CGI-GIRS ©0910

Geo-Visualization

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Theory ‘Semiologie Graphique’

http://www.flickr.com/photos/kbean/491051226/

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How to present my geo data ?

Visualizationdefinitions

Map makingCartographic process / 12 steps Visual triggersTheory of Bertin

Mapsby functionby type

Geo-information process

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Visualization . . . a definitionDefinition:

. . . . visualization refers to the process. It’s a series of transformations that convert raw simulation data into displayable images to convert the information into a format understanding by the human perceptual system . . . . . . .

(Visvalingam, 1994)

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Types of Visualization

Computer modelDigital mapRadar

AnimationMovie / videoComputer perspective

Dynamic

DiagramsMapsSketches

PhotoPhoto manipulationPerspective drawing

Static

Conceptual(abstract)

Perceptual(realistic)

Characteristics of landscape visualization; Zube 1987

Focus on Map Making - Cartography

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Visualize for thinking and communication

exploring

confronting

synthesizing

presenting

Individual use General public

Visual thinking Visual communication

From: DiBiase, 1998

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Generalization

the process of selecting and representing information of a map in a way that adapts to the scale of the display medium of the map. is meant to be context-specific

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Visualization . . . from the real world to a mapWorld

Geo visualization

DWM DVMdigital model

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Digital World Model (DWM)

Content of DWM and DVM

/rgb2cmyk{3{1 exch sub 3 1 roll}repeat 3 copy @MN @MN 3{dup 5 -1 roll sub negexch}repeat}bd/rgb2g{2 index .299 mul 2 index .587 mul add 1 index .114 mul add4 1 roll pop pop pop}bd/WaldoColor_5 where{pop}{/SetRgb/setrgbcolor ld/GetRgb/currentrgbcolor ld/SetGry/setgray ld/GetGry/currentgray ld/SetRgb2 systemdict/setrgbcolor get def/GetRgb2 systemdict/currentrgbcolor get def/SetHsbsystemdict/sethsbcolor get def/GetHsb systemdict/currenthsbcolor get def/rgb2hsb{SetRgb2 GetHsb}bd/hsb2rgb{3 -1 roll dup floor sub 3 1 roll SetHsbGetRgb2}bd/setcmykcolor where{pop/SetCmyk_5/setcmykcolor ld}{/SetCmyk_5{

Digital Visualization Model (DVM)

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Example: Disaster Map

1-10 victims

10 victims

50 victims

flooded land

dike break through

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Map making: map components

Question:

What are the components of a map?

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Map making: cartographic process / 12 steps 1. Objective|Context 2. Stakeholder 3. Title 4. Legend components 5. Hierarchy 6. Measurement scale 7. Number of classes 8. Graphic symbols 9. Graphic attributes 10. North arrow 11. Map scale 12. Data source

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Lay out

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http://mappery.com/fullsize-name/Livingston-Island-Ice-Cover-Map

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Propaganda

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main roads

Roads

> 10

6 - 10

< 5

Number of water samples taken

bad

normal

good

Water quality

LEGEND:

Map making: legend (steps 4 – 7)

• Components = Variables

• Hierarchy

• Measurement scale

• Classes

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Measurement scale

Table: Provinces of the Netherlands

•2 attributes

•Province_ name

•Area (km2)

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Measurement scale

difference order unit fixed zero Qualitative data

Nominal

Ordinal

Quantitative data Interval

Ratio

characteristics

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Measurement scale: Exercise

Number of WU students

Water quality (bad/average/good)

Main landuse

Average income(high, medium, low)

Average income (Euro)

Average temp ( C)

Area (ha)

Name province

Attributes table ‘Provinces’

Measurement scale ??

Number of WU students

Water quality (bad/average/good)

Main landuse

Average income(high, medium, low)

Average income (Euro)

Average temp ( C)

Area (ha)

Name province

Attributes table ‘Provinces’

ratio

ordinal

nominal

ordinal

ratio

interval

ratio

nominal

Measurement scale

Number of WU students

Water quality (bad/average/good)

Main landuse

Average income(high, medium, low)

Average income (Euro)

Average temp ( C)

Area (ha)

Name province

Attributes table ‘Provinces’

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Map making: graphic symbols & attributes (steps 7 – 8)• size

• grey scale (color value)saturation (color chroma)

• grain / texture

• color (color hue)

• direction

• shape

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Map making: graphic symbols & attributes

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Laws of perception

Color contrastVisual HierarchyTransparencyInterposition

WHO’S AFRAID

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Visual hierarchyExample: Number of people per Province in the Netherlands

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Colour

Light rays Ink particlesRGB CMYK

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Colour

Hue

Value (grey) / lightness

Chroma / saturation

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Example: use of graphic symbols

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Who’s afraid of…..

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Reinforcement of graphic variables

Netherlands v Austria 2008: Analysis of Klaas Jan Huntelaar

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Ishihara test

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Bertin’s theory

Graphic attribute

Measurement scale

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Visual hierarchy - 2

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Maximum differences per graphic attribute

---shape

-24direction

877color hue

542grain/texture

543color value

544size

polygonlinepointgraphicattribute

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Rule of thumb

Qualitative data: use HUE

Quantitative data: use CHROMA / VALUEhttp://www.worqx.com/color/itten.htm

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ArcMap’s symbology editor

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Bertin’s theory: ExerciseGraphic attribute

ratio

ordinal

nominal

ordinal

ratio

interval

ratio

nominal

Measurement scale

Number of WU students

Water quality (bad/average/good)

Main land use

Average income(high, medium, low)

Average income (Euro)

Average temp ( C)

Area (ha)

Name province

Attributes table ‘Provinces’

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Example: 1953

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Example: 1998

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Example: compared

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Maps by function: general reference

WAGENINGEN

EDEVEENENDAAL

RHENEN

KESTEREN

ZETTENTopographic map1: 50.000

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Maps by function: thematic

WAGENINGEN

EDEVEENENDAAL

RHENEN

KESTEREN

ZETTENSoil map1: 50.000

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Map types 1

Chorochromatic

• qualitative data

• difference by means of color hue

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Map types 2

Choropleth

• derived quantitative data

• on determined administrative units

• by color value (graduated color scheme)

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Map types 3

Dot

• quantitative data

• by uniform point symbols

• mostly one to many

Location of pigs in the Netherlands

= 10.000 pigs

Scale: 1 : 300.000Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1996.

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Map types 4

histogram

• quantitative data

• by uniform bar symbols

• mostly one to many

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1996.

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Map types 5

Figurative map

• representing of qualitative (and quantitative) data

• by symbols

http://www.efteling.nl/static/flash/loadMap_winter_en.html

Escape route or running track ?

Long distance path

or steep mountain track ?

Short walk ways with direction?

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Maptype 6: Isolines

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Flow map

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Cartogram

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Cartogram

http://www.livius.org/pen-pg/peutinger/map.html

http://places.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=11287

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Geo-Visualisation Time linetraditional mapping and mapmaking, 3rd century

GIS based, 1974

animation – time series, 1990data exploration – different views, 1994

hypermedia, 1994 realistic representations, 1996

demand driven, 2000wearable computing, 2002

3D CAD based, 1980

Google Earth, SketchUp, 2005WEB 2.0, 2001-2004

SecondLife, 2003-2006

scientific visualization, 1987

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Digital Scenes - VR

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Augmented reality and 3D (summer 2009)

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Geo Visualization

Landscape Visualisation

Visual analytics

Geovisualization can be described as a loosely bounded domain that addresses the visual exploration, analysis, synthesis and presentation of geospatial data by integrating approaches from cartography with those from other information representation and analysis disciplines, including scientific visualization, image analysis, information visualization, exploratory data analysis and GI Science“

Kraak 2005 after Dykes, et al., 2005

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Summary

12 steps to create a map

Map types• general reference, thematic

• choropleth, chorochromatic, dot, cartogram

Theory of Bertin

Graphic symbols

Graphic variables

Use of Colour

Map design : visual triggers

Study materials:

© Wageningen UR

Theory Chang, 2006/2008/2010

Chapter 10: ‘Data display and cartography’ (not 10.1.2 / 10.5)

Chapter 9: (not 9.1.2/9.5)

Chapter 11: ‘Data exploration (11.5)

Chapter 10: (10.2)

Practical: GRS-10306 practical manual, 2006Module 4: ‘Map presentation’

Have a look at: http://nl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Geo-visualisatie