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THE EFFECT OF BAUXITE MINING ON WATER QUALITY
OF SUNGAI MABUK AT BUKIT GOH, KUANTAN
KHAIRUL NIZAM BIN MAT AMIN
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Civil)
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JUNE 2017
iv
To the dearest and beloved mother and wife
Hajjah Rokiah Binti Abu Bakar
Siti Aishah Binti Ali
To my beloved and cuties son and daughters
Muhammad Adib Darwish
Siti Aleesya Khadeeja
Siti Aiman Kaisara
Siti Ameena Khaira
Hope all of you are success in this world and hereafter
Thank you for your support and helpful
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, syukur Alhamdulillah, thanks to Allah SWT for all that
happens and gives me strength to complete this final project. Special thanks to
my supervisors Assoc. Prof. Dr. Johan Bin Sohaili for fully support, ideas,
patience, knowledge, unwavering guidance and facilitate during completion of
this final project.
Special thanks to my students of Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah
and team for the cooperation and commitment during the data collection. Also
special thanks especially to Encik Aimi Ilmar bin Ramli, Haji Abdul Rahim
Bin Wagiran and Encik Muhamad Fahmi Bin Shukor for cooperation and
guidance during data processing and analyzing until producing the final result.
All cooperation and assistance are very priceless.
Last but not least, thanks to my family, colleagues and all of the
members for the help either directly or indirectly to fulfill this project. May
Allah SWT bless for all of you. Insha’Allah.
vi
ABSTRACT
The usage of contaminated water can affect especially to the health of
human, animals and plants. Bauxite mining in a district of Kuantan, Pahang
offers some exciting economic opportunities for various people, especially
individual land owners. Nevertheless, the ‘bauxite boom’, the extensive and
uncontrolled mining activities have great potentials to cause adverse impacts
on the environment especially water quality in the river nearby. The area of the
study is Felda Bukit Goh, Kuantan, whereby Sungai Mabuk is situated at one
of the sources of the water intake of Bukit Goh treatment plant. The objectives
of the study are to determine the effect of bauxite mining activity to the water
quality of Sungai Mabuk according to Water Quality Index (WQI) and
National Water Quality Standard (NWQS) including bauxite parameters such
as aluminium, ferum and silica. QUAL2E modelling is using in order to predict
the water quality. In this study, water samples are taken from three stations S1,
S2 and S3 along the river during the sunny and rainy day. The water quality
parameters are also used to develop the QUAL2E model of Sungai Mabuk. The
results show the values of NH3N, Al and Fe are among the largest contributor
of pollution in Sungai Mabuk. Bauxite mining activity contributed to the
increase of Al and Fe parameter in river. However, TSS content in Sungai
Mabuk is low and this shows that the bauxite mining activity nearby is
manageable and under control. The WQI mean values are 78.59 %, 77.09 %
and 73.56 % at stations S1, S2 and S3 respectively during a sunny day and can
classified as Class II and III. The WQI value decreases which is 74.63 %, 72.82
% and 69.3 % at stations S1, S2 and S3 respectively during a rainy day and can
classify as Class III with moderately pollutedduring a rainy day. The QUAL2E
model was successfully used to predict the pattern and trend of the water
quality parameters. Beside that, with the pollution that matches effluent
Standard B released by DOE or if the pollution situation is worst, it still occurs
that Sungai Mabuk is under control and can make a process of purification of
the river. The river pollutant parameters are under control and the downward
trend occurs at the downstream side.
vii
ABSTRAK
Penggunaan air yang tercemar boleh member kesan terutamanya
kepada kesihatan manusia, haiwan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan. Perlombongan
bauksit di Kuantan, Pahang meningkatkan pendapatan dan ekonomi
terutamanya kepada pemilik tanah persendirian. Walaubagaimanapun, 'bauksit
boom', adalah aktiviti perlombongan yang aggresif dan tidak terkawal serta
menyebabkan kesan buruk kepada alam sekitar terutamanyakepada kualiti air
di sunga iberhampiran. Kawasan kajian ini adalah di Felda Bukit Goh,
Kuantan, di mana Sungai Mabuk merupakan sumber bekalan air ke loji rawatan
air Bukit Goh yang terletak di kawasan ini. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk
menentukan kesan aktiviti perlombongan bauksit ke atas kualiti air Sungai
Mabuk berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air (IKA) dan Standard Kualiti Air
Kebangsaan (NWQS) termasuk parameter yang terkandung dalam bauksit
seperti aluminium, ferum dan silika. Model QUAL2E digunakan untuk
meramalkan trend kualiti air disepanjang sungai berkenaan. Dalam kajian ini,
sampel air diambil dari tiga stesen iaitu S1, S2 dan S3 disepanjang sungai
ketika cuaca panas dan hujan. Nilai parameter kualiti air ini juga digunakan
untuk membangunkan model kualiti air QUAL2E bagi Sungai Mabuk. Hasil
analisis menunjukkan parameter NH3N, Al dan Fe adalah merupakan
penyumbang terbesar kepada pencemaran air di Sungai Mabuk. Aktiviti
perlombongan bauksit menyumbang kepada peningkatan parameter Al dan Fe.
Walaubagaimanapun, kandungan TSS di Sungai Mabuk adalah rendah dan ini
menunjukkan bahawa aktiviti perlombongan bauksit di kawasan berhampiran
adalah terkawal. Nilai IKA adalah78.59 %, 77.09 % dan 73.56 % di stesen S1,
S2 dan S3 ketika cuaca panas iaitu berada dalam Kelas II dan III. Nilai IKA
adalah lebih rendah iaitu 74.63 %, 72.82 % dan 69.3 % di stesen S1, S2 dan S3
ketika cuaca hujan dan berada dalam Kelas III iaitu sederhana tercemar. Model
QUAL2E telah berjaya dibangunkan untuk meramal corak dan trend parameter
kualiti air. Dengan kadar dan nilai pencemaran yang sepadan dengan efluen
Standard B yang dikeluarkan oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar atau jika keadaan
pencemaran yang lebih buruk berlaku, Sungai Mabuk masih dalam keadaan
terkawal dan trend bahan pencemar adalah menurun di bahagian hilir sungai.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGES
DECLARATION ii - iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii - xi
LIST OF TABLES xii - xiii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv - xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xviii - xix
LIST OF APPENDICES xx
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem of Statement 3
1.3 Aim and Objectives 4
1.4 Scope of Study 5
1.5 Significance of Study 5
1.6 Summary 6
ix
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Water Quality Parameter 8
2.3 Water Quality Index 9
2.4 Water Classification based on 10
National Water Quality Standards
2.4.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 11
2.4.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand 12
2.4.3 Ammonical Nitrogen 12
2.4.4 pH 13
2.4.5 Total Suspended Solids 13
2.4.6 Dissolved Oxygen 14
2.4.7 Aluminium 14
2.4.8 Ferum 15
2.4.9 Silica 16
2.5 Composition of Bauxite in Kuantan 16
2.5.1 Uses of Bauxite 18
2.5.2 Content of Bauxite 19
2.5.3 Bauxite Mining Process 20
2.5.4 Physical Effect of Bauxite 21
2.5.5 Effect of Bauxite on Health 21
2.5.6 Effect of Mining Impact Zone 23
2.5.7 Effect of Environment include Air, 24
Food and Visual Pollution due to Dust
2.6 Water Quality Model Using QUAL2E 27
2.6.1 Model Inputs 30
2.6.2 Model Outputs 32
2.6.3 Previous Studies in Malaysia Using 33
Water Quality Models
2.7 Summary 37
x
3 METHODOLOGY 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Study Area of Kampong Bukit Goh, Kuantan 41
3.3 Observation at the Site and the Determination 42
of the Station of Water Sample
3.4 Water Sampling Activity 45
3.5 In situ Test and Water Sampling Intake 45
3.6 Laboratory Testing 46
3.6.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 46
3.6.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand 47
3.6.3 Total Suspended Solids 47
3.6.4 Ammonical Nitrogen 48
3.6.5 Aluminium, Ferum and Silica 49
3.7 Determination of Water Quality Index 51
3.8 Development and Usage of QUAL2E Modeling 52
3.9 Summary 54
4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 55
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 Result of In situ Test 56
4.2.1 Dissolved Oxygen 56
4.2.2 pH 57
4.3 Result of Laboratory Test 58
4.3.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 59
4.3.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand 60
4.3.3 Ammonical Nitrogen 60
4.3.4 Total Suspended Solids 61
4.4 Results for Aluminium, Ferum and Silica 62
4.4.1 Aluminium 63
4.4.2 Ferum 64
4.4.3 Silica 64
xi
4.5 Water Quality Index 65
4.6 QUAL2E Modelling 68
4.7 Calibration and Validation of QUAL2E Modelling 70
4.7.1 Calibration Process 70
4.7.2 Validation of Water Quality Parameter 72
4.8 The Prediction of Water Quality using 81
QUAL2E Modelling
4.8.1 Dissolved Oxygen 82
4.8.2 Biological Oxygen Demand 84
4.8.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand 85
4.8.4 Ammonical Nitrogen 86
4.8.5 Total Suspended Solid 88
4.8.6 Aluminium 89
4.8.7 Ferum 90
4.8.8 Silica 92
4.9 Summary 93
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 94
5.1 Conclusion 94
5.2 Recommendations 96
REFERENCES 98
APPENDICES 101
xii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 The Status of River Based on WQI 10
2.2 River Classed Based on WQI Value 10
2.3 The River Classes due to NWQS 11
2.4 The Class of Water Quality Based on NWQS 11
2.5 QUAL2E Input Parameters 31
3.1 Location of Study Area 43
3.2 Water Sampling Activity 45
3.3 The Formula to Calculate the WQI Value 51
4.1 Result of In situ Test during Sunny Day 56
4.2 Result of In situ Test during Rainy Day 56
4.3 Result of Laboratory Test during Sunny Day 58
4.4 Result of Laboratory Test during Rainy Day 59
4.5 Result for Al, Fe and Si during Sunny Day 62
4.6 Result for Al, Fe and Si during Rainy Day 63
4.7 WQI value of Sunny and Rainy Day 65
4.8 WQI value in year 2015 and 2016 66
4.9 Flowrate and Water Quality Parameter Input for 69
QUAL2E Model during Sunny Day
4.10 Flowrate and Water Quality Parameter Input for 69
QUAL2E Model during Rainy Day
4.11 Water Quality Parameter Input for QUAL2E Model 82
for Prediction
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Typical Section through a Bauxite Profile in Kuantan Area 17
2.2 Bauxite Mining Process 20
2.3 Linkages between Bauxite Mining Activities and 22
Potentials Impacts
2.4 Mining Activities Occurring Close to School Area 23
2.5 Dust Deposited on Floor of the School 24
2.6 Red Dust Deposited on Window of Quarter Next 25
to Kuantan Port
2.7 Road Stretch toward Kuantan Port Heavily Covered 25
by Dark Red Dust
2.8 Sungai Selangor Watershed, Domestic Water Intakes and 34
Water Quality Monitoring Station
2.9 Location of Sungai Tebrau Watershed 36
3.1 Flowchart of Research Activities 40
3.2 Study area at Bukit Goh, Kuantan 41
3.3 Location of Study Area and Water Sampling Station 43
3.4 Station S1 for Water Sampling Point 44
3.5 Station S2 for Water Sampling Point 44
3.6 Station S3 for Water Sampling Point 44
xiv
4.1 Trend of DO along Sungai Mabuk during Sunny and Rainy Day 57
4.2 Trend of pH along Sungai Mabuk during Sunny and Rainy Day 58
4.3 Trend of BOD5 along Sungai Mabuk during Sunny 59
and Rainy Day
4.4 Trend of COD along Sungai Mabuk during Sunny 60
and Rainy Day
4.5 Trend of NH3N along Sungai Mabuk during Sunny 61
and Rainy Day
4.6 Trend of TSS along Sungai Mabuk during Sunny 62
and Rainy Day
4.7 Trend of Aluminium along Sungai Mabuk during Sunny 63
and Rainy Day
4.8 Trend of Ferum along Sungai Mabuk during Sunny 64
and Rainy Day
4.9 Trend of Silica along Sungai Mabuk during Sunny 65
and Rainy Day
4.10 WQI values during Sunny and Rainy Day 66
4.11 WQI in year 2015 and 2016 67
4.12 Sungai Mabuk Segmentation by QUAL2E Modelling 68
4.13 Calibration of Flowrate during Sunny Day 71
4.14 Calibration of Flowrate during Rainy Day 71
xv
4.15 Validation of DO Parameter during Sunny Day 72
4.16 Validation of DO Parameter during Rainy Day 73
4.17 Validation of BOD5 Parameter during Sunny Day 73
4.18 Validation of BOD5 Parameter during Rainy Day 74
4.19 Validation of NH3N Parameter during Sunny Day 74
4.20 Validation of NH3N Parameter during Rainy Day 75
4.21 Validation of COD Parameter during Sunny Day 76
4.22 Validation of COD Parameter during Rainy Day 76
4.23 Validation of TSS Parameter during Sunny Day 77
4.24 Validation of TSS Parameter during Rainy Day 77
4.25 Validation of Aluminium Parameter during Sunny Day 78
4.26 Validation of Aluminium Parameter during Rainy Day 78
4.27 Validation of Ferum Parameter during Sunny Day 79
4.28 Validation of Ferum Parameter during Rainy Day 79
4.29 Validation of Silica Parameter during Sunny Day 80
4.30 Validation of Silica Parameter during Rainy Day 80
4.31 Sungai Mabuk Segmentation by QUAL2E Modelling 81
of Prediction
4.32 Predicted DO by QUAL2E Modelling during Sunny Day 83
4.33 Predicted DO by QUAL2E Modelling during Rainy Day 83
xvi
4.34 Predicted BOD5 by QUAL2E Modelling during Sunny Day 84
4.35 Predicted BOD5 by QUAL2E Modelling during Rainy Day 85
4.36 Predicted COD by QUAL2E Modelling during Sunny Day 86
4.37 Predicted COD by QUAL2E Modelling during Rainy Day 86
4.38 Predicted NH3N by QUAL2E Modelling during Sunny Day 87
4.39 Predicted NH3N by QUAL2E Modelling during Rainy Day 87
4.40 Predicted TSS by QUAL2E Modelling during Sunny Day 89
4.41 Predicted TSS by QUAL2E Modelling during Rainy Day 89
4.42 Predicted Al by QUAL2E Modelling during Sunny Day 90
4.43 Predicted Al by QUAL2E Modelling during Rainy Day 90
4.44 Predicted Ferum by QUAL2E Modelling during Sunny Day 91
4.45 Predicted Ferum by QUAL2E Modelling during Rainy Day 91
4.46 Predicted Silica by QUAL2E Modelling during Sunny Day 92
4.47 Predicted Silica by QUAL2E Modelling during Rainy Day 92
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
DO - Dissolved Oxygen
BOD5 - Biochemical Oxygen Demand
COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand
TSS - Total Suspended Solid
NH3N - Ammonical Nitrogen
Al - Aluminium
Fe - Ferum
Si - Silica
H2SO4 - Sulfuric Acid
WQI - Water Quality Index
NWQS - National Water Quality Standard
DOE - Department of Environment, Malaysia
QUAL2E - Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model
QUAL2K - A River and Stream Water Quality Model
n - Value of manning roughness parameters
FLAA - Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
ICP - Inductively coupled argon plasma spectroscopy
APHA - American Public Health Association
GIS - Geographical Information Systems
WHO - World Health Organisation
USEPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency
UTM - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDICES TITLE PAGE
A National Water Quality Standard 102
B Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluents) 105
Regulations 2009
C Water Quality Parameter of Sungai Mabuk, Sungai Pinang 106
and Sungai Riau by DOE in year 2015 and 2016
D Flowrate of Sungai Mabuk 107
E Water Quality Parameter by QUAL2E Modelling 108
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Water is an essential natural gifted for life on this earth. Beside for drinking,
the water is used for fisheries activities, industrial, agricultural, hydroelectric power
generation and recreation. There are various water resources such as from lakes,
groundwater, rivers and sea.
The freshwater resources are very limited and it is only about 2.5 % whereas
the other source is salt water from the sea. The freshwater resources especially surface
water such as river and lakes is exposed to the pollution problems from human
activities especially from industrial and housing activity (Igor Shiklomanov's, 1993).
This coincided with the word of Allah in the Quran:
And We give and create rain from the sky according to due in measure and We
cause it to intrude into the soil, and We certainly are able to drain it off with
ease. From it, We grow for you a garden of palms date and vines, besides that,
you have abundant of fruits and of them you eat and have enjoyment.
(Surah Al Mu’minin: verses 18 - 19)
2
The cleanliness and quality of surface water especially from of rivers and lakes
should be guarded and monitored systematically and evenly so that the quality of water
is always at a good level. It is very important because the river is the main source of
fresh water supply in the earth. River pollution usually is occur because of the removal
of pollutants especially from housing, mining, agriculture, industrial, manufacturing,
and fisheries activity and all of this activity actually affects water quality and its can
be reduce the source of clean water in the earth. The usage of contaminated water can
affect especially to the health of human, animals and plants(Arms, 1990).
There are some exciting economic opportunities for various people in district
of Kuantan, Pahang, especially individual land owners from bauxite mining activities.
The impacts on the environment in the bauxite mining areas cause by the extensive
and uncontrolled mining activities such as to the water and air (Harison, 1997). It is
also impacts to the health and quality life of the people. Due to environmental pollution
issues in that area, the bauxite mining activity is very popular issue among to
Malaysian. The physical environment and physical illness is the potential environment
impacts if the situation is not controlled. Mental distress, anger and community outrage
cause by presence of unpleasant red dust at the uncontrolled bauxite mining area and
it affect the loss of economic potentials and that area (Noor Hisham et. al., 2016).
Since early 2000, Johor has taken place in bauxite mining especially in Teluk
Romania, so that in Malaysia, bauxite mining is a being known and not a new
economic activity. There is no much controversy in Teluk Ramunia, even though
bauxite mining activity has been operating for more than 17 years. Nevertheless, a
scenario is different within a short period of time on bauxite mining in Kuantan. The
activity such as transporting and stockpiling of bauxite in large quantities and without
proper manageable and controlled cause environmental problems. The controversy in
environment issue exists within the time during aggressive and extensive bauxite
mining activity (Noor Hisham et. al., 2016).
The environment issue especially that threatens to the ecosystems cause from
the aggressive uncontrolled bauxite mining in Kuantan. A number of hazards such as
chemical, physical, biological, psychosocial and ergonomic causes throughout the
process of bauxite mining activity. Because of the issue of environmental pollution
3
starting from 15 January 2016, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
has imposed and suspension the bauxite mining activity for the period of three month.
From this activity it caused the polluted ecosystems and has great potential to create
chronic and unpredictable exposures, leading to direct or indirect, immediate and long
term potential impacts on health cause (Noor Hisham et. al., 2016).
Without a clearly defined zone of bauxite mining activity the problem is exist.
It is because the bauxite mining at Kuantan is occurring near to resident area but
scattered. The school and resident areas which is the most of the vulnerable time for
children and people doing activity is very close to the bauxite mining area. The
extensive land clearing are mainly related to sources of water pollution. The soil
erosion and sedimentation is also occurring during the extraction of bauxite(Valeton,
1972). The process of washing the bauxite and the mud and effluent from the bauxite
washing pond occur the environment pollution and its flows into the river nearby. The
water quality in the river nearby is also impact from the activity of stockpiling of
bauxite in large quantities without a proper drainage system. The severe mud flood
due to surface runoff and soil erosion of cleared land and polluted the river and sea
water cause by poor manageable and control for the bauxite mining activity.
1.2 Problem of Statement
The largest of bauxite mining area at Kuantan is Felda Bukit Goh. The area of
bauxite mining consists of water treatment plants including Semambu, Bukit Sagu,
Bukit Goh and Bukit Ubi Water Treatment Plant. The bauxite mining activities in that
area have great potentials to contaminate the drinking water sources because usually
water intake is taken at downstream so. Due to the pollution of Sungai Mabuk and
Sungai Riau, on 29 December 2015, the Bukit Goh Water Treatment Plant was closed.
In a wet tropical or subtropical climate, laterite soil that contains bauxite has
been severely leached of aluminium, ferum, silica and other soluble materials. Bauxite
is the primary content aluminium and mostly all of the aluminium is produced and
extracted from bauxite. Actually, there are no specific compositions in bauxite. The
4
hydrous aluminium aluminium hydroxides, oxides, insoluble materials and clay
minerals such as magnetite,quartz, siderite, goethite and hematite is a mixture of and
content of bauxite.
In bauxite mining area, the main contaminants of water resources is aluminium
and ferum because it is the main composition of bauxite. Besides that, when the natural
ecosystem is aggressively removed and excavated, other toxic metals such as mercury,
arsenic, nickel, cadmium, manganese and lead may also contaminate drinking water
resources. It is depending on the characteristics of the geological of the land
surrounding land use activities. Multiple organ toxicity and increase cancer risk is
causes from the chronic exposure to toxic metals. Whereas, bone diseases to children
is causes from exposure to the high level of aluminium in the stomach and prevent the
absorption of phosphate and a chemical compound which is required for health such
as chronic Alzheimer disease.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
The objectives of the studies are:
i. Determine the parameter of water quality at Sungai Mabuk nearby
bauxite mining area at Felda Bukit Goh, Kuantan including Dissolved
Oxygen (DO), pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD), Ammonical Nitrogen (NH3N), Total
Suspended Solid (TSS), Aluminum (Al), Ferum (Fe) and Silica (Si).
ii. Classify river water quality based on Water Quality Index (WQI) and
National Water Quality Standard (NWQS) including bauxite
parameters such as Aluminum (Al), Ferum (Fe) and Silica (Si).
ii. Predict the effect of bauxite mining activities to the water quality of the
Sungai Mabuk using the QUAL2E modelling including Aluminum
(Al), Ferum (Fe) and Silica (Si).
5
1.4 Scope of Study
The location of the study is at Sungai Mabuk nearby bauxite mining area at
Felda Bukit Goh, Kuantan, Pahang. The sample is taken during rainy and sunny day
to identify the effect of bauxite mining activity to the water quality of Sungai Mabuk.
Determination of water quality includes the DO, pH, BOD5, COD, TSS, NH3N,
Al, Fe and Si which is sampling along the river which is before and after the bauxite
mining area. The sample of water will be tested insitu and in lab. While the QUAL2E
modelling software is using to predict the effect of bauxite mining activity to the water
quality of the river nearby.
1.5 Significance of Study
Environmental pollution may occur caused by uncontrolled bauxite mining
operation in Kuantan. The environment issue is very important because most of the
water intake is the nearby area. The environment pollution must be controlled for
human existences such as water quality nearby due to the destruction of ecosystem
threaten our access. The impact may persist if there is no proper action and plan is
done to the exploited area. Due to environment pollution especially water and air the
mental distress become apparent. To quantify the impact of bauxite mining activity in
water quality of the river and water treatment plant nearby more studies are needed. A
wider aspect of prevention must be done rather than waiting for the occurrence of
diseases before acting is the focus and responsible of all agencies. The important
agenda is to implement and emphasise the sustainable mining practices in order to
minimise the environmental problem.
6
1.6 Summary
Bauxite mining activities in Felda Bukit Goh, Kuantan environmental pollution
issue especially for water and air. The water intake located at Sungai Mabuk which is
the study area. This study was conducted to see the level of water pollution based on
the WQI. The water quality parameters based on WQI parameter and include the
bauxite parameters such as Al, Fe and Si. Besides that, the QUAL2E model developed
and used to predict the water pollution and the trend of pollution of Sungai Mabuk if
worst case scenario happens. The results of this study can be used by responsible
parties and agencies for monitoring pollution of the river.
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