jobs (Dinçer, 1998: 155). A business of in-stitution can achieve competitive advantage

only through being different (Barutçugil, 2004: 222). Businesses which aim to achieve economic success and high profitability must teach their employees different professional qualities (Schwartz et al., 2003: 504). Job burnout has been one of the most salient is-sues among employees in recent years (Dağcı et al., 2014: 365-383). Production businesses can acquire competitive advantage only by conforming to the changing conditions of the world, efficiently using the technology and teaching their employees different profes-sional qualities (Korkmaz et al., 2012: 1-16). In the health sector, which has a very high risk factor, the professional competency of the health workers cause the quality of work and personal characteristics to be more efficient (Özdil et al., 2012: 1-16). In periods of cri-sis, superiority can be achieved only through turning the declining advantages into profit-ability. And this is possible through highly talented employees (Işık et al., 2012: 1-22). In the sector of tourism and hotel management, advantage can be achieved only through the service delivery of the staff. This paves the way for the business to achieve higher prof-itability as well as competitive advantage (Günden et al., 2012: 1-26). Time manage-ment is quite important in professional supe-riority and performance management. This enables the business to turn the risks into an advantage and profitability (Korkmaz et al., 2012: 1-18). Professional satisfaction affects

44






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


the employee’s level of perception (Tutar, 2011: 13). The only way to ensure a high amount of production and more profitability is though employees’ commitment to their jobs. Efficient planning and more productive use of the time have an effect on the level of productivity of the business (Westbrook, 1993: 2-3). Professional competence affects the factor of saving because the employees’ levels of professional competence are the as-pect that the human resources most intensely work on during the time and quality planning (Terzioğlu, 2003: 9). The concept of leader-ship is also quite important in professional success. Employees’ adaptation and condi-tioning to the work are ensured through an efficient model of leadership (Akat, 1998: 7). Managers with high leadership capac-ity and with an influence on employees have very high importance for businesses (Blake et al., 1985: 7). Transformational leaders have higher efficiency in adapting employees to the goals and the structure and in managing the operational factors (Bass et al., 1995: 3). An efficient leader leads employees to as-sume efficient roles in the decision making mechanism and to have greater sense of re-sponsibility (Bennis et al., 1985: 11).

Purpose, Scope, Method

This research includes a practical examina-tion of employees’ attitude towards and per-ception about their jobs and occupations. 597

employees took part in this practical study. A two-part questionnaire with a 5-point Likert-type scale was applied to the participants.

Validity and Reliability of the Question-naire

Since the questionnaire, which was the mea-suring tool in this research, would be used for the first time, a preliminary test was conduct-ed to ensure its validity and reliability before the main research. A total of 125 participants were included in the preliminary test. The data acquired in the first preliminary test were analyzed through the SPSS 18 statistical soft-ware, and the Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient was found to be 0.751. The first test included 56 questions with a 5-point Likert scale and 19 questions with demographic options. 16 questions that decreased the reliability value were excluded, and a new questionnaire form with 44 questionnaires was arranged for the main research. In accordance with the data acquired from the preliminary test and with the data analysis, 7 sub-dimensions were de-termined and the 44 questions were grouped. After the grouping, the form was rearranged, and then the main research started. The first research “PRELIMINARY TEST” was ap-plied to the managing and managed employ-ees working in 26 production enterprises in Istanbul and Izmit. Among the 125 partici-pants, 8 were white-collar managers. 29 of them were in the positions of middle-class

45






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


managing “Chief”. Rest of the participants were normal “Managed” working individu-als. As for the educational status of the par-ticipants in the preliminary test research, 3 of them held PhD degree, 17 master’s degree, 21 bachelor’s degree, 32 vocational school degree, and the rest had received high school or lower education. Regarding the gender dis-tribution, 2 in the white-collar “Senior Man-agement” were female while 6 were male. Of the middle-class “Chiefs”, 9 were female and 20 were male. Of the lower-class man-aged employees, 62 were male and 26 were female. The average age of 125 participants was 35.5. The oldest participants was 52 and the youngest participant was 19. As for the wages, the participant with the highest net salary earned 3950 TRY while the lowest net salary was 1050 TRY. The average income of the all participants was 2500 TRY. As for the marital status, 72% was married. The aver-age number of children of the married par-ticipants was 2. For the durations of marriage, the highest was 28 years and the lowest was 1 year. The average was 14.5 years. All the participants were registered in the social in-surance institution (SSK insurance). The white collars had both SSK insurance and private health insurance. Special cars were allocated for the white collars and the middle class managers by their “enterprise”. For the periods of working in these enterprises, the highest was 15 years and the lowest was 1

year. For the working experience, the highest was 23 years and the lowest was 1 year. The longest period of experience in management was 14 years while the lowest was 2 years. All the employees working in the manage-ment were provided with private cars they could use “personally” by their enterprises. This study was a scale development study. 1 occupational safety specialist, 1 psycholo-gist, 4 sociologists, 1 economist and statistics expert and 1 educational advisor, all of whom were specialized in their fields, took part in the whole research process including pre- and post-implementation stages. The preliminary test took 78 days.

Data Analysis

Simple random sampling method was em-ployed in the study. The data obtained from the study were analyzed through the SPSS sta-tistics 18 software. Cronbach’s Alpha Coeffi-cient was found to be 0.928 in consequence of the correlation and regression analyses. In the end of the study, the problems faced by the employees and the leadership values were questioned.

Research Hypotheses

H1: There is a correlation between the leadership factors and Intellectual Stimu-lation.

46






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


H2: There is a correlation between the leadership factors and Charisma/Inspira-tion.

H3: There is a correlation between the leadership factors and Idealized Influence.

H4: There is a correlation between the leadership factors and Individualized Consideration.

H5: There is a correlation between the leadership factors and Continuance Com-mitment.

IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSES

Reliability Analysis

Table 1. Reliability Statistics

Cronbach’s Alpha Number of Items,928 44

Since Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient was found to be 0.928 in consequence of the reli-ability analysis, it can be suggested that the 44 factors are very highly reliable.

FINDINGS

DEMOGRAPHIC AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

The following tables provide the demograph-ic and descriptive statistics of the study.

47






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 2. Demographic Characteristics of the Participants

Count Column N %1. YOUR AGE 18-22 342 57,29%

23-28 255 42,71%2. YOUR GENDER Male 63 22,83%

Female 213 77,17%3. YOUR POSITION IN THE ORGANIZATION

Public servant 273 45,73%Worker 207 34,67%Manager 72 12,06%Senior Manager 45 7,54%

4. WHAT IS YOUR MONTHLY INCOME?

900-1250 45 7,54%1251-2000 120 20,10%2001-2500 207 34,67%2501-3500 159 26,63%3501+ 66 11,06%

5. YOUR MARITAL STATUS Married 342 57,29%Single 255 42,71%

6. FOR HOW MANY YEARS HAVE YOU WORKED IN THE INSTITUTION?

1-4 198 33,17%5-8 264 44,22%9-12 102 17,09%13-25 33 5,53%

7. DO YOU HAVE ANY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP?

Yes 435 72,86%No 162 27,14%

8. DO YOU PARTICIPATE IN GROUP OR ORGANIZATIONAL WORK?

Yes 378 63,32%No 219 36,68%

9. ARE YOU CONSIDERING TO TAKE AN ACTIVE ROLE IN DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS?

Yes 321 53,77%No 276 46,23%

10. HAVE YOU BEEN AWARDED BY YOUR SUPERVISOR?

Yes 435 72,86%No 162 27,14%

11. DO YOU HAVE FUTURE CAREER PLANS?

Yes 315 52,76%No 282 47,24%

12. WHICH ONE IS MORE IMPORTANT FOR YOU IN PLANNING YOUR CAREER?

Earnings “money” 183 30,65%Rank of my job 246 41,21%Being a manager 102 17,09%All 66 11,06%

13. DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE YOUR JOB IN THIS INSTITUTION?

Yes 270 45,23%No 327 54,77%

14. DO YOU CONSIDER YOURSELF AS A MEMBER AND A PART OF THIS INSTITUTION?

Yes 390 65,33%

No 207 34,67%

48






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


The average responses of the participants’ were grouped so as to be used in further anal-yses, by taking the scale key into consider-ation.

BASS AVOLIO TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP (MLQ)

# 1, 2, 3, 4

Intellectual Stimulation

# 5, 6, 7, 8

Charisma/Inspiration

#9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16

Idealized Influence

#17, 18, 19, 20

Individualized Consideration

ALLEN MEYER ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT

#1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Affective Commitment

#9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16

Continuance Commitment

#17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24

Normative Commitment

Leadership Factors Analyses

Correlation Analysis

The factors with high level of correlation are shown below according to the results of the examination of the relations among the Bass Avolio transformational leadership and Allen Meyer organizational commitment factors. The factors found to be related in the correla-tion analysis will be further examined in the regression analysis.

• Intellectual stimulation has a high positive correlation with Idealized influence and a medium positive correlation with Individ-ualized consideration.

• Charisma/Inspiration has a high positive correlation with Idealized influence and a low positive correlation with Affective commitment.

• There is a medium positive correlation be-tween Idealized influence and Individual-ized consideration.

• There is a low positive correlation be-tween Individualized consideration and Affective commitment.

• There is a high positive correlation be-tween continuance commitment and nor-mative commitment.

49






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Tabl

e 3.

Cor

rela

tion

and

Fact

or A

naly

sis

Pear

son

Cor

rela

tion

Inte

llect

ual

Stim

ulat

ion

Cha

rism

a/In

spira

tion

Idea

lized

In

fluen

ceIn

divi

dual

ized

C

onsi

dera

tion

Affe

ctiv

e C

omm

itmen

tC

ontin

uanc

e C

omm

itmen

tN

orm

ativ

e C

omm

itmen

tIn

telle

ctua

l St

imul

atio

n1

Cha

rism

a/In

spira

tion

,123

1

Idea

lized

Influ

ence

,718

,488

1

In

divi

dual

ized

C

onsi

dera

tion

,271

,060

,336

1

Affe

ctiv

e C

omm

itmen

t,0

31,1

55,0

49-,0

641

Con

tinua

nce

Com

mitm

ent

-,052

-,058

-,100

,105

-,017

1

Nor

mat

ive

Com

mitm

ent

-,051

-,057

-,066

,050

,011

,809

1

50






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


H1: There is a correlation between the leadership factors and Intellectual stimu-lation.

Table 4. Coefficientsa,b

ModelUnstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

T Sig.B Std. Error Beta

1 Idealized Influence

,990 ,026 ,966 37,907 ,000

Individualized Consideration

,028 ,025 ,028 1,102 ,271

a. Dependent Variable: Intellectual Stimulation

b. Linear Regression through the Origin

• A one-unit increase in idealized influence leads to a 0.99-unit increase in the intel-lectual stimulation factor.

• A one-unit increase in individualized con-sideration leads to a 0.28-unit increase in the intellectual stimulation factor.

H2: There is a correlation between the leadership factors and Charisma/Inspira-tion.




t Sig.B Std. Error Beta

1 Idealized Influence

,739 ,034 ,741 21,857 ,000

Affective Commitment

,251 ,034 ,252 7,418 ,000

a. Dependent Variable: Charisma/Inspiration


51






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


• A one-unit increase in idealized influence leads to a 0.739-unit increase in the cha-risma/inspiration factor.

• A one-unit increase in affective commit-ment leads to a 0.251-unit increase in the charisma/inspiration factor.

H3: There is a correlation between the leadership factors and Idealized Influence.





1 Individualized Consideration

,950 ,007 ,983 129,517 ,000

a. Dependent Variable: Idealized Influence


• A one-unit increase in individualized con-sideration leads to a 0.950-unit increase in the idealized influence factor.

H4: There is a correlation between the leadership factors and Individualized Consideration.





1 Continuance Commitment

,991 ,009 ,975 107,370 ,000

a. Dependent Variable: Individualized Consideration


• A one-unit increase in continuance com-mitment leads to a 0.991-unit increase in the individualized consideration factor.

H5: There is a correlation between the leadership factors and Continuance Com-mitment.

52






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES






1 Normative Commitment

1,004 ,003 ,997 291,992 ,000

a. Dependent Variable: Continuance Commitment


• A one-unit increase in normative commit-ment leads to a 1.004-unit increase in the continuance factor.

CONCLUSION AND ASSESSMENT

• The average responses of the participants’ were grouped so as to be used in further analyses, by taking the scale key into con-sideration.

# 1, 2, 3, 4 Intellectual Stimulation

# 5, 6, 7, 8 Charisma/Inspiration

#9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Idealized Influence

#17, 18, 19, 20 Individualized Consideration

#1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Affective Commitment

#9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Continuance Commitment

#17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Normative Commitment

• Intellectual stimulation has a high positive correlation with Idealized influence and a medium positive correlation with Individ-ualized consideration.

• Charisma/Inspiration has a high positive correlation with Idealized influence and a low positive correlation with Affective commitment.

• There is a medium positive correlation be-tween Idealized influence and Individual-ized consideration.

• There is a low positive correlation be-tween Individualized consideration and Affective commitment.

• There is a high positive correlation be-tween continuance commitment and nor-mative commitment.

• A one-unit increase in idealized influence leads to a 0.99-unit increase in the intellec-

53






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


tual stimulation factor; a one-unit increase in individualized consideration leads to a 0.28-unit increase in the intellectual stim-ulation factor.

• A one-unit increase in idealized influence leads to a 0.739-unit increase in the charis-ma/inspiration factor; a one-unit increase in affective commitment leads to a 0.251-unit increase in the charisma/inspiration factor.

• A one-unit increase in individualized con-sideration leads to a 0.950-unit increase in the idealized influence factor.

• A one-unit increase in continuance com-mitment leads to a 0.991-unit increase in the individualized consideration factor.

• A one-unit increase in normative commit-ment leads to a 1.004-unit increase in the continuance factor.

REFERENCES

AKAT, Ö., (1998). İşletme Politikası ve Stra-tejik Pazarlama, Ekin Kitapevi, Bursa

BARUTÇUGİL, İ., (2004). Stratejik İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Kariyer Yayınları, İstanbul

BENNIS, W.G., NANNUS, B., (1985). Lea-ders: The Strategies For Taking Charge, Harper and Rovv Pup, New York

BLAKE, R.R., MAUTON, S., (1985). The Managerial Grid III: The Key to Leaders-hip Excellence, Gulf Pup, Houston

BASS, B.M., AVOLİO, B., (1995). MLQ-Multifactor Leadership Questionnai-re, Mind Garden, Polo Alto, California 94306

DAĞCI, A., KARTOPU, S., (2014). Mesleki Tükenmişlik İle Dindarlık Eğilimi Ara-sındaki İlişki Üzerine Ampirik Bir Araş-tırma, Turkish Studies - International Pe-riodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 9/8 Summer

DİNÇER, Ö., (1998). Stratejik Yönetim ve İşletme Politikası, 5th Edition., Beta Ya-yınları, İstanbul

GÜÇLÜ, H., (2006). Turizm Sektöründe Durumsal Faktörlerin Örgütsel Bağlılık Üzerine Etkisi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Ya-yınları, Eskişehir

GÜNDEN, Y., KORMAZ, M., YAHYAOĞ-LU, G., (2012). An Applied Study on Women Managers Working in Tourism Enterprises in Antalya and Muğla Regi-on Concerning Glass Ceiling Issue and Syndrome, Akademik Bakış Dergisi, Ja-nuary - February No: 28

KORKMAZ, M., YAHYAOĞLU, G., ÇALIŞ-KAN, D., (2012). Aile Hekimlerinin Za-

54






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


man Yönetimi ve İş Performansının Uy-gulamalı Olarak İncelenmesi, Akademik Bakış Dergisi, March - April No: 29

KORKMAZ, M., BAYKARA, S., AKMAN, G., (2012). İşletmelerde Sürdürülebilir Rekabet Üstünlüğü İçin Pazarlama ve Satış Stratejilerinin Geliştirilmesi, Aka-demik Bakış Dergisi, January - February No: 28

KENDİRLİGİL, S., (2006). Çalışanların Ör-gütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Sergileme Eğilimleri Üzerinde Örgüt Kültürünün Etkisi, İstanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, Published Master’s The-sis, İstanbul

KOTLER, P., NANCY, L., (2006). Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk, Translated by Sibel Kaçamak, MediaCat Yayınları, İstanbul

ÖZDİL, K., KORMAZ, M., BAYKARA, S., (2012). Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanele-rinde Uzman Doktorların Zaman Yöne-timi, Akademik Bakış Dergisi, January - February No: 28

SCHWARTZ, M., ARCHIE, B.C., (2003). Corporate Social Responsibility: A Three Domain Approach, Business Ethics Qu-arterly, V:13, No:4, October

TATARİ, B., (2003). Şirketlerin Toplumda İlişkisinde Yükselen Değer: Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk, İzmir Ticaret Odası Yayınları, İzmir

TERZİOĞLU, A., (2003). Üniversite Öğren-cilerinin Boş Zamanlarını Değerlendirme Anlayış ve Alışkanlıkları, Erzincan Eği-tim Fakültesi Dergisi Volume: 5, No: 2

TUTAR, H., (2011). Zaman Yönetimi, Seç-kin Kitap Evi, İstanbul

WESTBROOK, J.D., (1993). Takina Multi-variate Approach to TQM, Industrial Ma-nagement March-April

55






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


ÇALIŞANLARIN MESLEKİ TUTUM ve SOSYAL ALGILARININA YÖNELİK BİR ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI

Öz: Farklı sektörlerden toplam (N=597) kişinin katılım yaptığı uygulamalı araştırmamızda geçer-lilik ve güvenirliliği sağlanmış 5’li likert ölçek ve iki bölümden oluşan bir anket kullanılmıştır. Araştırmamız yaklaşık olarak 5 ay sürmüştür. Araştırma sürecine katılan tüm katılımcılar basit rassal yöntem yolu ile belirlenmiştir. Tüm katılımcılar kendi özgür düşünce ve fikirleri doğrultusunda anket formlarına tercihlerini yansıtmıştır. Anket formları katılımcılara elden, posta ve mail yolu ile gönderilmiştir. Toplam 2500 katılımcıya anket formu gönderilmiş olup, gönder-ilen anket formlarından sadece 872 adeti geri dönmüştür. Geri dönen anket formlarının (N=597) adeti uygulamaya uygun bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bilgiler doğrultusunda öncelikli olarak SPSS istatistik 18 programı ile Cronbach’s Alpha Kat Sayısı olarak 0,928 değeri elde edilmiştir. Bu değer araştırmada kullanılan anketin oldukça yüksek güvenirlilikte olduğunu göstermektedir. Korelasyon, regresyon ve faktör analizleri ile çalışma genişletilerek, 7 alt faktör altında çalışma incelenmiştir. Yapılan analiz ve elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda çalışanlar üzerinde lider-lik etkisinin önemli ve zihinsel etkinlik konusunda farklılıklar meydana getirdiği saptanmıştır. Ayrıca liderlik kavramının çalışanların başta motivasyon ve performans üzerinde de etkili olduğu sonucunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Zihinsel teşvik ile İdealleştirilen etki arasında yüksek de-receli pozitif ilişki, bireysel ilgi arasında orta dereceli pozitif ilişki bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırma çalışması bir geçerlilik güvenirlilik araştırması şeklindedir. Ayrıca araştırmada ölçek geliştirme yapılmıştır. Asıl araştırma öncesinde gerçekleştirilen sonuçlara ve uygulamalara baktığımızda ise; araştırmada kullanılan ölçme aleti anket ilk kez kullanıldığından, asıl araştırma öncesinde geçerlilik ve güvenirliliğin sağlanması amacıyla bir ön test gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ön teste toplam (N=125) katılımcı dahil edilmiştir. İlk ön test sonucu elde edilen veriler SPSS 18 istatistik programı ile analiz edilmiş ve Cronbach’s Alpha kat sayısı olarak 0,751 değeri elde edilmiştir. İlk testte toplam 5’li likertten oluşan 56 soru ve 19 demografik şıklı soru bulunmaktaydı. Güve-nirlilik değerini düşüren 16 soru iptal edilmiş ve asıl araştırmada 44 sorudan oluşan yeni bir an-ket formu düzenlenmiştir. Ön test sonrası elde edilen veriler ve yapılana analiz sonrasında 7 alt boyut belirlenmiş ve 44 maddelik sorular gruplandırılmıştır. Bu gruplandırma sonrasında form yeniden şekillendirilerek asıl araştırmaya geçilmiştir. İlk araştırma “ÖN TEST” İstanbul ve İzmit bölgesindeki toplam 26 üretim işletmesinde çalışan yönetici ve yönetilen kadrosundaki

56






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


çalışanlara yönelik uygulama yapılmıştır. 125 katılımcının 8 kişisi yönetici beyaz yakalıdır. 29 kişi ise orta sınıf yönetici “Şef” kadrosundadır. Diğer katılımcılar ise normal çalışan “Yönetilen” bireylerdir. İlk ön test araştırmasına katılım sağlayan bireylerin eğitim durumlarına bakıldığında ise 3 doktora, 17 yüksek lisans, 21 üniversite, 32 yüksekokul ve diğer katılımcılar ise lise ve altı eğitim almış kişilerdir. Cinsiyet dağılımı ise beyaz yakalılardan “Üst Yönetim” grubundan olan 2 kişi kadın, diğer 6 kişi ise erkektir. Orta sınıf “Şef” kadrosundaki katılımcıların ise 9 katılımcı kadın 20 kişi ise erkektir. Alt sınıf yönetilenlerin ise 62 kişi erkek 26 kişi ise kadındır. 125 katılımcının yaş ortalamaları 35,5 dir. En yüksek katılımcı yaşı 52 en düşük olanı ise 19 dur. Gelir ortalamalarına baktığımızda ise en yüksek gelir sahibi 3950. TL en alt gelir sahibi ise 1050. TL net maaş almaktadır. Gelir ortalaması ise tüm katılımcılarda 2500. TL dir. Medeni durumlarına baktığımızda ise %72 si evlidir. Ve evli olanların çocuk sayı ortalaması 2’dir. Evli-lik sürelerine baktığımızda en fazla süre 28 en küçük süre ise 1 yıldır. Ortalaması ise 14,5 yıldır. Katılımcıların tamamının sosyal güvenlik kurumu “SSK” kaydı bulunmaktadır. Beyaz yakalı olanların ise hem SSK hem de özel sağlık sigortaları vardır. Beyaz yakalı ve orta sınıf yöneti-cilere bağlı oldukları kurum “işletme” tarafından özel araç tahsisi yapılmıştır. Bu işletmelerde çalışanların çalışma süreleri ise en yüksek olanı 15 yıl en az olanı ise 1 yıldır. İş tecrübelerine bakıldığında ise en fazla iş tecrübesine sahip olan 23 yıl en az olan ise 1 yıldır. Yöneticilik aşamasında en yüksek yöneticilik süresine sahip olan 14 yıl en düşük olan ise 2 yıldır. Tüm yöne-tim kadrosunda bulunan personel “N=37” çalışanın tamamına çalıştıkları işletme tarafından özel araç “kişisel” kullandıkları araç tahsisi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması şeklindedir. Araştırma süresince uygulama öncesinde ve sonrasında alanında uzmanlaşmış 1 iş güvenliği uzmanı, 1 psikolog, 4 sosyolog, 1 ekonomist ve istatistik uzmanı ile 1 eğitim danışmanı eşlik etmiştir. Ön test araştırma süresi ise toplam 78 iş günüdür. Araştırmanın sonu-cunda ise; Karizma/İlham verme ile İdealleştirilen etki arasında yüksek dereceli pozitif ilişki, duygusal bağlılık arasında düşük dereceli pozitif ilişki bulunmaktadır. İdealleştirilen etki ile Bi-reysel ilgi arasında orta dereceli pozitif ilişki bulunmaktadır. Bireysel ilgi ile Duygusal bağlılık arasında düşük dereceli pozitif ilişki bulunmaktadır. Devamlılık bağlılığı ile normatif bağlılık arasında yüksek dereceli pozitif ilişki bulunmaktadır. İdealleştirilen etkideki bir birimlik artışa zihinsel teşvik faktöründe 0,99 birimlik, Bireysel ilgideki bir birimlik artış, zihinsel teşvik fak-töründe 0,28 birimlik artışa neden olmaktadır. İdealleştirilen etkideki bir birimlik artış, karizma ilham verme faktöründe 0,739 birimlik, Duygusal bağlılıktaki bir birimlik artış, karizma ilham verme faktöründe 0,251 birimlik artışa neden olmaktadır. Bireysel ilgideki bir birimlik artış, idealleştirilen etki faktöründe 0,950 birimlik artışa neden olmaktadır. Devamlılık bağlılığındaki

57






(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


bir birimlik artış, bireysel ilgi faktöründe 0,991 birimlik artışa neden olmaktadır. Normatif bağlılıktaki bir birimlik artış, devamlılık faktöründe 1,004 birimlik artışa neden olmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Lider, Çalışan, Meslek, Tutum, Faktör, Performans, Motivasyon

5858

THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRADE OPENNESS ON INCOME INEQUALITY: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FOR TURKISH

ECONOMY1

Davuthan GÜNAYDIN1, Murat ÇETİN2

1 Namık Kemal University, Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations, Tekirdağ / Turkey2 Namık Kemal University, Department of Economics, Tekirdağ / Turkey

Abstract: Kuznets curve hypothesis suggests that there is an inverted-U shaped relation between economic growth and income inequality. This study aims to investigate the validity of the Kuznets curve hypothesis in the sample of Turkey. This study also examines the impact of trade openness on income inequality. We use Johansen-Juselius cointegration method and Granger causality test based on vector error correction model (VECM) to test the relationships among economic growth, trade openness and income inequality. Empirical results reveal that the series used in this study are stationary at first difference. Empirical results also reveal that there is a long run relationship between the variables. This study shows evidence that the Kuznets curve hypothesis is valid for Turkish economy in the long run. This study also found out that trade openness de-creases income inequality in the long run. Finally, the long run causality running from economic growth and trade openness to income inequality was detected. The results can provide some policy implications related with income inequality.

Key Words: Income Inequality, Economic Growth, Trade Openness, Cointegration, Causality, Turkey

(1) Corresponding Author: Davuthan GÜNAYDIN, Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Economics and Administra-tive Sciences, Departmant of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations, Tekirdağ / Turkey [email protected] Arrival Date 16.07.2015 Date of Admission: 14.10.2015 Article Type: (Research and Practice) Conflict of Interest No “Ethics Committee No”

Doi: 10.17364/IIB.20152013533


59



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29

(Economy)ISSN Print: 2146-5886 & ISSN: Online: 2147-172X


(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


1. INTRODUCTION

Income distribution has been a topic of sig-nificant debate among academics and policy makers, especially in developing countries. It is widely believed that income distribu-tion may have harmful effects on economic growth, education, health and democracy (Dabla-Norris et al., 2015: 6-7). One of the most important factors indicating socioeco-nomic development level of a country is dis-tribution of total domestic income amongst individuals. Distribution of domestic income in line with the equality principle increases individual welfare, and it enhances social consensus and trust as well. However, it is not possible to achieve an absolute equality.

Economic growth, openness rate, demograph-ic structure, wages, inequality in distribution of wealth and other social norms and tradi-tions of the countries can result in unequal distribution of income (Nikoloski, 2013). Moreover, financial policies pursued by rul-ing governments have a significant influence on these inequalities (Shahbaz et al., 2007; Shahbaz & Islam, 2011).

Many researchers such as Kuznets (1955), Gallo (2002) and Voitchovsky (2005) have intensified on understanding the relationship between economic growth and income dis-tribution. In these studies the link between ekonomik growth and income inequality are

examined in the context of the Kuznets curve hypothesis implying that there exists an in-verted-U shaped relationship between eco-nomic growth and income inequality. In other words, economic growth leads to a gradual degradation of the income distribution in its initial stages and, after a certain level of growth, it leads to an improvement in the in-come inequality. So, this study investigates this hypothesis for Turkey.

One of the main determinants of income in-equality is trade openness. According to clas-sical trade theory greater openness should in-crease the relative demand and prices for un-skilled labour and creates a better distribution of wages in low and middle income countries. This theory implies that trade openness may decrease income inequality in developing countries. Meschi and Vivarelli (2007), Benar (2007), Faustino and Vali (2011) are among the empirical researchers examining the link between trade openness and income inequal-ity. The present study also investigates this hypothesis for Turkish economy.

Turkey has been a developing country which has experienced significant inequalities in in-come distribution. Income inequality main-tains its importance for Turkish economy. The main purpose of this study is to investi-gate the impact of economic growth and trade openness on income inequality in the sample of Turkey. Therefore, in this study the empiri-

60



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


cal validity of Kuznets curve hypothesis sug-gesting that there is an inverted-U relation-ship between economic growth and income inequality was examined. Augmented Dick-ey-Fuller (ADF) (1979) and Phillips-Perron (PP) (1988) tests were applied to investigate the unit root properties of the variables used in the empirical analyses. The presence of cointegration relationship between the vari-ables was analyzed by the Johansen-Juselius (1990) method. In addition, the causal rela-tionships between the variables were ana-lyzed by the Granger causality test based on vector error correction model (VECM) which was developed by Engle-Granger (1987). This study can present policy implications for Turkish economy.

The rest of the study was organized as fol-lows: Section 2 gives a brief literature review on the factors determining income inequality. Section 3 provides an assessment of the Turk-ish economy. Section 4 describes empirical model and methodology used in the study. Section 5 reports the empirical results in de-tail. Section 6 concludes the study with some policy implications.

2. LITERATURE

2.1. Theoretical Literature

Income distribution refers to the dispersion of the income created within a certain period of time amongst individuals, social groups and

production factors. The factors determining income inequality can be divided into two categories taking the functional and personal income distribution into account. Functional income distribution stands for the disper-sion of the income obtained as a result of the production processes amongst the labor force performing the production, the capi-tal, land and enterprise. The labor force re-ceives a share through payment, salary and daily wage, whereas other factors receive a share through interest, unearned income, and profit. However, this distribution might con-tain an inequality within itself. For example, the share that labor receives can be divided as white collar/blue collar, or workers who are members or not members of a trade union (Çelik, 2004: 59). While functional income distribution is sufficient when an examina-tion on individual income distribution is per-formed, it remains insufficient when the pro-duction factors obtain more than one income type (Tokol & Alper, 2014: 176).

Personal income distribution stands for the share received by individuals, families and groups from the total domestic income creat-ed in a country. While it is possible to obtain an insight into the general status and course of the inequalities existing in a country with the personal income distribution, it is also used in measuring income inequalities among countries and economic systems (TÜSİAD,

61



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


2000: 16). Personal income distribution is ascertained by comparing the data obtained by classifying the household income within the rates determined. In general, the examina-tion is carried out in 5, 10 or 20 % slices. 1% slice, which yields more detailed results, is also used. Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve are the most widely used methods in measur-ing the personal income inequalities. Gini co-efficient measures the income inequality be-tween 0 and 1. 0 stands for absolute equality and 1 stands for absolute inequality. Lorenz curve represents the total population on the horizontal axis and personal income percent-age on the vertical axis on a diagram. In ad-dition, its length accounts for 100%, which indicates the equality to the domestic total income of country. Absolute equality line il-lustrated with a 45-degree angle on the dia-gram indicates that the income is equally dis-tributed throughout the country. This case is theoretical and Lorenz curve remains below the absolute equality curve. The proximity of the Lorenz curve to the absolute equality means income equality. The more distantance they have, the more unequal they are. Gini coefficient equals to the area of the triangle of the area between absolute equality line and Lorenz curve, which is situated below the ab-solute equality line.

Various factors play a role in income inequal-ity. The most significant reason is the unequal

distribution of wealth. The magnitude of the wealth that brings income determines the in-come level of those who possess the wealth and constitute the basis for the wealth cre-ation as well. On the other hand, the wage gaps among dependent workers whose only income is their labor have a remarkable role in determining the income inequality. Per-sonal capabilities and skills, education, ex-perience and characteristics of the work, and labor union activities also play a significant role in determining wage gaps. Besides, de-mographic structure of a country and social norms and traditions are among the most im-portant factors determining inequality. High rates of immigration and rapidly increasing population, which differ in line with demo-graphic features of a country, contribute to the income inequality. Also, strict social norms and traditions, unemployment, gen-der, race, inherent skills, the number of the working family members and the number of the households, which determine the prop-erty distribution among the individuals, are significant parameters affecting the income inequality (Tokol & Alper, 2014: 179-181).

Other significant variables, which can influ-ence the income inequity, include economic growth level and openness level of the coun-try. Likewise, , the inverted-U shaped hypoth-esis put forward by Kuznets (1955) states that income inequality is depending on economic

62



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


development level of a country. It is observed that income is relatively equal at the first phas-es of the development, and income inequality is projected to increase with industrialization process. Income inequality declines when the country attains a certain development level, and thus low-income segments of the society will benefit from this. Many studies carried out on income inequality take income per capita as the development criterion; however, no mixed empirical results are obtained about the impact of the income per capita on the in-come equality.

The most important approaches explaining the relationship between openness level of the country and income inequity are the theo-rems by Heckscher-Ohlin and Stolper-Samu-elson. These theorems argue that those who possess the abundant factors of production in a country make profit from foreign trade; and those who possess the scarce factors of pro-duction lose in foreign trade. In other words, while openness reduces income inequity in poor countries, it increases income inequality in rich countries with abundant capital (Mar-rewijk, 2007: 100).

2.2. Empirical Literature

This study aims to present significant stud-ies, which address the relationship between the factors determining income inequal-ity theoretically. It also includes the studies

investigating this relationship empirically. While some empirical studies which use time series analysis, particularly Blejer and Guer-erro (1990) and Mocan (1999), focus on the impact of the inflation and unemployment rate on the income inequality, Feenberg and Poterba (1993) and Auten and Carroll (1999) concentrate on the relationship between the financial policies, especially tax rates, and in-come inequality.

Odekun and Round (2001) deal with the de-terminants of income inequality and their impact on economic growth for 35 African countries. Empirical findings indicate that the level of economic development, budget size and human resources are among the de-terminants of income inequality. Empirical findings also indicate that income inequal-ity decreases economic growth. In addition, Kuznets curve hypothesis is not supported.

Li and Zou (2004) investigate the link be-tween savings and income inequality by using panel data for 49 industrialized and develop-ing countries over the period 1960-2001. The results reveal that there exists a weak nega-tive relationship between the variables. The positive link between the variables is found in OECD and Asian countries.

Using annual data from 1960 to 1990, Knowles (2005) examines the relationship between economic growth and income in-

63



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


equality through the regression analysis. The study employs Barro’s growth regression model and finds a negative and statistically significant relationship between the variables.

Rebeggiani (2005) analyzes the link between economic growth and income inequality in case of Germanian economy. The empirical results of endogeneous growth model reveal that individual income determines econom-ic growth. The empirical results also reveal that income inequality increases economic growth.

Disbudak and Suslu (2007) analyze the fac-tors determining income inequality in the sample of Turkey by using annual data from 1963 to 1998. In this study the long run rela-tions between the variables were estimated by ARDL bounds testing approach. The results indicated that economic growth and trade openness decrease income inequality. The results also indicated that inflation increases income inequality. It was found that the im-pact of trade openness on income inequality is limited.

Lee (2008) tries to estimate the relationship between economic growth and income in-equality. According to the empirical results of regression analysis, the Kuznets curve hypothesis is not valid for Taiwan economy. Family structure, economic structure, politi-

cal leadership and public policy are among the main causes of income inequality.

Zaman et al. (2011) explore the link between the impact of economic growth and income inequality on poverty in the context of panel data analysis covering Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Srilanka. The findings of panel data show that economic growth and income inequality decrease poverty.

Awe and Rufus (2012) analyze the determi-nants of income inequality in Nigeria.

Using Johansen cointegration method and error correction model (ECM), the study re-veals that employment, inflation, GDP and social expenditures are the main determinants of income distribution. The study also reveals that there is no evidence supporting the valid-ity of Kuznets curve hypothesis.

Ozturk (2012) investigates the link between economic development and regional inequal-ities in the sample of Turkey from 1965 to 2001 by applying panel data analysis. Ac-cording to the results of panel regression analysis there exists an inverted-U relation-ship between economic growth and region-al income inequality. This implies that the Kuznets curve hypothesis is valid for Turkish economy.

Aksogan and Elveren (2012) examine the links between defense, health and education

64



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


expenditures and income inequality for Turk-ish economy. Using Johansen cointegration method and ECM, they reveal that economic growth and social expenditures decrease in-come inequality. They also reveal that defense expenditures increases income inequality.

Lee et al. (2013) examine the main determi-nants of income inequality in case of Korea. Classical regression analyses indicate that there exists no empirical evidence support-ing the Kuznets curve hypothesis. The study reveals that investments decrease income in-equality.

Nikoloski (2013) applies a dynamic panel data analysis by using income inequality data for developed and developing countries from 1962 to 2006. Panel regression results show that there exists an inverted U-curve relation-ship between financial sector development and income inequality. These results pro-vide an evidence for the presence of financial Kuznets curve.

Artan and Kalayci (2014) investigate the main determinants of income inequality for 63 developed and developing countries. The results of panel data analysis show that there exists a negative link between trade openness and income inequality for both developed and developing countries. The results also show that there exists a positive link between foreign direct investment and income in-

equality in all countries. In addition, the level of democracy decreases income inequality in developed countries and it increases income inequality in developing countries.

Kanberoglu and Arvas (2014) estimate the re-lationship between financial development and income inequality for Turkish economy. Us-ing ARDL bounds testing approach to coin-tegration, they find that per capita income, inflation and private sector credits decrease income inequality. The study shows that the effect of trade openness on income inequality is positive.

3. AN ASSESSMENT ON TURKISH ECONOMY

This part of the study involves the assess-ments on the income distribution in Turkish economy. Turkey, which aimed to achieve economic development by means of self-con-tained financial policies as of 1930s, has been exerting efforts towards making its economy “open” with the structural adaptation policies implemented under the influence of neo-lib-eral policies since 1980s. Within this process, some political practices, which include the transfer of the state financial enterprises to the private sector in line with the prevailing fi-nancial paradigm, were carried out. Although it was aimed to obtain necessary resources that enable the financial growth and social development via these transfers, they were

65



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


not sufficient to promote economic develop-ment desired due to the insufficiency of the resources owned and financial conjecture as well as the pressure elements of the structure of the transforming society. Also, political in-stability and the crisis environment sweeping 1990s made it impossible to achieve the de-sired financial success.

In the general sense, 1980s and 1990s were the periods when the neo-liberal financial policies created undesired impacts particu-larly on the poor. It is seen that income in-equality increased among majority of the OECD countries at this period. When the income distribution between 1980 and 1990 was examined in terms of the income groups in Turkey, it is seen that the share of the low-income and middle-income groups in the to-tal income shrank and the share of the high-income group became larger. Within this period, Turkey comes to the fore as one of OECD counties, in which the share that the low and middle-income groups received from the total income dropped most remarkably (Candaş, 2010: 12-13).

1990-2000 is a period when a decrease was observed in the income of all income groups in the general sense. However, what was most attention grabbing about this period is that the highest rate of income loss was seen in the high-income group; and middle-income group experienced a relatively lower

income loss. The loss trend continued in low-income group. It can be considered to be a pe-riod when the poor became poorer and when a medium-income group with an increased welfare level emerged (Candaş, 2010: 14-16).

It is observed that the economy policies im-plemented by the single-party governments in post-2000 period in Turkey, have contrib-uted to the decline in the income equality. The analyses performed during this period by employing inequality parameters including Gini coefficient, The Average of Logarithmic Deviations, Theil Index, Half the Coefficient of Variable Square, which were prepared by using the Household Budget Analysis and Living Conditions Research data by TUIK (Turkish Statistics Institute) with the aim of measuring the income inequality, reveal similar results. Accordingly, it is observed that income inequality had a downward trend between 2002 and 2007. It is seen that in post-2007 period it has showed a horizon-tal trend in general. Post-2002 downward trend in income inequality most importantly resulted from that income growth created by structural changes emerged in this period not only determined the quality of the growth but also had an impact on reducing the income inequality (Selim et al., 2014: 55-56).

By using the Household Budget survey and Living Conditions Research data by TUIK, it is possible to determine the trend of the

66



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


income inequalities by periods dividing the segments of the society into 20%. Accord-ingly, a decrease was observed between the income gap between the richest 20% and the poorest 20% between 2002 and 2007. It can be stated that the gap dropped from 9.5 times to 7.5 times in the aforesaid period. However, the gap did not show a downward trend in post-2007 period and a horizontal trend was observed generally. In 2010, this gap fell to 7 times. In 2011, it rose to 7.5 once again (Se-lim et al., 2014: 57).

2002-2007 period, in which income inequal-ity showed a downward trend, is striking because macro financial policies were suc-cessfully implemented in conformity with the agreements made with IMF. The structural reforms within this period, in other words the trust environment created with the new eco-nomic institution and activities, caused new investments and international capital to accel-erate. The recession in the structural reforms in post-2007 period also resulted in a decline in the supply side policies. This case slowed down the development pace and made it cy-clical (Selim et al., 2014: 58).

Even tough minor developments were achieved in reducing the income inequal-ity within the country during mid-2000s, it can be seen that Turkey stills ranks among

the leading countries in income equality, in comparison with OECD and European Union countries. In this period, Turkey was the sec-ond worst country following Mexico among the OECD countries. A study ascertaining the income rate among EU countries between the richest and poorest 20% between 2003 and 2006 years revealed that Turkey was the top country with 9.9 times gap in 2003 and 8.1 times gap in 2006 (Candaş, 2010: 18-19).

4. EMPIRICAL MODEL AND METHOD-OLOGY

Li et al., (2000) and Barro (2000) use clas-sical Kuznets curve in their studies. In other words, they include economic growth and income inequality variables. Summers and Heston (1995), and Gyimah-Brempong and Camacho (2006) use Gini coefficient that represents income inequality and a panel data model that considers foreign trade variable. In our study, we investigated the relation-ship between per capita real income, square of per capita real income, trade openness and income inequality and we used time series version of the panel data model used by Sum-mers and Heston (1995), and Gyimah-Brem-pong and Camacho (2006) in this regard. So, the following log-linear model can be used to estimate the relationship between the vari-ables:

67



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Where lnginit is Gini variable as an indicator of income inequality, lngdpt and lngdp2 repre-sent per capita real income and its square term respectively, and lntrt is trade openness ratio (i.e. the sum of total exports and imports of goods and services by the GDP). The residu-als µt are assumed to be normally distributed and white noise. The present study covered annual data from 1970 to 2006.

Gini coefficient data were calculated by UTIP project team established at Texas University (http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/data.html, 2015). The data obtained by the university were recognized by the world literature and the data constitute the reference point for many researchers (Bahmani et al., 2012). The pe-riod was chosen because Gini coefficient data computed by UTIP team was calculated by 2006. It is fair to say that Gini coefficient data were calculated by using different methods and scales. Therefore, even though the data calculated by different Centers or statistical units cover the current period, it would be unfavorable to create a broad period by com-bining two different period data calculated

by these two different methods and approxi-mate the time series to current period. For this reason, it was found appropriate to carry out the empirical analysis within the relevant pe-riod in terms of ensuring integrity1. The other variables used in the study were derived from World Development Indicators (WDI) data-base. All the variables were employed in their logarithmic form.

The parameters ai, i=1, 2, 3, indicate the long-run elasticity estimates of income inequality with per capita real income, square of per capita real income and trade openness. Based on the theory of Kuznets curve hypothesis, the expected sign for α1 is positive while α2 is negative (Barro, 2000), the expected sign for a3 is negative (Ang, 2010). Table 1 indicates descriptive statistics of the variables. Figure 1 shows time series plots of the variables in detail.

1 Due to the limitations regarding the data calculation periods, Özdemir et al. (2011) has to analyze 1992-2007, Artan and Kalaycı (2014) has to analyze 1995-2005, Awe and Rufus (2012) has to analyze 1977-2005, Öztürk (2012) has to analyze 1965-2001 periods.

68



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 1. Descriptive Statistics (Time Series Data: 1970-2006; Observations: 37)

Statistics/Variables lngini lngdp lngdp2 lntr

Mean 3.828 8.453 71.515 3.337

Median 3.829 8.459 71.555 3.497

Standard deviation 0.052 0.236 4.006 0.518

Minimum 3.749 8.051 64.819 2.208

Maximum 3.903 8.925 79.668 4.006

Skewness 0.053 0.136 0.174 -0.603

Kurtosis 1.475 1.943 1.964 2.081

Normal distribution 3.600 1.836 1.840 3.549

(p-value) 0.165 0.399 0.398 0.169

Figure 1. Time Series Plots Of The Variables

3.72

3.76

3.80

3.84

3.88

3.92

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

lngini

8.0

8.2

8.4

8.6

8.8

9.0

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

lngdp

64

68

72

76

80

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

lngdp2

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

lntr

69



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


It is particularly important for the series to be stationary in order to determine the rela-tionship between the variables in time series analyses correctly. The first step of the coin-tegration, in other words long-term balance relationship analysis, consists of investigat-ing the integration level of the variables. ADF and PP tests are among the most widely used unit root tests in the literature. PP test was used in our study due to some of the draw-backs that ADF unit root test has. PP test is the improved version of the ADF and it is ac-cepted that error terms have a normal distri-bution and do not have heteroscedasticity and serial correlation (Awe & Rufus, 2012).

Upon ascertaining the integration degrees of the series with unit root tests, the second step is to investigate whether or not there is a long-term balance relationship between the variables. In fact, it is the cointegration analysis, which is an appropriate method in order to overcome spurious regression prob-lem. Cointegration becomes important when two non-stationary variables become coin-tegrated (Mishra, 2011). Johansen-Juselius (1990) cointegration method is usually em-ployed to investigate the presence of the long run relationship between the variables. This cointegration test is based on the VAR model as follow:

where ∑=

−=Πp

ii IA

1 and ∑

+=

−=Γp

ijji A

1. If

the coefficient matrix Π has reduced rank r<n, then there exist nxr matrices α and β each with rank r such that Π = αβ′ and β′yt is stationary. r represents the numbers of cointegrating relationships, the elements of α are known as the adjustment parameters in

the vector error correction model, and each column of β denotes a cointegrating vector. Johansen-Juselius developed two different tests such as the trace test and maximum ei-genvalue test. These tests can be expressed as follows:

Here T is the sample size and iλ̂ is the ith larg-est canonical correlation. In the trace test the null hypothesis of r cointegrating vectors is

tested against the alternative hypothesis of n cointegrating vectors. On the other hand, the maximum eigenvalue test tests the null hy-

70



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


pothesis of r cointegrating vectors against the alternative hypothesis of (r+1) cointegrating vectors. Johansen-Juselius procedure is very sensitive to the lag length. Therefore, AIC and SBC criteria are used to determine opti-mal lag length through the VAR model.

After determining the presence of a cointe-gration between the variables, in the third the VECM approach is employed to investigate

the dynamic relationships between the vari-ables. The VECM is based on restricted VAR model and presents an evidence of the long run relationship. In this method error correc-tion term (ECT) derived from the long run model is integrated to the VAR model as an additional variable (Mishra, 2011). In this study, the following VECM equation was used:

where, Δ is the lag operator and ECTt−1 is the lagged error correction term derived from the long run relationship; εt are error terms as-sumed to be N (0,σ). This term is expected to be negative and statistically significant.

In the final step, the causal linkages between the variables can be examined. The Johansen-Juselius cointegration approach does not in-vestigate the causal relationships between the variables. Therefore, this study uses Granger

causality test based on VECM approach to investigate the causal relations between the variables. In this causality method error cor-rection term (ECTt-1) derived from the long run model is added to the classical VAR sys-tem as an additional variable. The main fea-ture of this approach is that it investigates both long and short run causality. The equations of the VECM Granger causality approach is ex-pressed as follows:

71



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL www.iibdergisi.com

October, November, December Fall Semester Issue20 ID: 467 K:557

JEL CODE: E25-E27-E29 (Economy)

(ISO 9001-2008 Document No: 12879 & ISO 14001-2004 Document No: 12880)

(TRADEMARK-PATENT)

(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)

p

i

iiii

iiii

iiii

iiii

t

t

t

t

L

trgdp

gdpgini

L1

44434241

34333231

24232221

14131211

4

3

2

1

2

2

)1(

lnln

lnln

)1(

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

ECT

trgdp

gdpgini

x

4

3

2

1

1

1

21

1

1

lnln

lnln

(6)

Where, (1-L) is the lag operator. ε1t, ε2t, ε3t and ε4t are the residual terms. The existence of the long run causality between the variables is determined by a significant t-statistic on the coefficient of ECTt−1. The short run causality is determined by a significant F-statistic on the first differences of the variables (Tiwari et al., 2013). 5. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS

In this study firstly the unit root tests were applied to examine the unit root properties of the variables. Here, ADF and PP tests were employed. Table 2 presents the unit root results of the variables in their level and first difference. According to the results the variables have unit root problem at level. The variables were found to be stationary at first difference. This means that the variables were integrated at I(1). The results led us to apply the Johansen-Juselius cointegration test to investigate the existence of the long run relationship between the variables.

Table 2. The Results Of Unit Root Test

Variables ADF test statistic PP test statistic lngini -1.622(0) -1.837(1) lngdp -2.299(0) -2.428(1) lngdpgdp2 -2.194(0) -2.322(1)

(6)

Where, (1-L) is the lag operator. ε1t, ε2t, ε3t and ε4t are the residual terms. The existence of the long run causality between the variables is determined by a significant t-statistic on the coefficient of ECTt−1. The short run causality is determined by a significant F-statistic on the first differences of the variables (Tiwari et al., 2013).

5. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS

In this study firstly the unit root tests were applied to examine the unit root properties of

the variables. Here, ADF and PP tests were employed. Table 2 presents the unit root re-sults of the variables in their level and first difference. According to the results the vari-ables have unit root problem at level. The variables were found to be stationary at first difference. This means that the variables were integrated at I(1). The results led us to apply the Johansen-Juselius cointegration test to in-vestigate the existence of the long run rela-tionship between the variables.

72



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 2. The Results Of Unit Root Test

Variables ADF test statistic PP test statistic

lngini -1.622(0) -1.837(1)

lngdp -2.299(0) -2.428(1)

lngdpgdp2 -2.194(0) -2.322(1)

lntr -2.272(0) -2.272(0)

Δlngini -5.192(0)*** -5.192(0)***

Δlngdp -5.865(0)*** -5.865(0)***

Δlngdp2 -5.893(0)*** -5.893(0)***

Δlntr -5.002(0)*** -4.949(5)***

Notes: The model with constant and trend is used for unit root analysis. Figures in paren-theses are the optimal lag orders. *** denotes the significant at 1% level of significance.

After examining the unit root properties of the series the optimal lag length was deter-mined for Johansen-Juselius cointegration

test through the VAR model. Table 3 reports selection of the optimal lag length. The opti-mal lag length was selected as 4. The diag-nostic tests which include AIC, R2, autocor-relation lm test, heteroscedasticity ᵡ2 test and Jarque-Bera normality test show that the VAR model is robust.

Table 3. Optimal Lag Length Selection

Lag length AIC R2 Outocorrelation lm test

Heteroscedasticity ᵡ2 test

NormalityJ-B test

1 -4.941 0.880 17.810(0.335) 98.929(0.013) 24.495(0.001)

2 -4.909 0.903 19.114(0.262) 149.664(0.272) 13.700(0.089)

3 -5.073 0.937 16.935(0.389) 224.913(0.228) 14.902(0.061)

4* -5.024 0.947 14.722(0.545) 282.689(0.443) 5.848(0.664)

Notes: * indicates the optimal lag length. Fig-ures in parentheses are p-values.

The trace and maximum eigenvalue tests de-veloped by Johansen-Juselius were used to

test the presence of a long run relationship between per capita real income, square of per capita real income, trade openness and income inequality. The empirical results of these tests are reported in Table 4. The find-

73



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


ings showed that there exists a cointegration vector. This means that there exists a long run relationship between the variables.

Table 4. The Results of Johansen-Juselius Cointegration Test

Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis Trace test statistic Critical value (5%)

R=0 R≥=1 54.405 47.856**

R≤1 R≥=2 16.072 29.797

R≤2 R≥=3 6.672 15.494

R≤3 R≥=4 0.047 3.841

Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis Maximum eigenvalue test statistic

Critical value (5%)

R=0 R≥=1 38.332 27.584***

R≤1 R≥=2 9.400 21.131

R≤2 R≥=3 6.625 14.264

R≤3 R≥=4 0.047 3.841

Notes: Test statistics contain the results of the model with constant. *** and ** denote the significant at 1% and 5% level of signifi-cance, respectively.

In consideration of normalized cointegration vector, the long run equilibrium relationship between the variables is expressed as follows:

(-3.777) (3.611) (4.907)

The coefficients of all explanatory variables were found to be statistically significant. The results show that there exists a positive link between per capita real income and in-come inequality. The results also show that there exists a negative long run relationship between the square of per capita real income and income inequality. These results support the validity of Kuznets curve hypothesis for

Turkish economy. These results are in line with Öztürk (2012) and Lee et al. (2013). On the other hand, trade openness affects nega-tively income inequality in the long run. This finding is consistent with Disbudak and Suslu (2007), Artan and Kalayci (2014).

The VECM provided information about short run estimates in detail. Table 5 reports the re-

74



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


sults of VECM with diagnostic tests. The di-agnostic tests indicate that VECM is robust. According to the empirical results, there ex-ists no statistically significant relationship be-tween the variables in the short run. However,

error correction term (ECTt-1) was found to be statistically significant with negative sign. This implies that there exists a long run rela-tionship between the variables

Table 5. The Estimation Results Of VECM Approach

Variables Δlngini t-statistic

Constant -0.006 -0.944

Δlngini(-1) -0.037 -0.194

Δlngini(-2) 0.127 0.672

Δlngini(-3) 0.134 0.721

Δlngdp(-1) 3.640 1.028

Δlngdp(-2) 1.546 0.408

Δlngdp(-3) 6.472 1.665

Δlngdp2(-1) -0.223 -1.079

Δlngdp2(-2) -0.090 -0.406

Δlngdp2(-3) -0.367 -1.609

Δlntr(-1) 0.044 1.338

Δlntr(-2) 0.039 1.509

Δlntr(-3) 0.029 1.063

ECTt-1 -0.339 -2.692**

Diagnostic tests

R2 0.595

Adjusted-R2 0.319

F-statistic 2.153(0.062)*

Normality test 0.660(0.718)

Outocorrelation 0.562(0.579)

Heteroscedasticity 0.219(0.642)

Functional form 0.089(0.768)

75



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Notes: Optimal lag length is selected using AIC. Figures in parentheses are p-values. ** and * denote the significant at 5% and 10% level of significance, respectively.

The direction of causality between the vari-ables is was determined by the Granger cau-sality test based on VECM. The Granger causality test results are reported in Table 6. According to the findings, the coefficient of ECTt-1 was negative and statistically signifi-cant. This implies that there exists a causality

running from per capita real income, square of per capita real income and trade openness to income inequality in the long run. This also implies that economic growth and trade open-ness cause income inequality in the long run. In the short run there exists a causality running from per capita real income and square of per capita real income to income inequality. These causality findings reveal that the Kuznetz curve hypothesis is valid for Turkish economy in the long and short runs.

Table 6. The Results Of Granger Causality Test

Dependent variable

Short run causality (F-statistic)

Long run causality(t-statistic)

Δlngdp Δlngdpgdp2 Δlntr ECTt-1

Δlngini 2.600(0.082)* 2.494(0.090)* 1.111(0.369) -2.692(0.014)**

Notes: Optimal lag length is selected using AIC. Figures in parentheses are p-values. ** and * denote the significant at 5% and 10% level of significance, respectively.

6. CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLI-CATIONS

Turkey has been one of the developing coun-tries, which experiences significant imbalanc-es in income distribution. Therefore, income inequality maintains its importance. This study empirically investigates the determi-nants of income inequality in case of Turkish economy. Specifically, the impact of per capita real income, square of per capita real income

and trade openness on income inequality were examined by the cointegration and causality analyses. In addition, the validity of Kuznets curve hypothesis suggesting that there exists an inverted-U relationship between economic growth and income inequality was analyzed. For this purpose, Johansen-Juselius cointegra-tion method and Engle-Granger causality test based on VECM approach were employed.

The empirical results of the study can be sum-marized as follows. Firstly, all the variables were stationary at their first difference imply-ing that the series are integrated at I(1). This result led us to apply Johansen-Juselius coin-

76



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


tegration approach in examining the long run relationship between the variables. Secondly, cointegration was found between the vari-ables. This means that there exists a long run relationship between the variables. Thirdly, the coefficients of per capita real income and square of per capita real income were found to be positive and negative, respectively. This finding reveals that the Kuznets curve hypoth-esis is valid for Turkey in the long run. In ad-dition, there exists a negative link between trade openness and income inequality mean-ing that trade openness decreases income in-equality in the long run. Finally, in the long run a Granger causality running from per cap-ita real income, square of per capita real in-come and trade openness to income inequality was determined. In the short run there exists a Granger causality running from per capita real income and square of per capita real income to income inequality.

The findings show that economic growth is seen as the main factor determining income inequality in Turkey. The government should reduce income inequality without compromis-ing economic growth target. Within this con-text, if a sustainable improvement is projected in income distribution, it is evident that the economic development performance by the government within the last 12 years must be sustained. In addition, trade openness is the other factor affecting income inequality in

Turkish economy. Therefore, the government should display a satisfactory performance in foreign trade and especially export in order to maintain the positive developments in income distribution. Additionally, the steps to be taken by the government to achieve low inflation, low interest and high employment rate should reduce the income inequality in Turkish econ-omy.

REFERENCES

AKSOĞAN, G., et. al., (2012). Türkiye’de Savunma, Sağlık, Eğitim Harcamaları ve Gelir Eşitsizliği (1970-2008): Ekonomet-rik Bir İnceleme. Sosyoekonomi, 1: 263-280

ANG, J.B. (2010). Finance and Inequality: The Case of India. Southern Economic Journal, 76(3): 738-761

ARTAN, S., et. al., (2014). Gelişmiş ve Geliş-mekte Olan Ülkelerde Dışa Açıklık, De-mokrasi ve Gelir Dağılımı İlişkisi. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 4(2): 69-88

AWE, A., et. al., (2012). Determinants of In-come Distribution in the Nigeria Eco-nomy: 1977-2005. International Business and Management, 5(11): 126-137

AUTEN, G., et. al., (1999). The Effects of Income Taxes on Household Income. Re-view of Economics and Statistics, 81(4): 681-93

77



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


BARRO, R., et. al., (2000). Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries. Journal of Economic Growth, 5: 5-32

BENAR, H., (2007). Has Globalization Incre-ased Income Inequality in the MENA Re-gion?, International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1(4): 195-211

BLEJER, M. I., et. al., (1990). The Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on Income Dist-ribution: An Empirical Study of Philippi-nes. Review of Economics and Statistics, 72: 414-23

CANDAŞ, A., et. al., (2010). Türkiye’de Eşit-sizlikler: Kalıcı Eşitsizliklere Genel Bir Bakış. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Poli-tika Forumu, Açık Toplum Vakfı, İstanbul

ÇELİK, A., et. al., (2004). AB Ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de Gelir Eşitsizliği: Piyasa Da-ğılımı-Yeniden Dağılım. Calışma ve Top-lum, 2004/3

DABLA-NORRIS, E., et. al., (2015). Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective. IMP Staff Discus-sions Note, 13: 1-39

DICKEY, D.A.. et. al., (1981). Likelihood Ra-tio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Se-ries with a Unit Root. Econometrica, 49: 1057-1072

DİŞBUDAK, C., et. al., (2007). Türkiye’de Kişisel Gelir Dağılımını Belirleyen Mak-roekonomik Faktörler. Ekonomik Yakla-şım, 18(65): 1-23

ENGLE, R.F., et. al., (1987). Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2): 251-276

FAUSTINO, H., et. al., (2011). The Effects of Globalisation on OECD Income Ine-quality: A Static and Dynamic Analysis. Technical University of Lisbon, Working Paper 12: 1-22

FEENBERG, D., et. al., (1993). Income Ine-quality and the Incomes of Very High Income Tax Payers: Evidence from Tax Returns. Tax Policy and the Economy, 7: 145-77

GALLO, C., (2002). Economic Growth and Income Inequality: Theoretical Backgro-und and Empirical Evidence. Develop-ment Planning Unit University College London, Working Paper No. 119: 1-34

GYIMAH-BREMPONG, K. et. al., (2006). Corruption, Growth, and Income Distri-bution: Are there Regional Differences?. Economics of Governance, 7: 245-269

JOHANSEN, S., et. al., (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration with Applications To the

78



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Demand For Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2): 169-210

KANBEROĞLU, Z., et. al., (2014). Finan-sal Kalkınma ve Gelir Eşitsizliği: Türki-ye Örneği, 1980-2012. Sosyoekonomi, 1: 105-121

KNOWLES, S., (2005). Inequality and Eco-nomic Growth: The Empirical Relations-hip Reconsidered in the Light of Compa-rable Data. The Journal of Development Studies, 41(1): 135-159

KUZNETS, S., (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Econo-mic Review, 45: 1-28

LEE, Y. F.,(2008). Economic Growth and In-come Inequality: The Modern Taiwan Ex-perience. Journal of Contemporary Chi-na, 17(55): 361-374

LEE, H.Y., et. al., (2013). Empirical Analysis on the Determinants of Income Inequality in Korea. International Journal of Advan-ced Science and Technology, 53: 95-109

LI, H., et. al., (2000). Dynamics of Income Distribution. Canadian Journal of Econo-mics, 33(4): 937-961

LI, H., et. al., (2004). Savings and Income Distribution. Annals of Economics and Finance, 5: 245-270

MARREWIJK, C.V., (2007). International Economics: Theory, Application and Po-licy. Oxford University Press

MESHI, E., et. al., (2007). Trade Openness and Income Inequality in Developing Countries. CSGR Working Paper Series 232/07: 1-35

MISHRA, P.K., (2011). The Dynamics of Re-lationship between Exports and Economic Growth in India. Journal of Economic Sci-ences and Applied Research, 4(2): 53-70

MOCAN, H. N., (1999). Structural Unemp-loyment, Cyclical Unemployment, and Income Inequality. Review of Economics and Statistics, 81(1): 122-34

NIKOLOSKI, Z., (2013). Financial Sector Development and Inequality: Is there a Financial Kuznets Curve?. Journal of In-ternational Development, 25: 897-911

ODEKUN, M.O., et. al., (2001). Determinants of Income Inequality and Its Effects on Economic Growth: Evidence from Afri-can Countries. WIDER (World Institute for Development Economics Research) Discussion Paper No. 103: 1-36

ÖZDEMİR, D., et. al., (2011). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Gelir Dağılımı İlişkileri: Ge-çiş Ekonomileri Deneyimi. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 440-447

79



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


ÖZTÜRK, L., (2012). İktisadi Kalkınma ve Bölgesel Eşitsizlikler: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama, 1965-2001. PARADOKS Ekonomi, Sosyoloji ve Politika Dergisi, 8(2): 113-124

PHILLIPS, P.C.B., et. al., (1988). Testing For Unit Root in Time Series Regression, Bi-ometrica, 75: 335-346

REBEGGIANI, L., (2005). Income Distri-bution and Growth: The Role of Demand Composition Revised. Chair for Econo-mic Policy, Department of Economics, University of Hanover, Working Paper, 1-27

SELİM, R., et. al., (2014). Türkiye’de Bi-reysel Gelir Dağılımı Eşitsizlikleri: Fonksiyonel Gelir Kaynakları ve Böl-gesel Eşitsizlikler. TÜSİAD, Yayın No: TÜSİAD-T/2014-06/554 TÜSİAD (2000). Türkiye’de Bireysel Gelir Dağılım ve Yoksulluk: Avrupa Birliği İle Karşılaş-tırma, Yayın No: TÜSİAD-T/2000-12/295

SHAHBAZ, M., et. al., (2007). Rural-Urban Income Inequality under Financial Deve-lopment and Trade Openness in Pakistan: The Econometric Evidence. The Pakistan Development Review, 46(4): 657-672

SHAHBAZ , M., et. al., (2011). Financial De-velopment and Income Inequality in Pa-kistan: An Aplication of ARDL Approach:

Journal of Economic Development, 36(1): 35-58

SUMMERS, R., et. al., (1991). The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2): 327-68

TOKOL, A., et. al., (2014). Sosyal Politika. Bursa, Dora Yayınları, 5. Baskı

TIWARI, A.K., et. al., (2013). The Environ-mental Kuznets Curve and The Role of Coal Consumption in India: Cointegration and Causality Analysis in An Open Eco-nomy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18: 519-527

UTIP, (2015). University of Texas Inequality Project, http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/data.html (Access date: 02 September 2015)

VOITCHOVSKY, S., (2005). Does the Profi-le of Income Inequality Matter for Econo-mic Growth?: Distinguishing Between the Effects of Inequality in Different Parts of the Income Distribution. Journal of Eco-nomic Growth, 10: 273-296

ZAMAN, K., et. al., (2011). Panel Data Analy-sis of Growth, Inequality and Poverty: Evidence from SAARC Countries. Jour-nal of Yasar University, 21(6): 3523-3537

80



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE TİCARİ DIŞA AÇIKLIĞIN GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ ÜZE-RİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİ İÇİN AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZ

Öz: Gelir dağılımı teorik ve ampirik literatürde uzun zamandır tartışılan sosyoekonomik bir olgu olarak kabul edilmektedir. Gelir dağılımı gelişmekte olan ekonomilerin en önemli ilgi alanlarından birisi olarak varlığını sürdürmektedir. Yapılan ampirik araştırmalar gelir eşistizli-ğinin en önemli belirleyicileri arasında ekonomik büyüme ve ticari dışa açıklığın yer aldığını ortaya koymaktadır. Türkiye ekonomisi de diğer gelişmekte olan ülkeler gibi gelir dağılımında ciddi eşitsizliklerin yaşandığı bir ülke olarak ekonomik kalkınmasını hızlı bir şekilde sürdür-mektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye ekonomisinde gelir dağılımı ve gelir eşitsizliğinin belirleyici-leri üzerinde durulmaktadır. Literatürde Kuznets eğrisi hipotezi olarak bilien teori, ekonomik büyüme ile gelir eşitsizliği arasında ters-U şeklinde bir ilişkinin varlığını öne sürmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin (yani ekonomik büyümenin gelir eşitsizliği üzerinde başlangıçta pozitif, belirli bir gelişme düzeyinden sonra ise negatif etkisinin olduğu hipotezinin) geçerliliğini Türkiye ekonomisi örneğinde araştırmaktır. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda ticari dışa açıklığın gelir eşitsizliği üzerinde negatif bir etkiye sahip olduğu hipotezini incele-mektedir. Böylece çalışmanın temel amacı ekonomik büyüme ve ticari dışa açıklığın gelir eşit-sizliği üzerindeki etkisini analiz etmektir. Burada her iki hipotezin test edilmesinde 3 aşamalı bir ampirik metodoloji tercih edilmiş ve uygyulamaya konmuştur. İlk aşamada ekonomik bü-yüme, ticari dışa açıklık ve gelir eşitsizliği değişkenlerinin durağanlık özellikleri incelenmiştir. Burada ADF ve PP birim kök testleri kullanılmıştır. PP birim kök testinin ADF testine göre daha güçlü sonuçlar verdiği bilinmektedir. İkinci aşamada ekonomik büyüme, ticari dışa açıklık ve gelir eşitsizliği değişkenleri arasında bir eşbütünleşme yani uzun dönem denge ilişkisinin olup olmadığı Johansen-Juselius eşbütünleşme tekniği ile araştırılmıştır. Bu eşbütünleşme tekniği literatürde en sık kullanılan metodlardan biridir. Bu tekniğin kullanılmasının temel koşulu de-ğişkenlerin birinci farklarında durağan olmasıdır. Aksi takdirde bu metodu kullanmak mümkün değildir. Johansen-Juselius eşbütünleşme yaklaşımı iz testi ve maksimum öz değer testi olmak üzere iki test istatistiği geliştirmiştir. İz testinde r tane eşbütünleşme vektörünün olduğunu ifade eden sıfır hipotezi n tane eşbütünleşme vektörünün olduğu alternatif hipoteze karşı test edilir. Maksimum öz değer testinde ise r tane eşbütünleşmenin olduğu sıfır hipotezi r+1 eşbütünleşme vektörünün olduğu alternatif hipoteze karşı test edilir. Burada VAR modeli yardımıyla optimal gecikme uzunluğu AIC ve SBC kriterleri ile belirlenebilir. Dolayısyıyla bu eşbütünleşme tekni-

81



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


ği hem uzun dönem denge ilişkisinin olup olmadığını test ederken aynı zamanda değişkenlerin uzun dönem katsayılarını tahmin eder. Üçüncü aşamada ekonomik büyüme, ticari dışa açıklık ve gelir eşitsizliği değişkenleri arasında nedensellik ilişkilerinin yönü araştırılmaktadır. Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeline dayalı Granger nedensellik testi bunun için kullanılan yöntemdir. Bu nedensellik testinin temel özelliği hem kısa hem de uzun dönem nedenselliğinin varlığı hakkın-da bilgi sunmasıdır. Bu metodolojide uzun dönem denge ilişkisinden elde edilen Hata Düzeltme Terimi klasik VAR modeline ilave bir değişken olarak eklenir. Burada Hata Düzeltme Terimi katsayısının anlamlı t-istatistiği açıklayıcı değişkenlerden bağımlı değişkene uzun dönem ne-denselliğini açıklar iken bağımsız değişkenlerin farklarının gecikmelerinin bir bütün olarak anlamlı F-istatistiği ise kısa dönem nedenselliğinin varlığını açıklamaktadır. ADF ve PP bi-rim kök testlerinin sonuçları her bir değişkenin düzey değerlerinde durağan olmadığını birinci farklarının alınmasından sonra durağan hale geldiklerini dolayısıyla değişkenlerin bütünleşme düzeyinin 1 olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sonuç Johansen-Juselius eşbütünleşme tekniği-nin kullanılmasına izin vermektedir. Bu eşbütünleşme testi için gerekli olan optimal gecikme uzunluğu VAR modeli yardımıyla 4 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Johansen-Juselius’un geliştirdiği öz ve maksimum öz değer test istatistiği sonuçlarına göre ekonomik büyüme, ticari dışa açıklık ve gelir eşitsizliği değişkenleri arasında bir uzun dönem denge ilişkisi söz konusudur. Değiş-kenlerin uzun dönem katsayılarının tahmin sonuçları kişi başına reel gelir ile gelir eşitsizliği arasında pozitif ve istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir ilişkinin varlığını göstermektedir. Sonuçlar aynı zamanda kişi başına reel gelirin karesi ile gelir eşitsizliği arasında ise negatif ve istatistiki ola-rak anlamlı bir ilişkiyi ifade etmektedir. Bu sonuçlar uzun dönemde Kuznet eğrisi hipotezinin geçerli olduğunu yani ekonomik büyüme ile gelir eşitsizliği arasında önce pozitif daha sonra ise negatif bir ilişkinin varlığı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Uzun dönem sonuçları aynı zamanda ticari dışa açıklık ile gelir eşitsizliği arasında negatif ve istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir ilişkinin varlığını ka-nıtlamaktadır. Yani ticari dışa açıklık uzun dönemde gelir eşitsizliğini azaltmaktadır. Hata Dü-zeltme Katsayısının negatif ve istatistiki olarak anlamlı bulunması değişkenler arasında uzun dönem ilişkisinin varlığını kanıtlar niteliktedir. Granger nedensellik test sonuçlarına göre uzun dönemde ekonomik büyüme ve ticari dışa açıklık değişkenlerinden gelir eşitsizliğine doğru bir nedensellik tespit edilmiştir. Kısa dönemde ise ekonomik büyümeden gelir eşitsizliğine doğru bir nedensellik belirlenmiştir. Ampirik sonuçlar ekonomik büyüme ve ticari dışa açıklığın Tür-kiye ekonomisinde gelir eşitsizliğinin temel belirleyicileri olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çerçevede bazı politika önerileri sunmak mümkündür. Hükümet ekonomik büyümeden taviz vermeden gelir eşitsizliğini azaltmanın yollarını aramalıdır. Son 12 yılda gösterilen büyüme

82



ID: 467 K:557GEL CODE: E25-E27-E29



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


performansının sürdürülmesi gerekmektedir. Ayrıca dış ticaret alanında özellikle de ihracat alanında daha reel teşvikler ile ihracat performansının geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bunların yanısıra düşük enflasyon, düşük faizler ve yüksek istihdam düzeyinin gerçekleştirilmesi gelir eşitsizliğinin azaltılmasına yardımcı olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Gelir Eşitsizliği, Ekonomik Büyüme, Ticari Dışa Açıklık, Eşbütünleşme, Nedensellik, Türkiye

8383

THE SPATIAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT:ENTREPRENEURSHIP ANALYSIS OF NUTS LEVEL-3 TR212 REGION1

Enver Erdinç DİNÇSOYTrakya University, College of Applied Sciences, Department of Banking, Edirne / Turkey

Abstract: Regional socio-economic segregation, which has been rapidly increased with the Industrial Revolu-tion, is not the problem of only underdeveloped or developing countries, but also one of the major problems of many developed countries. “1973 Oil Crisis” was one of the most important events affected the approach to regional development in this long process from past to the present. Because this crisis directly affected the production activities of developed and industrialized regions (both in national and global level), and indirectly affected the economic activities of other regions (developing and underdeveloped regions), who are depending on these economies, in a negative way. In other words, this crisis has revealed that structural reforms need to be done in underdeveloped regions to let them be viable or at least reduce their dependency on developed and industrialized regions or central governments. In the same period, some structural reforms and projects have begun to be implemented in the regional sense. After the 2000s, Turkey has adopted a new regional development policy due to the increasing globalization with technological advancements and entering a new are in the Turkey-EU (European Union) relations. In this new period, micro projects and entrepreneurship with high added value and involvement of local actors receive more support rather than slow, central-based and macro projects. In such policies to be implemented to reduce the inter-regional disparities; first analyses of financial support, technical support, training programs and then socio-economic, demographic and spatial analyses of the region, where these support policies will be implemented, should be performed in detail. In this study, it has been aimed to perform spatial analysis of TR21 Thrace Region, Nuts Level 3 TR212 (Edirne) region within the scope of a spatial dimension. The survey was conducted on a total of 398 people especially living in in the city center of Edirne in order to determine local potential of the region, select appropriate regional policy tools and create economic value expected. A total of 13 Likert type questions were asked to the participants to determine demographic structure, economic status and thoughts of the participants regard-ing entrepreneurship. SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Sciences) 17.0 Statistical Package Program was used to analyze the data obtained. According to the results of these analyses, it has been determined that there are significant differences between people living in this region in terms of entrepreneurship by their gender, profession, educational level and income.

Key Words: Regional Development, Spatial Planning, Entrepreneurship, Thrace Region, RDAs

(1) Corresponding Author: Enver Erdinç DİNÇSOY, Trakya University, College of Applied Sciences, Department of Banking, Edirne / Turkey [email protected] Arrival Date 12.07.2015 Date of Admission: 14.10.2015 Article Type: (Research and Practice) Conflict of Interest No “Ethics Committee No”

Doi: 10.17364/IIB.20152013534


84



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58

(Economics and Entrepreneurship)ISSN Print: 2146-5886 & ISSN: Online: 2147-172X


(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


1. INTRODUCTION

In the literature, there are many studies in about regional development, local develop-ment and development projects implemented in Turkey. In addition, there are some signifi-cant work in spatial planning in line with the EU acquis regarding. However, the number of studies that cover two important concepts for Turkey is very limited. Studies discussing the subjects of regional development and spatial planning together will make important contri-butions to the literature. Furthermore, spatial properties of a region should be well analyzed before determining objectives and strategies for regional development, but this case should not be reduced to merely geographic condi-tions.

There is a significant increase in the number of “spatial” studies and in the amount of sci-entific data prepared for Turkey. Many public institutions and organizations both in Turkey and EU collaborate to prepare a spatial plan-ning in more detail and create a database. “Ministry of Environment and Urbanization” and “Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs” as well as “Directorate of Cadastre and Land Registry”, “General Command of Mapping”, “Ministry of Public Works and Settlement” and “Ministry of Agriculture” have great con-tributions to prepare a national geographic

information infrastructure and implement IN-SPIRE1 (Vandenbroucke & Biliouris, 2011).

Region and development concepts may con-tain different perspectives depending on time, situation and space. Economic development can be summarized by not only increase in production and national income but also im-provements in socio-cultural structure and in-creasing prosperity across the country.

Development economics is started to be dis-cussed in both academic work and interna-tional political discourse quite a bit after the World War II. Until 80s, development plans following deductive method, in which central governments are more dominant, were imple-mented due to the popularization of liberal economy (due to cyclical developments) in economic and political structures. In this peri-od, the Oil Crisis occurred in 1973 deeply af-fected the approach to the concepts of region and development2. Until this crisis, countries planned their development goals to be imple-mented in their developed and industrialized

1 INSPIRE stands for INfrastructure for SPatial In-foRmation in Europe and aims to create a spatial data infrastructure for sharing of environmental spatial information among public sector organiza-tions across Europe.

2 Oil prices have increased dramatically due to the decrease in oil supply and political reasons in the last quarter of 1973. The impact of crises on the economies of western countries dependent on fore-ign oil and especially US economy has moved the cries to a global level.

85



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


regions. Underdeveloped or developing re-gions were forced to continue their economic activities under the influence of industrialized regions. During this crisis, economies of the industrialized regions were deeply affected. In underdeveloped and developing regions providing goods, labor, raw materials and ag-ricultural products to the developed regions, economic activities have also come to a stop-ping point. Finding foreign loans for underde-veloped and developing regions has become difficult due to the economic contraction at the global level. This crisis has revealed that structural reforms need to be done in under-developed regions to make them viable or at least reduce their dependency on developed and industrialized regions or central govern-ments.

A new period, where local actors have be-come more dominant and inductive method is implemented, has come along with the concept of globalization, which has become prominent after 80s. Governance methods based on classic centralization and hierarchy were replaced by a new approach with “multi-actor governance” and many actors such as local governments, local politicians, educa-tional institutions, NGOs, the financial com-munity, businesses, local employment offices and social partners have started to conduct studies together (Küçük & Güneş, 2013: 24-27). In addition, after 2000s, the concept of

globalization has become more popular due to the rapid advancements in technology. Re-gions have started to cooperate and compete with each other in not only national but also international arena. Thus, the concept of glo-balization has led emergence of the concepts of local and rural regions. Subjects such as regional cooperation, regional development strategies, regional competitiveness, decen-tralization, strengthening local governments, rural development, reverse migration and rural infrastructure have increased the im-portance of the spatial dimension of develop-ment (Okur Dinçsoy, 2013a: 5,6).

Turkey is no longer far behind the global de-velopments in terms of regional policies and regional development goals. Turkey has ad-opted the planned period in 1963 and given priority to a balanced distribution of income and public services. A total of four develop-ment plans were implemented between the years 1963 and the period of foreign expan-sion emerged in the early 1980s in order to achieve formation of capital accumulation, economic growth, reduced inter-regional development disparities and increased pros-perity since development plans were consid-ered to be remedy of these problems (Takım, 2011: 173).

The first examples of Regional Develop-ment Agencies (RDAs) were established in the 1950s and 1960s to provide information

86



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


for development plans implemented by the central government and also monitor and au-dit these plans (Özen, 2005: 4-6). These in-stitutions have entered the agenda of Turkey in 1990s as Development Agencies (DAs). However, their establishment process has been accelerated after emphasizing that re-gional development policies should be cre-ated within appropriate legal and administra-tive framework of the standards of EU stated in Accession Partnership Document of 2003 (Arslan, 2010: 96-98).

Integration efforts of Turkey with the EU’s regional policies since the year3 of 2002 have necessitated the creation of a new regional development policy. Success to be achieved at the local level for regional development is closely related to the selection of correct intervention tools, participation of local pro-duction factors into the production and accu-rate policies implemented by the central gov-ernment (Noyan Yalman & Gündoğdu, 2014: 40-70).

In addition, the added value that will be cre-ated by regions has gained more importance for Turkey after 20134 because reducing in-

3 In 2002, as an EU candidate member country, Turkey has started to use Statistical Classification of Territorial Units as the regional classification system.

4 In 2013, Chapter 22 “Regional Policies and Co-ordination of Structural Instruments” was open to debate.

ter-regional disparities and creating region-al policies in line with the EU’s “regional convergence”5 goals have become not a goal to be achieved but an obligation.

2. THE GOAL AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In this study, it is aimed to analyze spatial factors of regional development concepts and TR21 Thrace Region, NUTS Level-3 TR212 (Edirne) region has been selected as the field work. The region has been selected because it has a quite different spatial dimension and economic potential compared to other regions of Turkey.

In addition, one of the trending topics “entrepreneurship”6 was evaluated for the re-gion to finalize analysis results from a certain point of view.

3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Entrepreneurship is important in terms of two points. First, it is an area well-supported for localization of development. In other words,

5 In short, according to neoclassical economics, “Re-gional Convergence” suggest that long-term inter-regional disparities or in other words, differences between national income per capita will drop down depending on the mobility of production factors.

6 It is a popular topic; because there are grant, finan-cial support and technical support programs and training programs often offered by important local actors Development Agencies and Small and Me-dium Industry Development Organization.

87



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


it is considered to be an effective tool in re-gional development and reducing regional disparities. The other one is that entrepre-neurship has important economic and demo-graphic impacts on both spatial planning and spatial development.

Two topics mentioned above have been dis-cussed separately for the theoretical back-ground of the study. First, the spatial dimen-sion of development has been examined from a broader perspective. Secondly, the relation-ship between entrepreneurship and regional economy has been explained.

Lastly, the theoretical background has been supported by field work to have more target-strategy orientated analysis results.

4. PROBLEM

TR212 has a great potential of goods and services with its spatial properties. However, the region has not used significantly its great potential to increase its production skills by creating a higher value added. Also, studies on regional development and spatial planning together for the region are very limited.

In this context, the main approach of this study for the problem is to find out signifi-cant relations among demographic, social and economic variables in the region and to increase related policies on regional develop-ment.

5. LIMITATIONS

In the field work, first the idea of local people regarding human capital and economic value added potential of TR212 region and sup-ports given by Thrace Development Agency (Trakyaka) is tried to be determined.

The survey was conducted on a total of 398 people in the center of TR212 region in order to select the appropriate regional policy tools.

A total of 13 (including 5 Likert-type ques-tions) questions were asked to the participants to determine demographic structure, econom-ic status and thoughts of the participants re-garding entrepreneurship. SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Sciences) 17.0 Statistical Package Program was employed to analyze the data obtained.

In the analyses, it has been tested that wheth-er there are differences between local people in terms of entrepreneurship by their gender, profession, educational level and income. Furthermore, expectations of local people from Trakyaka have been identified.

Therefore, In the future studies, the scope and concept of the study should be extended over the Thrace Region in the purview of Traky-aka.

88



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


6. SPATIAL DIMENSION OF DEVEL-OPMENT

From a macro perspective, either increase in national data or positive improvements are expected from development. However, it cannot be ignored that national data is com-posed of the sum of regional data. In other words, development of a region using its own resources will not only contribute to its own economy, but also make great contribution to the national economy. Particularly, healthy growth that will create employment in sec-tors with higher multiplier effect should be preferred.

However, today, the number of cities having difficulties related to sustainable develop-ment goals due to the problems in regard with migration, financial resources, skilled labor, infrastructure and geographical and climate changes is increasing rapidly.

There may be a wide range of reasons for spa-tial planning and growth like natural factors and socio-economic reasons. It is very clear that natural factors as well as socio-economic factors affect spatial planning and growth in a country carrying a higher risk of hav-ing earthquakes like our country. Economic goals of regional and urban planning are usu-ally dominant and employment is generally the main issue of these plans. Today, there are many regions that need to increase their

employment opportunities in Turkey. These plans are usually industrialization orientated, so environmental dimensions are ignored. Although such spatial planning changes the structure and lets to an increase in growth of the city, protection of air, water, soil and vegetation becomes more difficult (Dinçsoy, 2013: 11).

It is very obvious that sectors selected for a region don’t conform other regions. In other words, it is difficult to make a single defi-nition of spatial planning since it may be in different scales for different spaces. At this point, it is necessary to pay attention to the sectoral harmony and cooperation between different regions. The primary goal should be having regions/cities sharing with each other rather than having conflicts between them.

In 1999, the study “European Spatial Devel-opment Perspective (ESDP): Towards Bal-anced and Sustainable Development of the Territory of the European Union” prepared by Committee on Spatial Development and published by European Commission has be-come an important guide in this area. There are three main goals and three main policies under the Spatial Approach at European Lev-el underlying the objectives of the European Spatial Development Perspective (EC, 1999).

Main Goals:

• Economic and social cohesion

89



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


• Conservation of natural resources and cultural heritage

• More balanced competitiveness of the Eu-ropean territory

Main Policies:

• Development of a balanced and polycen-tric urban system and a new urban-rural relationship

• Securing parity of access to infrastructure and knowledge

• Sustainable development, prudent man-agement and protection of nature and cul-tural heritage

Desmet and Rossi-Hansberg (2014) have em-phasized that development may vary from place to place and investigated the spatial development within the scope of four main elements as follows; locations, trade, in-vestment, and technology. Locations are the lands, where firms produce in manufacturing or services. Trade, which is done in goods and services by firms, incurs transport costs. Investment is the financial effort of firms that improves their technology. Technology is the diffusion, which is spatially in locations.

In Turkey, social, cultural, and economic change began in the 1950s when migration from villages to cities accelerated. Seeking so-lutions to the problems of this change brought

up spatial planning systems in rural areas. And when the planned period began in the 1960s, scattered rural settlements emerged as one of the factors that hinder development in rural areas. Insufficient agricultural income, agricultural land fragmentation, increasing use of machinery, education in metropolitan cities, unsatisfactory health services , low so-cial conditions, security problems and inad-equateness of public policies can be counted as the most significant causes the migration from rural to urban areas in Turkey (Okur Dinçsoy, 2013b: 56).

In Turkey, there are five key action plans that were prepared in regional scale in order to promote spatial development and plan-ning7. Since it is difficult to coordinate the spatial development and planning by central government(s), it is important to have active participation of local actors such as regional development agencies8. For example, DO-KAP Action Plan is one of the most compre-hensive action plans prepared on this issue and it covers three development agencies. It was very important to ensure coordination

7 These are; Eastern Anatolia Project (DAP) Action Plan, the Eastern Black Sea Project (DOKAP) Ac-tion Plan, the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) Action Plan, Istanbul International Financial Cen-ter Strategy and Action Plan, Konya Plain Project (KOP) Action Plan.

8 See the grounds of Law on Establishment, Coor-dination and Duties of Development Agency No. 5449, p.10

90



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


and interaction between protects in order to increase the impact of projects and activities in the Action Plan and ensure their sustain-ability. In addition, five development axes were identified in determination and imple-mentation of the activities based on the prin-ciple of participation (TCKB, 2015).

•Tourism and Environmental Sustainability

•Economic Development

•Infrastructure and Urban Development

•Social Development

•Development of Institutional Capacity at Local Level

Objectives and policies introduced in ESPD and above mentioned development axes are important topics that should be considered in evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of urban development. However, it is impor-tant to have up-to-date primary and second-ary data sources to be used in the selection of sectors while creating spatial plans and performing spatial analyses of regions/cities. Mostly universities, governorates, municipal-ities and other public institutions, private sec-tor and NGOs are collecting data for different purposes9. Primary data should be supported by up-to-date secondary data sources. Other-wise, the importance of primary data sources

9 The previously collected data is referred to secon-dary data source and if there are secondary data available in a subject, collecting primary data may cause waste of time and resources.

will further increase (in case of failure of sec-ondary data sources).

7. REGIONAL ECONOMY AND EN-TREPRENEURSHIP

Turkey has prepared medium and long term national and regional development plans for many years in order to both solve macroeco-nomic problems and overcome regional dis-parities and still continues to prepare such plans. However, priorities included in these plans constantly changed over the years and added value expected from regional develop-ment initiatives couldn’t be reached. One of the important reasons of this is high import dependence of Turkish economy in produc-tion. In other words, the degree of depen-dence on foreign factors for production is high in Turkey; these factors are the lack of sufficient accumulation of capital, disadvan-taged situation of the country in terms of natu-ral resources (particularly energy resources), lack of professional labor force, dependence on foreign technology that increases the ef-ficiency of production factors and inadequate number of entrepreneurs. At this point, we can define entrepreneurs as individuals who combine all production activities together, establish companies and perform activities in these businesses. According to Özkan (2003), an entrepreneur should be capable of taking risks, knowing the operational functioning of the markets, producing know-how, marketing

91



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


the productions, managing an enterprise and evaluating the cooperation opportunities to be successful (Özkan, 2003: 147-150).

In addition to personal factors affecting entre-preneurship mentioned above, there are also technical, spatial, public, social, economic and legal factors. In this regard, Develop-ment of entrepreneurship in Turkey can be analyzed in two stages. First, it is the period until 1980s in parallel with the implementa-tion of plans and policies. In this period, the government was actively involved in econo-my and production. There was a private sec-tor developed by using currency allocation behind tariff walls, cheap inputs produced by state-owned enterprises and negative interest rates concentrated especially in developed cities such as İstanbul, Ankara and İzmir (Çokgezen, 2012: 46-50). The other one is the period covers the years after 1980. An im-portant economic structural transformation began in 1980 and the neo-liberal economic policies have gained importance. This trans-formation is reflected in the development plans and still continues as a period that aims to provide the necessary capital accumulation for industrialization and pave the way for pri-vate entrepreneurship.

In addition, in the period after 80s, incentives towards strengthening local potential in Pri-ority Regions for Development (PRD) and supporting local entrepreneurs have been the

decisive factor in Turkey’s regional policy along with the rise of internally sourced de-velopment theories in the regional economy (Korel, 2005). The contribution of SMEs to the increase of employment, entrepreneur-ship and overall economic performance has been discussed extensively after 1990s. In 1996, promotion decree for SMEs has been issued and 29 cities were included in “Cit-ies that will receive Immediate Support” by a change made in 1998 (Duran, 1998: 194)10.

Creating added value in a region by increas-ing the competitiveness of the private sector and supporting entrepreneurs conforms to the definition of region at global level. Improv-ing competitiveness of regions not only at the national level, but also at the global level is one of the inevitable results of current condi-tions. At this point, the financial and techni-cal supports provided by RDAs to local entre-preneurs and SMEs become more important.

In the study of Maç (2006), the main reasons for the establishments of RDAs are summa-rized as implementing regional strategies, supporting local and regional entrepreneur-ship, assisting in delivery of infrastructure services, seeking local-regional solutions for near future of private sector, and searching financial guarantees and solutions for new

10 Citation: Murat ÇOKGEZEN (2012). Entrepre-neurship and Local Development in Turkey, ITO Publications, Istanbul, p. 41

92



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


products and services to meet regional de-mands. In addition, the part related to entre-preneurship in the Law11 about establishment and coordination of RDAs is remarkable:

• Providing technical support to the plan-ning studies of local governments,

• Contributing to the capacity improvement of the region regarding rural and local de-velopment in accordance with regional plan and programs,

• Supporting new entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized businesses by provid-ing cooperation with relevant institutions in the areas such as management, produc-tion, promotion, marketing, technology, finance, labor organizations and trainings,

• Promoting business and investment op-portunities of the region in national and international level in cooperation with rel-evant institutions.

In Turkey, great effort has been spent in the field of entrepreneurship and we have come to a certain stage. However, there are still im-portant issues that differ from place to place or region to region entrepreneurs are facing. The lack of private entrepreneurship and capital accumulation play important role in

11 Was adopted on 25 January 2006 and entered into force on 08 February 2006 after being published in the Official Gazette

underdevelopment of the regions and their failure of industrialization. Both government and large enterprises should hear the voice of local people by investing and implementing new projects in regions in order to reduce the inter-regional differences in terms of devel-opment.

8. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THRACE REGION

TR21 is one of the regions of Turkey located north western part of the country bordering Greece and Bulgaria, composed of 3 cities12 and 26 districts and had a coast on three seas (Figure 1). Istanbul, which is located in the east of the region, has many positive/negative social, economic and environmental impacts on the region. It is not possible for Thrace to not to be affected by expansion and structural transformation of Istanbul.

Industrialization movement in TR211 began after 1980 and TR21, Çorlu, Çerkezköy and Lüleburgaz districts became industrial zones along with the impact of rapid industrializa-tion; a different population structure was formed in the region by attracting migrants coming for employment opportunities from different cultures. TR212 and TR213 seem slower in terms of population growth and

12 According to the Statistical Classification of Terri-torial Units (NUTS), TR21 Thrace Region covers Tekirdağ (TR211), Edirne (TR212) and Kırklareli (TR213) provinces.

93



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


sometimes there are migrating people leaving the region.

Figure 1. Detailed Mapping of Thrace Region in Turkey

According to the sectoral distribution of the registered enterprises, Tekirdag is the leader of the region with 1.277 enterprises and the textile companies in Turkey is occupied in Tekirdag. The number of registered enter-prises are 265 in Edirne and 267 in Kirklareli, respectively. Tekirdag has a big lead except for food, beverage, and tobacco industry, in which Edirne and Kirklareli should produce high value added products (Okur Dinçsoy, 2013b: 58).

As spatial development scenarios, the eastern part of the region can be regarded as indus-try and service areas, whereas its western part can be characterized as fertile agricultural lands.

According to the spatial analysis13, there are five lines in regard with spatial development of the region. First one is the line of north, the second is the line of İstanbul-Kırklareli, the third is the line of İstanbul-Edirne (middle line), the forth is the line of İstanbul-Tekirdağ-İpsala and the fifth is the line of Tekirdağ-Şarköy, respectively. Spatial properties and development potential of each line and their interactions are different. In this study, only the line of İstanbul-Edirne will be discussed within the scope of the study.

Istanbul-Edirne line consists of a wide plain. This is an area that can be cultivated, but it is difficult to find water from the upper part of Luleburgaz. This situation negatively af-fects the issue of diversification of crops and livestock. In the agricultural field, the pollu-tion problem of Ergene has negative impacts on potential of the region. On this line, Lule-burgaz District shows significant progress towards becoming a social center. This leads this district to receive a significant flow from other provinces and districts surrounding Luleburgaz. Babaeski district has some spa-tial advantages. General economic structure of the district is predominantly based on ag-ricultural activities. There is another district called Pehlivanköy close to this line. How-

13 Citation: Spatial Development Specialized Com-mission Report prepared by the author for Trakya-ka is used.

94



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


ever, this district is quite underdeveloped compared to other districts located nearby this line. The most important spatial property owned by the district is that it is located near-by Ergene River. Pehlivankoy would have great agricultural advantages if the pollution problem of Ergene River is solved. Havsa shows a spatial characteristic as it can be con-sidered as a town14 of Edirne due to its close distance to the city.

In the region beneath the midline, there are Muratlı, Hayrabolu, Pehlivanköy and Uzunköprü districts. Considering spatial in-teractions of these districts, Muratlı is more likely under the industrial zone of Tekirdağ, Çorlu and Çerkezköy. On the other hand, Hayrabolu is established on agricultural lands and also agricultural machinery industry de-veloped in this district. At the same time, al-though the potential of natural gas in the dis-trict is very low compared to total production in Turkey, it is important to the district. Even though Uzunköprü was known as the agricul-tural capital of the region, it has lost this fea-ture due to the pollution in Ergene River. Pro-duction of rice is the one mostly affected by this pollution and its yield has declined dra-matically. Border districts Meriç and Kofçaz

14 The employees and students in Havsa choose to go to Edirne everyday rather than settling in this dist-rict. This situation negatively affects both the deve-lopment of the district as well as lead to a reduction of its population.

are two of the least developed districts. There are great difficulties in uncovering the exist-ing potential of these border districts. Even tough rice production is supported in Mer-iç, it is difficult for district to compete with Uzunköprü. Considering spatial properties, it is more difficult for border districts to devel-op. It is important to not to have conflicting products with neighbor districts and instead gaining support from these districts for eco-nomic activities is very important. Although Enez have more important spatial advantages in terms of tourism in particular compared to other border districts, it cannot receive suf-ficient amount of support from either gov-ernment or private sector. Therefore, tourism may play an important role in the develop-ment of Enez; however, this potential remains inactive.

As a result, TR212 region has the potential of going beyond the traditional economic struc-ture. However, the region should produce more value added products by improving its agriculture and function of agro-based indus-try. In addition, there is also a development potential of service sector since it is a tourism area15.

15 There is a high cultural value, great historical heritage and “Selimiye Mosque and Complex” accepted as “Natural and Cultural Heritage” by UNESCO and “Kırkpınar Oil Wrestling Festival” accepted as “Intangible Cultural Heritage of Hu-manity”.

95



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


9. ENTREPRENEURSHIP ANALYSIS OF NUTS LEVEL 3 TR212 REGION

9.1. THE STUDY METHOD AND DATA OBTAINED

Data of the study were collected by face to face questionnaire method. Face to face ques-tionnaire method is the most effective way of collecting primary data, because it has the advantage of receiving higher response and asking more questions.

The main mass of the study consists of indi-viduals living in Nuts Level 3 TR212 of TR21 region located within the area of Trakyaka. In this regard, individuals, who were older than 20 years of age, have the potential of being an entrepreneur and a profession including housewives and living in the region, were se-lected.

The study is limited by TR212 Level-3 due to some limitations. In light of the findings of the study, the study aims to expand16 spatially.

16 It is aimed to collect samples from districts in the Nuts Level 3 TR212 region which should be within the scope of Nuts Level 1 TR21 region.

The sample population consists of 150 wom-en and 248 men selected from main popula-tion by using “Simple Random Sampling” method. These individuals are mostly in 30-39 and 20-29 age groups, respectively. Simi-larly, participants are mainly holding bach-elor’s (including pre undergraduate) and high school degrees. Distribution of professions shows that the city is mainly depending on public sector (Table 1).

The income levels of people living in the re-gion were generally found to be 3,000TL and below this amount. In addition, the number of those who have additional income was quite low (Table 2).

54% of the participants stated that they are satisfied with their jobs, and 73.9% of the participants stated that they think they have an entrepreneurship personality (Tables 3 and 4). This result shows that some of the people, who are satisfied with their jobs, may change their occupations and there is a local potential for new ventures.

96



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 1. Demographic Properties

Factors Frequency Percentage

Gen

der Women 150 37.7

Men 248 62.3

Age

20-29 110 27.6

30-39 134 33.7

40-49 85 21.4

50-59 46 11.6

60-65 23 5.8

Deg

ree

Primary School 69 17.3

High School 100 25.1

Undergraduate 158 39.7

Masters 45 11.3

PhD 26 6.5

Prof

essi

on

Teacher 42 10.6

Academician 38 9.5

Private Sector 58 14.6

Officer 75 18.8

Worker 69 17.3

Farmer 15 3.8

Retired 32 8

Housewife 14 3.5

Other 55 13.8

97



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 2a. Monthly Income


Tota

l Inc

ome

Less than 1,000TL 106 26.6

1,000-2,000 TL 128 32.2

2,000-3,000 TL 104 26.1

3,000-4,000 TL 35 8.8

4,000-5,000 TL 12 3

5,000-6,000 TL 3 0.8

6,000-7,000 TL 3 0.8

Above 7,000 TL 7 1.8

Table 2b. Additional Income


Add

ition

al In

com

e

None 289 72.6

Stock Market 17 4.3

Real Estate 25 6.3

Agricultural 20 5

Marketing 3 0.8

Family Business 12 3

Other 32 8

Table 3. Job Satisfaction

Frequency Percent

Yes, I am satisfied. 215 54.0

No, I am not satisfied. 92 23.1

Not decided. 91 22.9

Total 398 100.0

98



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 4. Having an Entrepreneurship Personality

Frequency Percent

Yes, I have. 294 73.9

No, I HAVE NOT. 40 10.1

Not decided. 64 16.1

Total 398 100.0

9.2. FINDINGS

In the following tables, Mann-Whitney U” and “Kruskal Wallis” test results of both de-pendent and independent variables are illus-trated. However, results that are not statically significant are not presented in these tables. In addition, tables and analyses are given as simple as possible to easily relate interpre-tations and evaluations to the outputs of the tests.

The overall reliability of Likert-type ques-tionnaire used in the study is analyzed by us-ing Cronbach’s alpha coefficient method.

According to the reliability analyses, Cron-bach’s alpha value was identified as 0.95 in line with the ranges given below and measur-ing level of the questions is determined to be highly reliable

• If 0.00 ≤ α < 0.40, the scale is not reliable.

• If 0.40 ≤ α < 0.60, reliability of the scale is very low.

• If 0.60 ≤ α < 0.80, scale is very reliable.

• If 0.80 ≤ α < 1.00, scale is highly reliable.

Therefore, statements are prepared in accor-dance with the scope of the study. For the purpose of the study to be measured through questions, H0 (null) hypotheses are given.

H1: There is no significant difference between job satisfactions of the participants by their income levels.

H2: There is no significant difference between women and men in terms of job satisfaction.

H3: There is no significant difference between age groups in terms of entrepreneurship and being open to new ideas.

H4: There is no significant difference between job satisfactions of the participants by their educational backgrounds.

H5: There is no significant difference between job satisfactions of the participants by their professions.

99



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


As there is a statistically significant difference be-tween job satisfactions of the participants by their income levels. It is also observed in the analysis that the percentage of job satisfaction increases when monthly income increases.

As there is no statistically significant difference between opposite gender groups (women and men) in terms of job satisfaction.

As there is no statistically significant difference between opposite gender groups (men and women) in terms of being open to new ideas and having an entrepreneurial spirit.

As there is a statistically significant difference between job satisfactions of the participants by their educational level. It is also observed in the analysis that the satisfaction levels of the par-ticipants who have master and Ph.D. degrees are higher than others

As there is a statistically significant difference between job satisfactions of the participants by their professions. It is also determined that aca-demicians, teachers, and participants retired have the highest job satisfaction rates with a ratio over 60% and farmers have the lowest job satisfaction with a ratio less than 7%.

Table 5. Results of Mann-Whitney U Test for Likert Questions by Gender

Variables Significance Level Explanation

Independent Gender

0.034

There is a statistically significant difference between participants by their genders in terms of importance of financial supports provided by Trakyaka to create “Regional Brands”.

Dependent Creating Regional Brands

Independent Gender0.661 There is no statistically significant difference.

Dependent Financial Supports


Dependent Spatial Planning


Dependent Sectoral Cooperation


Dependent Cultural & Social Development

100



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Table 6. Kruskal Wallis Test Results for Likert Questions by Educational Levels

Dependent Variable

Independent Variable

N χ2 Sig. Explanation

The Importance of Financial Supports

Education 398

10.086 0.039

There is a statistically significant difference among participants by their educational levels in terms of importance of financial supports provided by Trakyaka in the development of the region.

Primary School 69

High School 100

Undergraduate 158

Masters 45

PhD 26

Note: Other results are not given because of insignificant findings

Table 6. Kruskal Wallis Test Results for Likert Questions by Monthly Income

Dependent Variable

Independent Variable N χ2 Sig. Explanation

Creating Regional Brands

Monthly Income

5.674 0.225

There is no statistically significant difference.Less than 1000 TL 72

1000-2000 TL 103

2000-3000 TL 101

3000-4000 TL 34

Above 4000 TL 24

The Importance of Financial Supports

Monthly Income

9.763 0.045

There is a statistically significant difference among participants with different income levels in terms of importance of financial supports provided by Trakyaka in the development of the region.

Less than 1000 TL 72

1000-2000 TL 103

2000-3000 TL 101

3000-4000 TL 34

Above 4000 TL 24

101



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


The Importance of Spatial Planning

Monthly Income

20.460 0.000

There is a statistically significant difference among participants with different income levels in terms of importance of Spatial Planning supports provided by Trakyaka in the development of the region.


1000-2000 TL 103

2000-3000 TL 101

3000-4000 TL 34

Above 4000 TL 24

Sectoral Cooperation

Monthly Income

9.570 0.048

There is a statistically significant difference among participants with different income levels in terms of Sectoral Cooperation supports provided by Trakyaka in the development of the region.


1000-2000 TL 103

2000-3000 TL 101

3000-4000 TL 34

Above 4000 TL 24

Cultural & Social Development

Monthly Income

5.551 0.235

There is no statistically significant difference.Less than 1000 TL 72

1000-2000 TL 103

2000-3000 TL 101

3000-4000 TL 34

Above 4000 TL 24

10. CONCLUSION

Edirne has the function of being a “brand city” within national and global scale with its his-torical richness, tourism potential, university hospital services and important strategic posi-tion depending on its identity based on being a center of service sector.

The three most important factors affecting the spatial development of Edirne are the metro-politan impact of Istanbul, development of Tekirdağ and similar structure of Kırklareli. Therefore, we can summarize the main factors

affecting the spatial development of Edirne as follows:

• Proximity to opportunities such as finance, tourism, culture, trade and so on in Istan-bul.

• Being open to interaction with Tekirdağ.

• Being located on the transportation net-works between Europe and Istanbul.

• Investments made by Government on all transportation corridors (road, rail and sea).

102



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


• Since Edirne is not a metropolitan city, it can share city networks with its neighbor Kırklareli.

Development of Edirne should be considered with its demographic, social, economic and environmental factors. In this regard, the find-ings of the study are summarized below.

Since there is a statically significant difference between opposite genders in terms of being an entrepreneur and open to new ideas, this should be taken into consideration in training programs and supports provided.

There is a statically significant difference be-tween job satisfactions of the participants by their income and education levels and no sig-nificant difference in terms of “being open to new ideas and having an entrepreneurial spir-it”. Therefore, detailed analysis of job satis-faction (or dissatisfaction) of people living in Edirne and reasons at different levels would be an effective guideline in improving local people’s entrepreneurial potential.

Since there is a statistically significant differ-ence between participants by genders in terms of importance of financial supports provided by Trakyaka to create “Regional Brands”, this should be taken into consideration by the Agency. In other words, the Agency should consider different perspectives of women and men regarding creating a regional brand. Similarly, there is a statistically significant

difference among participants in different educational levels in terms of importance of financial supports provided by Trakyaka in the development of the region; however, local people don’t see financial supports as the only tools in the development of the region such as Spatial Planning and Sectoral Cooperation supports provided by Trakyaka within differ-ent income levels. As a result, Diversification of supports based on level of the expectations of local people is important.

One of the important sectors for development of Edirne in a spatial dimension is the service sector and entrepreneurship is an important component of this sector. It is clear that local actors may have great contribution to spatial development and socio-economic develop-ment of the city. Even though creating local brands in both national and international level, the city should go beyond its traditional eco-nomic structure by using its potential as men-tioned above.

As a result, entering a new era, in which lo-cal actors are more involved into development planning, micro-projects and entrepreneurship is received more support and development is planned more spatial, will contribute Turkey to create more effective regional policies.

REFERENCES

ARSLAN, E., (2010). Kalkınma Ajansları ve Kalkınma Ajanslarının Türkiye Ekonomi-

103



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


sine Beklenen Katkıları. Kamu-İş Dergisi 11 (3): 96-98

DESMET. K., ROSSİ-HANSBERG, E., (2014). Spatial Development. American Economic Review, 104 (4): 1211–1243

DINCSOY, E. E., (2010). Regional and Secto-ral Disparities in Turkey. Yushodo Yayın-ları, Tokyo

DINCSOY, E. E., (2013). Mekansal Gelişme Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Trakya Kalkınma Ajansı. http://www.trakya2023.com/uploads/docs/28062013zcazfb.pdf (Erişim: 25.07.2015)

DOĞAN B. B., (2011). Kalkınma İktisadı-nın XX. Yüzyıldaki Gelişim Süreci, İkti-sat Politikalarına Etkisi ve Son On Yıllık Konjonktürün Disiplinin Geleceğine Ola-sı Etkileri. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 22 (2): 41-81

EC (1999). European Commission, ESDP Eu-ropean Spatial Development perspective, EC Publihment, Italy. http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/of-ficial/reports/pdf/sum_en.pdf (Erişim: 20.07.2015)

KOREL, G., (2005). Türkiye’de Bölge Poli-tikalarının Evrimi Ve Bölgesel Kalkınma Ajansları. Yerel Kalkınma için Ortaklıklar Uluslararası Konferansı, İstanbul, Türkiye

KÜÇÜK, M., GÜNEŞ, G., (2013). Yerel Kal-kınmada Bir Etken Olarak Turizm: Yerel Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının Görüşleri. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi 22 (4): 24-27

MAÇ, N., (2006). Bölgesel Kalkınma Ajansla-rı ve Türkiye. Konya Ticaret Odası Araş-tırma ve Etüt Servisi Araştırma Raporu, Yayın No: 2006 - 117/76, Konya

NOYAN YALMAN, İ., GÜNDOĞDU Ö., (2014). Kadın Girişimciliği Ve Bölgesel Kalkınma: TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) Bölgesinde Uygulama. Journal of Entrep-reneurship and Development 9 (1): 40-70

OKUR DİNÇSOY, M., (2013a). Kırsal Kalkın-ma Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Trak-ya Kalkınma Ajansı. www.trakya2023.com/uploads/docs/28062013ZP0_zM.pdf (Erişim: 25.07.2015)

OKUR DİNÇSOY, M., (2013b). Regional Tar-gets and Strategies for Thrace Region in Turkey: A SWOT Analysis for Competiti-veness. The International Journal of Soci-al Sciences, 17 (1): 53-66

ÖZEN, P., (2005). Bölge Kalkınma Ajansları. TEPAV/EPRI yayınları, Ankara, pp.4-6

ÖZKAN, Ş., (2003). Türkiye’de Girişimci-lik ve Belirleyicileri: Marmara ve Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Üzerine Bir Uygulama.

104



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 58 (4): 147-150

SUNGUR, D. M., (1998). Türkiye’de Uygu-lanan Teşvik Politikaları (1968-1998). TC Başbakanlık Hazine Müsteşarlığı, Ekono-mik Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü

TAKIM, A., (2011). Türkiye’de 1960-1980 Yılları Arasında Uygulanan Kalkınma Planlarında Maliye Politikaları. Maliye Dergisi 160 (1): 154-176

TCKB. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Kalkınma Ba-kanlığı, Doğu Karadeniz Projesi (DO-KAP) Eylem Planı (2014-18). http://www.kalkinma.gov.tr/Pages/EylemVeDi-gerPlanlar.aspx (Erişim: 25.07.2015)

VANDENBROUCKE, D., BILIOURIS, D., (2011). Spatial Data Infrastructures in Turkey: State of play 2011. K.U.Leuven Publishmnet, Leuven

105



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


KAKINMANIN MEKÂNSAL BOYUTU:

TR212 DÜZEY-3 BÖLGESİNİN GİRİŞİMCİLİK ANALİZİ

Öz: Kalkınma iktisadı II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra hem akademik çalışmalarda hem de uluslararası politik söylemlerde oldukça fazla yer almaya başlamıştır. 80’lere kadar, yani liberal ekonominin tekrar dünya ekonomik ve siyasi yapısı içinde popüler hale gelmesiyle, merkezi idarenin daha ön planda olduğu tümden gelim yönteminin izlendiği kalkınma model-leri uygulanmıştır. Bu süreçte bölge ve kalkınma kavramına bakışı derinden etkileyen 1973 yılında meydana gelen Petrol Krizi olmuştur. Krizin sanayileşmiş bölgelerin ekonomisini derinden etkilemesi, bu bölgelere ara mal, iş gücü, hammadde ve tarımsal ürün sağlayan az gelişmiş veya gelişmekte olan bölgelerde ekonomik faaliyetleri durma noktasına getirmiştir. Küresel düzeyde meydana gelen bu ekonomik daralma aynı zamanda az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin dış borç bulma imkânlarını da zorlaştırmıştır. Bu kriz, azgelişmiş bölgelerin kendi ayakları üzerinde durmasını sağlayacak, en azından gelişmiş ve sanayileşmiş bölgelere veya merkezi hükümete olan bağımlılıklarını azaltacak yapısal reformların hayata geçirmesi gerektiğini göstermiştir. 80’lerden sonra hızlanan küreselleşme olgusu ile birlikte yerel aktör-lerin ön plana çıktığı ve tümevarım yönteminin uygulandığı bir döneme geçilmiştir. Klasik merkeziyetçi ve hiyerarşi esasına dayanan yönetim biçimlerinin yerini “çok aktörlü yönetişim” yaklaşımı almıştır ve yerel yönetimler, yerel politikacılar, eğitim ve öğretim kurumları, STK’lar, finans çevreleri, işletmeler, yerel istihdam büroları ve sosyal taraflar gibi pek çok aktörler bir arada çalışmalar yapmaya başlamıştır (Küçük & Güneş, 2013). Ayrıca, 2000’li yıllardan sonra teknolojideki hızlı ilerlemeler küreselleşme olgusunu oldukça hızlandırmıştır. Bölgeler artık sadece ulusal düzeyde değil uluslararası alanda da birbirleri ile hem iş birliği hem de rekabet eder hale gelmiştir. Böylece küreselleşme olgusu bölge, yerel ve kırsal kavramlarının ön plana çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Bölgesel iş birlikleri, bölgesel kalkınma stratejileri, bölgesel rekabet edilebilirlik, yerelleşme, yerel yönetimlerin güçlendirilmesi, kırsal kalkınma, tersine göç, kırsal altyapı vb. konular da kalkınmanın mekânsal boyutunun önemini artırmıştır (Okur Dinçsoy, 2013). Türkiye, 1963 yıllında planlı döneme geçerek, gelir dağılımı ve kamu hizmetlerinin

106



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


dengeli dağılımına öncelik vermiştir. İthal ikameci politikalarla birlikte 1963 yılından, 1980’li yılların başlarında ortaya çıkan dışa açılma dönemine kadar, sermaye birikiminin oluşmasına, ekonomik büyümenin sağlanmasına, bölgelerarası gelişmişlik farkının azaltılmasına ve geri kalmışlığa çare olarak, kalkınmanın planlarla gerçekleşeceği düşüncesiyle dört adet kalkınma planı uygulamaya koymuştur (Takım, 2011). Dünyada ilk örnekleri 1950 ve 1960’lı yıllarda merkezi hükümetin öncülük ettiği kalkınma programlarına bilgi sağlamak, bu planların izlen-mek ve denetlemek üzere kurulan, farklı hukuki statüler sahip, Bölgesel Kalkınma Ajansları (BKA) (Özen, 2005) Türkiye’de 90’lı yıllarda Kalkınma Ajansları (KA) olarak gündeme gel-meye başlamıştır. Fakat gelişim süreci 2003 yılı Katılım Ortaklığı Belgesi’nde AB (Avrupa Birliği) standartlarına uygun hukuki ve idari çerçeve ile bölgesel politikaların oluşturulması gerektiği vurgusu yapıldıktan sonra hızlanmıştır (Arslan, 2010). Bölgesel kalkınma konusun-da yerel ölçekte sağlanacak başarı, doğru müdahale araçlarının seçimi, yerel üretim faktörl-erinin üretime katılımı ve devletin bu konuda doğru politikalar ortaya koymasıyla yakından ilgilidir. (Noyan Yalman & Gündoğdu, 2014). Türkiye’nin 2002 yılında, AB’ye aday üye ülke olarak, İBBS (İstatistiki Bölge Birimleri Sınıflandırması) olarak adlandırılan bölge-sel sınıflama sistemine geçmesiyle, Türkiye’nin AB bölgesel politikaları ile uyumlu yeni bir kalkınma politikası oluşturmasını gerekli kılmıştır. Özellikle, 2013 yılında 22. Fasıl “Bölge-sel Politikalar ve Yapısal Araçların Koordinasyonu Faslı” müzakerelere açılmasıyla, bölgel-erin yaratacağı katma değerler daha fazla önem kazmıştır. Önümüzdeki yıllar boyunca da bölgelerarası dengesizliklerin giderilmesi ve AB “bölgesel yakınsama” hedefleri ile uyumlu bölgesel politikalarının oluşturulması önemini koruyacaktır. Bu çalışmada bölgesel kalkınma kavramının mekânsal faktörleri analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca, analiz sonuçlarının spesifik bir nok-tada değerlendirilebilmesi için olan girişimcilik üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Girişimcilik konusu bu çalışmada iki nokta bakımından önem arz etmektedir. Birincisi, kalkınmanın yerelleşmesi için oldukça desteklenen bir alan olmasıdır. Diğer bir ifade ile bölgelerin kalkınmasında ve bölgesel farkların azaltılmasında etkin bir araç olarak düşünülmesidir. Diğeri ise girişimciliğin hem me-kânsal planlama hem mekânsal gelişme üzerine önemli sosyal, ekonomik ve demografik etkileri olmasıdır. Çalışmanın teorik altyapısı için yukarıda bahsedilen iki konu ayrı ayrı ele alınmıştır. İlk olarak geniş bir perspektiften kalkınmanın mekânsal boyutu incelenmiştir. İkinci olarak da girişimcilik ile bölgesel ekonomi arasındaki ilişki açıklanmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarının daha fazla hedef-strateji odaklı olması için de teorik altyapı alan çalışması ile desteklenmiştir. Alan çalışması olarak TR21 Trakya Bölgesi, TR212 (Edirne) Düzey-3 bölgesi seçilmiştir. TR212 bölgesinin mekânsal boyutta seçilmesinde büyük bir mal ve hizmet üretim potansiyeline sahip

107



ID: 460 K:442GEL CODE: R1-R11-R12-R58



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


olması ve bölgenin mekânsal özelliklerinin Türkiye’nin diğer bölgelerden oldukça farklı olması etkili olmuştur. Alan çalışmasında öncelikli olarak TR212 bölgesinin beşeri sermaye, eko-nomik katma değer potansiyeli tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bölge için uygun bölgesel politika araçların seçilebilmesi için 398 kişiye anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Katılımcıların demografik yapılarını, ekonomik durumlarını ve girişimcilik hakkındaki düşüncelerini tespit etmeye yönelik 5 tanesi Likert ölçekli olmak üzere toplam 13 tane soru yöneltilmiş ve toplanan verilerin analizi için SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Sciences) 17.0 İstatistik Paket Programı kullanılmıştır. Analizlerde bölge insanının girişimcilik konusunda cinsiyete, mesleğe, eğitim düzeyine ve gelire göre anlamlı farklılıklar gösterip göstermediği test edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, bölge insanının girişimcilik ve kalkınmaya bakış açısı konularında cinsiyete, mesleğe, eğitim düzeyine ve gelire göre anlamlı farklılıklar gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Edirne’nin hem me-kânsal gelişmesinde ve kalkınmasında yerel aktörlerin büyük katkı sağlayacağı kesindir. Hem ulusal hem de uluslararası alanda yerel markalar yaratmak oldukça zor olsa da Şehrin, yerel potansiyelini doğru kullanarak geleneksel ekonomik yapısının dışına çıkması gerekmektedir. Sonuç olarak, daha fazla yerel aktörlerin etkili olduğu, mikro projelerin ve girişimciliğin daha fazla desteklendiği, kalkınmanın daha fazla mekânsal olarak planlandığı bir döneme geçilmesi Türkiye’nin bölgesel temelde daha etkin bölgesel politikalar oluşturmasına katkı sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Bölgesel Kalkınma, Mekânsal Planlama, Girişimcilik, Trakya, Kalkınma Ajansları

108108

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF OUTSOURCING IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY1

Cemalettin HATİPOĞLUBilecik Seyh Edebali University The Department Of Management Information Systems, Bilecik / Turkey

Abstract: As a result of the globalization and rapid changes in technology, the increased competition has led to some various structural, behavioral and functional changes in the enterprises. The significant changes occurred in the business process in parallel with the rapid development of information and communication technologies. The new technologies has allowed the enterprises to focus on the core competencies and to have other companies perform non- core activities in different parts of the world. The outsourcing application has come out as a result of outsourcing non-core competencies by a enterprise and performing the activities that can be done better than its competitors. This study gives analyses of the reasons, the risks and the problems that are presented to the enterprises of our country by outsourcing in the field of information and communication technologies. For this purpose, based on secondary sources (official and non-governmental organizations, work, years of data and indicators, articles, research, etc.), literature work in the current situation will be analyzed.

Key Words: Globalization, Rapid Changes In Technology, Information And Communication Technology, Outsourcing

(1) Corresponding Author: Cemalettin HATİPOĞLU, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University The Department Of Manage-ment Information Systems, Bilecik /Turkey, [email protected] Arrival Date 19.08.2015 Date of Admission: 15.10.2015 Article Type: (Research and Practice) Conflict of Interest No “Ethics Committee No”

Doi: 10.17364/IIB.20152013532


109



ID: 468 K:454GEL CODE: M5-M10-M15-M19

(Information Technology and Resource Utilization)ISSN Print: 2146-5886 & ISSN: Online: 2147-172X


(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


1. Introduction

The fast growth of technology causes the changes in economy, which also impact com-petitive environment. For companies, it has become a necessity to follow the technologi-cal progress in order to sustain their sales and have a voice in the market. The enterprises which use information and communication Technologies go one step further in compari-son with those who don’t use.

In order to succeed in the circumstances of unstable competition and to subsist, enterpris-es are tracing new technology as well as fol-lowing up various strategies. One of the strat-egies is outsourcing. In this way companies perform well in their core competencies and mitigate shortage of skill in the areas where they want to outsource.

Especially in Turkey outsourcing initially ma-jors on information and communication Tech-nologies. To reduce costs, to focus on the core competencies, to perform faster and high quality servicing, to increase productivity and to benefit from technological innovations are the main reasons why Business Enterprises use outsourcing. Since outsourcing cannot be dealt alone and independent from other practices in the organizations, it gains many benefits as well as entertains risks relevant to such issues as vendor choice, focusing on one function and others.

In Turkey outsourcing is used in the follow-ing spheres like administration, application service provider, information systems, desk-top support services and server infrastructure. Business Enterprises can outsource informa-tion and communication services fully as well as partially. Outsourcing in these fields increase the risks for benefited party. For Enterprises giving decision on outsourcing signifies more than economic or financial de-cision. In the context with information and communication despite its many advantages, outsourcing involves considerable risks. A company using outsourcing inevitably loses some control over its future, which is, to some degree, given over into the hands of another firm,. In this context it becomes extremely important for the commissioning organization to be cautious while outsourcing.

In this work, we try to define what kind of benefits the enterprise aim to gain and what risks they face while outsourcing in informa-tion and communication Technologies.

2. Definition of Outsourcing

According Power et al. outsourcing is made up of two words – “out” and “sourcing”; sourcing means that “the act of transferring work, responsibilities and decision rights to someone else”. Companies must source out because there are other companies who can do it cheaper, faster, and better and compa-

110



ID: 468 K:454GEL CODE: M5-M10-M15-M19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


nies have other, more important, demands on their resources (Power et al, 2006). Ash-ley describes the meaning of outsourcing as “the allocation of risk and responsibility for performing a function or service to another entity” (Ashley, 2008).Outsourcing is one of the most effective strategies in companies, because they try to use all innovations of sci-ence, techniques and technologies to issue proficient and competitive product which will satisfy consumer (Tayauova, 2012: 189).Outsourcing is the supply by an outside com-pany of products and/or services that imple-ment processes of the user organization ( She-I Chang et al 2012: 199).Outsourcing can be defined as “a process whereby an or-ganization decides to contract-out or sell the firm’s assets, people, and/or activities to a third-party supplier, who in exchange pro-vides and manages these assets and services for an agreed fee over an agreed time period” (Gottschalk and Saether, 2006: 2)

Companies have searched different ways to maintain and continue their competitive edge, outsourcing has emerged as a strategic choice for achieving goals through cost control. Outsourcing is contracting, sub-contracting, or externalizing non-core activities to free up cash, personnel, time, and facilities for busi-ness processes where the companies takes competitive advantage (Kulvanitchaiyanunt, 2010).

Outsourcing definition is hiring a third-party company to complete the business processes. The decision to outsource is often made in the interest of lowering cost or making better use of time, energy and effectiveness. Outsourc-ing includes, information and management technology, human resource management, accounting, manufacturing, design, and engi-neering. Outsourcing includes the transfer of the management and/or day-to-day execution of an entire business processes to an exter-nal service provider (Duran and Duran, 2009: 945).

An important characteristic of outsourcing is the high cooperation between companies, which requires close and complex working relationships (Deloitte, 2005). An effective outsourcing relationship features make com-mon cause with working groups, strong com-munication, and point on shared objectives, openness and trust (Liversedge, 2009:15)An outsourcing relationship allows “existing staff to concentrate on core activities and organiza-tional specializations, focusing on achieving key strategic objectives, lowering or stabiliz-ing overhead costs, and thereby gaining cost advantage over the competition” (Kakabadse and Kakabadse, 2000: 690).Outsourcing lit-erature identifies the following 13 dominant factors that influence outsourcing practices in companies: “(1) how core a function is, (2) critical knowledge generation, (3) relative

111



ID: 468 K:454GEL CODE: M5-M10-M15-M19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


cost, (4) the degree of a function’s integra-tion, (5) the degree of a function’s structure, (6) employee impact, (7) availability of exter-nal skills, (8) availability of internal skills, (9) manager preferences, (10) legal issues, (11) competitor actions, (12) potential for con-flict of interest, and (13) internal and exter-

nal political pressures.” (Kramic and Tukel, 2003: 3) Figure 1 is a flow chart describing the outsourcing decision process. Every out-sourcing decision begins with either a formal or a casual consideration of whether or not to outsource.

Figure 1. Outsourcing Decision Flow Chart

Source: Kramic and Tukel (2003)

In summary, outsourcing can be defined as the process of delegation of business pro-cesses or jobs to the other companies, who can improve cheaper and faster. Depending on level of control over performance of out-sourced function, outsourcing can be divided into internal and external types. Internal out-sourcing is “reallocation of functions in busi-ness system for saving control over its per-formance” and external outsourcing is “del-

egation of performance of separate or mutu-ally related functions to external outsourcer” (Anikin BA, Rudaya, 2009).

3. Outsourcing In Information And Com-munication Technology

Outsourcing became very popular in the 1990s, encouraged by success such as East-man Kodak’s externalization of information systems. IT outsourcing is often defined as an attractive business proposition to develop-

112



ID: 468 K:454GEL CODE: M5-M10-M15-M19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


ment productivity, reduce costs and increase competitiveness (Chuan Choua et al, 2006: 249).IT outsourcing contains the process of outsourcing of services or other processes interested to IT skills belongs to the organi-zation). Outsourcing as the contribution of physical and human resources from external companies hired to complete certain needs of the IT processes and the user organiza-tion (Sudi, 2010: 28). Information technol-ogy (IT) outsourcing is the implementation of turning over part or all of an organization’s IT functions to different vendors. (Grover, et al, 1996: 90

IT outsourcing can be related on some factors across levels. The economy level, temporal ef-fects of trends and cycles may motivate firms to organize the management of the IT pro-cesses through arrangements like outsourc-ing. An industry level, competitive pressures may warn firms to set-up “partnership-based” relationships with key IT companies. At the firm level, the quest for competitive advan-tage may render service to a critical motivates to the IT outsourcing decision. Within the firm, the decision to outsource may be depen-dent on several managerial factors (Loh and Venkatraman, 1992: 8). Outsourcing has been explained as ‘’the trust on outer sources for manufacturing components and other value-adding activities” (Lei and Hitt, 1995: 836)

The three significant factors of determinants of Information Technology Outsourcing (IT) success are ITO decisions, contractual gov-ernance, and relational governance. These factors are represent as direct relationships to ITO success in Figure 2 (Lacity, et al, 2009: 138).

Information and communication technol-ogy projects are including sensitive to vari-ous types of risks, the importance once are financial, legal and managerial controls. If companies acquiring information technolo-gies throughout outsourcing, these risks are becoming even more important. Companies provide information technologies throughout outsourcing, that is bringing several advan-tages to businesses, but risks cannot be easily recovered.

Figure 2 Three Factors Of determinants of Information Technology Outsourcing

113



ID: 468 K:454GEL CODE: M5-M10-M15-M19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Source: Lacity, et al (2009)

4. IT Outsourcing Reasons

Organizations needs outsourcing for differ-ent reasons. If outsourcing is complete for the right reasons, it can be applicable, eco-nomical, profitable and highly productive ap-proach. However, outsourcing for the wrong reasons can send an organization’s business into confusion and cause important techno-logical and economic failure.

Focusing on strategic issues: “Dynamic or-ganizations remain focused on addressing the question, what do we do best and how can we do it better?” (Gupta and Gupta, 1992: 44).And outsourcing makes it simple for these organizations to point on their basic capabili-ties (Grover et al., 1996). Outsourcing allows organizations to dedicate their time to key IT activities than the most routine activities (Grover et al., 1994).

Increasing flexibility. Many firms a chance to obtain a significant advantage from outsourc-ing because technology gives great change in business processes. Companies can increase their flexibility through a continuous rede-sign of their processes that outsourcing ven-dors will allow them to meet their information needs at any given time (Clark et al., 1995). Outsourcing also provides a large degree of flexibility in the process of IT resources and makes it easier to face business processes (Ju-

rison, 1995). Companies can use outsourcing as a strategy to achieve flexibility during a reorganization processes. IT outsourcing ser-vices can improve the quality of companies and react the market easily.

Facilitating access to technology. Outsourc-ing brings companies important advantages related to technological simplicity (Jurison, 1995), as these business organizations can have access to specialize technological sim-plicity which is supposedly supplied to them by the vendors. As a result, companies ex-posed different experiments with new tech-nologies by outsourcing (Baldwing et al., 2001).

Minimizing the risk of obsolescence. It is definitely the rapid change in the field of technology that companies faces in front of a predicament: either they are making invest-ments on new technologies quickly or they are continuing to work with old technology. This problem can equally be minimized with technological outsourcing, since the technol-ogy accessed by the companies is owned by the vendors, which means that this risk is take over the vendor and not by the customer company (Clark et al., 1995). Firms can in-crease their flexibility through a process of continuous again of the contracts that will help them to cover their information require-ments (Hayes et al., 2000).

114



ID: 468 K:454GEL CODE: M5-M10-M15-M19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


Saving technology and staff costs. Compa-nies have in mind a number of staff decrease, which will mean important cost savings. In-formation technology working is addition-ally characterized by the breakup knowledge and, particularly, by the shortage of specific knowledge. IT knowledge required is very important the ability of firms to identify and acquire. In these conditions, the effort to re-tain a permanent workforce with a high-level, it is becoming too expensive for many com-panies (Olson, 2007). Outsourcing cause the way to a more private, IT management, as the vendor company select staffs itself in a bet-ter position, and practice and manage them. Companies can have high-level specialist staff without them having to be permanent members of their company (Alner, 2001: 35). Vendors are exposed to a wider variety of problems and achieved experiences with IT, which is why a greater volume of knowledge and skills can be obtained that will help to solve these problems (Gonzales 2009: 286). And also, vendors dedicate all their capacity to the provision of IT services, as a result of which greater economies of scale and scope can be obtained (Smith et al., 1998). Out-sourcing contracts will probably mean an in-jection of liquidity for the client firm when it transfers software licenses and staff to the provider (Alner, 2001).

5. The Findings Of The Investigation and Conclusion

The Turkish IT sector is a fast-growing sector with GAGR 0f 14% between 2005 and 2009. As to BMI prognosis between 2009 and 2014 Turkey will be the most growing IT market and Poland will follow it.

For companies effective way of being able to gain and sustain competitiveness and to stand up globalization, is providing the maximum benefit from IT.

In our country companies generally have fo-cused on four main subjects. Here they are:

1. Business Process outsourcing: can be de-fined as a subset of outsourcing that involves the contracting of the operations and respon-sibilities of specific business functions or ser-vices to a third-party provider and in this way entering into long-term relations and signifi-cantly saving expenses.

2. Information and communication Technol-ogy services: Enterprises have to catch up with the fast technological changes in order to survive. This brings out the necessity of minimizing costs and also maintaining more effective customer services

3. Human Resources Services: HRS is one of indispensable resource for Human Recourses Enterprises. Nowadays companies have these services done by companies specializing in

115



ID: 468 K:454GEL CODE: M5-M10-M15-M19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


this area and in this way they have an oppor-tunity to major on core competences. Human resource departments oversee employee pay-roll as well as employee and the companies’ benefits, also manage legal compliance and oversee training and development and many others functions.

4. Call Center Services: The most companies contract an outside provider for these kind of services and in this way increase customer services and significantly save expenses.

Outsourcing is used in the following areas like information technology, administrative affairs, human resources, finance, distribu-tion, property services, call center services, transport, and marketing.

The benefits that are expected while using outsourcing in information and communi-cation Technologies area will proceed from well-designed IT strategy, an agreement that meets the needs of the company in related ar-eas and service providers’ rigorous monitor-ing.

As a company evaluate its choices and deci-sions in outsourcing the company will need to consider the advantages of outsourcing. The most obvious and visible benefit of out-sourcing relates to the cost savings. Also Outsourcing allows refocusing on those busi-ness activities that are important without sac-rificing quality or service in the back-office.

This leads to an increase in productivity and efficiency in the process. . Another advantage is increasing of IT service quality. Moreover, one needs an operational decision model that can offer systematic steps and quantitative results to increase the precision of decision-making

In recent years, many companies have fo-cused on globalization to drive higher perfor-mance. And outsourcing is one of the strate-gies that help to gain competitive advantage by reducing employee costs. Outsourcing is not only reducing labor cost, but also helping companies extend their service globally. The Turkish companies consider that outsourcing gives their organizations the opportunity to have better IT services. They achieve techno-logical improvements and, also cost savings in staff and technology.

REFERENCES

ALNER, M., (2001). “The effects of out-sourcing on information security”, Infor-mation Systems Security, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 35-43.

ANIKIN, BA, RUDAYA, IL., (2009). “Out-sourcing and out staffing: high technolo-gies of management.” Moscow:Infra-M

ASHLEY, E., (2008). “Outsourcing for dum-mies”. New Jersey: Wiley Publishing

116



ID: 468 K:454GEL CODE: M5-M10-M15-M19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


BACCARINI, D., SALM, G., LOVE, P.B., (2004). “Management of risks in infor-mation technology projects”, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol.104 No 4

BALDWING, L.P., IRANI, Z., and LOVE, P., (2001). “Outsourcing information systems: drawing lessons from a banking case study”, European Journal of Infor-mation Systems, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 15-24

CHANG, SHE-I., DAVID, C., YEN, CE-LESTE, SEE-PUI, NG , WEI-TING, CHANG, (2012). “An analysis of IT/IS outsourcing provider selection for small- and medium-sized enterprises in Tai-wan”, Information & Management 49, 199–209

CHUAN CHOUA TZU , RONG CHENB JAU-, PANC,SHAN L . (2006). “The impacts of social capital on information technology outsourcing decisions: A case study of a Taiwanese high-tech firm”, In-ternational Journal of Information Man-agement 26

CLARK, T.D., ZMUD, R.W., and MCCRAY, G.E., (1995). “The outsourcing of infor-mation services: transforming the nature of business in the information industry”, Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 10

CONSULTING, DELOITTE., (2005). Call-ing a change in the outsourcing market: The realities for the world’s largest orga-nizations. Retrieved July 5, 2008, from http://www.deloitte.com/dtt/home/0%2C1044%2Csid%25253D1000%2C00.html

DURAN, D., DURAN, I.,(2009). “Annals of DAAAM for 2009 & Proceedings of the 20th International DAAAM Sympo-sium”, Volume 20, No. 1, ISSN 1726-9679 ISBN 978-3-901509-70-4, Editor B. Katalinic, Published by DAAAM In-ternational, Vienna, Austria, EU

DIBBERN, J., GOLES, T., HIRSCHHEIM, R., and JAYATILAKA, B., (2004). In-formation systems outsourcing: A survey and analysis of the literature. The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Sys-tems, 35(4)

GILLEY, K. M., RASHEED, A., (2000). “Making more by doing less: An analy-sis of outsourcing and its effects on firm performance.” Journal of Management, 26(4)

GROVER, V., CHEON, M. J., and TENG, J. T. C., (1996). “The effect of service qual-ity and partnership on the outsourcing of information systems functions”. Journal of Management Information Systems, 12(4)

117



ID: 468 K:454GEL CODE: M5-M10-M15-M19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


GONZALEZ. R., GASCO. J., LLOPIS J., (2010), “Information systems outsourc-ing reasons and risks: a new assessment”, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 110 Iss: 2, pp.284 – 303

GUPTA, G., and GUPTA, H., (1992). “Out-sourcing the IS function. Is it necessary for your organization?”, Information Systems Management, Vol. 9 No. 3

GROVER, V., CHEON, M.J., and TENG, T.C., (1994). “A descriptive study on the outsourcing of information systems func-tions”, Information & Management, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 33-44

GOTTSCHALK, P.,SOLLI-SAETHER, H. (2006), “Managing successful IT out-sourcing relationships”. Hershey, PA: IRM Press

HAYES, D.C., HUNTON, J.E., and RECK, J.J., (2000). “Information systems out-sourcing announcements:investigating the impact on the market value of con-tract-granting firms”, Journal of Informa-tion Systems, Vol. 14 No. 2

JURISON, J. (1995), “The role of risk and return in information technology out-sourcing decisions”, Journal of Informa-tion Technology, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 239-47

KAKABADSE, N., KAKABADSE, A., (2000). “Outsourcing: A paradigm shif”t. Journal of Management Development, 19(8), 670-728

KREMIC, T., TUKEL, O., (2003). .“As-sisting public organizations in their outsourcing endeavors: a decision sup-port model”,Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH,NASA/TM

KULVANITCHAIYANUNT, A.. (2010). “The Effect of Outsourcing on the U.S. Productivity and Employment” PhD diss., University of Lehigh. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/577613511?accountid=7181

LEI, D., HITT, M., (1995). “Strategic re-structuring and outsourcing: The effect of mergers and acquisitions and LBOs on building firm skills and capabilities.” Journal of Management. 21(5): 835-859

LIVERSEDGE, K., (2009). “A culture of awareness: Working together to build a successful outsourcing relation-ship.” (OrderNo. MR49155, Royal Roads University (Canada)). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses,, 150-n/a. Re-trieved from http://search.proquest.com /docview/305158671?accountid=7181. (30515867)

118



ID: 468 K:454GEL CODE: M5-M10-M15-M19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


LOH, L., VENKATRAMAN, N., (1992). “Determinants of information technol-ogy outsourcing: A cross-sectional analy-sis”. Journal of Management Information Systems, 9(1)

SMITH, M.A., MITRA, S., and NARASIM-HAN, S., (1998). “Information systems outsourcing: a study of pre-event firm characteristics”, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 15 No. 2

OLSON, D.L., (2007). “Evaluation of ERP outsourcing”, Computers & Operation Research, Vol. 34,No. 12

POWER, M.J., DESOUZA K.C., BONI-FAZI, C., (2006). ”The outsourcing handbook: how to implement a success-ful outsourcing process”. KoganPage Limited

SUDI, L., (2010). “The lived experiences of federal agency information-technol-ogy employees in times of outsourc-ing”. (Order No. 3405278, University of Phoenix). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , 240-n/a. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/205437024?accountid=7181. (205437024)

TAYAUOVA, G., (2012). “Advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing: analysis of outsourcing practices of Kazakhstan banks” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 41, pp.188 – 195

119



ID: 468 K:454GEL CODE: M5-M10-M15-M19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


BİLGİ İŞLEM TEKNOLOJİLERİNDE DIŞ KAYNAK KULLANIMIN FAYDALARI VE RİSKLERİ

Öz: Teknolojilerde meydana gelen hızlı gelişmeler, ekonomik alanda da değişimlere sebep olmuş ve bu değişimlerden rekabet ortamıda etkilenmiştir. İşletmeler, karşı karşıya kaldıkları rekabet ortamında satışlarını sürdürebilmek ve faaliyet sürdürdüğü pazarda söz sahibi ola-bilmek için, teknolojik gelişmeleri takip etmesi zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. İşletme süreçler-inde, bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerini kullanan işletmeler, kullanmayan işletmelere göre reka-bette hep bir adım öne geçebilme imkânına kavuşabilmektedirler. İşletme süreçlerinde teknolo-jiyi kullanan işletmeler, faaliyetlerini yeniden yapılandırmış, etkinlik ve verimliliğe olumlu katkılar elde etmiştir. İşletmeler değişen bu rekabet ortamında başarılı olabilmek ve varlıklarını sürdürebilmek için teknolojiyi takip etmelerinin yanında çeşitli stratejiler de izlemektedirler. Bu stratejilerinden biri de dış kaynak kullanma (outsourcing) yoluna gitmektedir. Bu amaçla, işletmeler iyi oldukları süreçlere daha çok yoğunlaşarak, eksiklikleri bulundukları süreçleri de dışarıdan sağlamaktadırlar. Özellikle Türkiye’de dış kaynak kullanımının en başta bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri üzerine yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. Günümüzde işletmelerin bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinde dış kaynak kullanımı nedenlerin başında maliyetleri düşürmek, ana iş konularına odaklanmak, müşterilere daha hızlı ve kaliteli hizmet sunmak, verimliliği artırmak ve teknolojik yeniliklerden yararlanmaktır. Dış kaynak kullanımının birçok avantajı yanında tek başına ve örgütlerdeki diğer uygulamalardan bağımsız olarak ele alınabilecek bir yönetim uygulaması olmadığı için stratejik, tedarikçi seçimi, sadece bir işe odaklanma, ticari, kontratla ilgili vb. risklerde taşımaktadır. Türkiye’de bilgi teknolojilerinde dış kaynak kullanılan alan-lar olarak uygulama yönetimi, uygulama servisleri sağlama, bilgi sistemleri, ağ ve masaüstü destek hizmetleri, sistem altyapısı olarak görülmektedir. İşletme, bilgi ve iletişim hizmetlerinin tamamını dış kaynak yoluyla sağlayabileceği gibi sadece bir kısmını da dış kaynak yoluyla sağlayabilir. Bu alanlarda dış kaynaktan yararlanmak yararlanan örgüt açısından riskleri daha da artırmaktadır. İşletmelerin dış kaynak kullanımı kararının verilmesi ekonomik veya finansal bir karardan çok daha fazlasını ifade etmektedir Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri bağlamında yararlanılan dış kaynak kullanımında örgütle ilgili çeşitli bilgiler diğer firma ile paylaşılmakta ve karşı firmaya bağımlı olma riskini de doğurmaktadır. Bu nedenle örgütler bilgi ve iletişim

120



ID: 468 K:454GEL CODE: M5-M10-M15-M19



(2015/03945- 2015-GE-17301)







İNCELENMESİ







HOUSES


teknolojileri alanında dış kaynaktan yararlanırlarken çok dikkatli olmaları gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmamızda, işletmelerin temel ve diğer fonksiyonlarına daha çok odaklanmak ve rekabet avantajı sağlamak için bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinde dış kaynak kullanırken ne tip yararlar elde etmeyi amaçladıkları ve ne tür risklerle karşı karşıya kaldıkları belirtilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Küreselleşme, Teknolojideki Hızlı Değişimler, Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolo-jileri, Dış Kaynak Kullanımı

ABOUT THE JOURNAL

IIB Journal began its publication life in 2011 and still accepts publications from financial and admi-nistrative sciences, particularly economics and from sub-disciplinary of these fields. Our journal is a national and international refereed journal and the publications submitted to the journal are initially investigated by the field editors and the studies in compliance with writing and acceptance condi-tions of the journal are sent to two field referees without any further delay. The evaluation period is 2 months for the journal and field editors and manual evaluation process come into the play for referee evaluation giving no positive or negative feedback during this process. Studies which have completed the referee process are transferred into the system and are visibilized in the web environ-ment. All information is announced to authors through the system as this is a web-based journal. In addition, information is given to authors in mail environment as well in order to prevent any systematical error and victimization of the authors. The studies to be submitted to our journal should definitely be from the disciplines accepted by our journal to be published. Studies submitted out of these disciplines are not involved in the evaluation process and they are rejected upon informing the authors. In this case, no sanction can be applied on our journal and journal administration by the authors. Our journal is reviewed by varying indexes and also other indexes constantly apply to our journal. For these reasons, no information is provided for the authors related to the indexes revie-wing the journal or the international status. This information is followed by the authors through the web system of the journal at that moment. Spelling rules in this journal are arranged in accordance with the sample article format that can be found in the journal’s website. Articles written out of this format are not taken into consideration for the evaluation and 15-day period is given to authors for correction. Publications, which are not corrected within this period, are rejected. The same author(s) is not entitled to publish multiple publications in related issues of our journal. An author can make the same number of publications, having completed the referee evaluation, published in the same issue. This is a unilateral case for the journal administration. The journal prioritizes different specific studies, which are related to the acceptable disciplines, yet can serve literature and the field other than specific subjects. The number of articles is not taken into account in related issues of our journal. An issue may involve more than one article. This case, once again, can be ensured within the line of the editors’ decisions upon the resolution of the Board of the journal unilaterally. The publication

language of the journal is English, but publications in different languages, which are assumed to serve the field, can be accepted. However, this is a unilateral case for the journal administration. Authors cannot make a demand on the publication or evaluation of the studies in any other language than English; even if they do, their demands are not accepted. Each publication uploaded to the system is evaluated under the same equal conditions and justly taken into publication process. No author or publication has superiority on others. Relevant authorities are informed about the plagiarism in publications. Authors are not asked any publication copyright agreement for the publications uplo-aded to our journal. For the studies which require the permission of ethical committee or official permission, authors are obliged to upload this information to the system. All responsibility that might arouse otherwise is incumbent on the authors. The laws of the Republic of Turkey are valid for any kind of legal problem in our journal and the obligations of these laws are applied. Studies published in our journal can be only used on condition that they are cited. The uploaded studies in the jour-nal can be unilaterally rejected upon the decision of editor-in-chief or field editor where necessary. Related author(s) is informed about the reason of this case. In such cases, author(s) does not have any right to re-claim on our journal. Our journal complies with the publication laws and the laws on intellectual parent rights. The journal fulfills the related duties in this matter. In case of any detec-tion of improper conditions related to abovementioned provisions within publications, all liability is unilaterally incumbent on related authors. Our journal reserves all legal, financial and emotional rights. No information transfer is available to any institution or organization except for authors. The journal exchanges no information except for the legal proceedings in this matter. The publication of our journal is on the Internet or written media. For that reason, the journal is not liable to give written material to any person except for the obligatory cases. The issues published in our journal’s website can be printed and used upon the written permission of the journal Board on condition that they are to be used for scientific and academic purposes. Our journal preserves all legal, financial and emotional rights in all processes conducted without permission.

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

The publication language of our journal is English. Our journal has decided to continue its pub-lication life in English with its fourth volume with the purpose of reaching to all readers on inter-national scale. Our journal accepts all kinds of publication prepared in disciplines accepted by the journal. Researches, compilations, translations and original studies are given place in our journal. For studies demanded to be published in our journal to be able to be evaluated, the author should firstly register to the system and then fill the required information in the form and should activate her/his membership. After being active, the relevant publication is uploaded to the system and the process begins. An enlarged Turkish abstract must exist in publications sent to our journal from Turkey. But this is not requested for studies uploaded to the system out of the country. However, for studies coming out of the country, an enlarged abstract in the language of that country can be placed at the end of the study on condition that it is prepared in language of author\’s country. The relevant editor completes preliminary examination if the study is within a field in which our journal accepts publication, and sends to the field editor. In case the field editor approves evaluation of the study within the relevant field, the declaration is delivered to the system editor over the system that the publication is reaccepted. The system editor assigns the relevant study to the two referees being specialist in their fields and demands a referee evaluation report concerning whether the scientific attributes and originality of article are appropriate and suitable for scientific criteria. In case the relevant study gets a positive approval from both referees, the study is resent to the author in order to demand her/him to correct it in accordance with the writing format of journal, and it is uploaded to the main page of journal over the system. Major and minor corrections can be given to the study in the referee evaluation process. In such cases, the relevant study is resent to the author and the author is demanded to make the required corrections that the referee or referees want. In parallel with this demand, the author or authors regulate the article and send us via e-mail. The studies are resent to the referees who have made evaluation and obtained information regarding whether it will be accepted or the demanded deficiencies are made up. If the demanded corrections have been made and referees have approved, the study is registered to the system and sent to the publication process. A pressure and a special demand cannot be made upon the referees for any study. Referees totally act within their own opinions and evaluations. This condition isn\’t altered under any conditions and can\’t be demanded to be altered. Our journal serves as a bridge between author and referees, and only acts as a supervisor of the relevant process. The evaluation process of studies that are subjected

to process in our journal\’s system is two months. Studies which the required return can\’t be taken within two months are forwarded to another referee of relevant field referees and s/he is demanded to make an evaluation. An evaluation request concerning the relevant study can be demanded from a member of board of editors specialized in his/her fields or one of the members of science and advisory board. This process is carried out under the initiative of system manager and assistants of editor in chief. In case assistants of editor in chief hesitate regarding the scientific content of the studies under any conditions, they have the right to decline the study and to begin necessary legal action about author/authors on behalf of the journal. Publication conditions of studies in the volumes of journal are evaluated by board of editors and editorial board. None of the studies and authors has privilege. Information concerning the studies to which referees are assigned is known by editor in chief and assistants of editor in chief. Information concerning authors and corporate identities is only known by editor in chief and assistants of editor in chief. If there are more than one author in the study, our journal comes into contact with the first author and only exchanges correspondence with the first author. Studies sent to our journal can\’t be withdrawn from the journal without the decision of board of editors, and can\’t be demanded to be published in another journal. When such cases are noticed, our journal imposes the required sanctions on the relevant author and authors within the framework of legal necessity and Turkish laws. Studies with plagiarism content and unallowed data usage are directly declined and judicial process is initiated about the concerned author or authors. Our journal doesn\’t bear an obligation to demand publication transfer agreement for any studies. This is demanded from the author or authors on condition that the journal considers it necessary. None of the authors can make a special request from our journal. If so, this demand isn\’t fulfilled. Articles of publication principles concerning the studies sent to our journal and uploaded to the system are valid for each author. These conditions are common for each study sent to our journal and uploaded to the system.

PUBLICATION PRINCIPLES

1. The studies demanded to be published in our journal should bear the feature that they weren’t published in another place and not sent to a different journal even with the purpose of evaluation

2. Studies not within the scope of the field in which our journal accepts publication aren’t accepted. However when there is a different situation, the concerned publication is accepted for publication following the evaluation in our journal with the approvals of editorial board and field editors

3. Under no circumstances, our journal undertakes content and scientific responsibility of the studies made. All responsibility of the studies made and published belongs to the concerned author/authors.

4. In studies where there is more than one author, the author being in the first place is seen as addressee.

5. The language of studies is English. But authors of countries using Turkish language have to put an enlarged Turkish abstract at the end of relevant studies. English abstracts should be between 100 and 250 words.

6. If the study has been prepared from the organs such as “thesis, book etc.”, the information concerning where it has been derived from should be definitely stated by referencing to the first title under the abstract page.

7. Sources used should be prepared in accordance with the template in the sample article being on our journal page.

8. Jel code or sub-jel code should be present in studies of social sciences excluding \”Medicine\”. Studies without jel codes are accepted under no circumstances. Information regarding jel codes exist in our journal\’s main page.

9. Each study accepted for evaluation should have the approval of two referees absolutely.

10. Following the examination of the studies, major or minor corrections can be made. These cor-rections are demanded from the author twice. If the required corrections aren’t made in both corrections, the publication is denied by the system.

11. Font of English and Turkish abstract should be 10 pt Times New Roman, and apart from the titles, the abstract should be written indently with 1 cm from left and right as in the sample article.

12. English and Turkish titles should be prepared with 14 pt Times New Roman.

13. Author or author names should be prepared with 12 pt and written with rightward italics Times New Roman font.

14. The whole study should be single spaced

15. On condition that the related reference name or surname of the author is on the top, citation in references should be prepared rightward italics as stated in the sample article

16. Internet sources should be used by stating access date definitely.

17. Editing and typesetting of the study should be prepared in accordance with the APA system; citation in the study should be made in this manner. This format has been stated in the sample article.

18. The current studies are uploaded to the system by the author being a member of the system by following the steps. The uploaded study is sent to the related field editor by the system manager and it is requested for an approval for referee evaluation.

19. The publication language of our journal is English. However studies prepared in different con-ditions and principles are accepted as foreign language. In that case, publication board has the right to use the initiative or right to disclaim unilaterally. The concerned author can’t be effective on our journal.

20. None of the authors including the field editor neither can decide on by which referee the study will be evaluated nor see the information of the referee who makes the evaluation. In case of a deficiency or correction which occurs following the referee evaluation of the concerned study, the referee opinion report is sent to the author in the first place. Upon the abovementioned report, the referee information isn\’t given to the author or authors. Authors can\’t request or lay claim concerning this matter.

21. Information and materials about communication belonging to the author can only be known by system manager and editor. Therefore, authors don’t have a right to claim a referee evaluation or a different request. In case the owner of the uploaded study is somebody known by the referee, the process of publication evaluation is ceased and the study is directed to another referee. The study is excluded from the system although it has been published on condition that a denial is published and necessary proceedings are carried out. Indexes in which the journal is searched are informed about the situation with a written explanation.

22. Page number of the studies uploaded to the system is 25. This number may change as depending on the subject of the study. Annex and tables may be excluded from this number. But the field editor and especially editorial board have the right to make positive or negative evaluation about the related situation unilaterally. In this matter, author or authors can’t claim a right.

23. Our journal is an “e” electronic journal and it is issued as printed. Individuals who want to buy the printed edition can use the relevant volumes by downloading to their computers from the journal download button on the main page of our journal. All rights of works and studies pub-lished in our journal belong to our journal unilaterally. The relevant studies can be benefited on condition that it is referred to our journal. Usage of non-referred studies is prohibited. When this situation is noticed, legal advisers and lawyers of our journal apply and use the right to apply the required legal procedures about persons, institutions and organizations within the framework of Turkish rules. Our journal doesn\’t bear any obligation to give a printed issue to any authors, person or institutions.

24. The evaluation period of the studies uploaded to the system is two months. Studies not evaluated within this period and not received report about the related information are sent to a different referee.

25. Our journal publishes four times a year. But the publication board of the journal has the right to publish in special conditions and interim periods. This condition depends on the initiative of the journal management.

26. Publication and copyrights of the published studies belong to our journal. The copyright of the each study uploaded to the system is automatically transferred to the journal. No sign for the copyright agreement is requested from the authors for this operation. The author accepts these conditions in advance for the study uploaded to the system. There is no right of opposition.

27. Our journal publishes declarations presented in conferences and seminars which are held within scientific framework in one volume as a special edition under the journal publication conditions. Such kind of works are only performed with the agreement made with the relevant conference executive board. Although it is published as a special edition, relevant studies are sent to the indexes that search the journal. But these studies are shown under the journal download button in pdf format. They are different than the studies which are evaluated in normal process on the main page. Declarations of conferences demanded to be published in our journal in some situations are requested to be evaluated by our journal\’s referees. This is carried out upon the decision of board of editors. Referee evaluation reports of these studies and the ones accepted in conference are requested from concerned executive boards. Demanded reports are evaluated by our journal\’s board of editors, and studies which are decided as appropriate are published in our journal.

• 27 POINT PUBLICATION PRINCIPLES AND INFORMATION STATED ABOVE ARE CON-SIDERED AS ADOPTED BY THE AUTHOR OR AUTHORS INCLUDED IN THE SYSTEM. NONE OF THE AUTHORS HAVE THE RİGHT TO OBJECT THESE PUBLICATION PRIN-CIPLES. OUR JOURNAL HAS A UNILATERAL RIGHT IN PUBLICATION, EVALUATION or DENIAL OF THE PUBLICATION PRINCIPLES and STUDIES. THIS RIGHT CAN NOT BE CHANGED NOTWITHSTANDING ANY CONDITION. OUR JOURNAL HAS THE RIGHT TO USE ITS LEGAL RIGHTS UNILATERALLY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF RELEVANT RULES AND LIABILITIES AGAINST THE AUTHOR/AUTHORS ACTING OUT OF THE FRAMEWORK OF RELEVANT PRINCIPLES or RULES. EVERYBODY INCLUDED IN THE SYSTEM ACCEPTS THESE RULES IN ADVANCE.

ARBITRATION BOARDTITLE NAME INSTITUTIONDR. A. Bruce CLEMENTS KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. A. Gamze Yücel IŞILDAR GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. A.Evren ERGİNAL ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Abdulkadir YUVALI ERCİYET UNIVERSITY

DR. Aberdeen Leila BORDERS KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Adalet KANDIR GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Adem ÇABUK ULUDAĞ UNIVERSITY

DR. Adülkadir OĞRAK BARTIN UNIVERSITY

DR. Ahmet ACAR DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Ahmet AKIN SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ahmet AKŞİT NİĞDE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ahmet Burçin YERELİ HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ahmet Ercan GEGEZ MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ahmet ERGÜLEN NİĞDE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ahmet Faruk AYSAN BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Ahmet Faruk DOĞAN BEYKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Ahmet GÜNAY BALIKESİR UNIVERSITY

DR. Ahmet İMANÇER EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ahmet İNAM ODTU

DR. Ahmet ÜSTÜN AMASYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Akartürk KARAHAN YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY

DR. Alev FATOŞ FARSA EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Alev Fatoş PARSA EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ali GÜREŞ CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Ali HALICI BAŞKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Ali KIZILET MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ali Murat KIRIK MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ali Osman UYSAL ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Ali ÖZARBOY MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ali PULAT UŞAK UNIVERSITY

DR. Ali Serdar YÜCEL FIRAT UNIVERSITY

DR. Ali Volkan ERDEMİR ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Alper ASLAN NEVŞEHİR UNIVERSITY

DR. Alptekin YAVAŞ ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Ani AGOPYAN MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Aniruddha BAGCHI KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Arif TUNÇEZ SELÇUK UNIVERSITY

DR. Ariful ISLAM BASIC BANK

DR. Arslan TOPAKKAYA ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Arzu ÖZYÜREK KARABÜK UNIVERSITY

DR. Aslı ERİM ÖZDOĞAN ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Aslı Özlem TARAKÇIOĞLU GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Aslı SAĞIROĞLU ARSLAN ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Aslı TAYLI MUĞLA UNIVERSITY

DR. Atabey KILIÇ ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Atik KULAKLI BEYKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayda ÇELEBİOĞLU ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR Ayfer BUDAK ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR Ayfer ONAN DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR Ayfer TANRIVERDİ GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR Aygül ALAN ERNEK MALTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayhan AYTAÇ TRAKYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayhan HELVACI ULUDAĞ UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayhan ÖZŞAHİN MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Aykut GÜL OSMANİYE UNIVERSITY

DR. Aykut LENGER EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayla ALTINTEN GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayla TAŞKIRAN DÜZCE UNIVERSITY

DR. Aylin NAZLI EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Aylin ZEKİOĞLU CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayse Sezen BAYOĞLU ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Aysel PEHLİVAN MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşe ATALAY MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşe ÇAYLAK TÜRKER ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşe KARADUMAN HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşe Meral TÖREYİN GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşe MURATHAN GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşe N. YARELİ CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşe OKANLI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşe TÜRKSOY İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşen Altun ADA DUMLUPINAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşen CANDAŞ BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşen HİÇ GENÇER BOSTON UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşen KORUKOĞLU EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşen TEMEL EĞİNLİ EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayşen TOKOL ULUDAĞ UNIVERSITY

DR. Aytekin ALBUZ GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Aytekin ALPULLU MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ayten AKATAY ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Bahri ÖZTÜRK İSTANBUL KÜLTÜR UNIVERSITY

DR. Bai Chuan YANG FU JEN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

DR. Baki YILMAZ SELÇUK UNIVERSITY

DR. Banu AYÇA MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Banu KEMALOĞLU ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Barış KARAELMA GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Barış KAYA ZONGULDAK KARAELMAS UNIVERSITY

DR. Belgin AYDINTAN GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Belgin GÖKYÜREK GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Belkız Ayhan TARHAN LEFKE AVRUPA UNIVERSITY

DR. Bello YEKKINI OJO WESLEY UNIVERSITY

DR. Belma FIRLAR EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Berna YAVUZ DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Besim AKIN MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Beyhan ÖZTÜRK ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Bilgehan GÜVEN ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Billie Ann BROTMAN KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Bing Eng WU NATIONAL CHENG CHI UNIVERSITY

DR. Birol DOĞAN EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Birsen KOLDEMİR İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Burak KARTAL CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Burcu ARACIOĞLU EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Burçak KAYA İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Burhanettin FARİZOĞLU BALIKESİR UNIVERSITY

DR. Bülent GÜLÇUBUK ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Cahit AYDEMİR DİCLE UNIVERSITY

DR. Cahit GÜNGÖR ÇUKUROVA UNIVERSITY

DR. Canan ALBAYRAK SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Catherine CLEVELAND KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Celil ARSLAN ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Cem ÖZEN KADİR HAS UNIVERSITY

DR. Cemal YILMAZ FIRAT UNIVERSITY

DR. Cemal ZEHİR YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSTIY

DR. Cengiz AKBULAK ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Cengiz ÖZMETİN BALIKESİR UNIVERSITY

DR. Cevat BİLGİN ÇUKUROVA UNIVERSITY

DR. Cevdet Alptekin KAYALI CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Chang Chao CHING NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY

DR. Chang Lin YANG NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Chun Chi YANG NATIONAL CHENG CHI UNIVERSITY

DR. Chyi Lun CHIOU NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Colin C. WILLIAMS SHEFFIELD UNIVERSITY

DR. Cumhur ASLAN ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Çağlan Karasu BENLİ GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Çetin BEKTAŞ ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Çetin YAMAN SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Çiğdem GÜLER MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Çiler HATİPOĞLU ODTU

DR. Daniel L. RUBINFELD UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

DR. David BRAY KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Dennis J. CAHAMBERS KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Derya AYDIN OKUR İSTANBUL KÜLTÜR UNIVERSITY

DR. Dilaver TENGİLİMLİOĞLU ATILIM UNIVERSITY

DR. Dilek ANUK İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Dilek DEMİRHAN EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Dizar ERCİVAN ZENCİRCİ EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Doğan BIÇKI ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Dorothy BRAWLEY KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Durmuş Ali BAL ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Durmuş TEZCAN İSTANBUL KÜLTÜR UNIVERSITY

DR. Dursun ARIKBOĞA İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Duygu SÖKEZOĞLU AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ebru Özgül ÇETİN EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ebru Özgül GÜREL ÇUKUROVA UNIVERSITY

DR. Eda PURUTÇUOĞLU ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Efsun Ezel ESATOĞLU ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ekrem ALBAYRAK MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ela Ayşe KÖKSAL NİĞDE UNIVERSITY

DR. Elçin MACAR YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DR. Elif ÇEKİCİ MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Elif ÖZMETİN BALIKESİR UNIVERSITY

DR. Elizabeth BOYD KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Elnur Hasan MİKAİL KAFKAS UNIVERSITY

DR. Emel Funda TÜRKMEN AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Emine DEMİRAY ANADOLU UNIVERSITY

DR. Emine KOLAÇ ANADOLU UNIVERSITY

DR. Emine ÖZMETE ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Emre YANIKKEREM CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Erdal EKİCİ ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Erdal ZORBA GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Erdem ÜNVER ATILIM UNIVERSITY

DR. Erdemir GÜNDOĞMUŞ ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Erdinç ALTAY İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Erdinç KARADENİZ MERSİN UNIVERSITY

DR. Erdoğan GÜNEŞ ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ergun YOLCU İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Erhan IŞIKLAR EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Erol DURAN ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Erol SOLMAZ MUĞLA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ertuğrul GELEN SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Esin KUMLU DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Esin ÖZKAN EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Esma Görkem KAYAALP ERSOY BEYKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Eva ŞARLAK IŞIK UNIVERSITY

DR. Faruk KARACA ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Fatih KILIÇ SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL UNIVERSITY

DR. Fatma ALİSİNANOĞLU GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Fatma ÇELİK KARAPINAR MEHMET AKİF ERSOY UNIVERSITY

DR. Fatma PAKDİL BAŞKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Fatma TEZEL ŞAHİN GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Fatma YETİM GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Fatoş GERMİRLİ BABUNA İSTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DR. Fatoş SİLMAN ULUSLARARASI KIBRIS UNIVERSITY

DR. Fehmi TUNCEL ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Feriha YILDIRIM GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Feryal ÇUBUKÇU DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Figen GÜRSOY ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Fikret GÜLAÇTI ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Fikriye TOKER TRAKYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Filiz ERBAY MEVLANA UNIVERSITY

DR. Filiz GİRAY ULUDAĞ UNIVERSITY

DR. Filiz GÖLPEK GAZİKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Fusun TOPSÜMER EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Gaye ÖZDEMİR EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Genty KABIRU ISHOLA LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Gögçe UYSAL BAHÇEŞEHİR UNIVERSITY

DR. Gökhan BOLAT ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Gökhan DELİCEOĞLU KIRIKKALE UNIVERSITY

DR. Gökşen ARAS ATILIM UNIVERSITY

DR. Görkem MERGEN ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Gülcan ERAKTAN ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Gülden ERTUĞRUL DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Güldeniz EKMEN MALTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Gülsen KIRLA ÇUKUROVA UNIVERSITY

DR. Gülşen ERYILMAZ ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Gülten BULDUKER ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Gülten HERGÜNER SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Gürbüz GÖKÇEN MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Habib YILDIZ SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Hacer ÖZGEN HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Hacı Ömer KARPUZ PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITY

DR. Hadiye ÖZER ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Haıjun MAO DALIAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Hakan CAVLAK DÜZCE UNIVERSITY

DR. Hakan KOLAYIŞ SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Hakan SARIBAŞ ZONGULDAK KARAELMAS UNIVERSITY

DR. Hakan YILDIRIM MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Halil FİDAN ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Halil İbrahim BAHAR POLICE ACADEMY

DR. Halil İbrahim SAĞLAM SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Halil İbrahim TANÇ ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Halil KALABALIK SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Halil TANIL EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Halil TEKİN HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Haluk ÖZSARI İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Hamdi GÜLEÇ ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Hanifi ASLAN HASANKALYONCU UNIVERSITY

DR. Hanifi KURT EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Harun ÖĞMÜŞ SELÇUK UNIVERSITY

DR. Harun ÜRER EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Hasan ABDİOĞLU BALIKESİR UNIVERSITY

DR. Hasan BAKTIR ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Hasan İlhan TUTALAR DİCLE UNIVERSITY

DR. Hasan TATLI ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Hatice ANIL DEĞERMEN İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Hatice YALÇIN KAMANANOĞLU MEHMETBEY UNIVERSITY

DR. Havva ÖZKAN ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Havva YAMAN SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Hidaye Aydan SİLKÜ EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Hilmi SÜNGÜ BOZOK UNIVERSITY

DR. Hongyu ZHAO UNIVERSITY OF YALE

DR. Hope BAKER KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Hülya GÜLAY OGELMAN PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITY

DR. Hülya İz BÖLÜKOĞLU GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Hüseyin AĞIR KAHRAMAN MARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM UNIVERSITY

DR. Hüseyin AKTAŞ CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Hüseyin YILMAZ UŞAK UNIVERSITY

DR. Hüsnü ERKAN DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Işık BAYRAKTAR MINISTRY OF YOUTH AND SPORTS

DR. Işıl AKGÜL MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. İbrahim BUDAK ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. İbrahim ÇAM CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. İbrahim EROL CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. İbrahim YILMAZ ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. İlhami YÜCEL ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. İlknur TÜTÜNCÜ KASTAMONU UNIVERSITY

DR. İlyas KARABIYIK ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. İlyas SÖZEN BEYKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. İmdat ELMAS İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. İnci KAYHAN KUZGUN HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. İnci Kuyulu ERSOY EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. İrfan GÜLMEZ MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. İrfan GÜNSEL YAKIN DOĞU UNIVERSITY

DR. İsa ÇELİK ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. İsmail AYDOĞAN ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. İsmail GÜLEÇ SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. İsmet EMRE BARTIN UNIVERSITY

DR. Jane CAMPBELL KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Janice BARROW KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Jen Lung KAO THE OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Jer San HU NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY

DR. Jess BENHABIB NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

DR. Jess BENHABIB NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

DR. Jing GUO UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII

DR. Justin COCHRAN KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Kadim ÖZTÜRK DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Kağan ÖĞÜT BAHÇEŞEHİR UNIVERSITY

DR. Kaya YILDIZ ABANT İZZET BAYSAL UNIVERSITY

DR. Kazım GÜNER ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Kerim TÜRKMEN ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Kerime ÜSTÜNOVA ULUDAĞ UNIVERSITY

DR. Kurtuluş Yılmaz GENÇ GİRESUN UNIVERSITY

DR. Kürşad SERTBAŞ SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Kürşad ZORLU AHİ EVRAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Kürşat YILMAZ DUMLUPINAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Lale GÜREMEN AMASYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Lale ORTA OKAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Lance BROUTHERS KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Leemen LEE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFRONIA

DR. Levent BAYRAKTAR ATAKENT VETERINARY MEDICINE

DR. Li Fei CHEN NATIONAL TSING HUA UNIVERSITY

DR. Li Shia HUANG NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Lokman Hakan TECER BALIKESİR UNIVERSITY

DR. Lordwell C.T. NKHWANGWA PENTECOSTAL LIFE UNIVERSITY

DR. Lütfiye OKTAR İZMİR EKONOMİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Macide ŞOĞUR İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Mahir GÜMÜŞ ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Mahmut AKBOLAT SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Mahmut HIZIROĞLU SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Marcus L. CAYLOR KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Marijana BARIC THE UNIVERSITY OF BUCKINGHAM

DR. Mark M. SPIEGEL FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF SAN FRANCISCO

DR. Mark M. SPIEGEL FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF SAN FRANCISCO

DR. Mehmet Akif ARVAS YÜZÜYÜNCÜ YIL UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet Ali HAMATOĞLU SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet ANIK BARTIN UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet Barış HORZUM SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet BULUT GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet Devrim TOPSES ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet Gökhan GENEL YALOVA UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet GÜÇLÜ GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet GÜNAY GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet Hayrullah AKYILDIZ DİCLE UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet İNBAŞI ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet KAYA SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet METE DİCLE UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet Metin HÜLAGÜ ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet ÖZBAŞ ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet ÖZDEMİR SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet TANYAŞ MALTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet TOP HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet Yalçın TAŞMEKTEPLİGİL 19 MAYIS UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet YORULMAZ MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Mehmet YÜCE ULUDAĞ UNIVERSITY

DR. Melike Lale GÜLER MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Meltem DOĞAN GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Meltem GÜRÜNLÜ MALTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Meltem Kutlu GÜRSEL DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Meltem YILMAZ GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Menderes KABADAYI 19 MAYIS UNIVERSITY

DR. Meneviş Uzbay PİRİLİ EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Merih Tekin BENDER EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Mesut İDRİZ HASANKALYONCU UNIVERSITY

DR. Mesut TEKSAN ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Metin AYCIL HASANKALYONCUUNIVERSITY

DR. Metin AYCIL HASANKALYONCUUNIVERSITY

DR. Metin KAYA GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Metin SABAN ZONGULDAK KARAELMAS UNIVERSITY

DR. Metin SAYIN CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Metin UYAR BEYKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Metin YAMAN GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Metin YILMAZ AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Mevhibe ALBAYRAK ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Michael Mihalis KUYUCU İSTANBUL AYDIN UNIVERSITY

DR. Michael T. S. LEE THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS

DR. Miguel Angel PEREZ BENEDITO UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA

DR. Mine SARAN EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Mirza TOKPUNAR ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Mohammed ABDULLAHI FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC

DR. Muhammet Fatih KESLER ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Muhammet Hanefi PALABIYIK ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Murat AYDOĞDU DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Murat DELİCE ERZURUM POLICE DEPARTMENT

DR. Murat ERCAN BİLECİK UNIVERSITY

DR. Murat KUL BARTIN UNIVERSITY

DR. Murat NİŞANCI ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Murat ÜNAL EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Musa BİLGİZ ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Mustafa AKSOY ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Mustafa BAYRAKÇI SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Mustafa ÇOLAK 19 MAYIS UNIVERSITY

DR. Mustafa KAYA ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Mustafa KESKİN ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Mustafa KOÇ SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Mustafa ÖNER UZUN AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Mustafa TALAS NİĞDE UNIVERSITY

DR. Mustafa UĞURLU MUĞLA UNIVERSITY

DR. Mutlu TÜRKMEN BARTIN UNIVERSITY

DR. Muzaffer AKSOY BANK ARABIC

DR. Muzaffer ERCAN YILMAZ BALIKESİR UNIVERSITY

DR. Müjde KER DİNÇER EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Mümin KARABULUT BEYKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Mümtaz SARIÇİÇEK ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Münevver YALÇINKAYA EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Münir ÖZTÜRK EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Münir ŞAKRAK MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. N.Oğuzhan ALTAY EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Naim DENİZ ÜSKÜDAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Nalan AKDOĞAN BAŞKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Nalan TÜRKMEN MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Natık RZAZADE AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Nazan GÜNAY EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Necdet AYSAL ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Nejla GÜNAY GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Nergiz ÖZKURAL BEYKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Nesrin ADA EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Nesrin BAYRAKTAR ERTEN ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Neşet AYDIN ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Nevin YILDIRIM KOYUNCU EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Neylan ZİYALAR İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Nezahat GÜÇLÜ GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Nezihe ŞENTÜRK GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Nihal ARIOĞLU İSTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DR. Nilah YETKİN İZMİR EKONOMİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Nilay KARAKAYA ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Nilgün AÇIK ÖNKAŞ MUĞLA UNIVERSITY

DR. Nilgün TOKER KILINÇ EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Nilgün TUTAL CHEVİRON GALATASARAY UNIVERSITY

DR. Nilüfer DALKILIÇ DUMLUPINAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Nimet ÖNÜR EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Niyazi KURNAZ DUMLUPINAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Nuran AKŞİT AŞIK BALIKESİR UNIVERSITY

DR. Nuray ALTUĞ MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Nuray EKŞİ İSTANBUL KÜLTÜR UNIVERSITY

DR. Nurdan KALAYCI GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Nurdan SARAÇOĞLU GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Nurettin ARSLAN ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Nurettin BİROL ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Nurgül ÖZDEMİR ADNAN MENDERES UNIVERSITY

DR. Nurhan TEKEREK ULUDAĞ UNIVERSITY

DR. Nurhayat ÇELEBİ KARABÜK UNIVERSITY

DR. Nuri BİLGİN EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Nurşin ATEŞOĞLU GÜNEY YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DR. Nusret RAMAZANOĞLU MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Oğuz BAL GEBZE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DR. Oğuz ÇETİN NİĞDE UNIVERSITY

DR. Okan TUNA DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Osman İMAMOĞLU 19 MAYIS UNIVERSITY

DR. Osman KABAKÇILI MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

DR. Osman TİTREK SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Osman YILDIZ SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL UNIVERSITY

DR. Ömer Faruk ÇETİN ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Ömer İSKENDEROĞLU NİĞDE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ömer Rıfkı ÖNDER ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ömer TURAN ODTU

DR. Özay ÖZPENÇE PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITY

DR. Özbay GÜVEN GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Özcan GÜNGÖR ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Özcan SEZER ZONGULDAK KARAELMAS UNIVERSITY

DR. Özer YILMAZ BALIKESİR UNIVERSITY

DR. Özgür AY AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Özgür Kasım AYDEMİR PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITY

DR. Özlem CANKURTARAN ÖNTAŞ HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Özlem GÖRÜMLÜ DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Pamila S. DEMBLA KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Paşa YALÇIN ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Pelin AVŞAR DUMLUPINAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Pınar TINAZ MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Pooja ROY DASGUPTA NAGPUR UNIVERSITY

DR. Proshenjit GHOSH BASIC BANK

DR. Rahmi YAĞBASAN BAŞKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Ramazan ABACI SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Ramazan AKSOY ZONGULDAK KARAELMAS UNIVERSITY

DR. Ramazan ERDEM SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL UNIVERSITY

DR. Ramazan GÖKBUNAR CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Ranamarcella ÖZENÇ HALİÇ UNIVERSITY

DR. Rasim KALE KARADENİZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DR. Rayhan ISLAM KHULNA UNIVERSITY

DR. Recai COŞKUN SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Recep BOZTEMUR ODTU

DR. Recep KAYMAKCAN SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Recep ÖZKAN NİĞDE UNIVERSITY

DR. Recep TARI KOCAELİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Remzi ALTUNIŞIK SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Rezzan TATLIDİL EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Rıdvan KARACAN KOCAELİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Richard CLUNE KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Robert S. PINDYCK HARVARD KENNDY SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT

DR. Robert S. PINDYCK HARVARD KENNDY SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT

DR. Robin CHERAMIE KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Rong Hwa HUANG NATIONAL TAIWAN INSTUTUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DR. Ruhet GENÇ BİLGİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Ruhettin YAZOĞLU ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Sabiha SEVİNÇ ALTAŞ SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Sacit ADALI TURGUT ÖZAL UNIVERSITY

DR. Sadık KILIÇ ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Safiye AKDENİZ EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Sahavet GURDAL MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Salih ÖZTÜRK GAZİKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Salih Zeki İMAMOĞLU GEBZE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DR. Sami MENGÜTAY HALİÇ UNIVERSITY

DR. Satya CHAKRAVORTY KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Sayın DALKIRAN ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Sebahat ERDOĞAN GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Seda ŞENGÜL ÇUKUROVA UNIVERSITY

DR. Sefer GÜMÜŞ BEYKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Selahattin GÜRİŞ MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Selahattin KARABINAR SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Selçuk BİLGİN GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Selçuk Bora ÇAVUŞOĞLU İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Selçuk KENDİRLİ HİTİT UNIVERSITY

DR. Selçuk ÖZTEK MALTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Selçuk YALÇIN DUMLUPINAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Selman CAN ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Selver ÖZÖZEN KAHRAMAN ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Selver YILDIZ ULUDAĞ UNIVERSITY

DR. Sema Altun YALÇIN ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Sema BUZ HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Semih YILMAZ MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Semih YILMAZ MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Semiyha DOLAŞIR TUNCER ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Semra DAŞÇI EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Serap ALTUNTAŞ ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Serap ÇABUK ÇUKUROVA UNIVERSITY

DR. Serap MUNGAN AY MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Serap SÖKMEN ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Serdar AYAN DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Serdar ERDURMAZ HASANKALYONCU UNIVERSITY

DR. Serdar PİRTİNİ MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Serdar TOK CELALBAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Serkan BENK ZONGULDAK KARAELMAS UNIVERSITY

DR. Serkan EKİZ DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Serpil DÜNDAR ANADOLU UNIVERSITY

DR. Servet YAŞAR AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Seviç KÖSE CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Sevim BUDAK İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Sevinç GÜNEL HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Sevinç ÖZER ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Sevinç ÜRETEN BAŞKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Shang Chia LIU FU JEN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

DR. Shin Peng SHIAH HOU NATIONAL CHENG CHI UNIVERSITY

DR. ShuHsien LIAO TAMKANG UNIVERSITY

DR. ShuHsien LIAO TAMKANG UNIVERSITY

DR. Sibel ARSLAN KIRIKKALE UNIVERSITY

DR. Sibel KARGIN CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Sibel SÖNMEZ EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Sinan AYAN KIRIKKALE UNIVERSITY

DR. Sinan BOZKURT MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Sinem TUNA İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Siret HÜRSOY EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Solmaz ZELYUT EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Soner AKKOÇ DUMLUPINAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Soner ESMER DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Soner YAĞLI EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Stacy M. CAMPBELL KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Suat CANOĞLU MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Suat UĞUR ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Sudi APAK BEYKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Sue Jane CHIANG NATIONAL SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY

DR. Sultan Bilge KESKİNKILIÇ KARA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

DR. Susan CARLEY KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Suzan Suzi TOKATLI ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Süleyman DEMİRCİ ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Süleyman ÖVEZ İSTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DR. Süleyman ÖZDEMİR İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Süphan NASIR İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Süreyya SAKINÇ CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Ş.Emet GÜREL EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Şaban KAYIHAN SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Şafak Ertan ÇOMAKLI ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Şahamet BÜLBÜL MALTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Şakir BATMAZ ERCİYES UNIVERSITY

DR. Şebnem ARIKBOĞA İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY

DR. Şebnem ASLAN SELÇUK UNIVERSITY

DR. Şebnem BURNAZ İSTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DR. Şebnem TOPLU EGE UNIVERSITY

DR. Şehnaz ERTEM GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Şengül HABLEMİTOĞLU ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Şeref ULUOCAK ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Şerif Ali BOZKAPLAN DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Şinasi SÖNMEZ ZONGULDAK KARAELMAS UNIVERSITY

DR. Şükran Güzin ILICAK AYDINALP KÜLTÜR UNIVERSITY

DR. Tamer BUDAK ZONGULDAK KARAELMAS UNIVERSITY

DR. Taner AKÇACI KİLİS 7 ARALIK UNIVERSITY

DR. Tarkan KAÇMAZ DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Taşkın TANRIKULU FATİH UNIVERSITY

DR. Tevhit AYENGİN ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Thomas W. DELBROOK KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Timothy BLUMENTRITT KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Timur Han GÜR HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Traci CARTE KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Tridib BANDYOPADHYAY KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Tuğçe TUNA MİMAR SİNAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Tuncay AYAŞ SAKARYA UNIVERSITY

DR. Tunç ÖZBEN BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Turgay BİÇER MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Turhan KORKMAZ ZONGULDAK KARAELMAS UNIVERSITY

DR. Tülin SÖYLEMEZOĞLU ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Türkay BULUT HALİÇ UNIVERSITY

DR. Ufuk ALPKAYA MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Uğur BATI YEDİTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Uğur DEMİRAY ANADOLU UNIVERSITY

DR. Uğur TÜRKMEN AYFON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ülkü GÜNEY MALTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Ümit GÜNER DUMLUPINAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Ünal BİLİR ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Vahit CELAL AĞRI İBRAHİM ÇEÇEN UNIVERSITY

DR. Valide PAŞEYEVA ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY

DR. Vasif NABİYEV KARADENİZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DR. Vedat BAL HASANKALYONCU UNIVERSITY

DR. Veli DUYAN ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Veli Özer ÖZBEK DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Veysel KÜÇÜK MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Vibha GABA INSEAD THE BUSINESS SCHOOL

DR. Vibha GABA INSEAD THE BUSINESS SCHOOL

DR. Volkan ÖNGEL BEYKENT UNIVERSITY

DR. Yagoub ELRYAH XIAMEN UNIVERSITY

DR. Yakup HACI ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Yakup POYRAZ 19 MAYIS UNIVERSITY

DR. Yalçın TAŞMEKTEPLİGİL 19 MAYIS UNIVERSITY

DR. Yaonan LIN GOLDEN GATE UNIVERSITY

DR. Yasemin KÖSE ZONGULDAK KARAELMAS UNIVERSITY

DR. Yasemin YAVUZER NİĞDE UNIVERSITY

DR. Yasin ÖZKARA AKDENİZ UNIVERSITY

DR. Yaşar ÖZBAY GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Yaşar TATAR MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Yavuz SOYKAN DUMLUPINAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Yavuz YILDIZ CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Yener ATASEVEN ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Yener ÖZEN ERZİNCAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Yeşim Bektaş ÇETİNKAYA DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

DR. Yılmaz KARADENİZ MUŞ ALPARSLAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Yie Fang KAO NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY

DR. Yu Tse LIN NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY

DR. Yusuf ÇELİK HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Yusuf GÜMÜŞ DUMLUPINAR UNIVERSITY

DR. Yusuf MİRİŞLİ AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY

DR. Yücel BAŞEĞİT ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Zafer AKBAŞ DÜZCE UNIVERSITY

DR. Zafer ÖNLER ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Zahit SERARSLAN MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Zeki KAYA GAZİ UNIVERSITY

DR. Zeki PARLAK MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Zekiye UYSAL ÇANAKKALE 18 MART UNIVERSITY

DR. Zeliha KAYAALTI ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Zeliha YAZICI AKDENİZ UNIVERSITY

DR. Zeynep Çiğdem UYSAL ÜREY ÇANKAYA UNIVERSTY

DR. Zeynep ZAFER ANKARA UNIVERSITY

DR. Zong Ying ZHOU NATIONAL CHENG CHI UNIVERSITY

Atakent 2 Mah. Akasya 1 Evleri C2/23 Blok Kat 4 D 17 Halkalı Küçükçekmece İstanbul

mail: [email protected] & [email protected]


Documents

IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES … · to the professional attitude and social perceptions of employees 42-57 ercan Şahbudak, murat korkmaz, muhammet bekÇİ,