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Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a Critic ritic ritic ritic : : 2011 2012

Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 1: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 3: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 4: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 5: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 6: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 10: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 11: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Ibn Khaldun as A critic

Bander Rafed Al-Enzi

Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber

Abstract

This study aims at highlighting the impact of Ibn Khaldun in the field of

literary criticism in his era. It also aims at highlighting the aspects of his

innovations, which are different from the ones who preceded him, as

well as the points of generations in his views for the purposes of

reaching to the features of critical and literary thinking for Ibn Khaldun.

This study is divided into four chapters. The first chapter includes the

introduction, the problem of the study as well as its questions, the

objectives of the study and its importance, the scope of the study, the

methodology of the study, theoretical framework, and previous studies.

While the second chapter, titled with “Ibn Khaldun: His Life” talks about

Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order

to reach for the cultural and environmental components of his critical

and literary thinking as well as to know the diverse influences that have

affected his cultural and cognitive outcomes, especially in the field of

literary criticism.

The third chapter titled “His Critical Views in Literature” deals with the

subject matter of pronunciation and meaning, manipulating poetry,

Page 12: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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style, literary taste, intertextuality, and this is according to Ibn Khaldun’s

own vision, based on old foundations in some cases.

tackles Ibn Khaldun’s speech about the status of Poetry among Arabs,

the framework of poetry and its definition, poetry writing, the conditions

of regulating a poem, and the characteristics of poetry from his own

point of view, not the characteristics of his own poetry.

The Fourth chapter titled “His Critical Views in the Sciences of Arab

Tongue” engaged in the description of Arab syntax, linguistics, Rhetoric,

literature; then this chapter focuses on Ibn Khaldun’s impact in literary

criticism in his time.

Page 13: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 14: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 15: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 17: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 18: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 19: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 21: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 22: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 23: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 24: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 25: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 26: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 27: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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bV05 %&� FHCZ�� [�� G��%8 »�/& ?�H� 96Yu� ;�:H�Z� f�� �� �� FHCZ�� �St= GF��C� �&� -"/� [��� G q�C� �2��=8 �& !��c��

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Page 28: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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-+ �& �Zu� !��c� �C<\= G �^0 F��C� +�� G� � 45 !, F2 MH/��� @��� � �S#�� G :C+.

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Page 29: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Page 30: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

18

ZC� RA�) ;"2Y��� G;*2�%��� G &%21 ;*2����� G 8%C� M^��& 6$��� Z�� E�%C� ()1(.

hC�� ��2\= GN��= ;��¬ !,�c� ;�$�� hC� 45 � fYZ2 FHCZ�� !�=��� F��C� N�0� ¢��8 � ,�� F� !�+� -2 G 8�0� ;���� $�Øà -C/�)2( ?C<� G

G!��+ ���� �� ;A1= ;C]& ���K� /�� Ge���� ;<��© 45 ,+� Gh�3 n,Y$= [�à ;��� FHCZ�� /H�\= FHCZC� �/& -:= ���A� �:*A3 �)� ?2�Ã�

;<��©)3(.

�� ��%� ���u� �Zk F2 �� $0:0 �� F� ��� �§� n��� fo\$Y��� � �� *C<� G C�/& ;�$�� hC� >^+5 R:��& G�% f�� !�C& T:�� F

h�3 � F2� G1($+= 8�0� ��%�� :C+ �,�� F�)4( . �%�� �:�k ,�,c� & FHCZ�� ;��/� F\-<�� $��� F��C� �&� ��$0� ��

:H�Z� �� T"���$Z� F� FHCZ�� �� ?CH= G!���� CA� � F3\= G;��(& CA� d� ;<��© ;��{& F��C� �&� �0� Gh !���� )5( T�$��� G

~��� �q6� T0�%�� ��� FHCZC� ���� �y*�� hC0)6(.

!���8� ?:H�� �&� ¤*��& !1%/� ;<��© F��C� �&� %Yr ��/� F2 �� R*� ������ N1,]� ;C:k ��Y� (�\= GFHCZ�� ��+ !3%Y� ,�,c� �� e=%� �

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 84. )2( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 14. )3( : ¦��/$��–� 85. )4( : �y0{� BVw–[ 3 –� 226. )5( : ¦��/$��–� 97. )6( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=– �15.

Page 31: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

19

�� �&� �&� �:& � E�/Z�� �ZY8 F� h�(2 %A -�:&� GN,%�� �r��� �� ?:H ;�g ?kr �� �*+ �� FHCZ�� �� >$2 !M# 35)1( bV$�P� 45 := !%+��

¤*��� �+ eJ:� � �2(� F� F�, G :�5 �ª1P� ;<��© FHC0 F3\$0= G & h�(& �%*��� P5 /Z� �� G ���Y� FHCZ�� z/$�= G?:H�� �&�)2( 45 ,/=

;�0 ;:���=5766A)3(.

• )I�r + ��� � �: ;�g 45 Rr� �� GE�%�0 ¢yo ":= ��� F� �/& ������ F��C� �&� 1,©

;&^u� !P�� �� �*+ %&� tHC0 & RY$k� ) M�1c%�� ;0q1 ( �"/& � �� M=��= ey�$/� F2 �%� ZY� BC+ !(�� �� F2 ®&0)4(.

�&� ¦r� ��� ��= ;&^u� C-+ F��C� ) : ;����� RA� FHCZ�� ��� CC�$0�� G�& ;21*ÃD �&�8� !1%�� ;0:0 ��"# D��]$0�� G �C� R-£

�� ��6�� �/& G¦2+ h�3 d� ��� G;*6��� d�g ;&H�C� i���� G �HC0 P ;*6��� d�g 1"��� M�o� TC/�� ��1�8 BC+ GN��© hC�� f&�8 �+ hY��

h�3()5(.

)1( : G®:=%$�� d�# D�& I�� ¦H+ Nf��� ��� G�k�%�� �*+ �-. �� �� �*+ �& M��2c �� �&� �6$��� �� �6�$Z�� �-. �� �*+ %&� ;01����;:�:=%$�� �+ ��� G625 A/1228 � FHC0 G96Yku� 4%8 9�+ �& -:= T�647 A/1249� �675 A/1277� !�"+ «$/�� G

¿A(�� �6/��;:6Yu� ;���C�. ;����� Û,*� ;:01Y�� ;:6Yu� –� 117 G134.

)2( : ¦��/$��–� 90 G93. )3( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 15. )4( : ¦��/$��–� 94 G96 .��C� �&� ;YZC= ;:+-$#P� F–� 15. )5( : ¦��/$��–� 98.

Page 32: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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 R¯ �(�A� F� 45 T:C/$�� $�� z/& R]��� ;����� F���& �%�� F��C� �&� �*/�� �� FHCZ�� -+ �&� �&� �:& E1�, ;2�/� �� �*+ %&� FHCZ�� R$� ;*6�& T:�� %A� F��C� �&� 45 «�� Rr� �� G;�:H�Z� ?kr

Z�� � RA� �� ;+m �� ?C< GFHC M�&� z/*� ;/:*��� ���& �:��� �C*� �� FHCZ�� M�� 45 [��� Gh�3 n,Y8� ���� ��� ���� G�%$��� FHCZ�� ��%k�� n�#�� G�*/�� %&� ��2\= G�$� F�, ;�g >�%&� � @$=� G�*/��

A,%"/� BC+)1(.

• Um�&J�� s ��� � �: �� >y��� �� F��C� �&� _� �*/�� �%�� �� fo\$& :C+ E�

Z��� FHCZ�� � F3\= Gh�(& F3{� ?C<� G�yZ& [���� R'Y= GE�/ . :�� BC+ �*/�� %&� FHCZ�� z*� ��= G /�%$� F��C� �&� F2 � ¢�k� TC= F��C� i& E%:& ¼$Y� ~�1� G;�%& C�$+�� ;�g �� #��� �o5 ̺

~yZ��� Nf�(�� �� *CH� �����)2(.

%§ %&� FHCZ�� ÕC&� ) FZ-C8 ?kr ( :�5 ?$�= GF��C� �&& Rk � �+ e��:/& >�/�� M:k� ;��{� ey'Y� 1�($+P& F��C� �&� n,Y$= G ���$Z�

;����� ?r�� �+� ;0:Z��)3( .

:�� 45 R01\= G��S$+P� �(A R*�$8 � ~%-H�� ZY� F5 ) ̺ ( �C<� F� �/& � G � A,�1� I�� ;Y:¯%�� �+ >%�:� %§ �� FHCZ�& bV$�y� ;�g FHC0

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 98 G99. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 99. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– � 101 G102.

Page 33: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

21

;/���� GN18 %§ �� FHCZ�� ;/��� BC+ Rq*��� Í:�� R§ BC+ R-+n��� N18 >�]�� FHC0)1( .

;/�H-C� ��Y$��� M��K�� ;+��� N:k F��C� �&� ?©1 $��5 �/&� T:�� %A� ��1�$��� �%=�+ � ;r�Y�� !(A �%+�� � �<yZ�� ���� GN��Z&

Rq*��� N%+, �� �*�<� G!,� �*<� � F%C0�� �%k��= GRq*��� BC+ !fo\8 �� �&� 3%Y� ,�,c� �� ;Y:� ZY� N��Z& ?kr �#�\= GT"$/���

� BC+ >�]�� FHC0 R-£ h�3� GN��Z& �+ !�/*� F� �H$0�� GF��C+, «� ]C& xk >�]�� e��r� N��Z& F��C� �&� 1,© F� �� G�= 45 8%

�&� ��c%�� ;�r� Dª G!�/& �:/Z�� �&� ?:6�8� GS�S/�� �*+ FHCZ�� N=� !%w�$+� >�]�� FHCZ� ���%�� Rq*��� Í%:� ���� GfZ�� �^= G�c©

0 �� c/�Å& h�3� G�:*+ Í%:� �� 1%-]� i& ;<0%&%§ FHC)2(.

F��C� �&� �%��) : �� ^�= Gh��A �%w�$+� R*# 45 TK%:� BC+ � ��)��&1 ($��� m �%*" ��� �%C#1�� G�/� F2 � d: ��� F0�Y�� �� fp

�Vr\& D�u F��-/�� 45 D6C� F� 45 e�1+ e:kw ��%� D:�&� GT"����&1 R*g()3(.

)1( : �%&�$�� o��8 F��C� �&�–� 47. )2( : ®&Z�� d#���–� 47. )3( : ¦��/$��–� 217 G218.

Page 34: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

22

45 !�Y0 F��C� �&� Rr�� f��� ��� �c© �&� ��c%�� 9�� �:k �= BC+ eY2+ h��A 9�*= G?Z$º F2 � b%= +H�5� $���# �=�� G s��$&

"$��+� ;����� R¯ Z�1�8� TC/�� NM���)1( .

��f�� 1%"¯ ?*Z& ÀB6��� >�]�� ;:0:Z�� E&��HwP� D�� �� ��� �§��� �*+ f��� � �:���� �&� ��c%�� �� >�]�� »�/& ;*�H�& �§� f�

F� BC+ G-¬1\� �%C& xk -"�:& F�/$�� BC+ ��A/$= À�:/Z�� !f��� �c© � -"���� G�§��� �*+ f�O� T:���� z/& T�k� G�§� f�O� hC�� F%��

� -"C��\8 _y$�P ;^:$� -"�:& ¦C�� >, xk 16$�P� F+S$�� �,�� �Y8� ÊY�� D��%8� ;:�o >�]�� 45 E&��HwP�� E=y�� E,/= GR*� �� :C+

������ 45 [���& F��C� �&� ��Y= GE&y��P��)2(.

• ) ��-�� ��� � � 1�_��� : ;k���� ZY�� ���� ÜF� n��= �*C�8 �� TJ0� ;0:Z�� F��C� ��&�  R�

Û,A F�� 1���$0P��)3( Z= G ;�0 ������ 45 ;:�o �=)1374 �� 776 A( #���5 45 �Hw� �� f© ey:m e*:k�8 ;<��© FHC0 & ?k�= G

�&& $�y+ �� e=%�� >�]�� ��k M��r� ;*©1 BC+ eP�S� ������ �� ������ (J�%� :C+ >%']�� ?:H��)4( B0�� 9A� G��A 45 �£\= G

ZC� ;/&$�� FZ-C8 %§ �� FHC)5( _y$qP :+�$Z� F� %§ %&� FHCZ�� n��= G

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 218. )2( : F��C� �&� �%&�$�� o��8–� 48. )3( : ¦��/$��–� 219. )4( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 226. )5( :�f�� %&� �k�-% B0%� �& ;<��© ��� GF�c �& �§��� �*+ �& ¦0%�723 FZ-C8 f�� GA760 ;�0 %8 G A791 GA

�/à �� hC�� ��S$�P �Y�8 %&� !��� ¬ �� N1%o �y� ey:$����� i& ;� . ;<��© 1*�� ;<k{�–[ 3 –� 286 45 292 .

Page 35: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

23

;:*C$& �A�$= �� ¼k%$0� F��C� �&� ���� G $��� BC+ "C§� GRq*��� 8�0�� !%�S�\= ¦��+ ,P�\& ®u� GMVH*�� 45 FZ-C8 �� [��� ?CH��

;�y0 �&� ;/C�)1( ;/C�& _�/�8 I�� ;*:H�� ;/C��� hC8 j�A� G E��©�8 ��%+� ;/&1� F��C� �&� ��� F��A� ;/<��)2( «/�� >$2 ¦:�\8 ���� G

;����� �� R-2\=)3(.

�/& j1,\= G�&«��� >�/�� 1*�� ;&$2 (�� ;����� ;&$2 �� ��= F� �/&� �� G@:V6$��� @:��$�� 45 [$º *$2� !y�� � F� �Yk �� fp��� BC�� F�

Dª ��� F� n��= G®:��$��� ;/#��-C� �����,� ?$2 ;�y0 �&� /C� !�� I�� 1,6�� �+ �V*C� TA1oQ� T"�2Z�� q&Q n�� �:k ��%8 45 Rk��

�� G":�5 [$º ) : FHCZ�� >H� 45 E1,*= ) �*/�� &� i/� ( 45 ;J:Y�& !,%"+� &HÆ �35� �:/& f© F2 -= G;/#����� $+< FZV$0P�� F3{&

����C�)4(.

• q��K t� ��� � � u���: �*/�� &� Ý��� G¦��+ ,P�� F��C� �&� j�8)5( FHCZ�� ��2\= G;0%0 �A�&

45 !�,1 � G;�K� !1%�� !1��� (��� G Z:�\8 Õ�&� G ���� ��&� G 8,=� �%�� G��%8) : �� R:C¯ R¯ 45 D��Q� ��%8 45 D/#�= FHCZ�� ;��+

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 227. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 228. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 229. )4( :1�6��Z�� ®&– � 230.

)5( :� ;�0 ��� G9C+ �& T:A��&5 �& �§� %A �6�$Z�� �*/�� %&757 A . ;=y�& d�%& ;:6Yu� ;�0 775 A . �-$0�� �%� 8=� 45 T�u�3F*/� 796 A�= �=,� . �y+�� –[ 1 –� 87.

Page 36: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

24

D:���� G;-/��� hC8 B+�� T"CÞ D/m� G��%��� RA�� 45 Dp/&� G $��k��k�$�� 6+()1(.

#%8 � GM�S#� �� R-2\= G��1$�� &$2 �³Å& FHCZ�� YC2 ��%8 � $��S� 45 /=1� FHCZ�� T0&)2(.

6+ 9�C�� G $Ck1 9"�� F� R�\� F��C� �&� F2 ��� F�� G��%8 �k�$�� 1�r F��©%� ��(�� ��fp��� !,Zk F� �/� �� P5 GM�/�� h�3 �/& @��$Z� !(A ;*�+ 9�� �� P5 T":�5 Õ6� � FHCZ�� F� d�� G :C+ FHCZ��

h�(& � F3\= G�u� ;'��= M'�� C:*0 9C¥ F� �� ?CH= GE�/Z��)3( .

• C#D/� + ��� � �: C� �&� Rr� hC�� F2 35 GA1W �k� ;�:Y0 Ê� BC+ ;�1���0{� 45 F��

b%��&)4( ;�0 Rq��� h�3� G�:� ��+ (�� �6� »�+ BC+ �C# �� )1282�( dH$Z� � Gc^u� 45 �YZC� �/$Z� %A� Ge��"� ":= ��� �:k À

� TC/�� ;*C< :C+ �=�%8 j�A� N�A��� 45 �=Z= Gc^u� 45 "�� �YZ�� R2 �

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 230 )2( :1�6��� ®&Z�–� 231. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– � 244 G245.

)4( : �& b%��& ����� ¦:0 �A���� ���� G9Z2���� �� �*+ �& �� �+)738 A ( !�-+� N�A�C� ����20 e�+ G BC+ R-+ ;Z2����� M����� RÞ dm GT"�� �6� hC� �� ��� F2� �� h�(& F�= b%��& ����� ¦:0 �A��� hC�& ?ß�¾�� ;��, �0

�� �6� ;:Z2���� ;�HCZ G �+ !`��+� �H$0�� G �S/� EP�. N�+ E�#791 A j���� ;/C� �^0� :Y�� G $sSA :q��� ;sSA� �^0 �� >�K� q��r� N�+Zà �H$0� ��� GF,1�� ;:�o ;�HCZ�� »�+ 45 N,%/��� �+792 A . �%� %8

;/-)�15 ��%�801 !�-+� A 60 e�+ �/� ���� !�& ��� G $:+�& �=1� � . !�o×� �� F2� 1-p�� BC+ ?q��'�� �H&5 2�%Y���;��A��� ;01��� M�&� G. e+^� F2e:23 e=1+ 0��Y�& M'�� MA, := G;: . �y+��–[ 2 –� 48.

Page 37: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

25

8,=� �Zk\= GFHCZ�& R68� � G�Ac�� d�)� �C^= G>%r� >�k ��� �&��)TC/�� RA� d� �\� G 8��r �� ;���)� �=�� G;&�]�� ��Q�()1(.

CA� ?C< R01\= G�6� M�*�� R'=� GN�A��� M�*C� ZY� D&H= 45 R:k��� �� T"/�� tHC0 ���� G��%8 �� !���� �&� N,%+ ;*©1 �6�

;<0%C� �6� FHC0 d#�1 F� P5 F��C� �&� �� F2 -= G��%8 45 F��C� CA�� !��� R0f� ��%8 FHC0 d� ) h�3 45 &#\= G T"C:*0 9C¥�()2( .

0 :�5 �"+ � ;:V-��� ;01��� ��1�$�& �6� FHC)3( ;01���� G;:u6��)4( ¼-$©�r ;01��� G)5( .� F��C� �&� �%� ) : �� ­5 d=, à D-�=

h�3 U(�\8 P G��k� �� :C+ à ��"# D:=�� G,%-|� ���� h�3 N%H0 P� !# �+ i*©�� P� G;�%C�()6(.

;���r �� ���� �� �:k G�6� M'�C� :�%8 �� ¦6� ���� �(A %A��� �&2�� :C+ ?]�� G $-:�� N%�� G ��k�T�w�� �+ w��+{ F:+� .

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 249. )2( :1�6�� ®&Z�� ZY�–� 249. )3( : � 1�� �� ;:��-C� ;0G A�& � ����� ~yrG�%�� �/�� �& ��-+ d�# 1�%g D�2� G ;:V-��� ;01��& D=�+� .�F

����� ~yr�eV-� R]8 �%:Y�& ;/:w ":C+ ¦�� ."$*C<� ":01�� BC+ �c%� F2. ;�"���� ;���*�� –[ 12 –� 327.

)4( : ;:u6�� ;01���641 G;��^A ;01��� !(A \��� ;����� �<y0 �� �6� hC� ­� �� d&0 >%�� ����� T� à6��<Y�� �6��� "C]�� F2 I�� ;kZ�� �� MS# BC+ "��� G;:&%���f*��� 9- . �1���� ��18 �1����–[ 1 –� 239 .

)5( :A�:� F��y� �& �-. �r��� h:�X �� ��r��� ¼-$©�r ����� ¦:0 f��� ;�0757 A ��1�$� "66�� Ge��A,S� ey�/� D�2� G9Y�u� �Y��� G���u� � M"�YC�$��� ��p�� ������ ;:Y�ud0 . N�w|� �Zk–[ 2 –� 231.

)6( : ¦��/$��–� 254.

Page 38: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

26

�%�� ) : G?�# R2 �� ?]��� �9C+ �p�= RA� �&� i:& %)� TC¯��;�����()1(.

\*� Rr� GM"#%��� F:+�� d� 2��+ �� ¬ �s I�� ;:ZY��� M�%#�� !(A �":= e/:m !���� CA� b�©� G��%8 �� !���� CA� R�8 I�� ;�:YZ�� b�©.

�%�� ) := ,%�%��� ��Z��� ,%#%�� ?A(()2( 45 >A(�� F��C� �&� 1��� GT:C/$��� ��1�$��� �AS�� 45 �� F� �/& G�u�)3( .

) �8�� P5 h�3 �/& A1,]� �� G�6� 45 ,+ �u� ;'��= n,� F� �/&� hC�� �& [�= FHCZ�� >21 ®��, 45 ;:�p��� G�1�S� ����� 45 ���k5

����A)4( ;�0 h�� 1%-:8 �%^A �6� ":�5 [�� �%� G)1400�( 1�W� G F� 45 N1�{� ) 8�y� D�2� G®��, �rk ���+ G1%-:$& B�$�� F��C� �&�

E�%�0 DZ& 8%� R:*� h�3� G;:0:Z�� �-+� ;³� !(A( )5( F� 1���� M��� G = «� À"�+ �=�C� ®��, 1�%0� �%�� %A� GFHCZ�� ÕC*� :C+ jª ;�$

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�+ (��� F��C� ) e+Ð ( �&P fZ�� >$2� GDZ�� E"��� Nc#5�!(A f© Nfp2 e*$2� G~y6�� �&� >$2� GbV05()1( .

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P5 �+ �$Y� � e����� e�Sk ¥��� ����� ��= BC+ F��C� �&� FSV= GN�k���� �+ TC/�� (�� BC+ &*��&��*�� M-C/)1(.

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F��C� �&� ;���< hC0 G RA� �� ;<��© G ":C+ 4%$0� F� 45 ¬ M'��� 4%8 FZ-C8 45 R�$�= G���={�G 5 � 4 ?kr N�^�� ¤1�� j%C� �Y�$Z� b����

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& %8 . "�� G?$2 �) j%*Z�� S��&{� j%C�� >�,Q ;:Y:2 ( �) ;0���� f:Ñ� ;0:Z�� ��(ª(G �q��c d� ¥18 ;���� F��C� �&� �y2 := �� P Nfp2

#%& "�+ �]$Z�.

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F��C� �&� �cP� ":= ���� N�A��� 45 R�$��� �§�� �V*�� Rk0 . �&��b�c�� �:Yu� )1() 766 G842A( 1%"��� �-. �& �§� �& �-. %A� G

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d:-^2 ;:-C/�� F��C� �&� ;Ck1 ;���& D�2� 7���� FQ���� NM���& G!�6+ M�&� �� E�M����& 8�y8� G �Yk�Z ��� d*N1%")1( �� BC+ ;:&�/�� TC/8� G

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;:C/��;:C�/��� ;:C���� �%C/�� �V*$��� G()6(.

�%:� �+ !(��� $0�1,� -C/8 �+ p��k F��C� �&� !�2(� � F� -2 F2 I�� EY���� n%$Z� BC+ ;����� ;Cp���� G[3-��� 1<5 �-w R���

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 14. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 16. )3( :;-�C+� fAc� ;=�<� N�$�+� ;]&���� �:��� `��� TA ;$Z�& ,%6���� G��-$���� TC+�� [^u� �� >$2 %A�. )4( :[^u� �� ��-$���� TC+O� >$2 %A� .�³ �� ;0§ 1��© BC+. )5( :¦��/$�� –� 17 G18. )6( : ?:H�� @Y�–[ 3 – � 201.

Page 47: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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�:�� G�q�$*-C� E��6$° EY���� ?C©� F� �+ ey'= G�"/�� �(A "01�� "Cp� Í%:��� �� :�C$& BA*$� � P� $0�1�& ��Y$� F� ��s �)1( R���� G

�%6Y�� e�:k� ,�º F��C� �&� F\& h�3 BC+ �� �k�%�� �*+ 9C+ 1%$2��� eyp� �%�:= G� >$2 �� "$0�1, � @$8 � I��) : �&# �& �-. BC+ D/Ð�

e�fZ� e8%= ��+ � [^u� �& TCZ� @:Vr 9Z:��� �:6�� >$2 �� ()2( !(K� G¦��/$�� Nfp2 ;Cp�� ;C6��.

l YK�T�p; : ;�o 1,6�� �p2� F��C� �&� EY��� �+ ?:H�� �&� ����� FZ� ���k �/� ,%#� P EY��� �23 �*� xk � F%�C-$� �X �:� ��� G ��r/� �� ��

;m�8 ?$2 �� ?:H�� �&� F� -:0 P� Geyr� K &$2 F��C� �&P : );<��© 1*�� ;<k{�.(

F2 �� BC+ �2�� GN,«�� N�:6�� k�� %A � ?:H�� �&� !�2(� ¦��� ���� �Yk N1�S©� 2�1,5 F%�= F��C� �&� := ¦¯� e/��& ek��.

� D*o\= Gn���� �%C/�� z/& 8Y��� ;Cm b%Z� ~�1 � e��::�8 e��:Y� G®H��� � �� �c���� ?:H�� �&� ����� ��= ��{� R6. �� G e&$2 ¦���

>Zu�G �+ 1,6�� S#��� ~��� ZY� ?:H�� �&� �Y�� �%r� )3( M9�& G �-��� !M�1� ;�© PG !�p� ��� �C�= G"/^Z�� "C0�� G 8:�HC0�

)1( :�y+�� :& �§��� �*+ F��C� �–� 31. )2( : ¦��/$��–� 18. )3( : ¤:+ 1*�� ¤���� 1Ac��[ 1 �� 190.

Page 48: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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"�+ ��Y� G���&5 F,/�� GF%�= ¤�1� G;©y& ��)� +��� E�M��*�� ;":*� GM �� >��� G_��u� N���� GÖ�%�& & �"/ �� G,���� ;��^3%Y ���

����� d*H�� �0�$0�� G;VG F��:� e��� �"/�� �(K z"�= G -�� ��� �/��� .�©�� �� B8\= G */r :C+ FA� G!%# :C+ �p�= G *:�0� 1*$+& !���

;*��© R�&)1(. !(A F� ?��]��� 45 ¤�/$� � À�2(� M9� "�� �:�5 R6� � I�� EY����

E��+� E0���2 t� ���� BC+ ?�]��� G 8:u $m�8 F��C� �&� A�23 �:k%�� >$���� G�2Ò(�� ®V$Z8 EY��� F��C� �&� A«$/� � G;*CH�� ��1�$�

%A F��C� �&� �� 2�8 �(��) �� ��$*�� F�%�,� «/�� >$2 >�/�� ��� «�«2�� FHCZ�� ��3 �� TA�r+ ��� G �&«��� T^/���.(

9A� G?ZV= M�S#� ;oyo F��C� �&� !«$+� ���: ���� >$��� : �%�& � F%�+ � ��1$�� TC+ R'= ;���à !��&) : ;/:*<

��� ?Z���� ?C]$��� �'u�� ��*�� �� ":= ¤�/� �� ;�:C�� F��-/�� »/ >*0��� RC/�� �� h�(� �� A%½� �%C/��� dq�6��� .( �(�� >$��� %A�

:�-Z�";������")2(. "�� ���� R6Y��� : fo\8� GT:���� �� ":= �� G¤1�� �� F��-/�� aZ�

T"�y��� G��*�� F�%�� M�%K�...

)1( : ;<��© 1*�� ;<k{�–[ 3 –� 507.

)2( : ;:&�/�� ;]C�� >�,Q ��18–[ 3 –� 226 G227.

Page 49: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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Up�� R6Y��� : Rq*���� T���� G���*�� F��-/�� �� h�3 ¤�/� �� G Z��� �:k �� -"�:& b�Y��� GN1'u�� N���*�� ;/:*< ¢£�� >

N,:Z��� hC��� G?Zu�� ;0����� G;:*6/���... ��p�� R6Y��� : := RC+� G;:�HCZ�� ?8����� G;=y��� hC��� G;�/�� ����� Z�� >*0� �8� GN,: FHCZ�� ?8���� G����� �:: ;����� �����,� G

"<%�0� ;����� E%*o >*0�� GA��#�... d&����� R6Y��� : "$*Z�� R2:K�� F��� GF��-/�� �q0� 16���� F��C*��

�#Z�� M�& � G�V*��� «�� �:k �� "/w� 8+��� ?W �� G����� 45 E%:*���...

���� R6Y��� : � ?Z��� !%#�� »/�� bc��� RqZ� :=� Gdq�6�� G *A�(�� =�r�� »/�� � G?Z���� :=� GF��-/�� ;/:*< 45 h�3 ;*Z��

bc��� >�%&� ;/0�� ¢£� : ;+�6��� N1^$�� ��... �,Z�� R6Y��� : �y���� G A%#� �q0� G ��<� T:C/$��� G"=�r�� �%C/��

+ TC+ R2 �� ¥18� GN�k BC � ���u�� FQ���� �%C+ �� <� ��1$��� �/���� >,�= G;:*H��� ;:/:*H��� ;:�ZC�� �%C/�= G �Y��� . �

;:&�/�� ;]C�� >�,Q ��18 R:*� �� %A� G"�%C+� E:K{�. �+ ey'= G;:&,�� ;�,6$��� G;:0:0� ;:+-$#� G�%C+ ;��S� ;�����= �(A BC+�

GS:-$�� �%]C�� ¬%C0� ;:��� hC8 "V�� X G;�Z$�� ;H&��$�� ;�0�$�� �1*+�T:�/�� d�%���.

�-'$�� ����� d&����� ��p��� Up�� �C²� BC+ R-�� %"= Up�� >$��� ���y0{�� >�/�� ��18.

Page 50: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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1*�� �-'$:= Gd&Z��� �,Z�� �C²� BC+ R-$�� %"= ��p�� >$��� ��� ��18� �&«�� R�3� Gd&Z�� MS)� ��×& "�u� 8:u ;m�8 45 ;=w{& >�]��

��%�+ R�%< R6= 9A� G¬ ¥18) F��C� �&& ¦��/$��( z/*& := i+ G ;�0 9"$��� G16$�P�797 �k ;m�8 �� A.

$C/# ;����à ¦���� � ���� ��= ��1$�� EY���� TA� �� >$��� �(A ���+ ��� >$��� �t ��� G�1��r � R& G�-$#P� TC+ F��:� ¦�¾� � �"�� ��

R*� �� ��1$�� ?$2 �� �t �� �+ Y:�68 ¦C$�� e^"��)1(. 9Ð �(�� ¦��/$�� >$2 F� -2 ) e���� e&�© $Ck1� F��C� �&& ¦��/$�� (

m�8 Rp-$8 ;:¥1$�� ;0�1��� �� ��Q e+%� �/� ZY�� ¦���� ;)2( !�/�� G �= %A� ��1$�� �� �Y�� �(A e�,�� �� 1%$2���) :=��#%:&%8�� ( ;m�8 ��

�� fp2 ��1\$�� �� �Y�� �(A F��C� �&� ®*0 �� F2 F5� G ZY�� ¦���� &$2 �%-u� E%�:2 T"q&,�� >�/�� 9�1�� ) F��C*�� T^/�( �&�� G

� �&� �r/� ?:H�� r� F��C 2 ��� &$) k{� 1*�� ;<;<��©( F��C� �&� �r/� �^k �&�� G &$2 ) �6� N'� �+ �r{� d=1 .(

%"= GF��C� �&� �� GNS#%� Em�8 D�2 Em�$�� !(A ���� Rq��� ����8 �%*$2 ��(�� >�/�� �pk*��#;':Y$Z� ;/q�1 T"ZY�� �+ T)3(.

�/$�� >$2 ®�. �%�� 9^�H�� D��8 �& �-. ¦� ) : d&1� >$��� �(A d�� �:k �� G ZY� �+ F��C� �&� := ¢��ª G�1"Y�� f© ;VYr ;qåyo� ��å� G 8y��8� G 8:k 1�%<�� �k� G $�:��� 8\�� �:k ��� G"Cr�� 8�0�

)1( : e��+� F��C� �&�–� 40. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 40. )3( :�y+�� :�§��� �*+ F��C� �& –� 253 G254.

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��ª� G�6�� ������ ,y&� GB6���� a0���� Ç,�� >�]�� 8yk1� ¢ A�A�� �+� G":= R��8 I�� ®<��� !(¬ ;�C/$� Nfp2 ;:¥18 ?��%# �+ ��1\$��� ;�:�, Ey:6Y8 R��� F2� G;:-C/��� ;:+-$#P�� ;:0:Z�� �(A� GT�fZ� ;:-C/�� ?��%)� ¤�+� G q��r� �� �%:� �� E:6��C�

%��� N,��/$�� F��C� �&� ;:6��� Nf�3 %A >$��� !%#%��� F�()1( . -2 GNfp2 E*0�� K� I�� ;��/��� �q6��� �� e����+ >$��� �(A T'�� X M&,��� M-C/�� �� T¬ B�$�� ��� M��r��� N(80�� �� !f]� e��/� T'��

$��+� �o� � F2. � �(�� 9¥1$�� �Y�� Nf�3 ±�/� >$��� F� �� 1%$2��� �2(�� T0& �"$�

&$2 ­�S]�� E=��$+2 E=��$+P�) �y'�� �� (���� ( j# F# E=��$+�� &$2 %0�1)E=��$+P�()2(.

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;<��© 1*�� . �� ���& �§��� �*+ �2� -2) �(�A �%H��� BC+ >$��� F�%�+ ,1� �� :

����� �%r� R±6|� >*� . �& �§��� �*+ 4/8 �� 45 f�Y�� �*/�� ¦:�689��'u� F��C� �& �-.()3(.

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 2. )2( :�y+�� : F��C� �& �§��� �*+–� 254. )3( : F��C� �&� EY���–� 8.

Page 52: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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��� ���ª F�, ?:H�� �&� �2� -2 G��1 �&P Nfp2 ?$2 �:�C8 � �23 ?$��� !(K)1( ���� F��C� �&�  F� BC+ ;�P��� _2 8�3 «�� �("= G

�&� fZY8 d� T#�$�� "6� F%<y=� EY��� �� e=�<� %H01� EY��� :�C8 9A ¬ �� I�� 86:�C8 (J�:k F%�$0� G;6�C� G��1 E6:�C$� E6

��1 �&�.

T0& e&$2 F��C� �&P ���& �§��� �*+ ¦:'��) ?�("$� RqZ�� MY�RqZ��( �� G>$��� �(A F��C� �&� �+ ?$2 �X �k� �2(� � �� �2���

��� � %A �� 45 ;=w{& G :�5 ?Z��"¦��/$��" �� ��Q >$2 �� P� G & ���� G¦���� �(A 45 *$2 F��C� �&P >$��� ;*Z�� N���� �^k Ec�

"��� : �$<%H° _y© BC+ ;k��r ,1� �� : �&� ;<%H°� GU�%H$�� ;<%H° ;k��r 1�� �� j�A F�� GF��C� �& �§��� �*+ ��c �� >$��� F� G@:C��

;&1]�� M-C+ z/& T"��� G :�5 >$��� ;*Z�� ) b�1c �-. �& �§� �*/�� %&��� &$2 G90Y" ����� N��+" -2 G90Y�� 1,��� �*+ �-. %&� !�23� G

&$2 G���Z�� �� �*+ %&� !�23�" �r��� R��� �"# " !�23 �:k>$��� �(A �� �/w%�)2(.

)2( : F��C� �&� EY���–� 9G10. )1( : ®&Z�� d#���–� 17 G18.

Page 53: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic§بن خلدون... · ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber Abstract

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U2T�� [��W��

)��= 7\)I�J��� + � ?�!(

l vT�� w�/�. l ]&��� )��2��. l ?� !�. l C8��.

l x�����.

l #�D�� )��6;.

l YTI#�K #�D�� y�F.

l Y'h� z#$ #�D�� )���{.

l #�D�� am�2� .

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l w�/� vT��:

z/*�� �¯)1( ���8 �X � BC+ �YC� �6$�� �� F��C� �&� ��+ �/��� �YC�� ;:' �� -�:k �/��) : Ó5� GU/�� P äY��� 9A Ó5 �p���� T���� ;+�r

/�� Rr� 9A� GK �d*8 U( )2( . �%2 �YC� 7��$�� Ó5� Gh�(2 ���� �:�� ;�C� %A �YC�& !�6�� �� G�/-C� ;:q��� N1%6�� %A� G�/-C� ;:C���� N1%6�� e�1��� ��1 ~��� ~�1 �� -:0P� G?ZV= ,�Y�� �YC�� ,�� P GFZC��

9A äY��� hC8 F� GFZC�� ;�C� jy$�� N1��w FZC�� BC+ ��W I�� �%�� G�q-�'�� eyr� ;�%��� U/��� G®H����) : ;�C� ��º �(�� �d��6�=

�p�:� G>�/�� �y2 �� Kp�� �Y£ äY��� K�º Ó5 �p���� T���� �y��� �� � C�$�� G���'�� ÚFZ� ;�C�� � ��$Z8 xk �Z� BC+ ��#� �-/$0�

� >�/�� R:# \��� �:�� Rp� ZY� ¤�Y�� C:# ":C+ �1 I�� ;-^/� h�3� GTtZ� T"�� ��k�� ��\2 f6� xk G¿�6�� "��C� -2 T"$]� ��C�� BC+ A1���$& "C:6ª ��º ®H��� E�C�� �� ;�C� FZC�� F� ���� ��

5 ®H���� FZC�� �(��� GR�6ª xk FZC�� 9"= U/�� ��� GäY��� %A Ó � "�� ��= R2 �%< � G�k�� R2 ��+ N,%#%� U/�= e'��� G�q-'�� [$|� %A "�+ N1*/C� �y��� ¦:�\8� ;+�r 45 [$º y= GBw��� M��

U/-C� ?���� ;&pà %A� !�C� -2 G;+�6C�()3(.

)1( : �F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'�� – �107G 108 .����� >H�� ������ /���� – �63. )2( : ;����� – � 448. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 448.

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BC+ FZC�� ;�C� �%6k F� �6�� %"= �Y£ æM��$&� T"$©y&� >�/�� ?:�0� -:= K-/$0� �� FZC�� BC+ A1���8 � ��� G>�/�� �y2 �� äY��� �p��

�� �(A �2�� �� G"Cr� � D/w� R2 ��+ U/�� �,%#� n�� ��� T"Y ;©:r� �y��� ¦:�\8 45 TC�$�� [$º "�+ f*/$C�� G��= R2 �%< � G�k��

*/�� �%�:= �p2� ��1 c«� �pà �p2� ;�y/�� !(A @w%�� G"*:2�8� N1) : -�= ¬ _�$]� I�� U����  F� _�6��� ;'Y��� ?A(�� ;:�Q "�� �V*�� �� M��

M�& NM%C-�� U���� N,%)� ¦C$Ñ� ZY� �k�� M��� _S��� [#S��� h�(2 M�� _y$�& P "Z�# _y$�& �-/$0P� "$©y&� ;]C�� N,%#

U/��� �r��� BC+ �:*H8 1*$+& Y:�\8 �y��� ;�*< _y$�& ¦C$¥ ;�C� B'$�� BC+ *:�0� � �y��� ¦:�\$& RA)� Ó5� G"ZY� N�k��

� �/��� ;&pà �Zº �� !,%6�� �+ N1*/�� ��k �35 FZC�� ¤%"��� ���� �(�H$Z� P� /: :C+ N1���� F���Y� ()1(.

�(�� P n�� e"*� e�8 e�f*2� �& ��1 ��1� �k)� �(�� n��  F�» U/�� �;k��H� Ú®�� H�� "¾=�/� �9-^+�� ���/��� ����*��� �������� ÏU���� ,-��5� �� ¾F\�� Ú;��5 GFc%�� Ú��:Ñ� G�Y C�� ;�%"0� G[���� �p2�N M�� , � ;�Vr Gd* H�� N,%#�

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F� �%� �k)� R:'Y8 �YC� BC+ G�/�� F�� �YC�� %A �(�� ?Z�� �/�� $�P, !1%r� �Z£ 0 �* $+�r� Z�� ^ G!��%68� �:�� ���� h�(2 ��+ �&�

�GF��C F5� F2 ��*� !�o\8 �k)& ��� $01�� �X ¦C� �k)� ;����2 � �&

)1( : ;����� – � 448. )2( :F�%:u� – [3 � �132.

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�Y/# �(�� �%�� :»U/�� "ÏC2 �;w��/� C�G�+�� �� ÜF� �T C�$� "�� � �?k� G���oQ� �� f© F� ����ÂV�� :C+ ê�/� ����� ��y��� G := �35� D�2 U/�� �/��C� ;�Øà �,��N

;+%w%�� �/����� ":= N1%�6�2 -2 ���#%� ÒR2 l;+�r �� ��� P ��& ":= �� lM9� l�%w%� ¾R*�� fo\8 1%�6�� "�� :Rp� ?��� GN1^��C� ;�'Y��� G;©:�6C� BC+� �+���� –

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P� �:& �&� � M# & %&� �yA ���Z/�� �(�� F2 e��A¯ �� �y� ��1 ;:'��� �!¾(-C$8 BC+ G�k)� %"= n�� ��» :�� ����F\ ,���5 GU/��  F� U/�� "=�/� ���/�� G�9-^/��� �������� G����*��� -��5� %A N,%# �Y C�� G 8Yr� G �Zk� q¬�

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����� U#�)� �ÕC& ;�]�� Y�%� �� 16�� �YC�� 16��� ��G�/ ¾�:k ,�1� TZk ;:'��� F�= h�3 F\& dw� 0�e0 ep�o %A GT���� ���� BH+� �YC� �k �/-C�� G �k F�, R:'Y8 ��k� BC+ G���� �� «$/� ��k� a�= GN1%6�� R& �&P ��

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l )��|2�� ]&k���:

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�D�� ÜFÅ= G�k� h�3 j�$& hÂ*Ú/�� � G1%p��� �y��� �1:$�� ¦ C�$8 �� GF�c%�� 8 �� -"$YßC�8 e-�V��P� e+%*H� e�3k �� �� h:C+ à e�f6& Gh�\��

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) $/:*<� k�1� $:^0� ��/�� �y��� Rr� 9A ;©y*�=()1( �%"Y� �& a&f� G & i/� �(�� �%*H�� �y��� �%"Y�� ;©y*�� e:�= ) ��y��� �$/:*< ÂD�C�-2 �(��

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0{� �� �A¯� G�:�y �:�y0{� @CH6à �6�� P �� M��/��� MÐ� �y� ;:&,�� 1%6/C� 9¥1$�� T:Z�$�� �:k �� GN��*� �y0{� �/& ��`# �� F2 %� xk �y0{� �/& M# �� �%-+ & ,�1� R& G>,�� ,�� n�� _��/��

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�� �&� � G-"$�*<� �� � S$/- TA�/& F���\$�� n�# �(�� ;/�6TK�%�� BC+ �%^Z�� GTt��:�()2( .

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�%�� F%���$�� TA� ;©y*�� �+ ;#1� t�) : !(A _�r� E,�/8 ��� ;/�6�� ¬��� T�kyHr� DYC$��� G"CA� ��+À ;#1��� "C/Ä T"�� fp2�

®������ �ZV$�� 9H/8 9A t�� GN,={� ;C��, f© t� BC+ ;©y*�� . ��� ;©y*�� �+ ;#1� TA��+ 9"= Gd��*�� RA� �� F%���$�� . t��2(� h�(��

� P I�� ;:&,�� F%�Y�� � �%w%" . �1 �&� ��1 %A� N�-/�� >$2 ®:������ M&,�� G �()3( .

�-Z� TZ�� F��C� �&� ��+ �%�6���:

� �(A� G¢��$2� P� ¦C�8 f© �� ;/�6�� := d�8 �(�� �%*H�� �%�6�� ;/�6�� !(A ,%#%�� GF^"$0P� ?:+ �� := �y��� TCZ� ¦�6��

%�& F��C� �&� A�2� ���� F%C�� �(A �) : !(A �-/$0� ���23� �6�� � ¢��$2� P� ¦C�8 f© �� d�8 F� "�� Ge<��� ;/�6��

)1( : ;�����–� 451 G452. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452.

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"��G �� �y��� TC0 ¦C�$�� �� Dq�& �35 t� := �y2 y= %Y/�� ��� + F^"$0P� ?:G ...� �� ;oyo � �$:& F%�8 F�� "�� �y�{�

���1� �/��� ;��c 9Y�$= G�:6��� .� �&� �� G?:+ "�� 1p2{� !f©� ®:�1 . � I*Z�� ¦����� T0��� %&� ��:� F2���$ ��/�� FZC��

�%�� $�%� �����& : ?8�C� �� �+�C� D/�� �35 ;:/��*�� F%�Y�� !(A ;&pà 9"= G 8��S�� �y��� E�Z. �� t� G"�� �p�$Z� F� @*�:=

�k�%�& �Zº #%�� Fy:��A,��/$& @*��� G"�� ��oP�� ()1( . � ?Z�&� ��(� N,%6�� ;/�6�� := F%�8 �(�� %A� ¦C�$�� �%�6��

N3%*��� ;*:/� 9A� GNf*2) �+ ;CY]�� 45 f6� ��/�� "YC�8 F� ;©y*�& ?A(8� G"Cr� �� N,={& R�$= G�y�C� ;:Cr�� ?:2��$��

e0�1 . P5 �y��� B�*� P� E�:ZV$�� hC8 ()2( �&� ¦�r ��� G ¦�6�� �(A Dª !�6+ RA� F��C�G �%�� : ) BC+ �%:�� ?�]�� %A �(A�

�6/�� RA�()3( �(A #� 1*��� ;©y*�� RA� _%�� 45 1�� �� P5 G ��1 %A �%C/Y� � F� MP�A ��� P xk GN��& T":C+ 1��{�� 1:$��

�%�� G�y��� Rr�� ;©y*��) : �� F���Z� ;©y*�� b��3�� >Vr�� !�%0 �+ 1%6��� �� h�3 F��/�� GF%�Y�� !(¬ T"YC2 . ��:� D/Ð�

;º����� FZC�� �6*�� RA� �� F2� G9�:YC*�� E2«�� &� 3$0�� �%�� ��3 : Y� 9C+ k�$�8 � B"�� �� F5 z/& �A�� F� 9Z

d��*�� �(A F%�= RV$�� �� ���� p� �� -�� ��\& ?�%+ ��� G!��� �� G;&%�/ º G :C+ �,% � F� !(:�y8 h�(& 1( !(A �%</$

;©y*�� F%0�$�� G¬ F%YC�:= G;/�6��()4( .

)1( : ;�����–� 452. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 452. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452.

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1%H8 �rf� G�p��� ;/�6�� �¥ -:= n��� N�� 9¥1$�� 1<{� 45 �& ,%/�� 5 � G�y0{� 45 ;:CA)� �� �*�ZÚ�� A,%#�  F� nf= G!�6+ 4) 1%p��� �y���

�y0{�� ;:CA)� �«$/� ey0�� eP�� F2 ��& ;�c�%�� N�A� G *:2��8� Cm l;/�6& ¢��$2� P� d^0 ��S$�� f© �� G Cr�%Y& $�c�%�()1( . �p���  F� P5

�%& i& ?82 ��6�� �yA �& T:A��&5 ��+ B"$�� �%*H�� �%�6��– k ?Z ��1– �:k ) ?^/�& h�(& B8�� ;:Y�$��� ;/�6�� B</8G :C+ ���� >+�

;:�HCZ�� E*<��� h�(& YC2G �� 2%C� F2 � :C+ C§ Ó5� ;©y*�� b%Z� ;�Y��� ;=y�� ;�%r �+ �/*��� ;-^/��G !�/& ;+�6�� E��$�� �

R:0�$�� �"+ 9Z�� ����\$�� 1%p�� G �8� E:��%���� E:�HCZ�� D¬ E:�%Z�& E:&�/���G R-K& 9+��� aC$��� ()2( ;/�6�� �%:� �/� h�(& %A� G

– !3$0\2 – d:=��� �p�C� NM05� G�%C0�� �H½P�� �%�$�� �� e&�w 0� TA� �k� BC+ !�� d'�� Gd��*�� R0�$��� �� BC+ "+%:� >*

01X �p��� n%$Z� �H½�� G": ��u�� j%C�� ;-^+ %A� G¦CZ�� �p� �+ �+ ,/$&P� 45 >$���� �C0�$�� d=�8 TK ;&$���� j%C�� ���  F5 �:k j%C�� b��3�� ?0�$8 I�� ;+�6�� 45 G;C:C)� ?:�0��� ;/:=��� ;©y*�� ;01-��� >%C0�� h�3 BC+ N,/�� N�p2 d�� GT"$©y&� T"$k6= n%$Z��

:= E*<��� F��:� ����� �(A �2�� ��Q dw%� � GR:0�$�� ��"+ �9ÚZ�� F� nf= ;:�HCZ��) R0�$�� ;:�HCZ�� E*<��� ,%-|�G %A� 5 �y��� by<

�5 d:^Z8 f© �� �015 �� P 1,��� R�G ;�C�� C0�8 �:k� 5 eP01 f© �� � � ¦C�85 $�&H� �k �y��� MH+ � = �u� B'$�-Å �� F E��-

;YC$°G ��� R��� � �� 6¥ >%C05 � >�<5 cÄ� _(k �� �5 E*o� � @��68� �5 N1�� N1/$0�� ;��2 �G � � �5 �(A BC+ ;:�HCZ�� E*<��� M��#

)1( : ;�����–� 452. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452.

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BC+ %A �(�� %V���� �%�(-= �/��� ?:�0G :C+ R§ �� � �6/�� RA5 P BC+ ;-^/�� My:$0��Z�T"$�G �+ h�(� TA1%6�� 5 �k �y��� MH+ �u� B'$�� $�&H�G �/*� R0��� �y��� �+ ��S^/= � y*�� !�� ~ZY��� ;©

%H�8 G ¬ �%/��� ( � Z�� �  YC� d�F%� �� � & ���6 BC+ �y��� ®:*H8 �� T",%6���G �u� B'$��� G �& ��S$�� �� 1���� h�(& ��«Ä� ��� �^0� >�

h�3 n%0 -+ F%CY]� � ;/��*��()1(.

±$2 F� F��C� �&� n��� := �%]�&� �Y�� �(¬ (�� �� �p2� TA b���� > >Zk BC+ F%�� �� & T"/�� N�� F� 45 1��� GT"�y2 M½� �q0

�%�� G���� h�(� ePp� b%Z� F� F�, G¦��6$��� >��+{�) :5 F%C�:� Tt{& ��� >��+ ¦��6$��� E-C5 �:�W TK DC�, �3� F/-$Ä P ;�&H� �

"/�G f= # �:�^$�� �� ¦�6�� h�3 F%VG {� F%+��� >��+G ;:�& F��ZY�� �:�^$�� _,68 AZ+ ;-C���()2(.

�� ��� 1 �pà ;:'��� !(A 45 F��C� �&� �r/� ��Y6�� ����� ~yr �� \H�� ��$�� �:k Z8 �(�� G¦��6$ ,���Å& �+��� �-$A� := ?*

?��� ��k� �:�/� E�3 ;-C��� R/Ä �(�� 9�YC�� j�$��� ����$0& G;�1%$�� �%� b�1%�� [��ZC� !��� %½ BC+ G,��� �:/& ����� ,��� f©:

}:���}� ������ ��P����� �>��� ����6�K �U���: �; �P��|�'� � }:���: �����

+ �)������ |������#}9 |������P}�� };�6���}: �P���; }:������ |'��� �P}��

)1( : ;�����–� 441. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 441.

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%A TZ�� �� R/Y�� F� ¦��6$�� ;Y�° /��� ;�1%$C� b�1%�� ����$0="$:Ð P "$-Ð)1(.

45 h�3 e-�$. �Y�6�� �& b�Y�� iY�� ��1 ��*� F��C� �&� F5 R&Gb�(�� Y� ��1 45 ;����� !(A �/& �C¥ %"= !,) N�/�& �%�6�� �y��� F�

T2u�� G;©y*�� Rr\& := ¢��$2P� ;C�� G�%*H�� �y��� �+ �r� G¦:C�$���b�(�� h�3 ()2(.

)1( : ����$0P�� ;�1%$�� #� �+ �$�� z=–� 214. )2( : ;�����–� 452.

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l ?� !� :

�YC� �%]C�� 9-^/�� �/�� ��& F5)>%C0�� ( e�Y8� ������ 9kyHrP� �/��� � Ú!Ú1(#� ~yHr� ��& bY8� ��\2 �®��H�� %A �>%C0�= G�%]ÏC�)1( %A� G

E�%$Z� ;+%-� �� BC+ :�5 ����� Gf*/$��� ;&$��� ;���< ~yHrP� : 9-^/� n%$Z�� G9C����� ���{�� ;:=���� Fc%�� BC+ R]$�� 9+��5 n%$Z� e�6$�� �p2�� %A� 9©y& n%$Z�� G;��/��� N1%6�� n%$Z� ;å� G�%]� ­P,

�/à G?8��� n�� >%C0�� d�6� �='$8 E�%$Z�� !(A R2� G>%C0�� ;]C�� �k*� R2 BC+ R-$�� F� ��s 35 G;+%�$� Cq0�� >%C0�� E��,�� P5 G,�^$�� Fc�%$� �"�� ®CH��� �(A �� >%C0�= G;�Z$� ;�c�%$� >,���

F� 1��5 ��s P ��) u� �6/�� ;:&�/�� ;©y*�� �V*�� a*8�� ��� 0�� �V*�&�%C()2( 0�� 45 F��C� �&� ��� ¦:2 ���� G >%C

?:^:0 � �(A ¨!�6+ ,�� �� ;&1]��� ;�1��� M�1Q �� ,Y$0� RA� ¨!�6+ $���� h�3 ��+ �y�� d*$$�� R:CV$�� �+.

�\& >%C0�� F��C� �&� _�+)�N1*+  �� ��%��� �+ �� �( Â��Z�� � := �?:2��$� � � �� �(�� ?����ÜY��¾� & G d#�� P� 5 1*$+& �y��� 45 8,=� %A �(�� �/�� Rr

{� ;Y:¯�>��+G � 1*$+& P5 �$�� ��%� �� �/�� �-2 8,=� %A �(�� ?:2 y*�� ;Y:¯� F:*��� ;©G � := >�/�� C-/$0� -2 Fc%�� 1*$+& PG %A �(��

¤��/�� ;Y:¯�G/�� !("= �%C �6�� !(A �+ ;#1� ;oyp��;��/��� ;+�()3(.

)1( : a:0%�� T^/��– N,� ?C0. )2( : F��C� �& �§��� �*+ ��+ !���� �/���–� 113. )3( : ;�����– � 443.

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!��/� ��5– k Z ;+��6�� !(A RA� ?– �� Z�� �(�� ���%�- := � �(A ;/:*< �� ��%��� �(A ;/:*< � Â���� G & ��Y� �(�� ?����� G?:2�$��

¨ $:A�� 8Yr�%�� !,��k �� ¨"�� ®CH�� I�� �0�� �� ¨?����.

 F5 ÜF� �+ Ú & n�\�:= GÚ?���� j�3� Ú��%��� �(A ;�:A� ÚF:& ����� �F��C� ��&� 45 �dÚ#�� �!��� Ó5� G¤���/��� F:*��� ;©y*��� >��+{� BC+ e��6$�� �F%��

)lN1%r Ú?:2��$C� ;:�A3 �� ?:2�8 BC+ "�*H�� 1*$+& ;-�$��� G hC8� �� �A(�� "+S$�� N1%6��� F:+ � ?:2��$��� � "r�� Af6� �:��

?���2� ��%��� �G {� 1*$+& >�/�� ��+ ;V:V6�� ?:2��$�� 9�$�� � >��+F:*���G �rf= �r1 ":= "e ��*�� C/Y� -2 ?���� MG � �Z��� � xk ��%��� [

�y��� ,%6�à ;:=�%�� ?:2��$�� �%6£ ?���� dZ$�G �� BC+ d��� N1%6�6���ZC�� ;�C� 1*$+& ;V:V���/�� F := ()1(.

>%C0�=– T"Y�� �(A BC+ – R�� ;66° ;:�A3 1%r ;+%-� �� ?2�$� 1%6�� !(K �"6�� 1��& �:�� �%�� �:£ G"�+ «/� ?:2�8 �� N��= �� ¦�%�

;©y& �� ":�5 1�� I�� �%C/�� hC8 �<\& � <�8 ?��%� "�� ®C�:� >��+5� FZC�� ;�C� dCH'8� G,%6�-C� e/Z$� ?���� F%�� �:£ G¤��+� F:&� >%C0�� h�3 F� S2f� ,%/� �� Ge'�� >%C0�� R:��8 f*2 1��& ��/��

0�� BC+ �y<P& F%�� Ó5 �� ?:� 8 I�� ;:&�/ eypX �= R�& �$� �%�� G"'/*�) :=Å F ì�= R�� �y��� �� �:�0 �8 ? �$��� & G BC+ := �#%8�

�½;YC$° M:

)1( : ;�����–� 443.

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1 :�%CH�� >HÆ F%�� �/��� �%CH�� ���Z=G �%�2 :

|�; ��� �I�)|-��� L����� ��)1(

2 :���Z��� _%�%C� ?V6�� M+�$0& F%���G �%�2 :

-� �T��1|��� ���|�� ��� e�9�P)2(

3 :�RCH�� BC+ ?V6�� M�*$0& �G �%�2 :

�&� �T����&F �#�� �; 1�; )3(

4 :� �&�<�� >�%)� �+ �"Y$0P�/� f© ?G �%�2 :

�e-K ��1��b�� }A� #�� ��)4(

5 :�& �%CH�� ;:ª Rp��"$:V$& �/� f© ?<�� ��G �%�2 :

y�Fy��� ���I�� ���r _�1)5(

6 :����� ��Z�& K M+:�G �%�2 :

e�����i 0J�� }P >e����.��9 8}�

�u#���� >P���� 4����}>����� )6(

)1( :U:&(�� ;]&�C� D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H� :�&�� ¦�0 ":C+ �<� E%�� . F�%����–� 32 . )2( :9+�S�� R*+�� D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H� : �%6�& A�"+ x�¨ÚE�%C6��� . F�%����–� 133. )3( :�:��� Û��P D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H� :R�%V= �%���� �& n%C�� a�Z& . F�%����–� 9. )4( :��0�� �\� �& ��-/� D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H�:Ú= BC+Â��8�[ H��� ÚRC7���� . >�/�� 1/�� �� ?CH�� B"$��–[ 8 –� 76 $���1� G)d&�8 ( ��&)�\Z8.( )5( :�:��� Û��P D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H� :9C�� "C�� Tqy� P 35 . F�%����–� 273. )6( :�³ �� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 2 –� 146.

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7 :�b«�� �� K :�Z�� ���0 �G �%�2 :

}C#�� ���I�]����i �5���; !��� C#

�F�� �L���F ��� ?�S-�� !� �}�I�)1( 8 :� Rp� ����� d^Y$Mo�M�*�� M+�$0& G �%�2 :

kUg�� �8� }�� � �� ¡��T� !� }#�;

}�8�� ��9\�; ¢�TI � s��� q��)2( 9 :� �%�2 ¢,u� ��/$0& �:

e�e !� 0�� ���G ��; :I �����

�������� £L���R ��&� ��� :Ie�e)3( 10 :��� BC+ R:^Z$�& �!��Y� ;*:6�& F�%2G �%�2 :

�:�� ��;�A���F 5 �D����� �Q�� 5

�#�� 0�;� Q��&�� ¤;#��� UI�� )4( 11 :�{& �� Y$� � �� BC+ 1��E�,-)� �� � dG;:#1�� �%�2 :

e ��; ����; �� �� � #g�$ �I ����

�� ��� ��I#i �� � 0�� Q_�� )5( 12 :�<� R�o �� ;Ck���& ���= ;J�"$& �\ �%�2 8:

e�¡���;#�� 0��J��)���� � }��� ��_���

e ����*/� ��JI#T ��#�� ��)6(()7(. >*0�� �k� F5 d:=��� >%C0O� ;/�6��� F��C� �&� ��1 � %A

:C/�� [3-��� Rp³ I�� ;:C��� ?��%��� R:��$� G>�/�� 1/�� ¤:81P� F� �2� � G;Cm h�3 �� �23 ��= G"/:m ?:2��$�� BC+ ®*H�8 I��� G;�/���

)1( :�³ �� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 1 –� 441. )2( :�³ �� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 2 –� 218. )3( :��C� D:*�� �(A9w��� ¦� . F�%����–[ 1 –� 425 .D��1� ��& D-C+� F�%���� ;���1�. )4( :9w��� ¦���C� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 1 –� 633. )5( :;:�*:��� ¦��< D�& BC:C� D:*�� �(A . ���Y�� ��/��–[ 3 –� 265. )6( :9w��� ¦���C� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 1 –� 519 – ~yZ�� F�%���� ;���1� ~���� ��&. )7( : ;�����– � 443 G444.

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)� *A�(�� �y��� F%�= �q0 �� fp2 h�3 �p�G := ?:2��$�� T�$�8� R-)& R-)� f©�5 � ;:C/=� ;:Ð� ;�«�� ;:q��$Y � ;�%r%�� ;�%6Y� ;�Y$� f©� ;

� %A � BC+\ �� �� ;-C2 R2 F�� ��/�� �y��� ?:2��$�� F n������/¾=�h ¤:81P& !�:Y$Z8 � := � ,�²� 9C��� ?���� �� >�/�� 1/�

H�� I�� ;�:/�� ?:2��$�� �� �A(��"/:m BC+ ?���� h�3 ®*()1(.

�:k G & M=%��� q�,� �:k �� *kr� >%C0�� �& F��C� �&� a&��� BC+ ;&1���� GFZC�� ;�C� �� ��³� G 81��� ?Z£ ��Q� �+� �& E�Y$�

Gf*/$�� >�/�� ?:�0�)=Å ��*�2 %A �y��� ¦��� F M� �Z��� � N1%6��� [ ;�&H�� ;:�A(�� := �*� �(�� ?���2 ;�*H���� :C+ �Z�� �(�� ��%��� �G = Å F

q�& ?���� �+ [���e��0= F2 ^Z� ��%��� �+ �()2(.

�+���� BC+  F� n�� �Å= >%C0��� ;©y*�� �& ;�y/�� �+ �� ���%� ;=�/�;©y*�� DZ:� "���� G ;:=2 Ge:��1 e&%C0� hC$s ÜF� �3 � h F ) ;©y*�� ���%�

5 ;r�� "$J:A BC+ ?:2��$�� �-/$0� c�%# �:Y8 ;:0:� ;:-C+ �+�%� 9A �:��&G {� ���%��� �:� %A -2 ,�H� @:Vr 9-C+ �:� %A� ;:&��+G !(A�

�� M9� �:��� �� DZ:� A1��� �½ I�� ?:�0G 5 �0�8 ;J:A 9A Ó :2��$�� d*$8 �� �Y��� ? T�V$Z8 xk FZC�� BC+ t��) >�/�� �/�

�1%rG �� ?:2�8 R2 ¬ M�($kP�� Kp� BC+ R-/�� ¬ �:Y$Z:= /����()3(.

)1( : ;�����–� 444. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 444. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 444.

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>%C0�� ;:r� jy$�P ¢yo E�%H� �� �+�C� ��& P� :9A�:

1 :�A(�� t�S$��� G"�Yk� GTA�/� >�/�� ?:2��8 d*$8.

2 :C+ t��# �F����� 1���$�� �y� �� K-/$0� BC+ ��-$��� GFZC�� B.

3 : �u� �Z��� �� �C�$�� ���& ���� G¬ M�($kP�� K�%�� BC+ R-/�� ����)� �6/�� ~�1 d� B�-$� P� $�%:k >%C0�� ��Y� �(�� ��)� ��.

� 9A� G;:��� �� Nf*2 ;#1, BC+ ;:'� 45 f�� ,�6�� �(A � hC8 F ���%��� F:*��� ;:&�/�� �� ;:-C/�� � 45 ��� �k Ge&%C0� "�-C/$� ¾R�6º P

�� �?*Z��� GäY��� �� ?��%��� �� ?:2��$�� �� �-/$0� c%Ä) � R2 �:��@6� Ú�:� !%C-/$0� ;:-C/�� �:��%�� >�/�� �y2 G � 5 ���+ R-/$Z�� Ó �� TA h�3�íM½ �;=��/�  H� ÚC�d �[1��8 T"�y�� F%�=u� ":C+ �1%r Dª hC8

;:0:��� ���%���. = Å %V��� �(A BC+ >�/�� �/� ��� �3G �� !(¬� ?:�0 e���� F2 ?��%��2 f68 I�� ;:�A(�� :'$�� -:= P T"*:2��8 �� R-/$Z��

�:���()1(.

I�� ?��%��� !(A R:��$� BCp�� ;C:0%�= ":C+ i*� I �� ;/:=��� ?:�0�� 9A �� R-/$Z�� BC+ "q�%$kP GT"�y2� >�/�� 1/�� �Yk 9A G!�q6� �+��� "'/& 9Y$¥ I�� ;:0:��� ���%��� �Yk �� �f� �h�3 G���%��� hC8

G1��� �� �-/$0P�) �(K�5 F �6|� �A(�� ?��%��� !(K R5 �Yk %A Ó� 1/�T"�y2� >�/��()2(.

)1( : ;�����–� 444. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 444.

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t\& G>%C0�� >Z$2P T"�y2� >�/�� 1/�� �Yk BC+ !1��r5 �ZY�� 9C����� M�*�� T��� �r 1<5 BC+ Rrk R:6ª �%$ª G:C+ [3Ó BC+� GE�,�Y�� !(A �& E�y+ ®C� BC+ R-/� �%½ 1<5 BC+� GE�,�Y-C�

Z��� �/�� N,=5 BC+ R-/� 9©y& 1<5�^ Zª� 0*�5� G �: e&%o �%�� Ge*:��) :5 �%C/�� !(A ���%� N+��� F– ¤��/��� %V���� F:*��� ;©y*��

� = t��& T$� P := ���Å �$�� �y��� "C2 EY6�� !(A DC6ª �3 t%-Z� I�� ?��%��� !(A ¦:H� ����� �� �%�&� ?:�0G !�:Y� P� 5 �Yk P

-�� >�/�� �y2ee��p�� ()1(.

%+�� �5 R& G;:=�k N2. [3-��� !(A N2. 45 %+�� P ZY� D�%�� �d*�$��� G"C��� "�Y� F:Z� 45"k��& .

�p���� T���� i= !1%'k F%�� �:k G�Y��� >%C0�� �& ;�y+ T:�� !��� � �%�� GM�%0 �k BC+) : F%�8 �%���� F%�8 -2 ?��%��� !(A 1%p��� G = ŠF

#� ��Y�� y2 T"�y2 �%C-/$0� >�/��� ey6Y� & � �/��� 9Y= �+%��� N�:��� �%���� ;��c%�� dH��&G ;/H� R2 �y��� �y�$0�� G 1%p��� �

$��� ;�c�%�� F�«$/� e*�© dH��� �& &�G �& ���:�� ��� �^0G ��� �%C0��G � N�k�� R2� >�/�� FZ� ;=��/� !(A �G TA��+ "�� R-/$Z���

8 :C+ �y��� ¦��� i*� �(�� %A\ Y:�()2(.

F� 45� GF%�Y�� ?Zk ?:�0�� T:Z�8 45 ?A(� ����) �k�� R�� !(A �� F%�Y��� ��+ & �$Ñ ?:�0� CAG := R-/$Z8 P� G �$��� ?:Z��� Rp�

)1( : ;�����–� 444. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 444.

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�/��&G & �$��� M+���� �-u�� ?H�G E*<��& �$��� M+���� G � � �p�h�3G $�� R-/$0� ��� \ F���� 0 �/��� ?:�G N�p2 �� 1%p��� ��c�%�� ���^0G ;:Y�$�� ��S$��� G �� ��� �& ?:Z��� 7��8� ¤��©G � r 1%p��� �(A 15 8 �3\ �/��� >& �� $C� � �=G � � � ��$Y 5 �� P%FcG $�� �-$0�� \ � F��� �

;���H�� !(A BC+ >$���G Z�� E*<��� A%C-/$0�� ;:�HCG ���6�� P�0 BC+ C2 1%p��� �-/$ !%'81� �(�� �Y�� �(AG 0�� �%HC�� ?:� :=G �0��� ���^A� RG !%0�8� G er%6�� b���� RA� G E*<��� E1r�

(K ;:�HCZ��� �]�� >$��� ��+ �"/��  Y A BC+ ;�1# R �� �( �(�� >%C0� ���5 :�G ;©y*�� ;"# �� >�%r f© %A� G B'$�� BC+ �y��� ®:*H8 �ky� �

�� �u�� Ú<��� ��%k �<���� ??G BY��� 1%p��� �Y�� �(A� � $�� R�,\ F��� :=�0 �/��� ?:�G ?#%= � �8 F���S �+ ;:�HCZ�� E*<��� !G 5 3� �/��� ?:�0

%C�� ":=�8;:+3G {�� �SK& �)� aC�� >�< �� �� >�w� _r� �p� N1��w %+�8 P �:k E�1/$0P�� E":*�$�� N�p2�5 >H�� h�3 4

;:Y�$�� ��S$����e'���S$��� ;+3%C�� �� ()1(.

���� "'/& d� R���$8 �� I�� �'��� �� ;Cm �+ ¦��� ���� �(A F59C� � := �-C� F� ��s:

1 : ?:Z��� 7��8� ;:Y�$�2 G�p��� BC+ ?VZ�8 F� ��s P ?:�0� � �/��� _r��� >�<{�� G�SK& �)� aC�� ;:+3%C��� G¤��©�� ��� �&

E�1/$0P�� E":*�$�� N�p2� �p��� >�w�.

)1( : ;�����–� 440 G441.

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2 : �/��& ;r�� ?:�0�� !(A �%C-/$0� -�:k ����\$�� F5– �&� ���& F��C�– � ;*��� G�p��� �� ;:�HCZ�� E*<��� -:0 P� 1%�|� �%/�

F�� G;©y*�� ;"# �� ?:�0�� !(A 9'$�� P >H�� F� Rp-$8 >�%6�� �� ?:A�$��� ?:©�$�& j%C�� �+ 1%"-)� >H�� FHCZ��� hC�� �y#

��*�� h�3.

3 : e+%:� �p2�� %A� �k�� F%� �p��� �6k !�6+ ) E*<���;:�HCZ��( G?�<���� ?Ú<��� ���� ®Y$� P � �/��� ?:�0� �� "�+ BY�� G

�p�C� @C68 �/��� ?:�0� j�"= �%-/�� #� BC+ �� .

F� F��C� �&� ®=�%� ��� i/� P �(A�) � �/���� 1%p�-C� F%�8 P 6Ñ ?:�0 �(2�� � F%�8 P 1%p��� ?:�0�/�CG e�%��� �y��� �� F2 -= BC+ �:��

�� hC8e��/� F%�� y= ?:�0()1(.

���� F� BC+ ;:&,�� ;+�6�� !(A F��C� �&� Í%:� DC§ N����� !(A  F5 � F) � M9� �/��� �� %A �:� ��/��� ¿�$�� T�� BC+ ��Ä � -t� ?:�0

>�/�� :=()2( .A F��C� �&� ��& ��� �%:� :�5 ?A3 � e�=�%� T�u� �(.

�� :C+ �%H�� � 45 ;=w5 GR:���� !c%/� T�u� �(A  F� n�� �k*�� ���� �+ e#1� ��/��� ¿�$�� T�� R2 �:C= G?qr f© T�u� R/Ä T:-/8

0� �� � F2 F5� G>�/�� ?:� �p�� 45 ��$Y� [���� �(A �� :�5 1 2 F5� GRC|� �� T�u� �(A 1«� ��Q dw%� F 45 T"��$k& �%:

)1( :���� ;�–� 445. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 445.

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�%�� Gb�(��) : �� BC+ �Z��� ��/& ��/��� ¿�$�� �/� F%*:/� �%�2 ?:�0;:&�/��G e�y2 ��/� F�= e�%��� ePc� �/��� ;�*< �+ G %A h�(& T2u�� b�(��()1( ��(�� M��/��� ;�*< �� ���= &� R/Ä �(�� D�%�� G TA�/� �Yº

?��%��� R:��$� ;ur N,� !�/� ���= &� F� i/� �(A� �/��� ;�C� R:��$� :&�/�� ?:�0�� �� ;V:V6�� �k*�� �23 -2 R:�, 45 [$º �(A� G; P� G

!(A F� 45 ?A3 �� d� ®Y$� P� G���= �� ;�*< �� ��/��� ¿�$�� F� -:0 C� �&� R*� �� >%C0�� 45 N����� ��5 ":= �"�� F��)��� ;:6�

f*/$�� $���<� G & ��� /&<� !f�Y8 ��� R�C= G>%C0�� ��%�8"���$k� �pk*2 �½ �:C+ ?Ä I��� ;&$����()2( .

�� F��C� �&P ?Zº --= Ú Ú����$0� ¾;:�Q� G>%C0�� �(A ÚRÏ��8 ¾;:�Q ��� Y8 �:k Z ��= GAf �(�� �+ �� $�=k FS$�� >�/�� 1/

­$�� %V��� BC+ R-/�� >%C0�� �(A ��� R��$� GT"�y2�) : �A3 ,�^$� ;:6���� ;�:/�� ?��%��� �� �(k �(º ®CH� 9C2 ?��! $�� \ �(º -2 ¦:�

��%��� BC+ [Z���� ?���� BC+ M�*��G 8 �� F2 �("C= \ e�,�Y�� �y��� ¦:� �+ V��� ���9w��/��� U:*��� �%()3(.

)1( : ;�����–� 446. )2( : F��C� �& �§��� �*+ ��+ !���� �/���–� 120. )3( : ;�����–� 444.

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l C�k8��:

�/� �(A @CH6�� �� ;"#%�� ;:�Y�� �� Rq��� EVCH6�� ;�:6C�� ;:C-/�& ;������ �� ;2�u& ;������ G4��� ��� �1%� (�� ��c �:/& F�, F� �2(�

G;k��r �� R*� >Vr� T�u� G;:CA)� �:k F2 ;]&��� U:&(�� !�-$/� e0:�� �:�� & b%Y8 �+� BC+ G�+� � _�+ -:= �/& eVCH6� ey�$Z� R��& G@��r R& �5 ���+ n�� ,����� �:+*H�P� �T��u� BC+ ;-:��� ;:�Y�� >,O�.

b�(C�� �*81� �%]� T/H�& $�×&� %A� GFZC�� X :H/� e��/& e�%'+ �2� :C+ �&� F��C� ZY� p��k �+ Cr� ]C���% �:k �%��) : Ú;�C�� !(K f/�$0��

%A Ó5� GF:*�� ;+�r ¾RA� :C+ �@C�Hr� �(�� b� (�� �T0� ���$Z8 � ���0�8 ���+ C�� !(A ÏR. F2 �-�� ��� G�%/H�� j�1,{ �%w%� � �:k �� FZC�� ;

%"= e'��� Ð� K f/�$0� �%/H�� j�1,{ îR. %A -2 �y��& ®H��� U��#� � R:�= � ;0%Z. �%/H�� F� -2 FZC�� :�bÂ��3()1(.

�%��= �� FZC�� %A R. j�1,5 �%/H�� R.� G®H��� �(A� � >�� �-/$0� @CH6�� �(¬ �/�� iY�� G � ��$��� �� !�/� 9Zu� ���� �(��) i/� 1*$�� M:��� FZC�& ���V$� G"-/< 45 1*$�� :���M �Y��& ���V$� "6q6� ;C:-)� �� ;V:*��� �-^2 F�%��� "�0�8� ®��1� äY��� "$©y&� �Zk� �]��� "�^Z��� ��+� Gh�3 �� @*r� �%"Y� b�(�� ���$� R2 ���

)1( : ;����� – �437G 438.

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92�1,5 R6� FZ�{� N��*� M9��& j1��� M�%0 F2� e2�1,5 e:Z� �� e:q�� �� e:/Ð()1( .

�/�� � @CH6� b�(�� fZY8 �%k ;����� F��C� �&� !��+ �(�� F�% �6k� GT^/�� �� �&�/$Z-C� R6º P �� F:&� !�/� ®:�ª� F:*�� RA�

�\& =�+ GF:*�� F%�Y& ��$/�& �y2 ;���& K���8) : ;©y*�� ;�C� �%6k FZC�� ;©y*�� fZY8 �� ��� � �y��� ;�&H� t�� A%#� d:m �� �/-C�

h�3 N,=5 ?:2��$C� d�8 ��%Æ()2( . ;�C�� !(A �%6k ��� �� P5�& 0� BC+ ��-$ �� �A3 ;H�°� G>�/�� ?:� �(A ,�,�8� GT"�y

�%�� G � �-Z�� ¾R*� ��� GFZC�� :C+ F�-$:� G�y���) : FZC& TC�$�= = Õ:C*��� G>�/�� � : � ;J:K� n��V$ 0� BC+ h�(� N�:Y� M½�� >�/�� ?:�

;H��à 8��� DC68� �3Å= !�"# #%�� h�3 BC+ �y��� T���� GT�*<° ��� :C+ R"0� #%�� h�3 BC+ �y��� T�� ;�C�� � DC6k >�/�� �y2 e*:2�8 dÐ F5� >�/C� I�� ;©y*�� BV�� f© %V�� ,�� P xk ?:2�$��

+ 1# f© à P5 G��= f]&� R& G��= Ç,\& �/Ð �+ *� � � BV��� h�3 BC;�C�� !(A �%6k �� ,Y$0�()3( .

�Ð 45 $#k� >�/�� �y�& $�y+� b�(�� ;/:*H� T"Y�� �(A R:º ��� �:k �%C/�� *<*< �&� :�5 ?A3 � 45 ¬/:$0� �/& "�"C$0�� T":*�0� �� 2�

 F� �;�Vr d* H�� b� (��� i]8 �+ ;�/$0P� G¤��/�&  F�� �,Z= d* H�� b� (��� P

)1( : �&� F��C� e���� – �114. )2( : ;����� – �437. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – �437.

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i]8 �+ $=�/� G¤��/�& �%��) :�-= �@r �/*< ¾��3� � Â�$º 45 ;�/$0P� BC+ T�� �/��� ¤��/�& I �� 9A G ��S:� ��� >�Hw� :C+ bÂ� (�� � �]$Z� �� V:V68 s%�8� ;=�/à /��¤�� b(u�� G & xk «$/8 $=�/� N,Y$Z��

d*H�2 �(�� P ¦C�8 /�()1(.

?���� �� �(A T"Y�� F2 T"= �&� F�0 9#Y�� ;�y/C� �& b�(�� GT����� %"= n�� F� �+��� 45 ?�# $#k 45 ;=�/� �;Z-�� ���+ e���ÂV�& I�� A�23

R:C�� �& G�§� �� c%Ä ":= �� _kS��G P ?W :C+) ¾;=�/�� ¬ T��:�� -C/& FÅ= T���� i*� BC+ b�(�� %�� T�� d:H�$& R:+=�� M# !�/� eYC�$� f©

G9w�� Ó5� ��1� � ;=�/� � 8�23 �� G¤��/��  F� b�(�� %*�� �+ z/& GE=kS�� %A� Sq# ¤��/�� ��� ,1� >�/C� Cp� P%C= TC+ ¤��/�� �

b�Y� �& � c%Ä �� h�3 �&� � P c%Ä()2(.

_�6�� �� %V��� ;:r� �� Ge���� e-C+ ¤��/�� ;:r� hC$�� �� �� � e�fp2� + f*/$�� �:Ä !�� P � G;oyp�� "�%C/& ;©y*�� ��- �� 1�=� �� �A3 ï¥

� �2��� Gi<*�� �� ��A��� Z£ Z-C� �� �:0k� �� ZY� ��y� �& �%�& N��Y�� !(A F��C�) : �y2 ;01-à ¾R6ª Ó5 ���8 -2 ;�C�� !(A�

;=�/à ¾R6ª DZ:�� G *:2��8 ���%� �HY$��� d-Z�� BC+ !1��8� >�/�� Ó5 ���%��� !(A FÅ= FZC�� ;+�r RA� "H*�$0� I�� h�3 ;�:-C/�� ���%���

�%6k �:Y8 P� GFZC�� h�(& e-C+ �:Y8"C. R/Y�& ;�C�� ()3(.

)1( : 1:+ /���� – �32. )2( :�0 ;k6Y�� – �76. )3( : ;����� – �437.

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-":$C2 F5 �:k �� e&��+5� ;©y& >�/�� ;]�� ;�C�� hC8 �& �c�%� %A� xk �Y��� D�-/8� D�01 t� d*H�2 E�"¯ 9A Ó5� Ge/*< DZ:�

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y�& N���# �'� 45 �H= F��C� �&� F� �� �(¬� �¥ -:= G������ ;�k G>�+ TA� T"��� D��³ ��(�� �& e��Y� Gb�(�� ;�C� �� ��-$�� E�%$Z� �&� G;:k� �� G�p���� T���� �+�%�� ;©y*�� ���%� ;=�/� :C+ ?C© �� �&� G�y��� T"C*0� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ ;:&�+ ;:�� ;J:& �%&1 ��(�� T#+��

��`�< ��(�� T#+��� E�Y8 ;:¥18 Rk��� �& b�= -2 G;:&�/�� N:u� BC+ M�1� F2 �(�� �o�� �%-+ e/*$� Gn���� ;Ck�� �& ":= ;�C�� !(A 1%'k f]& ;�<���� �VC�� �%:� 45 n,� X ;-^/�� �%:� %A� G;�C�� hC8 d#��8

& %�� E�,�Y-2 ;]C�� 45 f�� �� i/� X G�y��� �� @:V6�� � G���� ;���b�(�� ;�C� �ZY$= GR�2 ?:2�$�� 45 �VC�� R�$��.

)1( : ;����� – � 440. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– � 440.

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l ¥x��|���:

@�$8 ;:-Z$�� F� -:0 P� GF�%�/�� �(A �%w%à ®C/$� � %A N��Y�� 1%'k F5;o��u&)1( ����� xk ~yHry� � ����$0y� E�1%H8� E���& K� G

E�1%H8� E���& K F� -2 G 8�3 ���u�7���� ��/�� ����� ;�`��� .

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9CA)� �6/�� (�� "�+ ���*/� 9A Ó5� Ge����# e�1�$&� DZ:� A,%#� Rr� ?/2� N�$�+ FZ� BC+ �%p£� !(A (��� ;:C-/� ,���� �H= � ��� GfAc �&

E'���� �� E��Z�� �� G;©y*�� �%C/& DH*81� ;+%�$� E:-Z� Dª ":= Ew1/�� �� G�<�$�� �� N,1�%��)2( � ?A�(� ":= �%*A3� G ���� �& x

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A+,� �%� D:& Û��� �:��� G;=�<� P� �¯� �(A X �@6�À  F� ;=�< F�c ��-+ �& ��A >� �%k G����/�� F2� ��� �:��� F�c 1(��� «2�� ey"2 Ð�� !�/�� �"�� �� À�-��� ¦:�= F%�� �(A N,1�%� P5 Tt� ���23 F� ;=�< � D*p� � GD:*�� xk ¦CV$0� �� � /-Z� a� G¦CV= �35� @r �(A F2 GN,1�%� F5� � �%�� G�6+ RJ0� %&� ��-+ �& My/��:

D��1� ���+��� F�Y$� �/�� F�,1�%$�� �YC�� � ®C� �k�� -"�� *kr �� Z�d- ¨!�/� ��: hC8 �%�+ �#1 D=�%8 BC+ G"$�Z�� RJ0� %&� ?:H�� �+ Rp� h�3 ��=: �/��� GN,# Ã1� d�� �=u� BC+ dw%� �=u�()3(.

)1( : N�r/�� EPP��& "$�y+� ;������ !(K ;:&�/�� �%r�� d0%$C� G�,�� ����� 1*Z�� ����–� 127A�/& �� . )2( :+ �y<y� G?q]�� ���� ���� ��$�& "$�y+� E:-Z$�� !(A EPP, BC–� 57A�/& �� . )3( : N�-/��–[ 2 –� 1052.

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®=�� ;/Z& 9k%8 U/�� b�< j��$�P� ;:'� 45 ;:&Ä{� N����� !(A� �$�� ;:C-+ D�2 F5� G®:�1 �&� & d$-$� F2 �(�� ������ ��+ ¦�8 P �

�%�/� ���Ñ� G;:&,�� ;��Z�� N��= �� �y� ":= ���� G,��u� !(A;/:=1 [3Ó D�2 F5 -:0P� G[3-��� hC8 Rp� �%6u.

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t%-'� D¬�8 lE:&� BC+ ® C+ ��= G;���Z�& ��P� �+ e��/$*� G�<�%�� �%�& ���+� �& G�/-C� ;�/�� N1%6�� � "¯Y�� z/&�) : �� !(A

es�� h�3 d�� ��� GN�V$�� U/�� BC+ G�<�%�� ,1�%8 ;*��]�� ÚE8Y$�P� �� M��/��� �� fp�� ep��k� ���� y= G & F%8\� -:= b�r �+ F%/=�� P ��(

Cp�()1(.

@CH6� BC+ !S:2�8  F� 45 �%�$�� �� �& P �����) �<�%�� ,1�%8 ( �/�� bY8P f�8 I�� GE:&�� ;6� b:0 !1«� � � (��� �� ;��Z�� 45 N1�{� F�,

!(K $/� ":C+ �-$+� I�� f�/�� z/& 45 Af]& P �<�%�� ,1�%$& N�A��� ��+ ;6��� "�+ DV6=� I�� f�/�� !(A ��� G(��� z¥ -:= E%/��� ��

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�� � �&� "�:& b�=� G��$ !f�/�� =��¯ �VCH6�� �� R�� 35 ;��Z�":C+ ���� I�� Z:���� .

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)1( :;C-�$��� R�(�� –[ 1 – � 300 G301.

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�� <���� �/��� R-+ ;:Y:2 �+ p��k b:0 ����� F�= G $/�r ��k �� �/� BC+ (-C$$�� %A ���� ?:�0��� ��/�� FZC�� �%�C� �X ��&Z

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>�/�� �/�G ��8 xk \ �� K�%�� BC+ �Z�� ;�C� �Y�G �� ä%Y|� f�$�� �� fp��� 9���� �u�?:�0G 1$��� ä%Y|� �(A � � �+� �/� := 9Y�� � R�

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N1���� e�C$X ��]� �+��� F� F��C� �&� n�1 ��� �A3 O$�� � �35 T���� BC+ �%�� Gä%Y|� ��) : ���� (V�� �Yu� �� My$�P� �/& �º ��%��� BC+ �Z�C� ;

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)1( : ;�����–� 445. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 445. )3( : ;�����–� 445.

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�� ,%#� P� Gä%Y. d#�� N%&� �� � �& P �$�� � R2 F5 35 GM�1(+ ;-C E-Z�� ;�\Z�� !(A �+ p��k F��C� �&� R-"� P R&��� � G":�5 �/��� R-+ ���� �� R/# �� G;�,�Y�� b��Y��� ;:8�(�� E�1����� ;:6����

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)1( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 445 G446.

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��0�� ��� GM�,�� �� e:�+ ên%$Z� �+ ��%$�� �/�C� �-'�� GbyH�P����$� ��0� %A� G :C+ �*�� �( ��.

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)1( : ;�����– � 449.

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� G�+�%���� �%r��� ���%���� ;:-C/�� �q6��� �� ���� a-��� �Yk ®*0 ��� �< BC+ -t� -:0 P� G+c�8� GF¯%Y|� R���$= Ge:�8 �/��� ä%Y. M#

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)2( : ��/�� ������ >H��–� 59.

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�%�� �/& ;:��� �� ;/&1� GM:�� 9A� :G�YC�� GFc%��� G�/��� G;:=���� �("= %A �k ��À�/� F� �� �y��� e��c%� BY�� :��� �&À�/ ��/� �6���

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��� E2�V$�� ,�+ ��� E:&� ¤��+ ;CoX� G­�%$�� BC+ �2�%Z �/� e��k F%�� F� ?0�= G"$�P,� äY��� �+ ,�� Fc� ��� h�3� G¬�'

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!�/&� C*� -+ !�6��� w�©G BC+ �1)� � 0 �� >�/�� ?:� ;r%6�- &G ��%�= : ��# Õ:C*�� �y��� G � N1/$0P� BC+ i*�� ��%�� �� -+ R6= _r�

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BC+ �� �Ä � -+ � R6=� 0 = ;=��/�� >�/�� ?:�Å F%�� P (J�:k ��e��/G 5�%��� �y2 %A Ó()1(.

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�ck ��+ N,%#%�)1( �(��� ��/��� R:�$�� ;:#%�%�:0 �%"Y� s��8 �+��� �%�� �:k G;:ZY��� T�0�1, ;Y0yY�� T"= �� e'�� >�$��

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f© n�� �:+ �-. 1%$2��� F2 F5� G":C+ i*8� G;���*�� D:*�� N�k� 45 ?A3 ��= Gh�3 �u� �(¬ �/�C� !���ª F� ) N�:# f© N��= %A�

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)1( : F��C� �&� ��� ;:�ZC�� ;�C��–� 51 G52.

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n��� TAf©� >�/C� �#%� �/��� FG n�� ��� � [$º y= TAf]� �#%� P �5 4h�3G�� BC+ �1)� ��� �%��� ;r%6��� ?:�0( )1(.

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e�y<5 �y��� := ®CH� �(��G eP015 R0�� R& M�S#� dH�� P� �::�8 f© �� Af© P� ;:=�& .T"*:A�8� 1%"-)� ?:©�8� M+���� ?H�� 9� R-/$Z��()1(.

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��/����  F� BC+ ;���*�� (�� F��C� �&� �2��) E]C�� �q0 �#%�()1( F�� G) FZ� R�����ke y*�� 6Ñ ;©()2(G 5 45 ?A(� � FZ� 6q6� c��&

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�=�$��G Z� -2 $�� �� ,�H$ ?:*�5� B �%CH��� M��:*�� ¦r� ��� ~���5 r� 4 >2��� ¦� R:�� �� ¦:H�� �G ~��-�� ¦r� ��� 5 ¦r� 4 �%�

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)1( :;����� –� 442 G443.

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� G>%C0��� ��/��� D:*�� N�k� �& H&1 i/� X G>�/�� �/� �� � I�� %�� ;:C-+ v\8� N%H� �+��& fZ� %"= GE:&�� �& NP ;:C-/�� N%H�

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3 : F5 �:k GN,�/$�� ¤��©�� E�3 N�:6��� �k�� 9�:0%� �V*& ��S$�P� -:0 P� G�V*�� _y$�� @:*� P ¤�]�� _y$�� �& a&�� e�%�/� eH:� F�

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� �/� � ���5 �/��� >�$#�� a�0 T�� %A Ó� ä%Y. � ��� � �à 4�G � �Yu� �� My$�P� �/&G �� ���� (V º;G �C� ��%��� BC+ �ZG BC+ R*��

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�%��� "ZY� N,%)& .

�����o : �%�� Gä%Y|� h�3 F:Z�) :5 B-V$� ä%Y|� h�3 F:Z� <�� �� F N�A��� ;:=�u� �%01G 5 "�:/& K-/$0� �+ N1,r 9A 3G = Å ":Z� �3G ���

�� ¼�$�� ¬ �Y��� DY:�8 2 ":= >%C0\ ��%�� �G & :C+ �Z��& (��� \ Kp�

)1( : ;�����–� 448 G449.

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109

E-C2 ��� eN1��w n��()1( . 45 N%+��� !(A� � �/��� �� ä%Y|� F:Z� �6�/�� c��& 45 f�� F� F��C� �&� ,�1� ��= Ge:�= A1«� � K T���& M�*�� Gä%Y|� ��# �� ��� ,�%�� (�� �\2� G�+�C� v�(�� ?�)�� 96���� �Zº F� ;*A%�� �3 �+��� BC+� G��� ,�%�� !(A N,%)� �6�+ �-w�

Y� �+ f*/$�� � �� G��� ,�%�� hC$& e�:/$Z� N:u� E+%w%� �� ���� -+� Z �� _�K�� GN�+��� �Y��& D��$�� I�� ��%���� ?:�0�& F��C� �&� !Ð ;VZY�� ���� GT"*:2��8 �� T"$]� �� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ �+��� [�¥ P� h�3

C8 8%+,� G�+�� �� )¥ -+ «/:� Nf*2 ��� ��$�� T¯��� d�� yJ� h ;:8�(��� ;:�y�$0P� !�/�� RY�� X GTK �Yk �-+ �u� (��� �� ��*�� ��%� �\& �§�� ¦C� ;�y+ �+ ��1 � 45 �C:ª ;�`��� hC8 R/�� GN�)��

�� �%�& � �@-Z� P F2 �:k � xk �/� 1/�� �� ;ur ;Cm �YV ��%� %&� F2� G>�/�� ?CH� ¦C� F2 G & Y C2 � �Yk �+ �C+� -C2

¡���� �+��� �(A d�� P xk GT:C/$�� F�%�� �� d:=1 F%� �(A � G �:Z� :�5 �%� ��%� �� �+ S$/�� �&� R�� ��� G����$�� M��/��� �� �*0 �� ;�&1 :

) �� �� N���� �$0 �����, n�1 xk �/��� R�� � R#�& T��¯ � �"�� G>�/MZ��� G:��;:C:��� BC¨�#��& T��¯ -= G()2(.

��W��o : G;&$��& M�*��� G1%^. F�� �Y��� �*k N%C�& �6�� P� GN%C�� ;��6*�� Ew�|� := �p�8 G�+�C� Tqy� F�� 1:$�� N%C�& �+ Ó5�

�%�� G;:/-Z���) : �� �� := 1%���� F��� N,^$0�� N%C�� �� � �& P � !:���1AcG "+-^$0& ;º���� N1�$0P �%-Z�� �(2� G 3yà "H:��8�

)1( : ;�����–� 445 G446. )2( : M��/��� E�*<–� 194.

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1��Z��()1( . 7��8 �� G;#(-��� 1<5 R��8 Ó5 F��� ;/:*H� ���V$�� �(A� "$2�k� "C�� ;�:/� ;:�m �r�+ ,%#� �:k �� GN%C�� F�� G[3%-���

"H:��8� ;º���� N1p$0� 45 �,�8 �%r� �+� R�� F� �(A �� (��� ���� G ���Y�� ¦�%�� ;/:*H� h�(2 dw� �/��� F� -2 G & ��� ��/��� �+

�$�� ;�VC�� _����� k �� N�:6�C� ;:C:� : iA(��� 9Y</�� n%$Z�� � _����� ?Z£ :C+ �:��� ��s e#3%Ó� �/� F��C� �&� ���ª ���� G�+�C�

��S��� ¦�%��� .

0 ��� �2��� [3-�� e���� M��/��� ��+ N%C�� �+ ���u� 45 ®:�1 �&� ®* ��1 �+ 1*��� �� ;Cm b0� GF��C� �&� "��� I�� f© N%C�� �� n���

�%�� GN%C�� M��/��� z/&) :RJ0 �3 ;����: ¦:2 R-/8 �35 RY��� h��, ¨�/��� ��=: ¦:2 RY��� U�, ���+� ¨ k$Y� R:� �: �+� Gj��\0 � %A

��: N%C�� �2(& G>*k�� �("= �� G®�+ ��-/�� �5 �35 @$Y�� �/�C� ?:Z� N�:6��� ��= ï� �� G>*�� dw�� C#1 >2��� G ... R:�� fp��: ¦:2

d�68 �35 �Z+ h:C+ �� ¨�/� ��: _%<� �&��� ��À;C:V ¤����� G;*�/�� R"Z:= 9C+ ��r1�� G ��Z�� ­5 ��Zk� . ��� 9/-r��: � 9+�$0�

�,1� Rpà ÚM�� G�1)� _����� G­/�� F���� ­��G R:�� : G­u� i/� ¤����G ...�F2 ���# �35 ,�1� F� �&�� N�:6� "/�r ey:� : R/�� #��0 G�S$/�� Ã1� y+ @HZ�� !�k�G d^Hw= BH©� 0�1 ;*©1 N%C��

Y�&Z ...1��� F� b,c�Y�� F2 �35 D*/r :C+ ¾;/�r ����/ ?21

)1( : ;�����–� 446.

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111

G $�� _<� e:�� e�,�Y�� ��k�! >/� �*)�G F%H&� ;�,���G �2���� ;&��� G;:��� :H/:= �y��� !,:�()1(.

��� �� : F��C� �&� �%�� G������ ;k����) : <��= C2 �(A d� �� F%�� F �# BC+�-l� ���� G �(= h��dm � G � � ;º��C� a��� 8 F\ ��%��� h�3 Rpà v

�Yk �(��()2( . \�8� �� �/��� T�� ���� �� fp2 F��C� �&� F� ��*�� �+ �y2 �-w h�(& ~�r �� -:0P� GN�-/�� ®:�1 �&� !,1�� � BC+

��� hC8���)3( "qH+5� ;+�6�� !(¬ !,�Y8 R'Y�� :�5 ?Z� ��� R& G �%�� G"�k) : �3 �23h N�-/�� >$2 ®:�1 �&� G ,�Y�� �(�� >$��� %A�

� ;+�6�� !(¬5"�k MH+G ":= ?$�� �� � C*� �kG Cp� !�/& P� ()4(.

RJ0 �� ��%� �� �+ ��1 � ®:�1 �&� ,1�� R/Y�&�) : �k hC-+ ¦:2 �� ¨�/��� d�68 :>��� xk �35 �D�2 �?:<� � F%2� Y�eZ �& 9k6��

F���Z���G D/�r ��� iC��, �����G i8SA� ;:º1��()5(.

����� �(A Rp� �-$/�� �& ��& ;Y:Vr � G �%�� ) : FÅ= D�� D:C$&� F\& ¦C�$8 �%��� B</$8� G;/�6�� �� 8 @-Z h� À�*H�� y= GR^/8 P�

)1( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 374A�/& �� . )2( : ;�����–� 446. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446. )5( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 376.

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112

G�^'8 +,� ¤:& h�%� �� 0,�% GhC:� !,�+� ��+ � h<� =���� Àh�& h�Å= P ��/8 ;&#{� N8�%��� F5 D�2 j�A ;/:*<()1(.

��-;�� : �%�� GT��C� ?0��� D�%�� 1:$��) :� �� f� h�(� E��� ��*�� E�� �%��� �� >%*K� ��+G N�/�� ���=� G ��Y�� ���� G ÚMP�A � Ü�� � �-��()2( .

®C/$8 E��� A1$�� I�� E���� F� @w��� *�$��� G�+�C� ��Z)� ?�)& N�/�� ���=� G;C���� ;��:�� �:k �� �+�C� 9V6�� ��Z)� ?�)� �(A 45 ®*0 ;*:$� �&P F2 ��= GF��C� �&� ���# �� �:� ��Y�� ��� �-'� X

�%�� GM��/��� N%C� ;:'�� �/��� E��� �+ ���u�) : �/�C�� �E��� ��Z� ":= G :8� @-Z�� ":= :&� ."�� ��� R:C�� R*� B�]8 Gn���� "��� 1�r 1"��� R*� GM��]�� "��� �%� >�� GM����� "��� N%C�� �*u� fZ���. !(K� RC/��

¦C$Ñ 1/�� �+���()3( .

�%�� G�/��� �%�� E���� hC8 1:$�� eyC/� h�3 R6Y� ®:�1 �&� F� -2 :) @$Y� �:��Y��R �<�%�� Rp� N�2*� R-/�� 0�& 1V ��+ >%*K� ��

À�%��� F%�� �Y��� ;/-$� � b�Y$� "Zk >*0� %"C�� �� ;�:/�� �� f© h�3 X G"::/� 35� 9A ;º�$Z� N���# Ó\2 DJ��� N\�� Àn��� F�� �VZ��

¦H�� æM�%A b1�� e-:Z� G ��+�� e��S:� �& R:C�� G1"���� Ó5� � ��� 9�/�� �VZ�2 %A� C��+ a0%$�� �& �< R:C�� 1"���� �%��� ;-C��� := BC+

)1( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 384. )2( : ;�����–� 446. )3( : M��/���� �/���–[ 1 –� 81 .

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113

M:'�� �'& �%�, M:'�� �VZ�� BC+ G;-C��� F�� �Y��� := ;�2 ;'��� �� ?/8 1"��� "=�68� G := ;#$.� 45 �%� �� �%��� ;�%�$� À!%½ �VZ�=

�Zk� �� ,�1� F� Gd�6� ��� �� 1�,� �Yu� 0�1����; �� �� * h�3 GR:C�= �� �� 4/8 %A� b�r� �Cq���: "F5 ;J�� R:C�� 9A ��� e\<� �%���

y:� "�(A� �y��� �(�� P �/H� G := P� ¤��$+�()1(.

�� �� : �%�� GM�$�P�� ®�/��) : F5 �3 �23 M�$�P�� ®�/�� p+�%& ��h �&� N�-/�� >$2 ®:�1()2( �/8 I�� Ew�|� N�q�, ����� �(A R���� G

F��C� �&� ���� GR/$�$= �Y��� ~��� ,�c ¦<�%/�= G�/��� �%� BC+ �+��� �� ;H:£ �/��� T¯� ¬ �k� I�� ��%k��� �w���� ������ !(A �� [��

/& :C+ ?/6$0� F5 �+��� +, F� F�= G�/��� T�� !(A R2 Y/Z8 P� � F� C2 �(A) 2�$�5 D�� 4Q��G :C+ ZY� !��� P� ()3(.

�� �p2� �/��� T�� ;:�×& R6$8 n��� e<��� ;�&Z�� ������ ;Cm 45 _'��9A� G ��%k�� -�� _���& K68�:

1 : �%�� G��/��� D:*�� �Z� R*� ���� ���� ;:=��� dw� : M�& ��:�� �� ;:=��� BC+ D:*����� Z�� ©%r �'/& ^"G ":C+ �y��� i*�� 5 4

Q!��G � �5 Ã�= "C. "/w� :C+ ?/r ;:=��� BC+ D:*�� M�& �+ RY© F

)1( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 377. )2( : ;�����–� 446. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446.

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114

;�C� N�=� M9W()1( �³ %&� "�*H� F2 N��Y�� !(A F� 45 ®:�1 �&� 1�� ��� G � BC+ �%�� G!�/) :F2� %&� �³ �6���? ;:=��� ÀD:*C� ®C/:� � c^+�

G1��6�& h�3� %A ���6$�� G�/��� P� v\� & e�fp2 P5 �+� d�6$� ?:*V2 G q����� >�%6��� F� P d�6� �+��� e$:& P _�/� $:=�()2(G ����

�%�� C/= �� ZY� �p$0= ����� �(A c�$k�) : f© U� P �#� h�3 9/*< G;Cm P� 1��� G :C+ R& d�r� Z���T: ���� BC+ � G!��1� � �-$�� 9ZY� � ®:C� & �� �%��� �/& Gh�3 i&\= :C+ T:Z��� Up�� : R/=� h�3 := -2 R/Y� �� i*� D:*�� C2 BC+ G;:=��� �� 1� h�3 V��ÏR �9C+G P� iºS� �+ G�,��� P� f]� 9C+ eJ:� �� �Y� T:Z��� G���� P5 N1���� I�� P �$/� ¬ �� BC+ ;"# @:��$�� ��Y��()3( .

2 : ®�ª N1��w BC+ �:2\8 �(A � G!��+ � ?0�� P �(�� D:*�� ,/*$0� b:0 45 �:0 d� ?0�$� P � �/*$Z� �:k GE:&�� �& ;�%'/�� N�k%��

�%�� GN�:6��� M�S#� �`y$� ?Z��� & ®:��) :�5 D:*�& �<�� @Ð �3G �� �� 2�$:C= !��+ �(�� ?05 �� /w%� 4 & ®:� G=Å �� ZY�& R�$Z� D:& R2 F

®*85 ;*0��� PG M�� -2 ":= f�$:C= ( E:&�� �& ;�My�� ®:�ª FÅ= �(�A� G �:+ %A ;�My�� !(A ®�º � fÑ BC+ R-/��� C#� D-:�� �(�� ¤�]���

N�:6�C� ;�%'/�� N�k%�� .

)1( : ;�����–� 446. )2( : N�-/��–[ 1 – � 378 )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–[ 1 –� 378 G379.

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115

3 : ��� ;/#��� �%�� G $&$2 �� ���Y�� �/& �/) : �/& !�/� d#�f�� �� �y�� ������ @:��$�&G j�$�� BC+ & �'� P� 5 {� ÕC*� � �3 = N,#Å {� F F%$Y� FZ�

!�/�&5 ���$��� !��= E*� %A 3� $º�()1(G @:��$��� ;/#���� �q$� n�k5 ��� n%$Z� B��8 P ;Y:/w E:&� ��+ _%�%�� ������ �� Af© n%$Z� �� ¤�]��

���� �(A F2 F5� G"2�8 ,,�$� P� �+��� BC/= Gn���� N�:6��� E:&� �� T^�� �� �(�� RC�� �� N�:6��� 9�� 35 GdY��� � n�#� ���� G :C+ e*/r

e:�= n%$Z�� ;/:=1 N�:6� �-w ¦:/w D:& ,%#�.

4 : ,/$&P�� G?:2��$�� �� @6=�� �-/$0� I�� N��%�� äY��� ����$0� �+ �� ;-C��� >��+5 f:]8 �� N1��'�� >�81� �+ ,/$&P�� F���%�� "���$0�

�%�� G�/��� N1��'� ;:=�6�� "$:�&) : �y��� �� := R-/$Z� P�5 �� P �� @6=?:2��$��G = A�^":C= ;:�ZC�� E�1��'�� �� ����� Å �+ �y��& �Ø8 t

;�*<;©y*��G �k ��� ���� � FZC�� ;-q BC+ �%�� � �� N1��'�� >�81�5 %A 3 "�+ ���/�& "�� ;/05;�C�� �� BCp�� ;���H�� 4()2(.

5 : �y� �� ;:'��� !(A 45 ®:�1 �&� 1�� ��� G?:2��$�� �� ��/�� >�$#� ":= �%�� I�� G�-$/�� �& ��& ;Y:V6� w�+) : j�5 +%$���G� FÅ= �+%$��

h-CZ� 45 G�:�/$�� �:�/$��� %A �(�� hC"$Z� Gh:�/� ���� Gh¯Y�� ��� �1�, �/� es�2 �-$C:C= � e�Y� Àes�2 FÅ= ®k �/�� ���¦�� �YC��

G¦����� ��� -"�k F� -t%6� -+ ��ZY� -"�^"��()3(.

)1( : ;�����–� 446. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446. )3( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 383.

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116

�%�:= �F��C� ��&� ��� ) : ?�$Ä��e'� � ��/�� !�"# ?:2��$�� �G� 5 �6�� Ó ®&Z8 :�/� D�2 � "��� ¯Y�5 T"Y�� 4( �� ��fp��� M�1� ��# �(A� G

;�%"Z�� 45 R:��� �:�/$�� �+ ,/$&P� N1��w �%k �:©y*��� B������ ,����U/�� ���8 .

6 :�� ��� ;w���- �%�� GN,�/-) :�5 �� 1(/8 �3 C2 �(A �/& �/�ÜC=Âw��f G Â,�/�� !G = Å F �;º���� M��$�P& 1�� ��'�� Rp� G j�$�& ¦Ä�

{����()1(.

�/��� ;+�r �%k ;������ M�1�� �� ;Cm b0 F� �/& F��C� �&P �-º� �� -C/8 !%#�� �1 �&� 45 �� � d#1� �� -�� ��� >$2 ®:

%�� À :�5 ,�S$�� ,�1� �� �k�� GN�-/�� F��C� �&� �) : ;+�6�� !("= ;C-)&� ?Z£ ��'k � "�� ��23 ��� ®:�1 �&P N�-/�� >$2 Ý%$Z� "-C/8�

�")�G ��� � h�3 �� ;:]*�� :Y= >$��� h�(& :C/= h�3 MY:$0� ,�1G !(A� ;:=2 N(*�()2( . �k*�� ,+ ���� +� N�-/�� 45 ����$Z� E�1��� z/& �� Ã

� �� F��C� �& À �(A F��C� �&� "�0 I�� ;-:��� 1�=�� @:w%$� h�3��²�.

)1( :;�����–� 446. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446.

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117

l #�D�� am�2�:

I�� �'��� 8,/2 �/��� �q6� := �2(� er� e&& F��C� �&� ��/� � >�%&�� �� fp2 �/��� �q6� �%k !M�1Q �p� ���� G!��+ D��%�

�YC��� �/��� ;+�6� N,%�/�� ��V:0� GAf©� b�(��� ;/�6��� d*H��� �/��� d'�� GE��Y$�� !(A d-^$Z� F� �k*�� �� ��/8� G;-¯� ����+ K

� �q6�"��� GF��C� �&� ���& �/��:

�5e :)��P-�� :

xk �+��� BC/= G�:�/$�� >�$#�� G?:2��$�� ;�%"Z�� 45 F��C� �&� +, F� e��:# !�/� F%��) � "�� �6�� Ó5� G!�"# ?:2��$�� �� ��/�� ?�$Ä

T"Y�� 45 ¯Y�� ®&Z8 :�/� D�2()1( � %A ?:2��$��� äY��� �� 1$��= G �%�� G ��� A1:/�� ;�%"Z�� ��� %A �(A� GT"Y�� BC+ ey"0 F2) : P�

�A(�� 45 ¯Y�� ®&Z8 :�/� D�2 �35 P5 ey"0 �/��� F%��()2(. �� �:�� �%�� �:k ®:�1 �&� n�� N�-/�� EM# ;s�� N%+��� !(A F� h� :

)Ü��Â�-$C: � �� �y��� � �"0�RG ��� �6��� � �+����G ��� �/�� � F2 eVw�� e:C# G���_�/ �&Ú���Ge ��= �� z/& ����$��: �� �/��� � �0ÚJ�R �+

!�/�()3(.

)1( :;�����–� 446. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 446. )3( :-/�� N�–[ 1 –� 367.

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�����o :)F�2T��:

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��-;�� :w�/� u���� ]&��� �J§ j�6��� �� ��&��:

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P� Ge0�1 ;©y*�& ?A(8� "Cr� �� N,={& R�$= �y�C� ;:Cr�� ?:2��$���:ZV$�� hC8 P5 �y��� B�*�E()1( .

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��� � :V��/� + ��2��5�: D:& �+��� S#%� F� �ZV$Z�� �� �:C= G�k�%�� D:*�� �Ñ ;:r�� !(A� �%�� G�+��� �� ,����� 9�:�u� T"Y�� F�, �%º h�3 F� GNfp2 U/� �k�� :

)=Å F ��%� := l�:�/8 T"Y�� BC+ G � 5Ó D�2 � �� 1$��� � e�*< ¯Y� BC+ :�/�G � ��Ý�G = Å e�%�k F2 Nfp2 U/�� D�2 FG �%]�& �A(�� R-/$0�� ":C+G y*�� �� 21�� MY:$0� �+ b�(�� d�-= ;©()1( ¯Y�� D�=�%8 F5 D:*�= G

d� ®=�%$�& #Y� �&� BC+ F��C� �&� >+ ��� G,%#� F2 :�/� d�8(80� �A(�� �2 45 "�k,c� �,�:= G�k�%�� D:*�� Nfp��� U/�� ��º ��

�%�� G�r��� 1"�$0� �%]���: ) ��%:� F2 �(K� �/� F%*:/� �� T"§1 �� �� �+� ;#Y� �& ��& � :�/� N�p�� ����G D:*�� "�k,c��

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– e:=�k ��� � F5� – P GN,��. ?:�0� ,%#� i/� X G;¯%Y|� 1/�O� "�+ [���� �=VC� ��s.

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��� �K :)�K�8�� �I�g��� :

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�� GlF/� �� ,�1� � �%�� F� ;��u� R2 � � G;©y&� e=�r� e�%½� ;]� hC8 BC+ !�r�� �� ®*H�� à T���& ��*�� G �Yk � BZ�� F� � ��$��

�%�� G¬%C0� ¼�$��� "�%01 D:Z� I�� Nf�(��) :5 h�3 F:Z� <�� �� F N�A��� ;:=�u� �%01 B-V$� ä%Y|�G 5 0� �+ N1,r 9A 3 "�:/& K-/$G

=Å ":Z� �3G �� ¼�$�� ¬ �Y��� DY:�8 ��� = >%C0 2 ":\ ��%�� �G (��� & :C+ �Z��&\ E-C2 �� Kp�� eN1��w n��()1( �q6� �� F� i/� �(A� G

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w�© � e:Y� !�/& �� C*� à D:*�� ;�y+ ¦�� � ZY� D�%�� ���� G G�/� P e�Y� dH��� %A _�J$0P� F� �%C/�� G_�J$0P& /H� ,�1� R& Ge/<�

BC+ n%�� ;�%�/�� N�k%��� h�3 � G;:�YC�� N�k%�� �� N�:6��� M�S#� a&1 �%��) :M�� -2 ":= f�$:C= ;*0��� P5 ®*8 ��()3(.

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] �#�� U2T��

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l );�J; :

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��%� �:-u� �*+ 1%$2��� �%�� G�%-/�� #� BC+) : (�� F��C� �&� F2 ��� ��� �%"Y�& ;�%]C�� ;C:6u� BC+ ;�P�C� FZC�� �-/$0� �� b,� F���

T��� �� ;��� ... ;:8%6�� [1��� %A ��� �%"Y�� �(¬ ;]C�� Rr��  F� I�� ;*2��� A1��r5 �"# T�+\& FZC�� �%�� ... P ;*2��� [1��� !(A�

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�� "C2 ;:+���� ��k�� (�\� 35 ;/����� RA� BC+ ;]C& 9A� ;�Z��� >$��� �& y= T�]� �� �y��� ~��� >�+ �/&$��� ;&V6�� �� "$C��� >�/��

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e�=()2( �� G n��� e+��= F� Ga�= �%C+ ;/&1� BC+ A�6�� C/# � �(A R/ �%C/& �yHwP� ,�1� �� T� P �����C���� U#�)� A�23 FZC�� �%C/�

Rp� G;/����� : ¤��� E*2���� b�$�P�� a��� �%���� ¤��/��� d��*�� �%C/�� !(A �+ M�]$0P� ��s P e/*< �+��� F2 F5� G�/��� I�� ;/&1��

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T$"� �(�� �V*�� �-w K��8 �%Z� � �(A R/�� GF��C� �&� ¬ BY$2� $���� �+ R6Y�8 P �%C/�� !(A !M�1Q F� Ge���� F��C� �&& 4��� ;#1��& d'8� �/��� T�ª ;-¯� ���%� 45 eP%r� ;���*�� (�� K ¾R�r��� I�� ;������

�C� e�,��k� � e�,��kh�(2 �p.

A�+ �� �/à G;:��, ��� ;"#� �� �%C/�� !(A ;:�� 45 ���� F��C� �&� F5 �%C+ 9"= ;C:0%�� �� ;/����� TC+ 9A ;�]�= G;:+���� �%C/�� ;��� ;C:0� ;/����& �%C/�� !(A �*81� N1��w �%k �¦C�$�� �� F2 F5� G��/�� FZC��

G;:�y0{�) ]$��� �� ®��= nf= à6� ��� � �*81P� �(A F� �%C/�� !(¬ �C �� N,={�� 1A,cP�� @$Y$�� ;��k K j�$� � 35 Gby<{� BC+ �%C/�� !(A

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:�5 ��Z��� ,�0{� BC+G �f]8 �Å= ;C-)& G �®*� �� ��o� � G TC+ F2 h�(C= �TA� %V��� ;]C�� �� G C"# 35 e;Cm TAY$�& �y�{� G ÂDZ:�� h�(2

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"'/*& E-C��� n�� �� 45 �1�� �Z�� G�o� � ®*� �� G;C-)& f]8 �� ,��k �%*�� �k ;�� BC+ �%Z�� �(A ���� G;�%*�� ;]�*�� !(A F%�8

��� �(�� 9¥1$�� _� ;]C��� %V��� �& ;�y/�� D�2 �35 -:0 P� & <k� �:k G;V:6Y�� ;]C�� n%$Z� BC+) � %A ;�u� !(A %V��� ��]� F%���

>��+{� N��= 45 e�,�$0� �/�� EP-$kP a&'�� �:k%��()2( .

V�W�� : �� >��+{& R")� i/� %V��& R")� F� 1��� �5 �:k G9-C+ ?*0 TAY$�� �%6k F�, �%º X GE�,�Y�� �& ;H&'�� ���%���� ;-¯��� E�y/�&

= G,%6��� �/�& R¥� G�*<�$�� �& -�:& �/� �-'�� �%�� Rq��� F%�� �� �&� !�+ �(�� M9��� %A �(A� G��Q �/� 1��8 ;�,�0{� ��y+ ;Cm ?2�� ;-q� t� Gh�(2 ":= ���� �:C= ;]C�� �� G;Cm TAY$�& �y�{& F��C�

G;�,�0{� ;C-)� bH� [1� G �%��à ����� ;�y+ �%k dw�%8 BC+) �(A R/�� ��=|� �� ;]C�� ��� BC+ �-q��� FA3� BC+ e��H:Z� ��S� � �(�� %A �/��

0�1, 1�%# 45 T'�8� ;]C�� TC+ ;0�1, ��S�$= G���:C�$��� %V��� E

)1( : ;�����–� 424. )2( : F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'���–� 67.

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e�1%H8� ;&k1 �p2� EP� ���u� T"Y�& ;]C�� TC/� @*r� �� d� G_�6���e:�1�()1( . K EY��/8 F��C� ��&� �dw� ��� A,��1 45 1��� G�%C/�� !(

�& ;C6�� c��&5 45 B/Z� %A� Gh�3 R2 i�S�� ?:8�$�� e:+��� G�Y�6�� d&�$�� ;/:=��� [3-��� BC+� %A FQ���� ¦r%& G;:�y0{� ;/������ �%C/�� !(A �%C/�� !(A R2 BC+ e��S� F2 �(�� G"C2 E�%$Z�� BC+ ¦����� ���u� d�

F%�8 F� ;�]�� %A F%��� G $��� Rq0%�� !(A R2 ":�5 B/Z8 I��.

)1( : F��C� �&� ��� ;:�ZC�� ;�C��–� 121.

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1l �S��� >�:

F��C� ��&� ����– ¦C0 -2 – G>,��� F:*��� ;]C�� TC+ BC+ %V��� �TC+ d-$²� ;/:*H& ?:8�$�� �(A �o\8 F��C� �&� F� ��*�� G?:8�$��� ;:���

�& �VC�� := �= �(�� �1]�� � ?*Z& E^"C�� := E�p2� GN�p �%: hC8 ;:�/�� 45 R:��� BV6Y�� ;]C�� �+ ,/$&P� 45 n,� X G;-^/��

�� �& ;-q��� E�y/�� �1�� %V��� TC+ F� Ã� GE^"C�� E�,�Y-�� _%�%C� R/= N,�2 4��� ;#1���& & �-$AP� 4��� F2 �Å= G;C-^

%�� hC8 #� ����k X Ge��:/& �r��& D*A3 I�� ;:�/�� E^"C� ;YC$��� E# "��\& Ú_1/$�� ;]C�� ¦��/$& %V��� TC+ �+ p��k ��*� ÜF� &) ¾N1*+ ÚTC�$��

,%6�� �+!()1(G �6Y� ~�1 � $�� �(A R  8 ;:+%� �2(& ¦��/ hC�� �%�� G"$�Q� GN1*/) : UZ� R/= N1*/�� hC8�G 68 F� �& y= f �C� ;

K R+Y�� %'/�� N1��$�G FZC�� %A� ( BC+ >�/�� ��+ ;�C�� hC8 d=�� � G GTA��+ A,%#%& !1���5 d� Gn���� T��� n�� E�C�� �� Af© ) %A�

T�kyHr� ?Z£ ;�� R2G �Zk� h�3 �� >�/C� ;Cru� ;�C�� D�2� E�C��G �� �+ ;�&5 "Vw��� �r�G �� fp2 BC+ ":= E-C��� f© ;�P�� U/�� �%/Y�� �� R+Y�� �/8 I�� E2�u� Rp� _'�� i+� 1��²� ��G Rp��

 �� _��u� n��� äY�� ¦C�8 f© �� E��(�� 45 �/=�& 9'Y8 IG �:�� >�/�� ;]� P5 h�3 �#%�G���� P �k �� �/� R�= E]C�� �� Af© � �&

�6Ñ äY�� �� ���& P;�G X �%<� T�*<° �� T^/�� �y2 �� h�(�� �8 1��! >�/�� �y�&G 0� :C+ �� BCr �%� �/� %A �(A� TC: " :8���D �d��%#

)1( : ;�����–� 425.

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TC���G �$��� 16$�� �y��� ­ �6e�"G �16= Ú_��VC� E2�u�� T"$]� �P��� 1*$+� �w��� �� EJ:K�� ;+�6� := �YC�$� f© ,%6��� BC+ ;

"�� h�3 F��:Y$Z�G ���� �+ ���� A(�\� T"$�Z�� ;�C� 9A Ó5 G -2 �8]� �"/�� �(K ��:*r (�\8G hC�� ?CH� c^u� �%�1=� �y0{� M# -C=

������ T��� ���� F2 �(��G ��� à ;�C�� hC8 Ef]8 T^/�� �%H��� B 5:� �� " �d-Z  �� EY���� �� �&�/$Z-C� IG Z��� �d- �C�� %&� E

C��;:�ZGd-Z�� ,:$+& :�5 "k%�) A��]� X ":�5 9��� à E�ZY= ()1(.

��+ BC+ ���� �(A _%�%�� ��s�"�� �'� N:

1 :5 E�C�� �Zk� >�/�� ��+ ;]C�� ;�C� 1*$+P ey:C/8 ��� F��C� �&� F �� fp2 BC+ ��8 F� E-C��� f]� ��s �:k G�r��� �+ ;�&5 "Vw��� �� K F%�� �:£ G;:-^/�� "¯Y�� ,�+ ��+ N1%6. �PP, DZ:C= GU/�� �*�� �r��� @w%� F� ��s � ":= R& GE�,�Y� �� "��� � 1�� U/��

h�3 ;Cp�� ��� GEPP��� : � ;:&��+{� E2�u� F%�0� N�Z2� ;-w� ;V$= � S:-$�� 1��²�� �%/Y��� R+Y�� ,�V$� "*= G;:+�Y�� E�y/�� �� Af©� �/=�� U/à 9'Y8 I�� _��u� h�(2� G�r��� _�/$= G���� �� TA�k�

�� _��V2 E��(�� 45 T��� n�� ;]C�� ;�C� :�5 ��$Y8 � �(A� G�^� >�/�� ;]� S:s X Gn����Af© �.

2 :5 R�= GE-C��� f]& �r��� �%C& �+ 1%6��& n���� E]C�� D/� � � �/� �+ TAf*/8 R/Ä X G;�P��& 6Ñ äY�� �� � �& P �k �� �/�

)1( : ;�����–� 425.

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F2 F5� G>�/�� ;]C& 8�3 f*/$�� 45 �:� � �35 E-C��� ,�+ �:k �� �%<�z/*�� F� n��) %6�& F��C� �&� ,�$+� f]& ;�P��� n���� E]C�� 1

>�%6�� �� fp��� !c%/� ,�$+� %A äY���()1(.

3 :5 BC+� GcÄ{& "=68�� >�/�� ;]� N,%#%�� ;:r�� !(A �& a&1 � 0 �:� �� P5 ��X a&��� �(A F� �� T©��� ;]C�� _68P e��:k� e**

�{& u�� ��6Ú�C� 1*$+� j�A F� Gc^ �� �(�� _( ?��%# TA� �� �/�{� �%� ÚEJ:K& �6�� F2 �35 P5 Gc^) : T"$]� _��VC� 16=

,%6��� BC+ ;�P��� 1*$+� �w��� �� EJ:K�� E2�u��()2( ��� G :C+ �� BCr �%� %A �%*� ���£ 8��= BC+ �"�$0� TC0�) : �D:Ú8�¾� �dÚ���%�#

GÚTÚC��Ü�� �$Â������Ú6 �9Ú� ��y��Ü�� e�1�6Ú$Â��()3( �:� z/*�� !��� ,"�$0P� �(A ���� G G /w%� ) 45 e0:� !cÄ5� �%*��� ���u� ;©y& BC+ R:��$�� /w%� F�

T#+�� �� !f© 45 e0:� �:�� GTAcÄ5� �-C�$�� �� !f© ;©y&()4( .

4 :5 C/8 ;�%]C�� ;�:CZ�� 45 1�� � ,%6��� BC+ ;�P�C� ;�C�� !(A T ¦C�8 f© �� ���� �+ ���� A(�\� �:k GEJ:K�� E2�u�� _��u&

����$�& B���$Z�8 ;:�%� ;01X 9A Ó5� GTC/8 P�.

5 :5 0�� "=��¯� ;�C�� !(A f]8 ;:¥18 �r1 � �/& E��& ��= G¬* �� ;�1Y� �/& ���V$�&� G�y0{� �-CZ F2 �(�� hC�� ?CH� c^VC�

)1( : F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'���–� 68. )2( : ;�����–� 425. )3( : ;:�-p�� �:�Z�� ?�H& ;:�/�� ?�H��–[ 15 –� 635. )4( : F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'���–� 68 .;����� ®�. ?A3 h�3 45�.

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N�p2� >�/C� T^/�� ;H�° �-�$= f]$�� �(A >*0� ��� GT��� �����Y��� ;��$��� ;�C�� »�Ñ I�� ;�%]C�� EY��-C� �-Z��.

6 :5 ;�%]C�� ;�C�� f]8 Nf*2 ;:�� ;�%]C�� EY��-C� �-Z�� 4�� �-�Z��  F5 �:k G;-:CZ����:]$8 &� ¾\��8 �+� & Â�� G;:�ZC�� ÚE�C�� %&� �� .

I�� R/Y�� N,1 q�1Q ¤�+ 9�H��� [1�$�& R^Z:� F��C� �&� 9's � �&�/$Z�� �� ":�5 9��� à Af]8� ;�C�� !(K ,ZY�� �%:� M��# D�2

��= GT#+���) ÜF� T"�� �%C/�� RA� 9�� e0�1 ;�C�� hC8 �ZY8 G �%H�� �%"Y�� BC+ ���u�� FQ���� ®C]�:= ¬ �"/��()1(.

��/�� FZC�� �%C/& �-$AP� �& F��C� �&� a&1 �3� �T"Y� ÜF� ���s �A� ¨;:�y0{� ;/������

���u�� FQ���� by]�� �� �;:��� �*�*0 F2 %V��� TC/� dw%�� �Rr�  F5 BC+ T"Y�� = ?*Z& G �C�� !(A ,Z ��� ��k��� �r��� �:w i/� X G; G;:+�

i�, "/=�, /w�� %V��� ;+�6= G3�(���� R��\$��� \H��� aC�� N�p2� ;/������ ��/�� FZC�� �%C+ �& ;�y/�� n�� C/# � �(A R/�� G���� ���&

� �6+ P� G��%k�� �� �£ R6Y�8 F� ��s P ;:-$k ;�y+ ;:�y0{� � := �%C/�� RA� n�� ;:��� hC8 �+ \��$0 ��c �� R6Y�� F� G1%6/��.

G�+ R��& �%C/�� RA� �� �%��� MP�A ":C+ n�# I�� ;:��� �*� ~�1 � �%�� G;+�6�� !(A EVCH6� N\���) : ���%� T"�y2 �1� �� �%H*�$0=

)1( : ;�����– 425.

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*� N,�H� ;�C�� hC$�� + F%Z:�� �+�%���� E:C��� �y��� ��%�� �q0 ":C !*��& !*��� F%�VC��G �%=�� R+Y�� F� Rp� G ��$*��� >%6�� �%/Y���

�%=��G E-C��� !(A E2�k f]$& ;�P��� f]8 ���1 � G BC+ �%VCHr= :-Z8 $ e&��+5 G ey�+ f]$�� h�(� ?#%�� ;:-Z8� G h�3 �p��� G "C2 E1r�

��:�= T¬ ;r� EkyHr� >$��& AG ;r%6° TK ;+�r A%C/#� %V��� TC/& "$:-Z8 BC+ �%VCHr��()1(.

I�� ���%��� �*�$0�� >�/�� �y2 �1� d*$8 9"= ":C+ ��10 I�� ;:��� �� ��� Gh�3 BC+ �:���� !*��& !*��� bu5 �y� �� G�y��� h�3 T�ª

C� ?6���� G��$*��� R+YC� d=��� h�3��/�� FZC�� ��� ;:��� hC$&� G�%/Y-.

E-C��� E2�k f]8 ;:-Z8 Rp-$= ;+�6�� !(K EVCH6�� N\�� ��� ;+�6��� ;-¯��� ���%��� !(A ;:-Z8� Gey�+ f]$�� �(K ?#%�� ;:-Z8� Ge&��+5

%V��� �TC+.

E�"� I�� ErA1{�� %V��� N\�� ��1\8 ���� �(A F� @:Vr (�� � FZC�� ¬ ��� I�� ;:�ð� ®:�, R:6Y8 R2 BC+ R-$�� P� GS#%� õ�� G;���*�� E�1�{� !(A ���� G%V��� TC/� D/w� I�� EVCH6�� R2 BC+ �� G��/��

;:=2– F��C� �&� ��� R��� BC+ – BC+ G%V��� TC+ Rr� ;=�/à ,�S$C� �� ;6��� RY]� � ��� �2 I�� Nf" �� ;&pà D � I�� N1���� 1��� E��

9C+ d� ­`��� ,%0�� �� ;6� 9A� G��/�� FZC� �+�%� dw� N��= GN��Y��� ?�< �� �& �+ �� 9w1 �/�� dw� ,%"# �� h�3 ��/& �R� �0 � � G

)1( : ;�����– 425.

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%"= À!�6+ xk := R:� �� G%V��� ;-q� R*� �� TC/�� �(K ;:C6Y��� ;�:Z:q��� i�S�� !f0 a�� G%V��� TC+ 1%H8 Rk��� �+ e�S#%� ���� ey�%< ��*� ì�� ;/:*H& F���� 9¥18 RZCZ$& G!�6+ xk �:��8 ;���& (�� F��C� �&� !�r��

Rk���� !(A c�= ��s� Gn���� ;Ck�� �& TC/�� �(A d� R�/$��– 45 e�,�$0� ���� �(A–­$�� %V��� BC+ :

!� )F#/�t : �&� �%�� G­`��� ,%0�� �� d� E��& I��� G�:0\$�� ;Ck��F��C�) :Ï���� ;��2 i& �� ­���� ,%0�� %&� ":= ?$2 �� G ���� N1�Å&

�+ �� 9w1 9C+G ;�C�� f]8 n�1 �� G "�Y£ :C+ 1�\= G 45 �SY= "H*w $Z�� N�wu� ���%��&�N��()1( ;:�*0� 1��� %"= À �$�:��� R^Z�� ,%0�� ��

�%r� �01���� �& ��c (�� h�3 �%k �q�, _y�� F� BC+ G%V��� ;&$2%V���)2(.

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TC/�� �%�� GR:C��� ,%0�� �� �& ;CrY�� N�$Y�� hC8 ) : ���� ":= ?$2 � ��:A��Y�� �§� �& R:C�� 45 ÂD"$�� ÜF� 45 G!�/& ��( 1%$2��� R6= ��� G

¦:w 9�%�)3( &$2 ) ;�%V��� �1���� ( !(A �y� D�(& I�� ,%")� �� D*$2 I�� EY���� z/& 45 1�� -2 GN�$Y�� �p�� �� My#� M-C+ R*�

MP�K d#��� G9Y�p�� �-+ �& BZ:+ !(:-C8� G9��'u� ®V05 �� �& �� �*+

)1( : ;�����–� 425. )2( : ;�%V��� �1���� ����–� 13*/�� �6/��� GA�/& �� ���� 90–� 121. )3( : ;�%V��� �1����–� 22A�/& �� .

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N�$Y�� !(A �$³� G!�+�%�� -:AY�� %V��� >�%&� �� fp��� dw� R'Y�� ;:=2 f© t� ;�'k ;Ck�� �/8 t� P5 GF�� ¦6�& 1��8 ;:��c ;kZ� BC+

) �+�%��� !(A �'�� ,%"# BC+ \�8� �& P 9��'u� F5� G"�%01� T:AY��� N�$= T:AY�� !(¬ �-$"�� �� !f© �� ­`��� �]$�� �-$k� R/Ä X ;�&0

e-q� e���� N��*�()1( .

)W��W�� )F#/�: I�� ErA1{� !(A �/& EM# ��� GM�%$0P�� �'��� ;Ck�� 0�� �� �/& GA��23 + G,% !(:-C8� ��:A��Y�� �§� �& R:C�� �� BC

0 �%�� À �%*:) : ��:A��Y�� �§� �& R:C�� 45 ÂD"$�� � �:���� ���G F2� >�/�� �� ;�C�� hC8 >A(� ":�5 [%k� ����G "=  ( �;+�6�� >G �-2� R

¬�%&�G �+ A(��� G �%*:0�-�= "/�1Y8 RG0�� "$�,� �� �p�$��A�A�%G �� &$2 ":= dw��� e��5 1r �(�� 1%" ¾2 � R�� Ú$�?

!�/& �� ":=()2( �-25� G;+�6�� !(K ?�("$�� R:C�� ,%"# Rp-$8� À �� 1p2{�� Gd�1Y$�� BC+ S:2�$�� Rp-$$= �%*:0 !(:-C8 ,%"# ��� G¬�%&�

$��& B-Z�� &$2 !�"# ;ry� dw�� ;�,��� �A�%��� �� @w��� G> BC+ ey�2 e^'� �'� TC/�� �(A F� �%*:0� R:C�� �� R2 R-+ ¦r� �y�

�A�%��� �p2�� ��= �%*:0� GR-2�� >(A R:C�= G���.

)� �#�� )F#/�: ,%"# BC+ NS�8�� ;Ck��� !(A D�2 ��� G16$�P� ;Ck�� $2 A�p� I�� �+�%���� ���%��� D6� �:k G �%*:0 !(¬ dCHw� ��� G &

01Y�� 9C+ %&� ;-"�� � �2 -t� P5 G[#S�� T0��� %&�� 9 F��(V

)1( : F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'���–� 71. )2( : ;�����–� 425.

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�%�� G!�(k) : N�6$° e*$2 [#S�� T0��� %&�� 901Y�� 9C+ %&� dw� � &$2 ��{� �(k ":= F�(º G�-C/$-C�()1(.

)-;� � )F#/�: R�%H$�� h�3 G_y��� R�%H�$�� ;Ck�� M�& �+ ¡���� �%�� GR��\$��� R:CV$��� ,"�$0P�� RqZ�� R:6Y$�� B'$�� X _y��) : �

;+�6�� !(A �y��� �<G CA� �& _y�� ¢�k� " N�6*��� ;=%��� >�/C� �s���� ���6��G T"�:& [^u�� ;�,�� E�p2� G b�H�� D��*8�

T:C/$��G ��+5 _y$�P� �p2� hC8 T"=y$�& FQ���� �Q �� fp2 > �-C/$�� BC+ h�3 �<� �+�%���()2( ;=%��� I01�� _y�� �(A Rp³ ��� G

�� Rru� �c\$�� n�� �"�� e���%68 ;Ck��� !(A F��C� �&� 1%6�� GN�6*��� b�H� F%/'¥ ��(�� �-C/$�� BC+ !1��& ��/�� �(��� G_y$�P� h�3

�1Q� N,�/$� -2 Ge:*C0 �o�� F�= G;C&�$� �^k� ;w1/$� ;�,�� ;��*$� M �(A� G_y$�P� := �p2 ��= GFQ���� �Q �� fp��� >��+5 BC+ !1��& ��/�� e:=�/� ey�k� GTC/�� �(K e:Z:q1 e���:� F2 7���� FQ����  F� BC+ ����

���%��� hC8 �:V-$� .

) ��-�� )F#/�: 6$�� ;Ck�� �(A R-/�& dCHw� ��� GF%$��� _y�� 1 �%�� GNV��� �� F���\$�� 1<{�) : 16$�P� T"*A�(à F���\$�� M#�

fp2 ���6$�=e� �%H�� h�3 �� G C/= -2 R�� � d:-) T¬/:$0� d� h�� �&� C/= -2 �-C/$-C� Û,*�� BC+ TA16$�� �� G �p��� GR:"Z$�� >$2 �&� Rp� -�� h�3 �%-�� Ã1� � ;����� ?#u� �&�� R6Y�� ���°S��

)1( : ;�����–� 425. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 425.

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n«��� �8c%#1�� h�� /� �&�� n�]6���H ;:Y��� Nc%#1�� 9()1( ��= À M��# Rru� R�%H$�� �/& N���# 16$�� ;Ck�� 45 TC/�� �(¬ �u� E,+

p³ ��� G�:=%���� ���6*�� �& _y$�P� h�� �&& ;2�u� !(A DC°S��� Z��& %V��� TC+ Û,*� BC+ C6Y� �6$�� �(�� ��� ;*

F%$� �+�%��� !(A T�� ;Ck�� �"�8 � G?#u� �&� R/= h�(2� G�-C/$-C� 9H/� �&�� h�� �&� �� BC+ . EY���� N�p2 45 N�$Y�� !(A �/& f���

"-:C/8 b�< _y$��� _y$�& G%V��� �%�� G;�%V��� �1����) : $�=\ ¦:� F� �� �p2� �Y�� �(Aº := T:C/$�� b�<� & �º �� B6 ����$�� ;���H= ;YC$°

;YC$° F%:Z������ F%�,��]*��� F%��6*��� F%:=%���� ����\$�� ;���H� N��]�h�(2 T"��<()2(.

)� �-�� )F#/� : �C� �&� ����8 BC+ 9A� G,%2��� ;Ck�� �&� �/& A1*$+& F� ��c �� G��p�� F���� dCH�� G��^K� d&Z�� F���� ����� �6ª h��

�%�� G%A) : �q0 ����� �� ���1 � >A(�& F3�8 ;+�6�� !(A E,2 ��� F��-/�� ���$& dq�6��� �%C/��()3( F� 45 1�� �� BC+ G >r� �� ,%2��� �(A

�6��� �%C/�� �q0 ;�t ���� GF��-/�� ���8 %A ?*Z��� G;*�u� hC8 dq ;r� GNf��� ;Ck��� �/& ��A �&� ,%"g �:�� %V��� TC+ �+ p��k

&$2) ?�1+�� ?$2 �+ ?:*C�� i]�( �%�� F� ���� �\2� G : ��A �&� F5 � I�� ,%2��� ;�k �� ;+�6�� !(A �C�:� e-:�+ e�,%"� �(& �� �/à G"$&r

�%�� GF��C� �&� N,"�& h�3 � F2� G��%� 9:|�� K (���� 1��& dCHw� :

)1( : ;�����–� 425 G426. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 426. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 426.

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) �& ����� �m 45 >%Z�� �6� �� F�%�, 1%6/�� !(A >�]�& �:�5 Rr�� BC+ TC�8� ;C6Y�� ;C-� >��+{� ��k� := Ý%$0� "q-C+ �� ��A

� _(k� R-)�� E�,�Y��� _��u� 1��$�� �� ;+�6�� �p2� ¬�%&� !Ð� >�%&\& "H*w� "C2 FQ���� >��+5 D�� 45 1��� >��+{� i]�&

A�q0 T�$�� �+�%�� �%6=�G !(A !1�� %C/& �"�� T# TC+ BC+ �� �Y�%= "�� $+'& 1%=�� ;+�6��G �� �\2� V �� $���< %� �V�N �(�� Rr%�� RA� �

�� �%Y$���o�� �Ú�& i# G �@CH6� �%/*8�� -:C/8 G ö��, ?:^+ M9�& h�3 �� B8\= $�C� N%� BC+ +yÒ<��()1(.

)1( : ;�����–� 426.

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2l )*�� >�:

TC/�� �(A �_��/�� G;�C� P l;+�r� lTC/� �b��H$� >*�� �(A Dª F��C� ��&� F5 �%�&) : %A ;�%]C�� E+%w%�� F:&()1( �6�� %A� G U/� ;�%]C�� E+%w%�&

�%�� G := ¦:�\$��� GTC/�� �(A dw� ?*0 BC+ ¦�� � GE-C���) : �� h�3� = � C�� ;�C� E�Z ��/�� FZ %V��� RA� ��+ N-Z�� E2�u� {&>��+G !�C� -2 "�Yu ���%��� DH*�$0�� G ;Z&yà ,ZY�� h�3 �-$0� �

T"$H�°� T^/��G n,\8 xk äY��� E+%w%� 45 ,ZY�� G �� fp2 R-/$0= ey:� TA��+ +%w%� f© >�/�� �y2 /$Z�� ;�^A d� �&� T�kyHr�

;:&�/�� @��6� ;Y����G ����$��� >$��& ;�%]C�� E+%w%�� �Yk 45 �:$k= ��1��� ;:��G ���u�� FQ���& R")� �� �+ \��� �� ()2( �(�� ?*Z�= 
FZC�� ���8 45 d=, �(�� ?*Z�� �:+ %A ;�%]C�� E+%w%�� �Yk 45 d=, äY��� z/& E(�� �:k G;-^/�� �%:� %A� G>��+{�� %V��� �+�%�& T�kyHr� �&�/$Z�� ;�^A d� ¦:�$�� ?*Z& "+%w%� f© R-/$Z8

�6�� �2�:� �A �F��C� ��&� �,%/�� G;:&�/�� @��6� ;Y���� �%C/�� !(A ��& ;C �"Ú�'k� N\����� ¾R/Ä � ��5 ÜR& G���u�� ÚFQ���& e;Cp-$� ;:�y0{� ;/������

Ú���u�� ÚFQ���� Ú;��� e;C:0� R/Y�& ��%C/�� hC8 �@*6$Ú� G"C#�� .

TA,%"#� by�� TA1�,� ;-"�� !(¬ ��%]C�� �yHw& �:�� ~�1 � �����*�= T�Y���� ¤�+� GF��:�� �(A �*Z& ,��� G�/�� &$2� GR:C�&

�%�� G���$�� $���H�) :�-�= h�(� FZC�� ;-q� �� fp2 �G := �%C���

)1( : ;�����–� 426. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 426.

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��:A��Y�� �§� �& R:C�� h�3 ;*Cu� ®&0 F2� ��������G >$2 ":= ¦��  2�� := �6V= �/�� p��� 9q�p�� �� "C2 T^/�� _��k E* 9+&���� 9oy

90-���G "$�� � ;�© %A� 9 �?:2�$�� :�5 ���/�� FZC�� G �8\8� ��6k � B l!%#%& h�3N�wk N���+ ()1(.

BY¥ ��:�� G -^/� R:C�� R-+ ;���< F��C� �&� R6= ���� �y� �� R:6Y$�� �(A F� �Z�� �?6� � R/# ��� R:C�& ?^/� F��C� �&� xk Ú®Â*

��s h�(&� Gt:&� "k�� >"0{� 45 & ��k X G -^/� /w� ;���< >$2 N1*# e�,%"# D6� F��:�� �(A "C��& ;Ck�� R:C�� 1*$+�

�/��.

)������ )F#/� �;e C+ "CpX �-$+� �:k R:C�� ;Ck�� ���8 ;Ck�� 9"= G B � �/�� >$2 �:�C8 �&� �%�� GR:C�C F��C�) : ��:&S�� ��& %&� M#�G

;/&���� ;q�� �����& ����� ��K ?$2�G BC+ ;�=|� d� !�6$�= >/:$0P�G C2 R-"�� �� _(k� G R-/$Z�� �A�%� �� fp2� G 6��

�:�C8 �Zk� �YVC�()2(. h�3 �/& F��:�� �(A ,%")� D�$8 �) = ¦�\ � >$2 ;�1��� �� ��A%)�� �� BC+ ~V6 _��u _1/$�� ?:8�$

T^/��G �& "�� M��*�� R/^= NS-"G _�u� BC+ _��u& ;m�$�� R/#� P ;-C��� �� f��� M��$�� ;]C�� �6k� TC��� ����� 45 �p2�� ���� 1��Hw

R:C�� �6£G !�:0 �&� �:Z����� �� ":= ¦�� � .. �>$2 h�3 BC+ T�|� �� BV��� >/:$0P� G �/�� >$2 ?:8�8 %½ BC+� G ¤�/$�� := ,�c�

)1( : ;�����–� 426 G427. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 427.

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TC��� E��$�PG "Y�168� G �������� �Zk� �� M^= G �� �& �-. 6�� �Zu�..G TC��� ����� 1*$+� ~V6�� >$2 ?:8�8 45 *:8�8 ?C�� G

&� %8 ��= ":C+ T#��$�� M�M Tk1 9�G N%&� 9C:C0� ;-q� �� ������ À ;]C�� �A�S�� >$2 �1*��� �&P� N�"-)� >$2 ��1, �&P� �^��� >$2()1(.

9A� ;]C�� TC+ ¦:�\$�� N���# ;Ck�� BC+ F��C� �&� [�/� � )�F#; 4���¨� �� [S&�� �%�� G) : e'�� ;+%w%�� ?$��� ��� >$2 ;]C��

>�/�� & Ec%W � R2 := �& c²� ���°S�� & Ec%W -:=� äY��� �� EP%���� ��GN,={� ¦��� >$2 %A� ()2(.

)1( : ;�����–� 427. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 427.

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3l���&�� >� :

F%�= R2 R-�� �:k eP�� �/�� !�/à F:*�� TC/� 92�Z�� ¦:�68 45 F��C� �&� R:s F��C� �&� �%�� G;������ N1/$0P� R-�� �(�� ��� !�/Ã� G;©y*��)C/�� �(A R-$�� T

E����� ��%k��� EJ:"C� I�� ;�P��� !(A �+ �V*�� BC+ F:*�& B-Z��GC/#� " _�r� ;oyo BC+: �YC�& ®&H8 I�� ��%k��� EJ:K� !(A �+ := �V*� ���� ¦�6��

�u� E:'$�� d:mG;©y*�� TC+ B-Z�� G BC+ ;�P��� �+ := �V*� Up�� ¦�6��� C�� 9�YC�� �cy��;������ N1/$0P� 9A� ��S GF:*�� TC+ B-Z��GeY�r -¬ �%�u��

�:�W �� C6Y� d^Z& �5 ®:-�$�� �� �%�& �:Zª� �y��� ��S8 ����� %A� ��Q �� BY�� �/� �"�Å& ,%6��� �/�� �+ ;�1%8 �� dH�� d:r�8 �� ¯Y�� �& &��

h�3 �p��� -"�:& �YC�� j��$�PG ��d��*�� TC+ TA��+ B-ZG _�r�� BC+ ®C<�� �o�|� ��+ ;oyp���T0 �� F� Up�� ¦�6�� T0� %A� � := �%-C�8 �� ��� ����

n��� �/& N�k�� �Y�� RqZ� D�ky8()1( . I�� �'��� �� fp��� BC+ �%$º ���� �(A"C2 ;©y*�� F%�Y� _,��� F:*�� TC/= GA��+ _%�%�� 1�Ä �(¬� G!��+ – f�� -2�

%A � ;=,��� ;©y*��� G92�Z�� -:0 P� ������ NM*+ �+ �(A Y:�68 [�¥ � ��SC�� 9�YC�� �cy�� BC+ ;�P��� i/� e'�� F:*��� G;©y*�� F%�= �& �� U/�� TC/�

i/� !��+ F:*�� TC+ FÅ= 1*$+P� �(A BC+� G;������ N1/$0P� 9A� : F:*��� ;©y*��d��*���.

T0� �:+ %A d��*��� F:*��� ;©y*�� R-$�� �(�� TC/�� �(A T0� F� 45 f�� � �� GR��� BC+ MS)� T0� by<5 >& �� �(A R/�� GF:*�� %A� GUp�� ¦�6�� �%-C�8 �� ��� ������ F� 9"= G ��� !f© F�, E�(�& MS)� �(A 1:$�� ;C+

:=.

)1( : ;�����–� 429.

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� �k)�� ̺ �& �Y/g ��$*� GTC/�� �(A ��&Z�� M� �23 45 9's CqZ� >(A� 8�&c �. �� !��� �(�� 92�Z�& e:"$��� �Y/# �& ;�����

�%�� G &�%&� ?81�) : TKp��� ����� �k)�� ̺ �& �Y/# ":= ?$2� ":= ;:=�� f© E�My�5G R-�8 �Y�� RqZ� �S8 � � eJ:� eJ:�= �� F� 45 �V �

8�&c 92�Z��G CqZ� >(A� G eY�Q !��23 � %½ BC+ &�%&� ?81� �� ?:8�$��G �(A R/^= F:*��� ¦��6$��� %V��� ~$Y�& B-Z�� &$2 ¦���

9A E"�� �� �%6�� &$2 �� F���\$�� !(��� q�S#� z/& �� �Y�� /= -2 �"/�� �(K ;����$�� >$2 h�� �&�� F:*$�� >$2 92�Z�� C

-^k �]r� %A �:�C$��� ~'�{� >$2 i��S��� ����� �y#� ~*6�� �p2� �� T:C/$��� ~���� b���� RA� ��+ �"/�� �(K & ;��/��� ~'�{� ��

!f© ��()1(.

&� F� F:*�� TC/� d��Z�� ��1\$�� �(A ����� DYC� X� 92�Z�� �/� F��C� � �� (�� �+� G =%�r� ��%��� TC/�� �(A RqZ� DC-$2� & �(�� ��/�� ;H0�� TK F2� TC/�� �(K ���68 �X ��fp��� ®£ _V#5 := T�k �(A� G!�/& M# F� �� T©��� BC+ GU#�)� ;©y*�� ��5 T"0�1 BC+� G := ®*Z�� ?6�

GTC/�� �(A �0�� %A U#�)� ®*0� G;*:^+ ;:©y& �'� F:& := ®*0 ��� 92�Z�� F� �� T©��� BC+� G;/:=��� M�1�� �� fp��� 45– U#�^C� e=y�

– �� ) ���%� 9"= GTC+ ;-C�� U/�� b,\& TC+ 45 6:�C8 ;©y*�� D�%ª ^A��� �%r\& ®H��� ":C+ aC0 35 G�Y��� d$s � R2 �� %CÑ �+�%�� �-^C� �� G�m �� �%º P �(�� ¬%C0�� "�Y� xk GN,u�

)1( : ;�����–� 429.

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¨92�Z��� ! 9A� G!�+�%�� %V��� ���%�2 ���%�� �+�%� dw� ,�6& �5 _Y)� F%�� � ��� ;=# ;:�H�� ?��%� h*Z8 ���%�� �+�%�()1( BC+� À � F��C� �&� !�+ 92�Z�� �� BC+ ;©y*C� :#%$�� h�3 �� T©��� TC+ dw�

̺ �& �Y/g ;Cp-$� �:0\$�� ;Ck�� G�$Ck�� �& ;Ck�� C/# �� -2 ÀF:*��C$�� ;Ck��� G;����� �k)��i��S���� h�� �&& ;Cp-$� �:�.

N��%$�� �%C/�� �� TC/�� �(A R/# F��C� �&� F� n�� M�1%�� 45 N%H� N,%/�&� C��� %V��� TC+ �+ F2 � �� �/à G;] �%�� G�-C/�� ��(A P%� �#%:� :

) �(A�� ;]C��� ;:&�/�� TC+ �/& ;C�� ¢,k TC/()2( �%C/�� �� Y�6�� ÀC�� ��� %A ?*Z�� R/�� G;:�Z) äY��& ®C/$�G !�:Y8 �� G ��� �6��� ¾;�P��� ¬

U/�� �� :C+G Ú6�� I�� 1%��� F� h�3� �� �TC�$�� �N,=5 ¬ �� d�Z�� �y2 �8 E�,�Y� 1%68 �5 9A��Z�� ��� ��Z�� ":�5 G z/& 45 "'/& 9'Y�� G BC+ ;������

_��u�� �/=��� MÐ�� �� E�,�Y�� 9A !(AG ��5� ��Z�� �� E���Z�� S::³ E-C��� ;:�&�� >��+{� �� E2�u� f]$& ":C+ ���� ;��c��� ":�5G !(A�

B�*� %V��� ;+�r 9A "C2 ¾��%k� ;�P�C� ;#$|� E/��%�& ;Y�$��� 1%��� �� �C+Y�� �� �*<�$��G � �� R/Y�� �k :'$�G �� %A� �� 45 [$V ;�P�

:C+G N,={� �³ �� �� G k �35� �C& ��= TC�$-C� DC6�Õ �;�© N,={� �y2GÜR-$�� � �35� >�/�� �y2 ��# �� �:C= "�� M9� BC+ ()3(.

)1( : ��18� 1%H8 ;©y*��–� 288A�/& �� .e�fw [S�� �(A n�� P �� j�A� . ��/�� R�/�� ��%�8 ����–� 128. )2( : ;�����–� 428. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 428.

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?Zk N,={� ;�© R& N,={� �³ �� !�/� X >�/�� ?:�0� Rps ~�1� �%�� G�u� B'$��) : d0�� T"�y2 F5G ��� R TA��+ ��� ��� �/& & �$¥

�&{�� >��+{� �-2G; TK%� F� n�8 P� : R*� �� ��c UM# TK%�� UM# ��c TC�$�� ��+ TA�� %A -"�� ���$�� F� F� ,=� ��c UM# �� �-= � �-$A

����& �-$A� F� ,=� UM# ��c �� ��� :�5 ��Z�� ����� R*� M9²& R*� ��Z�� M9²�G �� �%r%� �� ���� ?0�� à ;C-)� M�S#� �+ f*/$�� �(2�

;=�/� �� T"*�G TK%�2 ;C-)� BC+ ,�0{� �:2\8 �(2� : ��c F5� Tq� ��c e� � ��c F5� Tqe� Tq�� G ;�P��� "C2 N��]$� G �< �� E%$0� F5� � ®

+{�>��G �A(�� ­�� �:Y� Ó5 �:2\$�� �+ �1/�� ���� FÅ= G �2��� Up��� & )F5( ,,�$�� �:Y� G ;YC$° 9"= ����� �:Y� ��p��� G �%�8 h�(2� : UM#

R#���G �:/& ��� �%�8 � : �R#1 UM# G 35 -:�/8 f��$�� h�(& E�6� �G ���� �R#1 ��k� �,/� P �#��� �� G I�� 9A� ;�«� F%�8 ;�,�0{� ;C-)� �

Â�� �&H8 [1� K PG �:q��5; K [1� P I�� 9A� G �� � +�%��� ?CH�2 �:= >��+{� �� R. ;:�pC� F2 �35 �$C-)� �& ¦</�� j�8 �/$�����j h�(&

¾;�Ø� e$/� ,�Y�� d&$�� e��:2%8� eP�&� ¦H/�� �/$� �� ¦H+ y& G ��� � �35 �y��� ,1%:= cÄ{�� >�<{� R|� 9'$�� � >��+{� �� R. ;:�pC�

-":C+()1(.

�& F:*�& �-$AP� E�Y8 �%k 8��#� ��1 3Y�& �"�8 N1�5 F��C� �&P� hC8 ;�1���� ;&1]�� F� n�� %"= G;*�u� ) �� �%�� �Y�� �(A BC+ ;�1���

�#%8 ;:�-��� dq�6��� G;:�ZC�� �%C/�� ­-2 �� **0� G;&1]��

)1( : ;�����–� 428 G429.

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>�]�� �� e���-+ �=�� b����� GF��-/��... G �����ÜR: T�/� TA� T^/�� ;��/� ���°S�� fZY$2 b���� RA�G %A� �Y�� �(A BC+ i*� C2 %A� Cr� G Ó5�

>,�� �%C+ ;Cm �� !%C/#� G;r� d��*�� TC+ =�r� �� >�]�� RA\& �$�� A%6k� Tt� �%-+c� Ge+�%�� �%+%�� Ge&�%&� ��,�+� Ge&��� � �%+�=� G;��/��� d��*�� TC+ F�� GäY��� ��S$& �%�%�� h�3 BC+ T"C§ Ó5� G>�/�� FZ� ��

:C+ D*/r� G(�\�� R"0 ¤%-©� A1��� ;��� GF:*��� ;©y*�� (�×� T""�+ �%=^$= ":�/�()1(.

,%#�� F��-/�� �& a&1 �� "�� GN,�/$� ;���� e��k� ���� �(A �-'$� ;©y*�� �%C+ �& �� d��*�� TC/& ;&1]�� �-$A� �6k� G;:�-��� dq�6��

y� �� ��*8 I�� �-$AP� �(A �A�� �&� G>,��� ���/8� � >���� d��Y8 � Tt�� G(�\�� R"0 d��*�� TC+ F\& �-$AP� �(A RC+ � G��%��� d�%�8� >�%&�� A1��� ;��� GT":C+ ;*/r F:*��� ;©y*�� �%C+ F�� GäY��� ��S$& F%/�%�

":�/� ¤%-©� .

�� ��� �1 �&� ,%"g , �:� N�-/�� &$2 ;:���=� RA� �� ®: F� �%�� Gd��*��) : � N�-/�� >$2� ®:�1 �&� ;:���=� RA� �� d��*�� ¦�� �X�

!V�� BC+ ������� ;:���=� RA� �� fp2 n�#� 1%"��()2( F� @w�%�� ��� G + dC<� �� X Rps F��C� �&� !,-$+� h�3 �2�� �� G :C @��r R��&� e�fp2

��� �%C/�� ~$Y�� ®:�1 �&P N�-/�� BC+ ���� R/Ä �(A� G92�ZC� �:�C$

)1( : ;�����–� 429. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 429 G430.

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��Z$� � �\& ;YC$° ��,:� e��o� TK �2(� � �� ,%"# BC+ �y<P� � e�%� �f©� � e��r/� ��Y6��� es�� U#�)2 .

���# �� %A "= GFQ���� �%C+� TC/�� �& a&�� ��/�� FZC�� �%C+ 8,/2� :*�� TC+ f�Z8 N1��w �C/� �%�� GFQ���� c^+5 T"Y� F) : �(A N�å F� TC+��

FQ���� �� c^+{� T"= 9A Ó5 �Y��G d:-g �� ;�P��� M=� !c^+5 F� -:= �-��� d� �y��� ?8��� BC+� 9A ;�%"Y�� ;�%H�� ��%k�� E:'$��

���$��� "q�$�� äY��& G "*:2�8� "Yr1 N,%#� G ^+{� %A �(A� �(�� c 2�1,5 �+ �"=�� �6�8À �� Ó5� Â�Ú1�j�z/& �� M9��� �� ;H��à b�3 � F2

��3 1�� BC+ !c^+5 �� j1�:= $�C� �%6k� ��/�� FZC��G D�2 �("C= �� �� !%/Ð ��(�� >�/�� j1���*ÒC] e��� BC+� h�3 G �y��� F0�= Tt�

8(&"#�G\& ,%#%� TA��+ b�(��� F%�� � �=�G Vr�� ( )1(.

�X h�3 e��� BC+� !c^+5 j1,�� FQ���� dÐ �� ;�*< F� �2�:� �A ,%/�� F� i/� X T"21��� 45 R& ?ZV= T"$©y& 45 P �A f�� ���� G"�*0 R:r�� d*��& TA,���5 45 ;=w5 M��/��� j1��� d:0%8 e�1�, ;:�Q���� ;©y*C�

O� 6��� �(A 45 ���ZY�� ;#k 45 ?A(� �5 R& G;/:=��� ;:�y��� ?:�0 �%�� GTAf© �� �p2� TC/��) : �(A 45 F%�� � [%k�� F��ZY��()2(G R/��

%A FQ���� fZY8 ;��� !��0 �� F��:�� �(A ?r �ZY� �"# ��� �%�� G_���� ���°S��) :� ¾© ����$�� f0Y8 �p2�¾Y�R �+ xk 1# �"¯

���°S�� ��G fZY$�� &$2 dw�� G à �Y�� �(A ��k\& FQ���� �Q d*$8�

)1( :;�����–� 430. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– �430.

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!c^+5 �� z/*�� ��*�G ���� �� P%� f0Y$�� d:m BC+ R'Y�� �(¬ ,�Y�= ;©y*�� !%#%& FQ���� �� "0*$�� ��+ ��*�� RA� �q�+G !�V$� �(A R#��

�� RA� �� fp2Z =� d� ;� ;©y*�� �� $+'& 1%G �q�+ T�k� �-= ��;�ZG �� :C+ ,��� BC+ 1�$�� xk ;21��� z/& �Y�� �(A j1��

;+�& �� TC/� �� �y2 ��#G !��$/� �'8 P� "�+ ¤�/:= G :C+ �/$� �Å= ��*�� �� ;�yZ�� d� c^+{� �� M9�& �Y�C� >$��� �(A �����

M�%A���()1( .%"= h�3 C'=� �*0� ���°S�� ,%"g 8,�5 �� T©��� BC+ P� 8�:�+ �� ��-$� � �� 1(º �� P5 F��:�� �(A ?q^+ �� & B8� �� 8M��� :C+ �/$:= �%� ;+�*�� S::³ �H$0� �� �� G!���� F� ��*�� F�%�� TC/�

� h�(& �6�� %A� Gc^+{� �� := à �Y�� xk M�1Q �� _���� �� %A� F��C� �&� �& ¿A(�� _y$�P= Ge:�S$/� ���°S�� ¦r%& ;�S$/-C� R'= �� &$2 � 45 �%�$�� �� /�s � ­S$/� %A� ���°S�� �&� ��/�� @w�� ���� �(A� GM�%A�� ��& �� := ,�� �� X !��(ª d� �� N,Y$0P� ��s

�&� M�1Q ;:���6� EY:�68 BC+ T�u� $:+%w%�� F��C� �%C/�� >Vr� T":�5 f�� ��(��.

)1( :;����� –� 430.

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4l !� >�?�:

!(K F��C� �&� �H= ��� G��/�� FZC�� �%C/& � ;Cr P �� TC/�� �(A �A¯ F� :�5 Rr%8 � F�= G-"�:& ;C6�� #� �*� F� ��V= G;:'���)� �� ,%6��

� 8�å FZC�� RA� ��+ %���� i= N,#{� 9A� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ 1%p���� T":k���()1( TC+ %A �:k �� >,�� TC+ �� G) E*o5 ���� � �%w%� P

":Y� �� w1�%+()2(G %A Ó5�) >�/�� �y2 .. d^0� ;�*H�� ­+ �/� �� o%p*� %V���� ;]C�� �� RqZ�� N,#{� �Z$�; $Z� ;��Y$� h�3 M�o� ���

& T"Y� >�/�� ��� �� z/& �23 d� >�/�� ���%� T�/� ?�]�� �¯��� "�� "�� TA1/�� d�� �G 1*���� Nf"��� >Z��� �� T"�� �23 h�(2�

>�/�� �y2 �� M9� := �¯��� BC+ BY¥ P F� C2 h�(& ,%6���� ;�/�� VY68 �35 T"$©y& 9k��� T"*:�0��()3(.

A� F��C� �&� ,%/� � F� 9A� P� G"�+ ���u� �p2� �� F2 N��= �:2\8 45 C�� ;�C� GT"�y2 �� N�$Z�� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ ��-$�& P5 F%�$8 P FZ

�%��) : -"= �/& P5 �Yk �� ;�C�� R6ª P ��G � d:m 7��8 45 [$V:= -"= :C+ ¦�%$�()4(.

�k F��C� �&� R��� � �%�:= G������ ��+ �"$�� � BC+ >,�� ) : �35 Tt5 � �%�� �Y�� �(A �k ��,�1�: A1*��� >�/�� 1/�� �Yk %A >,�� G �� (����

)1( :;����� –� 430. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 430. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 430. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 430.

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a�= t%$� �:k �� ;:+���� �%C/�� �� FZC�� �%C+ �� F����� _�H& TC+ R2 ���u�� FQ���� 9A�G /�� �y2 �%C/�� �� h�3 f]� R��� P 35 � P5 >�

���+ F���\$�� :�5 ?A3 T"C0�8� TA1/�� ;�1%$�� �� d��*�� ;+�6& T"YC2 ;:-C/�� EkyHrP&G $k= [ EkyHr� ;=�/� 45 (J�:k �Y�� �(A ?kr

e-q� F%�:� �%C/�� "-"= BC+ ()1( . �/& �3 F2 M����� n�� >,�� F2 F5�*r� F� 45 �%"Y� 1%H8 � G9�y��1%p���� �%���� R-�� @)2(.

9H/� �:k G;:&,�� !�6+ RA� ;=�p� e�,��k F��C� �&� d'� h�3 �/&� EY�6� ����$�� �y� �� h�3� �,%#� ;=�p�� hC8 n%$Z� �+ ;�+ N1%r

d� ;�+ ;Y6& >,�� � �%�� Gn��� �%C+ �� �%$ª ) : ��%:� �� �/Ð� A �%r� F� T:C/$�� ��� �Y�� �( �21�� >$��� >,� 9A� �����, ;/&1�

�k^C� �:*$��� F:*�� >$2� ,«-C� R���� >$2� ;*:$� �&PG � �� 1,�%��� �,��]*�� ­��� 9C+G �d*$= ;/&1�� !(A n%0 �� ����=� K "�+ G ?$2�

Nfp2 h�3 �o�|�()3( � ;:&,�� ;=�p�� hC8 F� �y2 �� @w�%�= G ¦�p8 I� !�6+ RA� ":=� T"�:& �� %A� � ;/&1�� ?$��� !(A BC+ a�= S�8�8 �

!(A ES�81� ��� G":C+ �y<P� Ö Nfp2 ���Y� �%r� 9A Ó5� G?ZV= -+ EwY$0� �� e����# ��/� P ��= R2 ���� G�%r�� hC8 BC+ ���Y��

C+ �o�|� ?$2 F� 45 1�� �� -:0 P� G®*0 D�2 F5� GNfp2 >,�� T�$�o� �8S:à S:-$8 �%r�� ?$��� hC8 :

)1( : ;�����–� 430. )2( : 9CA)� �6/�� ����–� 7A�/& �� .E�1%H$��� ;���*�� (�� >,�� �%"Y� ¦:w 9�%� 1%$2��� ¤�+ �:k E��< I�� ;�%�/��� ;�%]C��

��S�� 1��� d� :C+. )3( : ;�����–� 430.

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t!� :5 45 ;:&,�� ;:&%C0�� ;:�:&� ;:©y& Nfp2 �'� R-�8 ;:+%0%� ?$2 t;:�/�� ;-:��� E�3 1*���� 1/���� Nf*��� ;�%]C�� N��p�� ?�# .

)���W�� :5 N1%r 9H/� X ;�1�� �Y��� ,%/8 t ;:&,�� ;=�p�� ;/:*< �+ ;=�o ;:&,�� >�]�� RA� ;=�o  F� �/à GF��C� �&� T"0�1 BC+� ;&1]-C� �&� �o\8 �� ��= G�$=�p�� �& ��S� ,%#� ��/� P �2 F5� Gc:$�& ;:���� >,�� Nfp��� M�1�� N�-/�� &$2 �� (���� e�fp2 ®:�1 �&& F��C�

©y*��� ������Af©� ;.

45 f�:� G�/��� %A� G���� 45 >,�� TC+ �/�� �� F��C� ��&� ¾R�$��� GM�]�& $�y+) � �Y�� �(A M�S#� �� ���� 1�6�� M�]�� F2� %A �d&8

��C��/G 35 � �:VC8 %A Ó5 M�]�()1( �&� 1�� ��� G�/��� �VC8 %A M�]�= À 45 N�-/�� ®:�1C� #%� M�]�� F� ;+�r BC+ �+��� & �/$Z� �/�

�%�� G�/���) :,%�� �/��� M�]�� G & �23� �+ �� ?:H�� F� ���$�e= ���8_ :C+ %A� d�6� 8�:6� I�� K��: �C#ey -2 � ÜC= �:�h �@�«$��. %A� �]$�

Gd�6�� �3Å= ¦�%8 z/& ¦�%$�� �#1d ,��{& �� ��� N�:6��� 45 �:k B"$�� "��()2(. C/Ä F� F��C� �&& ��k �(�� ?*Z�� %A �(A F%�� Ã1�

My'Y��� >$��� ����$0� ,1�� �� -2 G�Y�� �(A M�S#� �� ���� 1�6�� 45 � N���# ;Y:¯� �"�8 �A� G�/��� ?:�0� R:6ª ;:]& M�]C� ;:0*/�� �����

� R:6ª 9A� ®:�1 �&� !�23 � �%�� G �%�=� �/��� ?:�0) : >$��� F2� er�k & T"ZY�� F�(�\� ;:0*/�� ;����� ��%�� �� My'Y��� R:6ª BC+

)1( : ;�����–� 431. )2( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 381.

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�%�=� �/��� ?:�0�G ek,� �V$�� ��� TC= NM����� ;���/�� ()1( R:����� À ���/�� ek�� M�]�& (��� 1*$+� ��/� e��:2\8 F��C� �&� �0 �(�� NM����� ;

&$2 ¬ BÐ� U"Yr�� A,1�� E%r ;q� F%�]�� � 1$�� �:���� F�1A F� TA1/��� TK�,� T"���� T¬Z��� >�/�� 1*�� �� fp��� ,�1� d� GU©��

�%�� G :=) : := dm U©�� &$2 U"*r�� [�Y�� %&� 9w��� ¦�� ��� >�/�� 1*��TA1/��� ¬Z��� M�]�� BC+ !�*� R/#� TK�,� T"���� T

e8%r ;q�� !=��� >/:$0� � h�3 := ?+%$0\= �:��C� F%�]�� A1$�� I�� ��-/�� �� �= R2 TK DYC0 I�� �0|� E$�� d�#� >�/�� F�%�, �5

= h�3 >$2 & ��/� P� ��%k��� �q0� M�]��� ��1$��� �/��� F%�= -: -C/�G ?�,�� ":�5 %-Z� I�� ;�]�� %A� G �¦��� A��+ G ���� � � B ¬ ¨()2( .

>$2 �2(� � �� @:Vr)U©��( ;:=�p�� Nf�(�� D�%2 I�� ?$��� ;Cm ;:&,�� ��� &,�� ��Y�� R��� �� F�%�, !�+ �� P5 F��C� �&� �6+ 9

¬ %Ð I�� ?�,�� ;�©� G>�/��A��+ ¦���.

)1( : ;�����–� 431. )2( :��®&Z�� 1�6 –� 431.

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l 7#oe�J��� + :

F���� Rq���� ��p�� F���� �y� ������ �,�� ����� ;2�k BC+ �dCH�� F5 �� M9� 45 E�1�5 �� E�1(� F%�8 F� ��/8 P t� �Ä ��^K� d0$��

F��C� �&� ¦�%� M�p$0& ������ �����)1( ?A3 ��� R& G FZk5 1%$2��� 5 �%��� 45 �*+ F) ���S� � �� T©1 �6/�� �(A ��� T�+� F2 F��C� �&�

fp��� M9��� !�"# �� V�s �� G�,�� �����()2( �+ ���u� ®*0 ��� G F��C� �&� �o� c«� � S#%� F� ��s ��� P5 R:6Y$�& F��C� �&� ,%"#

��� F��:� ;Vw�� E-6& � D�2 ��= G!�6+ ;������ ;2�u� Rp-$�� G��"�� N�+ ��� �o�� h�3:

1 : G>�/�� ��+ �,�� ����� ��18 S:-$� ¦�%� �+ «/� �/��� ;:A� !���ª ;����& ���o\$�� ;r�� GM����� �:w��/��� ,����  F� @��r R��& ��� %"=

:= � 1*$+& �/��� 45 F����� �%�2 G�f©� ®:�1 �&�� 9³u2 >��+{� �� �� GBY���� F�c%�� �y��� �\& �/�C� ;���� ¦��/8 z=�� h�(�� GFc%��� ;©y*��� N�:6��� ;:�& ���:k%�� ���6�/�� ;:=���� Fc%�� F%�� F� z=�� %A R��� BC+

G;:&�/�� ,���� z/& ,%"# BC+ �-$+� �� � !���ª� �/�C� Y��/8 F2 F5� ���� ;r�� GRq���� 9��c���� U#�)� 9w���� ������ G�/�C� Y��/8 ZY� ;

��/�� �/��� ,%-+ �+ T"p��k )3( GM�1�� hC8 ?+%$Z� F� �H$0� ����� À DC$k� I�� ;��/��� N1%6�� BC+ !S:2�8 ;r�� G!�6+ �N��� ":�5 ������ G"�����

�2 F� ��/& �/��� ;:A� ���ª 4��� ;*8��� ;*8��� hC$& B�ª �/��� B�:0%� DM����� >�/�� ,���� �� fp2 ��+ .

)1( : >�/�� ��+ �,�� ����� ��18–� 615. )2( : ®&Z�� d#���–� 616. )3( :& ;<0%�� �%6�� ¿�$�� �� � 31 G32.

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2 : e�%½ 8�(& ey�$Z� D:*�� �F%�� F� N1��w ®:�1 �&�� ?C/o d� �Y8� T©�& �� h�3  F� À�k�%�� D:*�� U/�� ¦:p�8 c%Ä P �� n�� ��Å= Ge:*:2�8� e:�P,�

$�P�� T"Y�� �:�/8 �\� ��/��� D:*�� ;��/� �� �� . ;-:��� �� RC�� !��� �(K��k�%�� D:*�� "�k,c�� :�/� N�p�� ;#Y� �&� �/�� ;:�Y��.

3 : ;H*8��� �'��� �� fp2 M����� ,���� M�1Q �� F��C� �&� N,Y$0� T©�&� P5 G -C/8 !%#�� �/��� ;+�r �%w%� ;������� F:Z���� �Yu& F� �H$0� ��

�/��� ;+�r ���� ���ª �y� �� ��/��� ���&{� ;:C-/� e^w� e�1%68 �0��;YC$���.

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;+%w%�� N,�� ;�Øà �/�C� U/�� F� 45 1�� �(�� ;���� ¦�%� d� T^Z�� �(A� �%w%� M9� �� ":= �&P �� �� G;+�r R2 �#%� -2 N1%6�2 ":= �/����

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)1( : �/��� ���–� 65. )2( : M��/���� �/���–[ 1 –� 289.

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R�, �35 ¦/w �� ¤��©�� x� �%-+ BC+ �/��� ?:6� � 45 �1�� � �%�� Ga�= FZk Mo1 BC+ ¦/'�� ��6k R& Gf�� >& 9/-r�) : �/���

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)1( : M��/���� �/���–[ 1 –� 311. )2( : M��/��� BC+ M-C/�� (�×� @�%��–� 85 G90 )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 6 . :&� �+ U#�)� d=�, �:k �%6�� ¿�$�� �& ;<0%�� ����� -�� �� z/*�� F2 ¿�$-C� E

8�:�+� ��, ,Z= "C#�–� 64.

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�� �%w%�� ;/:*< �1 �%w%� %A� ~��H- ;�:w !,��k 9k := �:����:��.

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� E�C�� 1��� �%"Y� �Y�C� EYr t�� G;:�Z�{� �Y��� dq*HC� K%6k !��r/� P� M����� !��+ ¦�� � � %A� GN�k�� ;/=, Tk,S8 P F�%��� �A�%�& T:CZ$�� Ô\8 I�� G��*�� _%ZC:Y�� ;:C�/& F��C� �&� R/= -2 ���ZY�

)1( : ;����� ����–� 441 G442.

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e:C� F2 F��C� �&� F� �2�� X Gd��� 9-C+ R:C/8 F�, M:��� !(A R:C/8 N�A���)1(.

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• �� FHC0 N�A¯ �r1 b%Y8 �5C � Ò(�� BC+ 4��� ; ;&%/r� G�,�� �A ��³ 4��� Í%01 �/& n��� ;�C� �� FZC�� !«� X h�3 e��:Y$Z� G

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• 5 N1��w BC+ !�:2\8 �y� �� >� �� �$�� �� R�� F� 45 1�� � 9/-)� R�/�� R��8 ;:�Q 45 f�� �\2� ��%�� BC+ �Z��� � ä%Y|� F:Z�

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• ����� F��C� �&� f��8 �& iY�� ®&H$�� n�� ;0�1�� ;:-C+ ¢%£ �6Ñ F� ;=�/�� G�/��� F��:� �:*H8� ®&H$�� �(A @�y�� �� h�3 � G $:r%6�

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• !y8 �� �� �*0 �� ,%"#� ����� F��C� �&� ,%"# �& ;�1�� ;0�1, n�W F� G;"# �� ;=��H��� N�)� ?��%# c��&{ ,%")� �+ f6�$�� ?��%# BC+ �:�� dw%��

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