184
Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a Critic ritic ritic ritic : : 2011 2012

Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    7

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

������ ��� � �

Ibn khaldoun as aIbn khaldoun as aIbn khaldoun as aIbn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticriticritic

������ �����:

����� ���� ���

������� ��� !� "�#$�: # �%� �&� ��'( ���

)*�� + ,�-.�/� ).�� 0� 1�23� 4�&��/ �5�'6� � )�� #�� 789 :;���<��= )� #���

�<��= )� #��� )*�� >-�

�� ?��@� )�� A�� B !� C#D�� )�;�.

2011 –2012

Page 2: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

ب

Page 3: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

ج

Page 4: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

د

>�F#�� �G#�� H� >- #I�JK #6$:

��� ���� ���� ���� ��� ���� �� ���� � ���� ���� � �� !�"#� $�%& �'� � �(�� �&)� �*+ ,%-. ,%/0 1%$2��� 3$0�� 45

6��� 7��8� �,�15� 9":#%8 ;�< �=%� �� >� � ?�%68� @ !(A BC+ D��$0�� 1%��� E�1 F� 45 GEH�0� E�A �� I�01

;J:K�. ;�) M'+� ������ N(80O� F�$�P� E�Q� ����� R�S# ���� -2 TA�"#� T"$�� �� U%V��� ;�0��� NM��� M�+ �%-�W ��(�� ;�����

X� ;V:V6�� ;"#%�� "":#%$� 9Y�� � V68 T"Z� ":= ,1� � @: �� ":= ,1� � �-25� [#%+� �� ":= ,1� � ���Z8� \H� ��

1%6�� ���. ;/�# ;:&�/�� ;]C�� TZ� ������ N(80�� R�� ���� R^0� -2 _�`��� �*+ 1%$2��� 3$0�� T"�� �2(�& ���� a0��� b����

��Ac. 8� M+,� d:^�8� �"# R�& e��2� _�$+� U5� �(A �X F%+� :#%

fZ� MSg %�� h�(& i6�. �5 !,*+ & dY��� C*�$�� R-/�� �(A j1*� F� �� %+,� h�3 �/&�

9ZY� ��� �� �& 3%+�� G���� M�� � BC+ !ck � �-��=l�%$Z� ������ �k���*�� ;Cm BC+ .

L��9M�:

Page 5: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

e�=�+� e*k ":��� n�o Tp�� I�� 45.

451*��� dq�r M�,� BC+ ;sS/��� N%��� �� �-$0� �(�� . Tt:�& j��� T"�� �� ��(�� U�%�5 N:u� �+�%0 45.

�-2 BC+ & D�/$0� � v�2�3 45 _w�� e=�k i-C+ �� R2 459C-+.

I�01 DC-$2� xk IsS+ �� E��� i81cQ I�� >1��� ;�:=1 45. � ��-+ E��Ac 45� �i&�R*�$Z�� 1%�� N:u� R�� G�I�&.

Page 6: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

و

4�I��N� O#P�

Q�R�/� )ST2�� _y]��. �

z�%Y$��. > ;����� ;�) 1���. [

����8� ���. , M��A{�. A

E�%$|� ��"=. �– c –~ ;:&�/�� ;]C�& ��C��. �–�

;�S:C�{� ;]C�& ��C��. j–�

U2T��0� U'�DI 1!� : 1

;�����. 2 "$CJ0�� ;0�1��� ;C���. 3

;0�1��� _��A�. 3 ;0�1��� ;:��. 4

;0�1��� ,��k. 4 ;0�1��� ;:^"��. 5

;�&Z�� E0�1���� ������ 1<{�. 5

V�W�� U2T�� )��� � � : YK��F (0� U'�DI: 8

$Cq+� 8�0�. 9

Page 7: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

ز

8:k. 14 8=�. 27

8(80�. 28 !(:�y8. 31 $=�o. 33

8Y���. 35

T�� [��W�� U2)?�!� + )I�J��� 7\��= (0� U'�DI: 41

�/��� �YC��. 42

;/�6��� d*H��. 48

>%C0��. 57

b�(��. 67

��$��. 79

�/��� ;���. 85

Y��/8� �/���� ��k. 92

-�� ����� �/���� ;+�r. 101

��/���� �q6. 117

Page 8: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

ح

� U2T��] �#�) ^#��� ��-�� A�� + )I�J��� 7\��= (0� U'�DI:

124

;����. 125

%V��� TC+. 129

;]C�� TC+. 139

F:*�� TC+. 142

>,�� TC+. 149

������ !�o�. 153

E:r%$��� �q$��� 159

d#����� 1,6�� ��"= 162

Page 9: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

ط

��� � �������

�_���� ���� ���

# �%� �&� ��'( ��� ������� ��� !� "#D/�

ab/�

_�� !(A �,�� ����� F��:� F��C� �&� �o� c��&5 45 ;0�1��� �-+ ��� ���^$�� ?��%# c��&5� G!�6+ hC8 �:�%$�� �<�%�� G �*0 �

� ������ ��Y�� @�y� 45 �%r%�� ;:]& M�1��F��C� �&P �,��. 45 ;0�1��� D-Z� ��� ;/&1� �%6= G 6Y�� ���8R ���� ;�����G

,��k� G;0�1��� ;:��� ;0�1��� _��A�� G"$CJ0�� ;0�1��� ;C����;0�1���G;0�1��� ;:^"��� G������ 1<{�� G;�&Z�� E0�1���� .

Up�� R6Y�� ���8 -�:& & F%�/��) F��C� �&� : 8:k ( ���u��+ 8:k� $Cq+� 8�0� � ;:]& G 8Y���� $=�o� !(:�y8� 8(80�� 8=�

r%��% �,��� ������ !��Y� ;:J:*��� ;:=�p�� E�%��� 45 � E��o���� G�,�� ����� F��:� -:0 P� ;���Y��� ;:=�p�� $C:6k E�o� I�� ;+%�$��.

�� ��p�� R6Y�� ���8 � F%�/ & ) >,�� ;������ !`�1Q ( ;:'� ��$��� Gb�(��� G>%C0��� G;/�6��� d*H��� G�/��� �YC�� h�3� G

;r�� F��C� �&� ;�`1 ?ZkF:k�� z/& ;s�� �0� BC+ ;:�*��� .

Page 10: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

ي

� �+ p��k �/��� ;��� >�/�� ��+ ;+�r� G Y��/8� �/���� ��k� G -�� ����� G�/����G� �q6�� �� �/����!��� ;"#%A !�/� P .

d&���� R6Y�� ���8� & F%�/�� ) FZC�� �%C+ ;������ !`�1Q��/�� ( Y:r%8 ��� G>,�� TC+� GF:*�� TC+� G;]C�� TC+� G%V��� TC/�

��� �,�� ������ !�o� �.

Page 11: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

ك

Ibn Khaldun as A critic

Bander Rafed Al-Enzi

Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber

Abstract

This study aims at highlighting the impact of Ibn Khaldun in the field of

literary criticism in his era. It also aims at highlighting the aspects of his

innovations, which are different from the ones who preceded him, as

well as the points of generations in his views for the purposes of

reaching to the features of critical and literary thinking for Ibn Khaldun.

This study is divided into four chapters. The first chapter includes the

introduction, the problem of the study as well as its questions, the

objectives of the study and its importance, the scope of the study, the

methodology of the study, theoretical framework, and previous studies.

While the second chapter, titled with “Ibn Khaldun: His Life” talks about

Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order

to reach for the cultural and environmental components of his critical

and literary thinking as well as to know the diverse influences that have

affected his cultural and cognitive outcomes, especially in the field of

literary criticism.

The third chapter titled “His Critical Views in Literature” deals with the

subject matter of pronunciation and meaning, manipulating poetry,

Page 12: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

ل

style, literary taste, intertextuality, and this is according to Ibn Khaldun’s

own vision, based on old foundations in some cases.

tackles Ibn Khaldun’s speech about the status of Poetry among Arabs,

the framework of poetry and its definition, poetry writing, the conditions

of regulating a poem, and the characteristics of poetry from his own

point of view, not the characteristics of his own poetry.

The Fourth chapter titled “His Critical Views in the Sciences of Arab

Tongue” engaged in the description of Arab syntax, linguistics, Rhetoric,

literature; then this chapter focuses on Ibn Khaldun’s impact in literary

criticism in his time.

Page 13: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

1

1!� U2T��

Page 14: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

2

);�J/� : _1/�� �,��/$� e�:+%0%� e�+ F2 ��= GNS:-$� e;�:&�+ e;����*+ �F��C� ��&� ��/� �0��� %"= GF%�Y��� �%C/�� �� fp2 �,��� ��q�1 %A� GE�1����� �%C/���

�k�� G��1$�� TC+ ,��� ��5� G�-$#P� TC/� c:$�& ����� �= ,��1):=��#%:&%8�� (� ;:8�(�� ;m�$�� �= � TC+ ��0����� M-C/�� �k� �� -2

E0�1���� �� �,���� G!�6+ ��,��/�� ;:���� M"�= �k�� G���u� �NS�:-$� �E�"05 � F2 -2 G9-:C/�$��� �%&��$�� �Y���� TC+� G;��%&��$��

���^�$��;�:&�/�� ;&$��� >%C0� . )1(

"�� N�+ ~�%� Rp-$8 ��� �%*���� ;���*/�� �?��%#  R/�� : ���� ¡���� �� �%6�� #� BC+� G��1$�� TC+ ,��� ��=k ��5 ���� G�-$#P� TC/� ;:&�$�� ¢%£ � G;:&�/�� ;&$��� >%C0� ,�� ��5� G;:8�(�� ;m�$�� �=

� ���u� �%C+ ����� �0�1� G9-:C/$��� �%&�$�� �Y��� TC+� T:C/$��_�H& TC+ R2 �� (�� ��� G9���� �Y�� � G;+%�$��)2(.

� �� -:0 P� G;:&,��� ;������ !,%"#� F��C� �&� ���$8 ;0�1��� !(A ��� >,�� U��:� ¤%¥ F� "��,:�� ;=�/�� EP� �& �� $Y� ������ 9��� G

�/�� ;Vw�� ;0�1��� !(A F%�8 �� 45 D*A3 T$V$� ":C+ �� YC� -:= ����� GEY�6�� hC8 ;/:C< ;����� ¦�8 I��� G 8Y�6� ;:&,� 1�=�� ;���� M�1Q

;C�$Z� >�%&� ;:&,��� ;������ q�1Q ;ry� "�-w 35.

)1( : NS:-$� ;:&�+ ;���*+–� 57. )2( : �y+�� : F��C� �& �§��� �*+–� 142 G143.

Page 15: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

3

�P�d e ) ����� )6D;:

;C��� �-�8;:�$�� ;CJ0�� �+ ;&#{� ;0�1���:

• ;������ �'��� � ;:&,���¨ 8Y��� F��C� �&� ")+ I�� • ��^K� d0$��� ��p�� ������ �,�� ����� ��%H8 F��C� �&� 1�, � BC+

�%6�� #���/�� ����� !�o�� �%-/�� #� BC+ ¨ • ,�� F��C� �&� F2 n�� �� 45 ;©y*�� �<0� �� �*0 �-+ q�1Q e�

¨>,��� ������

) ����� "��9e:

 �� M�1��� ;������ ,%")� BC+ _%�%�� ;0�1��� !(A ��ª F��C� �&� A,1�� I &$2 �� e�MS# R��8 I�� $����) T^/��� >�/�� ��� «��� ��$*�� F�%�,� «/��

��3 �� TA�r+ ��� �&«��� «2�� FHCZ�� ( ;���� E�1(� R�� BC+ E�o�8 I��� G ;����� ;&%*�� F:k�� z/& N�p/*� M�1Q��F:k n��� 1%H8 $�Z�� G

"��< I�� ;������ �'��� �y� �� �,�� ����� �� � �� -:0 P� G TC+ e66�$� �>,��� �����.

Page 16: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

4

) ����� )�fe:

� ;:�� �-�89C� -:= ;0�1��:

&$2 �-w F��C� �&� ;���� ¬ DCYk I�� ;������ �'��� TA� c��&5) F�%�,� «/�� «��� ��$*�� ( M%w �p���� �/��� ­� F��C� �&P ;������ ��k��� M�1�� ;0�1,�

�� ��k �& ®��Y$�� ;Cp-$� GT"��k�� !%�*0 ��(�� ����$�� ,���� M�1Q �p���� �/� 1%6�� G�y��� �%*H��� �%�6��� �/��� ;+�r� �/��� �YC�� ;:'� �� Y�%��

�y0{� 1%"¯ �/& �/��� �%� �+ >�/�� E%�0� �&�]$Z�� ��+ b�(��G �&� F� -2 ¦/w� ;:�/��� �VC�� N�H:0� !�"+ >�/�� 1/�� BC+ M%'�� aC0 �� F��C�

!�6+ F:*��� ;k6Y��.

) ����� ��F:

!1�,� ��^K� ��p�� F���� ;������ !,%"#� !M�1Q� F��C� �&� ;0�1��� !(A ���$8 ;���� M�1Q �� =w� �� �,�� ����� $���� G�6/�� h�3 ���8� ����� ��%H8

&$2 �-w $���� ¬ DCYk N���#) >�/�� ��� «��� ��$*�� F�%�,� «/�� T^/���«2�� FHCZ�� ��3 �� TA�r+ ��� �&«���.(

Page 17: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

5

) ����� )�gP�;:

n%$|� R:Cª BC+ �%�� �(�� 9Yr%�� �"���� 9¥1$�� �"��� BC+ ;0�1��� E�-$+� F��C� �&� ;���� E,1� I�� M�1�� hC8 R:Cª� ;������ M�1�� dm �y� �� h�3�

&$2 �-w) ��$*�� F�%�,� «/�� «��� ( E�1����� d#����� 1,6�� ¦C$° BC+ NS�8��;:+%w%� ;0�1, "$0�1,�.

)J �-�� 4� ����� �#h��� ��iM�:

G;+%�$� ��,:� ��^K� ��p�� F���� ;:&�]�� E:6���� TA� �� F��C� �&� �/� �:k G�,�� ����� "�� F±�, � ;:&,��� ;������ q�1Q �� fp��� >$2 �-w $���

) «��� ��$*�� F�%�,� «/��( �+ ¦���� ;��. 45 �01���� �� ���/�� ¤�k � �(A� G ;:6�� ?��%# x� F��C� �&� EP²� E0�1��� hC8 z/*� ¤�+ 9C� -:=� G

$:6�� �� ?�g ;<k{� �� D��³ I��:

• F��C� �&�)1951( �� �� >$��� �(A ;:�� �-�8 G �&� ;:6�� �%k 1� � q-C+� -C+� $J:&� *Z�� F��C�� 8f0 �/� BC+ ¦�� ��� 8yk1 TA

ZY� �+ "���� -2.

• ��)1975( z/& c«�� ;:=�� ;0�1�& F��C� �&� N:k >$��� �(A ���$� G;©y*��� ����� U��:� 8�"05.

Page 18: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

6

• �:+)1979( /� :/0 >$��� �(A ;:�� �-�8 G ;������ F��C� �&� M�1Q TA� ;=� F��C� �&� ¦�%�� G��Y�� ��(A N,#5� >Z$2�� �/���� �p��� ­� ��

�y$�P�� ;�S/�� fo\8� ;J:*��� �6/�� _y$�& ;]C�� E�Y8� �%*H��� �%�6��A,Z=� ;]C�� ;Vr BC+.

• �*+)1983(�� ;������ M�1�� �� ���/�& >$��� �(A RYº G ��^K� Up�� F���� ( c�&� ,1%�� GF��C� �&� := »+ �(�� F���� %A� ��^K� ��p�� F���� 45 F��C� �&� M�1Q z/&� ��^K� ��p�� F���� ,���� TA�� �,�� ����� @�y�

;������.

• F��C� �&�)1997( &$�� ;���� %A� G) «��� ��$*�� F�%�,� «/��( �&� := ,1��� �C�� �'� F�QNfp2 ;���� e��k�� M�1.

• F:C+)2008( _%�%C� ;���� �%�k ;oyo «+ i�S�� [1�$�� >$��� �(A ���8 G A�-$+� I�� ;���Y��� ;������ �0�� ;=�/�� ��/�� ����� ;2�k 1%H8 BC+ F��C� �&� AQ1 I�� f�/��� �0�� TA�� ;������ T"^A�� ���ª ,����

�6�;��/��� ;*A%�� R.

9"= �%w%�& N��*� ;Cr K I�� ;�&Z�� E0�1��� ��:

• )����T��),�-.�; )�� �(j ) 1989A:(

$���� F��C� �&� ":�5 b�H8 I�� ;�%]C��� ;:&,�� �'��� z/& R-� R��& ¼�� /�� $J:&� G�/�� F��C� �&� �"�� 45 1��� Gh�3 $0�1, E�6½�� G;r��� ;�

Page 19: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

7

� ���� ��/� �� G������ F��C� �&� ��Y& a*8�8 I�� EP%���� ;������ ?��%)� RCº �:& _y$�P� ?��%# F��C� �&� ,�Y8 c«� �� GB������ ,���� �&� "�:& E�1��

T"�:&� .

• ��6/�) :7������ )�� � ( j)1999A:(

�&� ;0�1��� !(A ;pk*�� ���$8 �q6�� !�/� E+%w%� TA�� �+��� F��C� ;��*��� �:©y*��� ,���� �& �/���� B������ ,���� ��+ �/��� D01, t� -2 ;:�Y�� !�/� ��/��� ?�)� "$0�1, E�6½�� F��C� �&� ��+ !���� �/���� �p���� �/��� �&

;��p� ;:'� �� ¤�/8 �� Ga�=.

Page 20: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

8

�� U2T��V�kW

)��� � � : YK��F(

l Y�m�� YK# e.

l YK��F.

l YK��. l YK8K� e.

l 78�;nK.

l Y���Jo.

l YK�T�p;.

Page 21: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

9

l Y�m�� YK# e: ¾Rr� d#�� GE%��'k ;:�-:�� >�/�� 45 F��C� �&� n��� F� �Zk <

 �� %A� N�0�� !(A ��1 %A F��C� :�*05 45 ��� �(G F-p+ �& ��� B+��� � �� �& �V6�� �^k �& Rq�� �& ¢1u� �& >��� �/� �& ?��2 �& >H

 �� R:C)� ���� BC+ �=� �(�¿  Cr  C0� :C+ �� B � aZ*= G ��� BC+ TC0�� GT ;�:��� �%� 45 *�/�� � +,� G :C+ ZC#�� G!M�,1)1( e'�� h�3 �-$/�� À

�Sk �&� 9Z����� ;&�Z��� ;���1 BC+)2(.

&= ���� !(K e�*< F��C� � 0 ;*Z¾R:C lRr� �:&�/�� �%r�� b�+� �� ;���:�-: Â���� À; ���� BC+ R-º � j�A �h �Vr ���� �(A ;  �� �:/*�� ?Z �(

��� �Sk �&� ����� 1�-+ �& T0�C& n��� G��^K� ���� F���� N��� � A� Gh��� �(A �%�� � j�A F� ���� ;�%6�� _��¯ �� =�/� � %

=�$��� ����� �&«��� >�/�� �& � �� ��= G� $= �&«�� j�$ @����� 0���& Tt�, ��,�Y�� �>�/�� ���� G q*+� T�/à �%��� G� ;u�� ;:*6/�� DCV-w� xk ;C�%< e&�k� -"�:& ;�%6�� E�-$0�� GT�

�� �&«�� ;*C© E��&� G;:&�/�� ������ ;&��/�� D�2� G���� F���� Rq��� ( h��� F2 ���� À3%Y���� N,:Z�� �� K F2 � :�5 >Z$�P� ?©�� e=�� BC+ h��� �(A b��H8 ��� R& À;0����� ;:*6/�� RA� �� fp2 >Z�\& ®:º

)1( :;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC= : ���� R:Cª–� 9. )2( : F��C� �&�–� 12 G13. F��C� �&� ��� ;:�ZC�� ;�C�� –� 12.

Page 22: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

10

� �&«�� �� �5 ,�c �&� b1< �+ R:�= GT"ZY�� �ªY�� M-+c >Z�� �5 R:�>�/�� ­�%� �� 901=)1(.

;:��'u� N�0�� !(A 45 F��C� �&� ?Z� ;Vr h�� �� ��� F2� !�1%$2�C� $k��<� �Zk < 1%$2��� %A ;:&�/�� ;:�-:��) F��C� �&� ;YZC=

;:+-$#P� ( ;/�# �� !�1%$2��� N,"� R:�� ;:Z��Y�� ;]C�& A��+� I��)F%&1%Z�� ( ;�01917� . ":= ���) : ¦���� �����– F��C� �&� i/� �

d� ,��#� N��+ F��C� ��� �&� �:& F� �Ä %"= G *Z� ;�Vr �h�� �ZY� �k�� ��u& �� F���+ -"�:& F%�� F� $���� A1�� N�+�� e�*< ?Ä ��

�:#� ;oyo F�� R�� ?Z$º F� N�+��� !(K e�*< ?Ä 35 F���+� �&�F��� ;/*0 F��C� ���� ¦����()2(.

h�3� G!M+,� ���=� �Zk < 1%$2��� BC+ �,1 U$Z*�� ,��= 3$0�� ���� �� �k) : �&� F� 45 ?A(= �Zk < �A(& D�C+ ;"*� ;��c5 �& 1�Ä

;�:�u�� G $m�8 ��� A,1�� ;Cm R:��& ��/�� Cr� ;Vr h�� F��C� � ��&�  F� 0� ,�0 e6�� ���kP �� F��C ���� !�# �&� �:& G!,��# M-

– F��C� – a�= . Z� ;Vr e/H� h�� P� ;:��'u� ;C:*��� 45 * �23 F� �/& �� G =�£ F��C� �&� �y2 ,1%� _y� R�� e-Zk� G;:�-:��

N��/�� !,��#) : + ?C]�� GN��/�� !(A f© F��C� 45 ¿Z� �� �23� P BC 0 ��� G�p2� Tt� ���� R����� %A �(A F��C�  F� G,�+ T"Cp� a�

����� MAc F%�%�:= G;�0 ;q-/*0 �"/�� �(K N��= @$Y�� ��� F2 FÅ= G�

)1( :F��C� �&� : !1oQ� 8:k �+ ;|�� 5.

)2( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 9 G10.

Page 23: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

11

�& Rq�� 45 �-:�� >�+ �� E%��'k �*Z�� G;J� R�� ;oyo G����/���^k()1(.

*+ �-. 1%$2��� G�Zk < 1%$2��� �/& M# � h �� �(�� GF�+ �� � &$2 F��C� �&P ��/�� ?Z��� ;Vr !1��&) o��8� 8:k F��C� �&�

���Y��( �+ �%� ¤�/� h�3� G) : �-:�� >�+ 45 �Cr� F��C� ��&� d#��� �h���� BC+ R-º � j�A Â��� G�^k �& Rq�� 45 �*Z�� GE%��'k

 �� ?Z���� �(A ;�Vr ���� F���� �Sk �&� 9Z����� ;&Z���� ���, �( !16$��� G>�/�� BC+ F��C� �&� ¾R�ª %A ���� �h���� �(A ��%�� �� N�^"C�

� &$2 lR6Y& T"�6� ��(�� �&«C� Y$�P k��$��� Gn��� ;�� 66¥ ¤ ;Vw�� ;��&�& ;+S� �+ �T�� >�/�� BC+ �&«��(...)2( .

��/�� ?Z��� ;Vr h:��$C� F�+ �� �*+ �-. 1%$2��� !,1�� � h�3FA«��� ;� u� 45 ��$Y8 Ew��$=�� E�M+�,� 9A� GF��C� �&� �§��� �*/� .

F��C� �&� ®C/8 R�\$�� BC+ �/*� � j�A F� ���� 1-+ �& T0�C& n��� � $���� �� %A� G;:&�/�� ;*Z��� !(¬ �� ;�%� ;+ÂS��& >�/�� %½ ��H'

�:��� �&«�� ~�s ¥18 �� ��Q F�� !��� -�:& GR�V$��� ������ ;�%6��T�Yr� TKyÆ)3(.

�&� ;�, �� _�/� � 9��'u� ��/�� *Z� ;Vr @#�� �� 1%$2��� F� P5 F��C� �&� �%6� �� e��k� F�� G>�/�� >Z�� ��ª �Sk– TA� �p2

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 1. )2( : !1oQ� 8:k �+ ;| F��C� �&�–� 6. )3( : !1oQ� 8:k �+ ;| F��C� �&��� 14.

Page 24: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

12

!�6+– C:^Z8 BC+ ��º F��C� �&� F2 �(�� ��/�� *Z� �/H� � �/H�� ��,,�8 � h� Ç,� >�/�� 45 *Z� F2 %� 35 G *$�� � T�/� F2 �(�� ��]�� �S�� xk ;�:�, R:rY$� T��,�$�� �%6� R^0 ��= G :=

��� 9A� ;:'��� !(A T�%Y8 ¦:�= ��8��¨ & F%/H�� �Y� e��o� )1(.

�& ��� «2�� !�# ��� ��= N\���� �:k �� F��C� �&� N�0� ��18 �� ;���� eP�� �S�� G;:�-:�� ��# ������ 45 F��CÆ _��/�� F-p+ �2(� F\� F��C� i*� ��� �� G;:C:*�� ;���� 45 !%�& R�$�� � G;�%���

P5 ������ ��18 �-. �& �� �*+ f��� �"+ ��p�� F���� ����� �%��� )274 – 300A( E�$��� GÊY�& ������ D��Hw� !�"+ 9Y= G

F��� ;���� F��C� i& �<%� ;:C:*�� D�2� G9k�%��� T�/� 45 N1%p��N�qp�� . �� G":= 1o �� d� F��C� N�Yk �� F���� �� ��= : �& ?��2F-p+ G��� !%��� F��C� �& F��C� �& ?��2 �*$0� N1%p�� M"$�� �/&�

C$�& D"$�� E�1%o N�+ !�"+ Do�k � ;:C:*�� N1�Å& R�$0�� ���&)2(.

xk G;�+c �� ;0�1 ;�� ;�%��� N�$Y�� ��%< h�3 �/& F��C� i*� ��� �� � �"+ ;�1�c� ?r�� T"'/& 4%8 �:k G¦q�%H�� �"+ F2 �(�� ,*+ �&

;�$�� hC� BC+ ;�PS�� ;/�%� �Y�8 �&� Y:Ck d� �6$�� . d#��8 � TK F2 � z/& ��,/$0� � G�H&���� �"+ ;0:Z�� ~�Z� BC+ TA,%#� �� ������ �%+S$�� ��(�� G���k%�� T"YC0 �"+ !)�� ;0����� NS/�� ��

k%�� ;��, DCV-w� �� G�H&���� D/'/'8� G������ 1%�� D&�Hw�� ���

)1( :�y+��: F��C� �& �§��� �*+ –� 20 G21. )2( :®&Z�� d#��� �� 22 G23.

Page 25: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

13

Z8 E(��� A1%]o� A�+�%� hC� �� n���� %C8 N�k�%�� e+*8 a� %�& ~S� G;�$�� ;'*� Dª d�8 F� R*� ;:C:*�� �+ �Yk :���=5 45 Gn16���

;�0)620 A ( /C�� G���k%�� ;��, �w T"ZY�� j�A �%+,� G�% ;+< BC+ �%�%$0= G���k%�� �� ;:�� F��C� %�& T"/*8� ,y*�� �� & �\& P TZ�

N�Yk R�& F%:6Yu� T"C*�$0�� G96Yu� "-2k T"��2\= G;*�/�� M%0 ��& %&� 4%8� G;:C:*�� �8�0�� �& DH&1 I�� ;s���� ;�y/C� >k�8� �& �-. ���� !�# 4�� G��%8 T"$��, F��� F��C� �&P Up�� �)� �-.

� >�Hw� F� �*� � � G�:6Yu� �� ;�g T2u G;&^u� F��� �-. ��& � k i& hC�Y & 1o� � BC+ ?C]8� GN1-+ �� �&� B+�� T:+c T"

�%8 �-. !��� 9�&� G ��%�� 1,r� C$�� GF��C� �& ��& &� R�$+�� G� %&� f��� ���k%�� T:+c ��%8 BC+ ?C© F� 45 G;�g �y& ;�0 U:VC�� ̺

)711A( e�:k $&^k 4%8� &��= G . h�3 d� 9�&� G;�/�� N:u� �S$+� � ;�0 %8 xk ;����� !3%Y�� $��� BC+)737A( �� �*+ %&� !��� �� G

�� N:u� �Ac ��= Í1��� %&� %A� �-. 0:Z �1��� N:k �oQ� G;: � �%C+� �Y�� c�&� GTC/���;]C� . �� f*��� M�Y�� F&5 %8� G�/��� T���

;�0 _1)� F%+H��)749A ( TA M�&� ;ZÎ �+: (J�%� F2� �§��� �*+ �"�� �� GTA«2� %A� �-.� ̺� B0%�� �-+� G!�-+ �� N��+ ;��p��

�/& -:= N1�c%�� 4%8 �(�� ̺ n%0 Í1��� ?�# 45 T"��)1(.

)1( :�y+�� : F��C� �& �§��� �*+�� 21 G22 G23 G24 G25.

Page 26: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

14

l YK��F: D�2 ;�0 F'�1 N�© ��%8 8,P�)732 A( G)27 ;�0 %�� 1332� ( F���� a0��� ��%8 45 ������ �� DkS� ;:Z���� N�0�

t� G 8�0� Rr� �%k ��Q e��1 �Zk < ,1%�� G��^K� d&�Z��) 45 DkS� ,y& F%-CZ�� @$$=� -�:k �� N�^"C� ���� F���� ����� (�� :�*05

������()1( .

�Zu� �& �-. �& �-. �& �-. �& �§��� �*+ ����� Ï­� %"= R���� Ð� ��� �&# �& 2 GF��C� �& �§��� �*+ �& T:A��&5 �& �-. �& &� ��� F

�cl�)2( F��C� �&& �"�$��� ����� ­%& ?�C�� G)3( BC+ 9"= 8:k ;Ck1 �� G­$�� %V���:

• /� + ��� � �?#*: ;�y/�� ;&$�� F�%���� R-/C� F��C� �&� �2��=8 �& �-. ��c%�� B+�$0�

9A� G96Yu� ®V05 �� FHCZC�) �:C]�� TC��& G� ������ � �-u� ;&$2 �%0�� �� ;*<° �� A�/& �� ;C-Z*�� �& �()4( !(A R-/�� R*�= G

;Y:¯%�� 45 "q�1� �� 9��� �� h�3 G ;Y:¯%�� !(A 3Ñ� %A� P� �:/& _�A &Vr�� �%:� z/& ~S� �:k À>�]�� 45 ��%8 �� ;Ck�C� ;C:0�)5(.

)1( :;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC= : ���� R:Cª–� 9. )2( : ¦��/$��–� 29. )3( :F��C� �&� : !1oQ� 8:k �+ ;|�� 19. )4( : ¦��/$��–� 56. )5( :1�6�� ®&Z�� –� 56.

Page 27: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

15

bV05 %&� FHCZ�� [�� G��%8 »�/& ?�H� 96Yu� ;�:H�Z� f�� �� �� FHCZ�� �St= GF��C� �&� -"/� [��� G q�C� �2��=8 �& !��c��

+m� & F��C� �&� �� G $ ;���� 45 \^$��� G ZY�) ;&Q ( 45 R�$�� �) ;Z*�8 ( 45 �);6Y�( F��C� �&� *V6= G>�S�� ?kr US� �& �-Và B�$�� j�A� G

45)N��Z& ( 45 ���< (Ñ� �)FZ-C8 ( >�]�� FHCZ& ":= B�$�= Gh�3 �/&) F�+ �� ( 45 �=0 � G�-+ �& �Zu� !��c��) ;�g()1( + �� G FHCZ�� ,) F�+ %&� ( m� G�= 45 F��C� �&� �23 n�# G ZC^à ®:CV$C� TC/�� RA� d

+�$0= G!��+ 45 !)�= ( ;�0 )1354��755 A ( ZC� RA� -��� /� E�%C6�� ,%"� �S��� G9-C/��C^à �6$�� � G ¯�-C� Z N�

���� �+ d:�%$�� &��� G;��)2(.

�*+ �Zk F5 FHCZ�� R*� �� F��C� �&P ?���$�� �(A F� n�� C*�& �� E�/Z��� E��%�� ,�,c�� G!,Zk N�p�� e**0 F2 . FHCZ�� �#� ����

C�$+� �� F2 �(�� 96Yu� f���� F��C� �&� �& DC6k I�� ;C����� 0 B/Z� f��� F2 ��� G�Z=��� �;�/0 !��+ n�%� � �= �^0 �� 1��YC� e���

�/& GF��C� �&� �� N�+Z�� ?C< F� F�= G;�g 81�5 �#�$0P �= �+ F��C� �&� RY]= G � 8�+Z� �k ;&^u� ?6�� :Ò�%� F� !�+� F� z*� �(�� FHCZ�� 45 «�� 9Ó� G96Yu� f��� M���� >^$0�� G�YV$��

;�0 �^Z�� �[�c� G-":C+1356 � )757 A ( ~��0 FHCZ�� ®C<� � �&� ,%#� M�o� 8=� xk �$�0 �^0 F��C� �&� BC+ B�&�� Gf���

)1( : �%&�$�� o��8 F��C� �&�–� 40A�/& �� .

)2( : ¦��/$��–� 59.

Page 28: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

16

-+ �& �Zu� !��c� �C<\= G �^0 F��C� +�� G� � 45 !, F2 MH/��� @��� � �S#�� G :C+.

�P� ��c%�� �� ?CH= G�u� !(K F�J-<P& F��C� �&� �/�� � 45 _��6 ���� �(A :C+ Ô\= !,y&)1( . & �Zu� ��c%�� BC+ ���� i& M���� 1o �� �

f]6�� �HC0 BC+� G�-+ ) F�+ �� �&� ( f��� �%k �%Y$��� ) 1%6�� ( e�:�� �/8 �:k :�5 �Z|� R:m F��C� �&� �Yº � GT":C+ e�C� *:6�$�

F-:C0 �& 1%6��� �=��� -6�)2(.

?�<� G������ !Y�� �� �Zu� �� FHCZ�� �& F-C0 %&� f��� ,+ �� ;Yq< :�5 [��� G 8%+, ���� (��� :�5 F��C� �&� T'�� GT�u� ,�,�$0& � B+�= G &21 FHCZ�� "C��= G;-r/�� -C0� G;����� RA� !%#� ��

2 �:+� G;�&Z�� !(A ���)� FHCZ�� $*<° M��5� !�0 ?80;�760A)3( ÕC*à F��C� �&� N1c��� n�$�� f��� F� �Zk < n��� G

FHCZC� e�:�� �+ h�3 � Ö -C= G�y*�� �+ ?6�à �+�� ��� �� T:�+ �q�S� e������)4(.

*<¥ � e�1%$= �� ��×= FHCZ�� 45 & �%�� ;���� !(A �%6� n�1 �� ;�g T2u� � T:§ ®��r %A� �� �*+ �& �-+ d� & �-$q= G �\�)5( . ��

�� 1o �&� hC�� BC+ ?6�� GF-C0 �� FHCZ�� BC+ �� �*+ �&� ��c%

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 59 G68. )2( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 14. )3( : ¦��/$��–� 68 G70. )4( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 14. )5( : ®&Z�� d#���–� 14.

Page 29: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

17

���� G *8�1 ,�c� G��� � �=�� G :C+ F2 � BC+ F��C� �&� ���� G�Y�8 -2 F2 �� Gh�(& d��� � F��C� �&� �%��) : 45 >*��� F:]H& %-Z�

:= D�2 X d=1�()1(.

®=�%� P FHCZ�� ���� GR:k��& � F3{� FHCZ�� �� F��C� �&� ?CH� �A� F��C� �&� M��r� ���� GFZ-C8 f�� G%§ �\& ®V$C� F� ;:�� h�3 BC+ �&� 1$�= GFZ-C8 �+ ���/�� ;H��� BC+ C:*0 BC�= G +��5 �%+H$0� FHC0 ��+ ®&�%0 �� � F2 � BC+ eP%/� G������ 45 �YZ�� F��C�

?:H�� �& ����� FZ� !��c�� G���� �-. �� �*+ �� ;<��©)2( �2 �%� G�= )3(7��$��� >k�$�& !y*�$0= ;C:C# E��� -K ��� �:k )4(.

• q���!� + ��� � �: ������ 45 F��C� �&� �=0 45 �� [�� � G@$Y�� R*g aV= G;$*0 ®��H& G

A«¥ !��c�� FHCZ�� 45 ®��H�� %A� ?$2� G;<��© �& - ���":�5 � \:A� G ���à FHCZ�� ~�=� & *k�= G-) ��Y& !1%6� �� �Ø��

�Zu& N�c�� e��&� e:Yª q�C� $r� ?21�� G �%+��()5( ;:C+ -�� � G

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 77. )2( :?:H�� GU-CZ�� �§� �& 9C+ �& �:/0 �& �� �*+ �& �-. �� �*+ %&� ����� FZ� � ) 713 A/1313� � 776 A /1374� (

������ �� 90:0� ?:*<� _%ZC:=� Í1��� ?82� �+� .;<��]& M��-u� �6� aq�%k BC+ !1/�� D�Ú���. �y+�� –[ 7 – 122 G123.

)3( : ¦��/$��–� 80. )4( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 14. )5( : ¦��/$��–� 84.

Page 30: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

18

ZC� RA�) ;"2Y��� G;*2�%��� G &%21 ;*2����� G 8%C� M^��& 6$��� Z�� E�%C� ()1(.

hC�� ��2\= GN��= ;��¬ !,�c� ;�$�� hC� 45 � fYZ2 FHCZ�� !�=��� F��C� N�0� ¢��8 � ,�� F� !�+� -2 G 8�0� ;���� $�Øà -C/�)2( ?C<� G

G!��+ ���� �� ;A1= ;C]& ���K� /�� Ge���� ;<��© 45 ,+� Gh�3 n,Y$= [�à ;��� FHCZ�� /H�\= FHCZC� �/& -:= ���A� �:*A3 �)� ?2�Ã�

;<��©)3(.

�� ��%� ���u� �Zk F2 �� $0:0 �� F� ��� �§� n��� fo\$Y��� � �� *C<� G C�/& ;�$�� hC� >^+5 R:��& G�% f�� !�C& T:�� F

h�3 � F2� G1($+= 8�0� ��%�� :C+ �,�� F�)4( . �%�� �:�k ,�,c� & FHCZ�� ;��/� F\-<�� $��� F��C� �&� ��$0� ��

:H�Z� �� T"���$Z� F� FHCZ�� �� ?CH= G!���� CA� � F3\= G;��(& CA� d� ;<��© ;��{& F��C� �&� �0� Gh !���� )5( T�$��� G

~��� �q6� T0�%�� ��� FHCZC� ���� �y*�� hC0)6(.

!���8� ?:H�� �&� ¤*��& !1%/� ;<��© F��C� �&� %Yr ��/� F2 �� R*� ������ N1,]� ;C:k ��Y� (�\= GFHCZ�� ��+ !3%Y� ,�,c� �� e=%� �

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 84. )2( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 14. )3( : ¦��/$��–� 85. )4( : �y0{� BVw–[ 3 –� 226. )5( : ¦��/$��–� 97. )6( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=– �15.

Page 31: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

19

�� �&� �&� �:& � E�/Z�� �ZY8 F� h�(2 %A -�:&� GN,%�� �r��� �� ?:H ;�g ?kr �� �*+ �� FHCZ�� �� >$2 !M# 35)1( bV$�P� 45 := !%+��

¤*��� �+ eJ:� � �2(� F� F�, G :�5 �ª1P� ;<��© FHC0 F3\$0= G & h�(& �%*��� P5 /Z� �� G ���Y� FHCZ�� z/$�= G?:H�� �&�)2( 45 ,/=

;�0 ;:���=5766A)3(.

• )I�r + ��� � �: ;�g 45 Rr� �� GE�%�0 ¢yo ":= ��� F� �/& ������ F��C� �&� 1,©

;&^u� !P�� �� �*+ %&� tHC0 & RY$k� ) M�1c%�� ;0q1 ( �"/& � �� M=��= ey�$/� F2 �%� ZY� BC+ !(�� �� F2 ®&0)4(.

�&� ¦r� ��� ��= ;&^u� C-+ F��C� ) : ;����� RA� FHCZ�� ��� CC�$0�� G�& ;21*ÃD �&�8� !1%�� ;0:0 ��"# D��]$0�� G �C� R-£

�� ��6�� �/& G¦2+ h�3 d� ��� G;*6��� d�g ;&H�C� i���� G �HC0 P ;*6��� d�g 1"��� M�o� TC/�� ��1�8 BC+ GN��© hC�� f&�8 �+ hY��

h�3()5(.

)1( : G®:=%$�� d�# D�& I�� ¦H+ Nf��� ��� G�k�%�� �*+ �-. �� �� �*+ �& M��2c �� �&� �6$��� �� �6�$Z�� �-. �� �*+ %&� ;01����;:�:=%$�� �+ ��� G625 A/1228 � FHC0 G96Yku� 4%8 9�+ �& -:= T�647 A/1249� �675 A/1277� !�"+ «$/�� G

¿A(�� �6/��;:6Yu� ;���C�. ;����� Û,*� ;:01Y�� ;:6Yu� –� 117 G134.

)2( : ¦��/$��–� 90 G93. )3( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 15. )4( : ¦��/$��–� 94 G96 .��C� �&� ;YZC= ;:+-$#P� F–� 15. )5( : ¦��/$��–� 98.

Page 32: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

20

 R¯ �(�A� F� 45 T:C/$�� $�� z/& R]��� ;����� F���& �%�� F��C� �&� �*/�� �� FHCZ�� -+ �&� �&� �:& E1�, ;2�/� �� �*+ %&� FHCZ�� R$� ;*6�& T:�� %A� F��C� �&� 45 «�� Rr� �� G;�:H�Z� ?kr

Z�� � RA� �� ;+m �� ?C< GFHC M�&� z/*� ;/:*��� ���& �:��� �C*� �� FHCZ�� M�� 45 [��� Gh�3 n,Y8� ���� ��� ���� G�%$��� FHCZ�� ��%k�� n�#�� G�*/�� %&� ��2\= G�$� F�, ;�g >�%&� � @$=� G�*/��

A,%"/� BC+)1(.

• Um�&J�� s ��� � �: �� >y��� �� F��C� �&� _� �*/�� �%�� �� fo\$& :C+ E�

Z��� FHCZ�� � F3\= Gh�(& F3{� ?C<� G�yZ& [���� R'Y= GE�/ . :�� BC+ �*/�� %&� FHCZ�� z*� ��= G /�%$� F��C� �&� F2 � ¢�k� TC= F��C� i& E%:& ¼$Y� ~�1� G;�%& C�$+�� ;�g �� #��� �o5 ̺

~yZ��� Nf�(�� �� *CH� �����)2(.

%§ %&� FHCZ�� ÕC&� ) FZ-C8 ?kr ( :�5 ?$�= GF��C� �&& Rk � �+ e��:/& >�/�� M:k� ;��{� ey'Y� 1�($+P& F��C� �&� n,Y$= G ���$Z�

;����� ?r�� �+� ;0:Z��)3( .

:�� 45 R01\= G��S$+P� �(A R*�$8 � ~%-H�� ZY� F5 ) ̺ ( �C<� F� �/& � G � A,�1� I�� ;Y:¯%�� �+ >%�:� %§ �� FHCZ�& bV$�y� ;�g FHC0

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 98 G99. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 99. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– � 101 G102.

Page 33: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

21

;/���� GN18 %§ �� FHCZ�� ;/��� BC+ Rq*��� Í:�� R§ BC+ R-+n��� N18 >�]�� FHC0)1( .

;/�H-C� ��Y$��� M��K�� ;+��� N:k F��C� �&� ?©1 $��5 �/&� T:�� %A� ��1�$��� �%=�+ � ;r�Y�� !(A �%+�� � �<yZ�� ���� GN��Z&

Rq*��� N%+, �� �*�<� G!,� �*<� � F%C0�� �%k��= GRq*��� BC+ !fo\8 �� �&� 3%Y� ,�,c� �� ;Y:� ZY� N��Z& ?kr �#�\= GT"$/���

� BC+ >�]�� FHC0 R-£ h�3� GN��Z& �+ !�/*� F� �H$0�� GF��C+, «� ]C& xk >�]�� e��r� N��Z& F��C� �&� 1,© F� �� G�= 45 8%

�&� ��c%�� ;�r� Dª G!�/& �:/Z�� �&� ?:6�8� GS�S/�� �*+ FHCZ�� N=� !%w�$+� >�]�� FHCZ� ���%�� Rq*��� Í%:� ���� GfZ�� �^= G�c©

0 �� c/�Å& h�3� G�:*+ Í%:� �� 1%-]� i& ;<0%&%§ FHC)2(.

F��C� �&� �%��) : �� ^�= Gh��A �%w�$+� R*# 45 TK%:� BC+ � ��)��&1 ($��� m �%*" ��� �%C#1�� G�/� F2 � d: ��� F0�Y�� �� fp

�Vr\& D�u F��-/�� 45 D6C� F� 45 e�1+ e:kw ��%� D:�&� GT"����&1 R*g()3(.

)1( : �%&�$�� o��8 F��C� �&�–� 47. )2( : ®&Z�� d#���–� 47. )3( : ¦��/$��–� 217 G218.

Page 34: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

22

45 !�Y0 F��C� �&� Rr�� f��� ��� �c© �&� ��c%�� 9�� �:k �= BC+ eY2+ h��A 9�*= G?Z$º F2 � b%= +H�5� $���# �=�� G s��$&

"$��+� ;����� R¯ Z�1�8� TC/�� NM���)1( .

��f�� 1%"¯ ?*Z& ÀB6��� >�]�� ;:0:Z�� E&��HwP� D�� �� ��� �§��� �*+ f��� � �:���� �&� ��c%�� �� >�]�� »�/& ;*�H�& �§� f�

F� BC+ G-¬1\� �%C& xk -"�:& F�/$�� BC+ ��A/$= À�:/Z�� !f��� �c© � -"���� G�§��� �*+ f�O� T:���� z/& T�k� G�§� f�O� hC�� F%��

� -"C��\8 _y$�P ;^:$� -"�:& ¦C�� >, xk 16$�P� F+S$�� �,�� �Y8� ÊY�� D��%8� ;:�o >�]�� 45 E&��HwP�� E=y�� E,/= GR*� �� :C+

������ 45 [���& F��C� �&� ��Y= GE&y��P��)2(.

• ) ��-�� ��� � � 1�_��� : ;k���� ZY�� ���� ÜF� n��= �*C�8 �� TJ0� ;0:Z�� F��C� ��&�  R�

Û,A F�� 1���$0P��)3( Z= G ;�0 ������ 45 ;:�o �=)1374 �� 776 A( #���5 45 �Hw� �� f© ey:m e*:k�8 ;<��© FHC0 & ?k�= G

�&& $�y+ �� e=%�� >�]�� ��k M��r� ;*©1 BC+ eP�S� ������ �� ������ (J�%� :C+ >%']�� ?:H��)4( B0�� 9A� G��A 45 �£\= G

ZC� ;/&$�� FZ-C8 %§ �� FHC)5( _y$qP :+�$Z� F� %§ %&� FHCZ�� n��= G

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 218. )2( : F��C� �&� �%&�$�� o��8–� 48. )3( : ¦��/$��–� 219. )4( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 226. )5( :�f�� %&� �k�-% B0%� �& ;<��© ��� GF�c �& �§��� �*+ �& ¦0%�723 FZ-C8 f�� GA760 ;�0 %8 G A791 GA

�/à �� hC�� ��S$�P �Y�8 %&� !��� ¬ �� N1%o �y� ey:$����� i& ;� . ;<��© 1*�� ;<k{�–[ 3 –� 286 45 292 .

Page 35: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

23

;:*C$& �A�$= �� ¼k%$0� F��C� �&� ���� G $��� BC+ "C§� GRq*��� 8�0�� !%�S�\= ¦��+ ,P�\& ®u� GMVH*�� 45 FZ-C8 �� [��� ?CH��

;�y0 �&� ;/C�)1( ;/C�& _�/�8 I�� ;*:H�� ;/C��� hC8 j�A� G E��©�8 ��%+� ;/&1� F��C� �&� ��� F��A� ;/<��)2( «/�� >$2 ¦:�\8 ���� G

;����� �� R-2\=)3(.

�/& j1,\= G�&«��� >�/�� 1*�� ;&$2 (�� ;����� ;&$2 �� ��= F� �/&� �� G@:V6$��� @:��$�� 45 [$º *$2� !y�� � F� �Yk �� fp��� BC�� F�

Dª ��� F� n��= G®:��$��� ;/#��-C� �����,� ?$2 ;�y0 �&� /C� !�� I�� 1,6�� �+ �V*C� TA1oQ� T"�2Z�� q&Q n�� �:k ��%8 45 Rk��

�� G":�5 [$º ) : FHCZ�� >H� 45 E1,*= ) �*/�� &� i/� ( 45 ;J:Y�& !,%"+� &HÆ �35� �:/& f© F2 -= G;/#����� $+< FZV$0P�� F3{&

����C�)4(.

• q��K t� ��� � � u���: �*/�� &� Ý��� G¦��+ ,P�� F��C� �&� j�8)5( FHCZ�� ��2\= G;0%0 �A�&

45 !�,1 � G;�K� !1%�� !1��� (��� G Z:�\8 Õ�&� G ���� ��&� G 8,=� �%�� G��%8) : �� R:C¯ R¯ 45 D��Q� ��%8 45 D/#�= FHCZ�� ;��+

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 227. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 228. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 229. )4( :1�6��Z�� ®&– � 230.

)5( :� ;�0 ��� G9C+ �& T:A��&5 �& �§� %A �6�$Z�� �*/�� %&757 A . ;=y�& d�%& ;:6Yu� ;�0 775 A . �-$0�� �%� 8=� 45 T�u�3F*/� 796 A�= �=,� . �y+�� –[ 1 –� 87.

Page 36: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

24

D:���� G;-/��� hC8 B+�� T"CÞ D/m� G��%��� RA�� 45 Dp/&� G $��k��k�$�� 6+()1(.

#%8 � GM�S#� �� R-2\= G��1$�� &$2 �³Å& FHCZ�� YC2 ��%8 � $��S� 45 /=1� FHCZ�� T0&)2(.

6+ 9�C�� G $Ck1 9"�� F� R�\� F��C� �&� F2 ��� F�� G��%8 �k�$�� 1�r F��©%� ��(�� ��fp��� !,Zk F� �/� �� P5 GM�/�� h�3 �/& @��$Z� !(A ;*�+ 9�� �� P5 T":�5 Õ6� � FHCZ�� F� d�� G :C+ FHCZ��

h�(& � F3\= G�u� ;'��= M'�� C:*0 9C¥ F� �� ?CH= GE�/Z��)3( .

• C#D/� + ��� � �: C� �&� Rr� hC�� F2 35 GA1W �k� ;�:Y0 Ê� BC+ ;�1���0{� 45 F��

b%��&)4( ;�0 Rq��� h�3� G�:� ��+ (�� �6� »�+ BC+ �C# �� )1282�( dH$Z� � Gc^u� 45 �YZC� �/$Z� %A� Ge��"� ":= ��� �:k À

� TC/�� ;*C< :C+ �=�%8 j�A� N�A��� 45 �=Z= Gc^u� 45 "�� �YZ�� R2 �

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 230 )2( :1�6��� ®&Z�–� 231. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– � 244 G245.

)4( : �& b%��& ����� ¦:0 �A���� ���� G9Z2���� �� �*+ �& �� �+)738 A ( !�-+� N�A�C� ����20 e�+ G BC+ R-+ ;Z2����� M����� RÞ dm GT"�� �6� hC� �� ��� F2� �� h�(& F�= b%��& ����� ¦:0 �A��� hC�& ?ß�¾�� ;��, �0

�� �6� ;:Z2���� ;�HCZ G �+ !`��+� �H$0�� G �S/� EP�. N�+ E�#791 A j���� ;/C� �^0� :Y�� G $sSA :q��� ;sSA� �^0 �� >�K� q��r� N�+Zà �H$0� ��� GF,1�� ;:�o ;�HCZ�� »�+ 45 N,%/��� �+792 A . �%� %8

;/-)�15 ��%�801 !�-+� A 60 e�+ �/� ���� !�& ��� G $:+�& �=1� � . !�o×� �� F2� 1-p�� BC+ ?q��'�� �H&5 2�%Y���;��A��� ;01��� M�&� G. e+^� F2e:23 e=1+ 0��Y�& M'�� MA, := G;: . �y+��–[ 2 –� 48.

Page 37: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

25

8,=� �Zk\= GFHCZ�& R68� � G�Ac�� d�)� �C^= G>%r� >�k ��� �&��)TC/�� RA� d� �\� G 8��r �� ;���)� �=�� G;&�]�� ��Q�()1(.

CA� ?C< R01\= G�6� M�*�� R'=� GN�A��� M�*C� ZY� D&H= 45 R:k��� �� T"/�� tHC0 ���� G��%8 �� !���� �&� N,%+ ;*©1 �6�

;<0%C� �6� FHC0 d#�1 F� P5 F��C� �&� �� F2 -= G��%8 45 F��C� CA�� !��� R0f� ��%8 FHC0 d� ) h�3 45 &#\= G T"C:*0 9C¥�()2( .

0 :�5 �"+ � ;:V-��� ;01��� ��1�$�& �6� FHC)3( ;01���� G;:u6��)4( ¼-$©�r ;01��� G)5( .� F��C� �&� �%� ) : �� ­5 d=, à D-�=

h�3 U(�\8 P G��k� �� :C+ à ��"# D:=�� G,%-|� ���� h�3 N%H0 P� !# �+ i*©�� P� G;�%C�()6(.

;���r �� ���� �� �:k G�6� M'�C� :�%8 �� ¦6� ���� �(A %A��� �&2�� :C+ ?]�� G $-:�� N%�� G ��k�T�w�� �+ w��+{ F:+� .

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 249. )2( :1�6�� ®&Z�� ZY�–� 249. )3( : � 1�� �� ;:��-C� ;0G A�& � ����� ~yrG�%�� �/�� �& ��-+ d�# 1�%g D�2� G ;:V-��� ;01��& D=�+� .�F

����� ~yr�eV-� R]8 �%:Y�& ;/:w ":C+ ¦�� ."$*C<� ":01�� BC+ �c%� F2. ;�"���� ;���*�� –[ 12 –� 327.

)4( : ;:u6�� ;01���641 G;��^A ;01��� !(A \��� ;����� �<y0 �� �6� hC� ­� �� d&0 >%�� ����� T� à6��<Y�� �6��� "C]�� F2 I�� ;kZ�� �� MS# BC+ "��� G;:&%���f*��� 9- . �1���� ��18 �1����–[ 1 –� 239 .

)5( :A�:� F��y� �& �-. �r��� h:�X �� ��r��� ¼-$©�r ����� ¦:0 f��� ;�0757 A ��1�$� "66�� Ge��A,S� ey�/� D�2� G9Y�u� �Y��� G���u� � M"�YC�$��� ��p�� ������ ;:Y�ud0 . N�w|� �Zk–[ 2 –� 231.

)6( : ¦��/$��–� 254.

Page 38: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

26

�%�� ) : G?�# R2 �� ?]��� �9C+ �p�= RA� �&� i:& %)� TC¯��;�����()1(.

\*� Rr� GM"#%��� F:+�� d� 2��+ �� ¬ �s I�� ;:ZY��� M�%#�� !(A �":= e/:m !���� CA� b�©� G��%8 �� !���� CA� R�8 I�� ;�:YZ�� b�©.

�%�� ) := ,%�%��� ��Z��� ,%#%�� ?A(()2( 45 >A(�� F��C� �&� 1��� GT:C/$��� ��1�$��� �AS�� 45 �� F� �/& G�u�)3( .

) �8�� P5 h�3 �/& A1,]� �� G�6� 45 ,+ �u� ;'��= n,� F� �/&� hC�� �& [�= FHCZ�� >21 ®��, 45 ;:�p��� G�1�S� ����� 45 ���k5

����A)4( ;�0 h�� 1%-:8 �%^A �6� ":�5 [�� �%� G)1400�( 1�W� G F� 45 N1�{� ) 8�y� D�2� G®��, �rk ���+ G1%-:$& B�$�� F��C� �&�

E�%�0 DZ& 8%� R:*� h�3� G;:0:Z�� �-+� ;³� !(A( )5( F� 1���� M��� G = «� À"�+ �=�C� ®��, 1�%0� �%�� %A� GFHCZ�� ÕC*� :C+ jª ;�$

����� M-C/�� d-$#� �A� ":�5 ey=� d#�= G�6� 01��� F%:� ; 1��� Gh�� 1%-:8 �� F��� ?C< BC+ �%�Y8�� G;:�,/���� Ô\= G;/C��� ?q�

���$� 1%-:8 45 �%#��= h�3 T":C+ �� >�%&� @$= BC+ /� �%�Y8�� G1%Z��

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 259. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 259. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 260. )4( : b%��& �& [�= �r���)791 – 815A( %&� ����� ��c �r��� hC�� %A� G" E�,/Z��" G 92%CX FHC0 �6� »�+ 4%8 G

!�-+� !���� N=� �/&13 0 � :�5 ,+ � »�/�� �+ BV�8 �:k :&� N0\� /� E1��8� Ge�+ E, ÊY�� � E&��HwP� f��� ;�+S& �1%0 M���� !�w 1o ;�"��� � GF�Z�� �Co N=� 45 n,� X M&%�& e&%V6� ,y*�� �+ aV� ¢�k� !�"+

FHCZ�� �SA �(�� �:�h*C/& BC+ 4%$0�� N�A��� ��� 4%8� GR$��& [�= FHCZ�� ��� B"$��� ;Y:C�� %&� ßC�& �/$Z��90*/�� R'Y�� h�3� h:�-�� M���� :C+ ®Y8� D��� RV2 815A . �y+�� –[ 5 –� 140.

)5( : F��C� �&� ;���� �+ E0�1,– � 65 G66.

Page 39: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

27

GT":/0 �%V^�� TC= G;����� ;����� �+ �=��� BC+ ;/C��� ?q� 1��r5 n,��A�:�/8� 1%��� j*81� 45)1(.

) @^�� � ���� G1%Z�� �� e:��$� 1%-:8 45 ZY�& ?A(� F� F��C� �&� n��= e�%� �oyo� ;ZÎ N�� ;:©H�� d� ��� �� d� G $-"� 45 A�/& d#1 G

�6�()2(8 F� 45 ":= F��C� �&� 9�&� G %.

l YK��: F��C� �&� N=� D�2� �� §1 � ;C�%< ;Ck1 �/& )26 ( F'�1 ��

;�0)808 A ( ®=�%�� )16 �1� �� 1406 � ( Àe�+ �/*0� ;$0 �+ ;:������� !W� �6��� >& [1� ;:=%6�� �&�à �=,� ) F�� ;:0*/��()3( .

��C� �&� N:k BC+ NMw{� !(A �y� ��� �%��� ��s F : �&� N:k ~�Z�  F5 RÞ R& GN�A��� 8=1 n%p�� G��%8 0�1 a�Zà �6V�� � G <��� F��C� ����+� e/&1� F��C� �&� B'� ��= G_��<�� 9���$�� ��/�� �/�� 1H�� T�/� B6���� a0��� >�]�� "�� ;�0 �oyo� e$0� ��%8 8:k �� ;�0

1� �������c^u�� ����� �6� "�� ;�0 ����+� e/&)4(. ;:-�8� G 21��� �Z8� D-"0�� $*A%� DC�r �� 8:k _��¯ FÅ= h�(� D�2� G 2�1,5 ®-+� G!f�Y8 >%C0� ��%�8 �o�� f*2 K F2� G 8�%C/� ����8 BC+ ���� ���+ G 8���� D"#�� G 8y�\8 E�o� I�� R��%/�� TA� ��

�!1oQ �"�� ;&$2.

)1( :C� �&� ;���� �+ E0�1,F�� – � 65 G66. )2( : 1%-:8 1*�� 1����� ?q^+–� 108. )3( : ;:&�/�� ;]C�� >�,Q ��18–[ 3 –� 224 . e��+� F��C� �&�–� 40. )4( : �-$#P� TC+ ^"��� !��Y� N���# NM��� e+�*� F��C� �&�–� 12� 13.

Page 40: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

28

l YK8K� e: v:)� �� �*+ �& �-. �� �*+ T"�� ��%$& ;+m �+ �Y�� (��)1( %&�� G

T0��� f6��� �-.)2(. ��� ����� �23 ��� ) Ü�� BC+ !�C*& FQ���� ����- �$�Ú? Ú�&� ���& – �16��� ���& �& �/0 �& �-. %A� � C+ ;:&�/��� �� B Û��

� ����S��G!f© �,�%�� �&# �&� �� �*+ �� ¢�|� �+ (��� G :&\& >,\8�9�Q)3( �C� �'k� G Z�� �*+ �& �� �*+ �� 9w����y)4( �+ n�1� G

�� �� �*+ �� �=u�� :q���� G9H� 9��'u� �-:"�� �*+ �-. ��)5( G ��� �/�� �cP� Y$��� 9C&�� �� �*+ &� f" & d()6( �� G �� �� ,�+ � �:

u� ��/�� �& �-. e'�����6)7( ­�c1S�� »�%��� �& �-.� G)8( �& �§��

)1( : �*+ �& �-. �� �*+ %&� �� ] ,��]*�& _��/�� � [ ½ � E:H/� ;�� BC+ R6 �+ (�� �\&� a�= ÐP f�� F��C� �&��

�Y�� �+. )2( : �-. T0��� %&� 9Z����� 9<��]�� ��0�� R"0 �& �-. �& ....)– 730A( �� T:+c G �Y�� F��C� �&� :C+ �1, G

ey-+ R� �� e�c� ��c%�& ?�C� ;<��© RA� .� e��q+ N�A��& E��u� � . �y+��–[ 7 –� 34 . )3( :�� �*+ %&� G����� �Þ G9Z:��� T0� �& �-. �& �&# �& �-. 9Z����� 9�Q �,�%�� 9�Q �,�%�� �Ú&# �& �-.)673 G

746A(G ��u& �+ G�k1 G9Z���� �+� G� »Q �,�� �� Cr� G ��%$& 8=�� !��%�� . �& ����� FZ� ���� �� %A����§��� �*+� G?:H F��C� �&.;<��]& 8=� . �y+��–[ 7 –� 35 .

)4( : ��� G�1�%K� fp2 �& ¦0%� �& �yZ�� �*+ �& �-.676 �� �*+ %&� GA ��%$& M'��� ­� G9Z�%$�� �f$Z���G �-$0�� G %8 F� 45 Ge:��� e":�= F2�& %8 ;�0 F%+H�749 . �y+��–[ 6 – 205.

)5( : �-:"�� �*+ �-. %&� �-:"�� �*+ �& �-. �& I*Z�� 9��'u� ;�0 ��� G676 %8 G��1$��� >,�& TC/�� ��S© F2 GAF%+H�& ��%$& ;�0 747��%$& A . �y+��–[ 4 –� 169 «/��� G–[ 7 –� 385 .

)6( : ?:H�� @Y�–[ 5 –� 240 G465 . ;<��© 1*�� ;<k{�–� d&���� �C²–� 11 G18 .

)7( : �-. �� �*+ %&� G��/�� �& z/*��� �Y��� ���u�� FQ���� �%C+ �+ (��� GeY�Q 1%2(�� R:"Z$�� >$2 h�(2 �+ �1, ;:&�/�� �%C+ �� �+ F��C� �&� !�23 � P5 ;m�8 BC+ � R6½ �� G.

)8( : �c�S�� �� ­�c1S�� �-. �� �*+ %&� :� f� Ò�s P� a�= Ð� 45 F��C� �&� ��%�� BC+ P� $:6�� �%k ��S�� �� �� �+ A(�� I�� ��1���.

Page 41: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

29

16���)1( �£ �& �-.� )2( :��� �&# �& �-.� G Z �-. T0��� %&�� 9��� 9���� F�%w1 �& ¦0%� �& �� �*+� G����S�� �§�� Gf6)3( �� -2 G

+ Rº ���+ ;r�Y�� S"$�� F2 �+ (�\�� & R6$:= �� �:Y$Z:� M-C/�� �� � ��c ;=��/�� ;YC$��� �%C/��)4( .

i���� �Zu� �� FHCZ�� My:$0P F2 ����)5( ��%8 BC+ )1347� ( ��o� 0�1, �³5 BC+ �+� h�3 F5 35 GF��C� �&� N:k �&� �%�� h�3 � G $

ZY� F��C� Z�� h�3 �+ FHC) : �� >��� ,%"� T"�SC�� GM-C/ZC� := Tt�à R�-^$�� G ( )6(.

) Z�� ��� �� M-C+ �� ;+m /� �'k� ��%8 45 �(A �Zu� %&� FHC 0= G>�]�� TC/�� ?$2 �� e�fp2 T":C+ ���� GT¬ R6$� F� F��C� �&� �H$

NV���� �o�|� ��5 �-:"�� M-C/�� MP�A ��� G>,��� �&� �cP G>�]��

)1( : ;:���5 BC+ R:�, �(A� GN,«�� N�:6�� ek�� �(A �:�� F� 45 F��C� �&� f��� %V��� �%C+ �+ (�� G�§� �*/�� %&�

,�%� N�/& �01���� M"�Y�� MP�A �-$A�_%6$��� ;:&�/��� fZY$�� �& d-W �%C+� .

)2( : �£ �&� : �³ �� �/� ~��� ;$Z�� 1/��� ":= à �q6��� ���+ �Yk BC+ /^�� FZC�� �%C+ �+ (�� G�-. �� �*+ %&� ��� TC+�� & �� ~���� �(A G;0-u� >$2 ;�-'$�� !�q6� �-w �C� �&� �2(�� 9Z����� ��$�- � F� �� fp��� �Yk �

� ;C�%< r%6� F��C� �&� �+ R�� �(��� U"Yr�� [�Y�� �� U©�� >$�& N,1�%�� 1/��� ��� 9±*�$��� �³ �� �/� A� «/�� �� ���� >$��&–� 170.

)3( :�y+�� : F��C� �& �§��� �*+–� 27 G28.

)4( :¦��/$�� –� 19.

)5( : FHCZ�� %A �& 9C+ �Zu� %&� �& F-p+ ;�� �=, Gi���� �:/0 �� FHCZ�� �&��� ;���� 1�%g �+ Ý%$��752 %A� A;�/�� ��+ _��/�� �%� N�"�� RV2�� FHCZ�& �= BC+ e:��� F2 G F��y� �& �-. �r��� ��� . �y+�� –[ 4 –

�311. )6( : ¦��/$��–� 19.

Page 42: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

30

�+ (��� F��C� ) e+Ð ( �&P fZ�� >$2� GDZ�� E"��� Nc#5�!(A f© Nfp2 e*$2� G~y6�� �&� >$2� GbV05()1( .

9C&�� T:A��&5 �& �-. �� �*+ %&� ;:C�/�� �%C/�� �:� T"���)2( �&� :C+ ��� G 0� G®H���� G;:C�/�� �%C/�� F��C� �q c�& xk G;:-:C/$��� ;:-�u� F%�Y��

& _�$/�� � �"�� ZY� 9C&�� F2� G":=)3(.

d:m R:6ª 45 eP:� !�]r F2 F��C� �&� F� ��� ÓÅ=  �, F5 �(A� $o��k ��c �� (�� �� � P5 9C�+ �� 9"�= �� �%]� TC+ �� -= G�%C/��

?:6� �=�\&.

(80� �� F��C� �&� B�C8 BC+ "01, I�� �%C/�� �� TC+ R2 Nc#5 8 M&%�� ?�+ ��� :&� N=� �/& R-/� F� E�c#{� !(A � Dk8� �:k GT"����

;�0 f*���)749A ( C]�8 D�2 �(�� S2��� BC+ äYVC�� 8%� ?Z���y*�� $Cq+)4(.

�M� >1 p2�� G ����� F��C� �&� ��Y� F� h�3 �/& 1���� %A� �:�� � ��%8 ~$#� �(�� _1)� F%+H�� e/:m �%#1, G �0 �� N��+ ;/&Z��

;�0)1348�()5( . ;�Z& ":C+ i���� �Zu� �� FHCZ�� My:$0� �/& h�3�

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 19. )2( : �*+ %&� 9C&�� T:A��&5 �& �-. ��)681 A/1280��757 A/1356� ( FZ-C8 ;���à ,%�%��) �q�S)� >�©( G

F��C� �&� ;�y/�� Í%:� �� %A� G�����& ;C&Q �� Cr�� G�:� A�R >�]�� � �%r �Y��G %A� (��� � R�, ~�� �&� ?#u� !f©� �� EY�6� T^/�� hC$� *��,y. �-��� �-25 –[ 1 –� 132.

)3( :¦��/$�� –� 22. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 12 G13. )5( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 27.

Page 43: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

31

P5 �+ �$Y� � e����� e�Sk ¥��� ����� ��= BC+ F��C� �&� FSV= GN�k���� �+ TC/�� (�� BC+ &*��&��*�� M-C/)1(.

�� �p2� >A3� G;:���=5 �+ TA1:8 1Z½�� G��%8 �+ ���� i& My# ���� N�k%�& �/�� F��C� �&� R/# h�3 R2 G>�]�� 45 M-C/�� �� T"/� F2 f*��� !%�� h�3 �+ !�6= G>�]�� 45 R:k���� T¬ bVC�� BC+ �S/= GTA�/&

�-.)2(.

l 78�;nK: ��u� ��s P e�:/� e��k� F� G;-C�C� ��:C�$�� �/�& F��C� �&� (:�y8 �+ �

R/�� Gx� �%C+ $+��&� G -C+ N1�S© �� T©��� BC+ GN��*� :C+ (-C$$� ��� Z� ��� � F��C� �&� F� 45 ,%/� h�3 ?*Z xk F�� ��$

�%C/& R]� BC+ F2� G;0:Z�� e=�6�� � F2� G!1,]� �Z$� TC= G;+%�$� ��fp��� �o\$& �"�8 "YC� I�� !1oQ ���� G :C+ ��*� R��& (-C$$� F� �k� ;/�1 ,��$�� BC+ A,Ä5 T"0� I�� $01�� 45 T"�-'�&� G -C/&� & �� -":�5 _'�� G�S������ b1c�� �&� MP�A �"�� R/�� G;/0�� ;:=��]#

&� EY��� BC+ �y<� � F2 8=� �/& F��C� �. b1c�� �&� ��)3( %"= Z����� 9V*r�� �-. �& 9C+ �& �-. �*+ %&� G9

����� �Þ G�� b1c�� �&� 9<��]��) 831 G896 A( G 9+-$#� �+G

)1( : ¦��/$�� –� 56. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 56. )3( : ?:H�� @Y�–[ 2 –� 699A�/& �� .

Page 44: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

32

F��C� �&� ;���< hC0 G RA� �� ;<��© G ":C+ 4%$0� F� 45 ¬ M'��� 4%8 FZ-C8 45 R�$�= G���={�G 5 � 4 ?kr N�^�� ¤1�� j%C� �Y�$Z� b����

d#1� �k � G;<��© �6� �+ !%/=��= G w�© �y��� ,�^= G�6� 45 !P%$= G����� D:& N'��� M'�& ��& xk h��A 8�� RH8 �� G;�:r� ;A�S

& %8 . "�� G?$2 �) j%*Z�� S��&{� j%C�� >�,Q ;:Y:2 ( �) ;0���� f:Ñ� ;0:Z�� ��(ª(G �q��c d� ¥18 ;���� F��C� �&� �y2 := �� P Nfp2

#%& "�+ �]$Z�.

�S����� ���)1( )766 � 845 A ( %"= G %&� G1,��� �*+ �& 9C+ �& �§� 9�8 G��:*/�� i:Zu� �*/�� �S����� ����� ;��6�� 1���� Í1��G �� Cr�

N1k 45 $*Z�� Gh*C/& �� Nc1�) ��� h*C/& E�1k ��(G ��� E�� \��� ;*Zu� ":= ­�� GN�A��� �A��� hC�& R68�� GE��� ;��{�� ;&H���

!��� d� ®��, R��= Gb%��& �r��� ;�0810 A . A`'� :C+ ¤�+�Ô\= . 6� 45 ,+��. �&& "�� �%-� e��o\$� F2 Nfp2 EY��� �

F��C�)2(.

i:����� := �o\8 �X�)3() 763 G838A ( ��& �� �& �-. �& �-. %A� G9����� 9��S��� G�� �*+ �& �cP� GN�A��� 45 Rª1�� ;�1���0{� ���

;+m �&�� G �+ (��� F��C� �&�)4() 749 G819 A( �� �& �-. %A�G ��&� BC+ d*�� ��� G9/=��� ��6�� �%-u� U���� �-. �& S�S/�� �*+ �&

)1( : d�y�� M%'��–[ 2 –� 21. )2( :{� ����� Í1�� �S����� �6� ;:�y0–� 5A�/& �� . )3( : d�y�� M%'��–[ 9 –� 63. )4( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–[ 7 –� 171.

Page 45: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

33

F��C� �&� �cP� ":= ���� N�A��� 45 R�$��� �§�� �V*�� Rk0 . �&��b�c�� �:Yu� )1() 766 G842A( 1%"��� �-. �& �§� �& �-. %A� G

�Y�� d�w b���� 45 Rª1�� >�]�� FZ-C8 ��� G�:Yu� b�c�� �&& 9<Z*��� G;:&�/�� �%C+� �%r��� ���u��)2() 760 G842 A( %A� G

�§� �& �-.� � ��© �Z& N�C& ��� G9<Z*�� 9qH�� F-p+ �& G�6��� 45 Rª1��F��C� �&� �+ 9���� ?A(�� �%C+ (�� ":=� GN�A.

l Y���Jo: �� �/& >,��� ����� �%C+ ;0�1,� N,*/C� ��Y8 ;0:Z�� �+ !���� �H�;]C��� \:A X G � $:&�8 �+ ¢�º � F��C� �&� F2 F5� Ge:-C+ e��0� e�%#

�+ A(�� I�� �%C/�� �2(� � �� -2 G;:Cq/�� 8:k� �0 ;o��k ;:�:�u� "��*�� �-= N1��'�& �%C/� %A X �+ E%�Z�� h�3 F� Ã1 G :&�9 �%�� F�

M����� Û,*� !��� T:C/$& �/�� ���%�� ��� G �Y��� _�6��� %V���� ;&$���� N �%C/�� ¦C$° "01, I�� ?$��� �+� -C/8 �+ ���u� ¤=�

��%8)3(.

,"� \��= G;0�1� TC+ D:&� G;¬� ;���+ N�0� �R:C0 F��C� �&� F2 e�35 8�0� �+ !�C8 �(�� ¢��$�� �(A.

)1( : ?:H�� @Y�–[ 5 –� 420A�/& �� . )2( : d�y�� M%'��–[ 7 –� 5. )3( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 11.

Page 46: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

34

d:-^2 ;:-C/�� F��C� �&� ;Ck1 ;���& D�2� 7���� FQ���� NM���& G!�6+ M�&� �� E�M����& 8�y8� G �Yk�Z ��� d*N1%")1( �� BC+ ;:&�/�� TC/8� G

��%8 M-C/�� 1*2 z/& BC+ �1,� G!����� S2�� (J�%� ��%8 D�2 35 ��(�� ������ M-C+ �� aA1 �Ø� D�2� À>�]�� ,y& >�,��� �%C/��

w �� ¢,�%u� T"$$� �<%�� T¬ b� >$�2 G���u�� �Y�� ?$2 �� e�fp2 @:Vr� G �Y�� ?:H�� �&� �6$°� G;]C��� %V��� h�� �&P R:"Z$�� Af©� G�1�*�� @:Vr �� (*�� ?�("$�� >$2� G\<%��� G[^u� �& TCZ�

¦����� �%*��� ���u� ?$2 ��)2(.

;$Z�� 1/��� >$2 �Yk�)3( � ;0-u�� GTC+O)4( ;:CA)� �/� �� ;Yq<� G e*^/� F2 ��� GU©�� 1/��� G90*/�� �/��� �� Af©� ?:*k� ¿�$���

&)5( .

�%�� G�%C/�� !�V*8� +y<� ;/Z& ����� �"���) : �� �(A F��C� �&� F2 ���� T���� �� �� GF�S�� ?q^+ � � �p d� GF-)� ,%�/& �1S ;-K�

;:C/��;:C�/��� ;:C���� �%C/�� �V*$��� G()6(.

�%:� �+ !(��� $0�1,� -C/8 �+ p��k F��C� �&� !�2(� � F� -2 F2 I�� EY���� n%$Z� BC+ ;����� ;Cp���� G[3-��� 1<5 �-w R���

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 14. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 16. )3( :;-�C+� fAc� ;=�<� N�$�+� ;]&���� �:��� `��� TA ;$Z�& ,%6���� G��-$���� TC+�� [^u� �� >$2 %A�. )4( :[^u� �� ��-$���� TC+O� >$2 %A� .�³ �� ;0§ 1��© BC+. )5( :¦��/$�� –� 17 G18. )6( : ?:H�� @Y�–[ 3 – � 201.

Page 47: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

35

�:�� G�q�$*-C� E��6$° EY���� ?C©� F� �+ ey'= G�"/�� �(A "01�� "Cp� Í%:��� �� :�C$& BA*$� � P� $0�1�& ��Y$� F� ��s �)1( R���� G

�%6Y�� e�:k� ,�º F��C� �&� F\& h�3 BC+ �� �k�%�� �*+ 9C+ 1%$2��� eyp� �%�:= G� >$2 �� "$0�1, � @$8 � I��) : �&# �& �-. BC+ D/Ð�

e�fZ� e8%= ��+ � [^u� �& TCZ� @:Vr 9Z:��� �:6�� >$2 �� ()2( !(K� G¦��/$�� Nfp2 ;Cp�� ;C6��.

l YK�T�p; : ;�o 1,6�� �p2� F��C� �&� EY��� �+ ?:H�� �&� ����� FZ� ���k �/� ,%#� P EY��� �23 �*� xk � F%�C-$� �X �:� ��� G ��r/� �� ��

;m�8 ?$2 �� ?:H�� �&� F� -:0 P� Geyr� K &$2 F��C� �&P : );<��© 1*�� ;<k{�.(

F2 �� BC+ �2�� GN,«�� N�:6�� k�� %A � ?:H�� �&� !�2(� ¦��� ���� �Yk N1�S©� 2�1,5 F%�= F��C� �&� := ¦¯� e/��& ek��.

� D*o\= Gn���� �%C/�� z/& 8Y��� ;Cm b%Z� ~�1 � e��::�8 e��:Y� G®H��� � �� �c���� ?:H�� �&� ����� ��= ��{� R6. �� G e&$2 ¦���

>Zu�G �+ 1,6�� S#��� ~��� ZY� ?:H�� �&� �Y�� �%r� )3( M9�& G �-��� !M�1� ;�© PG !�p� ��� �C�= G"/^Z�� "C0�� G 8:�HC0�

)1( :�y+�� :& �§��� �*+ F��C� �–� 31. )2( : ¦��/$��–� 18. )3( : ¤:+ 1*�� ¤���� 1Ac��[ 1 �� 190.

Page 48: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

36

"�+ ��Y� G���&5 F,/�� GF%�= ¤�1� G;©y& ��)� +��� E�M��*�� ;":*� GM �� >��� G_��u� N���� GÖ�%�& & �"/ �� G,���� ;��^3%Y ���

����� d*H�� �0�$0�� G;VG F��:� e��� �"/�� �(K z"�= G -�� ��� �/��� .�©�� �� B8\= G */r :C+ FA� G!%# :C+ �p�= G *:�0� 1*$+& !���

;*��© R�&)1(. !(A F� ?��]��� 45 ¤�/$� � À�2(� M9� "�� �:�5 R6� � I�� EY����

E��+� E0���2 t� ���� BC+ ?�]��� G 8:u $m�8 F��C� �&� A�23 �:k%�� >$���� G�2Ò(�� ®V$Z8 EY��� F��C� �&� A«$/� � G;*CH�� ��1�$�

%A F��C� �&� �� 2�8 �(��) �� ��$*�� F�%�,� «/�� >$2 >�/�� ��� «�«2�� FHCZ�� ��3 �� TA�r+ ��� G �&«��� T^/���.(

9A� G?ZV= M�S#� ;oyo F��C� �&� !«$+� ���: ���� >$��� : �%�& � F%�+ � ��1$�� TC+ R'= ;���à !��&) : ;/:*<

��� ?Z���� ?C]$��� �'u�� ��*�� �� ":= ¤�/� �� ;�:C�� F��-/�� »/ >*0��� RC/�� �� h�(� �� A%½� �%C/��� dq�6��� .( �(�� >$��� %A�

:�-Z�";������")2(. "�� ���� R6Y��� : fo\8� GT:���� �� ":= �� G¤1�� �� F��-/�� aZ�

T"�y��� G��*�� F�%�� M�%K�...

)1( : ;<��© 1*�� ;<k{�–[ 3 –� 507.

)2( : ;:&�/�� ;]C�� >�,Q ��18–[ 3 –� 226 G227.

Page 49: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

37

Up�� R6Y��� : Rq*���� T���� G���*�� F��-/�� �� h�3 ¤�/� �� G Z��� �:k �� -"�:& b�Y��� GN1'u�� N���*�� ;/:*< ¢£�� >

N,:Z��� hC��� G?Zu�� ;0����� G;:*6/���... ��p�� R6Y��� : := RC+� G;:�HCZ�� ?8����� G;=y��� hC��� G;�/�� ����� Z�� >*0� �8� GN,: FHCZ�� ?8���� G����� �:: ;����� �����,� G

"<%�0� ;����� E%*o >*0�� GA��#�... d&����� R6Y��� : "$*Z�� R2:K�� F��� GF��-/�� �q0� 16���� F��C*��

�#Z�� M�& � G�V*��� «�� �:k �� "/w� 8+��� ?W �� G����� 45 E%:*���...

���� R6Y��� : � ?Z��� !%#�� »/�� bc��� RqZ� :=� Gdq�6�� G *A�(�� =�r�� »/�� � G?Z���� :=� GF��-/�� ;/:*< 45 h�3 ;*Z��

bc��� >�%&� ;/0�� ¢£� : ;+�6��� N1^$�� ��... �,Z�� R6Y��� : �y���� G A%#� �q0� G ��<� T:C/$��� G"=�r�� �%C/��

+ TC+ R2 �� ¥18� GN�k BC � ���u�� FQ���� �%C+ �� <� ��1$��� �/���� >,�= G;:*H��� ;:/:*H��� ;:�ZC�� �%C/�= G �Y��� . �

;:&�/�� ;]C�� >�,Q ��18 R:*� �� %A� G"�%C+� E:K{�. �+ ey'= G;:&,�� ;�,6$��� G;:0:0� ;:+-$#� G�%C+ ;��S� ;�����= �(A BC+�

GS:-$�� �%]C�� ¬%C0� ;:��� hC8 "V�� X G;�Z$�� ;H&��$�� ;�0�$�� �1*+�T:�/�� d�%���.

�-'$�� ����� d&����� ��p��� Up�� �C²� BC+ R-�� %"= Up�� >$��� ���y0{�� >�/�� ��18.

Page 50: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

38

1*�� �-'$:= Gd&Z��� �,Z�� �C²� BC+ R-$�� %"= ��p�� >$��� ��� ��18� �&«�� R�3� Gd&Z�� MS)� ��×& "�u� 8:u ;m�8 45 ;=w{& >�]��

��%�+ R�%< R6= 9A� G¬ ¥18) F��C� �&& ¦��/$��( z/*& := i+ G ;�0 9"$��� G16$�P�797 �k ;m�8 �� A.

$C/# ;����à ¦���� � ���� ��= ��1$�� EY���� TA� �� >$��� �(A ���+ ��� >$��� �t ��� G�1��r � R& G�-$#P� TC+ F��:� ¦�¾� � �"�� ��

R*� �� ��1$�� ?$2 �� �t �� �+ Y:�68 ¦C$�� e^"��)1(. 9Ð �(�� ¦��/$�� >$2 F� -2 ) e���� e&�© $Ck1� F��C� �&& ¦��/$�� (

m�8 Rp-$8 ;:¥1$�� ;0�1��� �� ��Q e+%� �/� ZY�� ¦���� ;)2( !�/�� G �= %A� ��1$�� �� �Y�� �(A e�,�� �� 1%$2���) :=��#%:&%8�� ( ;m�8 ��

�� fp2 ��1\$�� �� �Y�� �(A F��C� �&� ®*0 �� F2 F5� G ZY�� ¦���� &$2 �%-u� E%�:2 T"q&,�� >�/�� 9�1�� ) F��C*�� T^/�( �&�� G

� �&� �r/� ?:H�� r� F��C 2 ��� &$) k{� 1*�� ;<;<��©( F��C� �&� �r/� �^k �&�� G &$2 ) �6� N'� �+ �r{� d=1 .(

%"= GF��C� �&� �� GNS#%� Em�8 D�2 Em�$�� !(A ���� Rq��� ����8 �%*$2 ��(�� >�/�� �pk*��#;':Y$Z� ;/q�1 T"ZY�� �+ T)3(.

�/$�� >$2 ®�. �%�� 9^�H�� D��8 �& �-. ¦� ) : d&1� >$��� �(A d�� �:k �� G ZY� �+ F��C� �&� := ¢��ª G�1"Y�� f© ;VYr ;qåyo� ��å� G 8y��8� G 8:k 1�%<�� �k� G $�:��� 8\�� �:k ��� G"Cr�� 8�0�

)1( : e��+� F��C� �&�–� 40. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 40. )3( :�y+�� :�§��� �*+ F��C� �& –� 253 G254.

Page 51: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

39

��ª� G�6�� ������ ,y&� GB6���� a0���� Ç,�� >�]�� 8yk1� ¢ A�A�� �+� G":= R��8 I�� ®<��� !(¬ ;�C/$� Nfp2 ;:¥18 ?��%# �+ ��1\$��� ;�:�, Ey:6Y8 R��� F2� G;:-C/��� ;:+-$#P�� ;:0:Z�� �(A� GT�fZ� ;:-C/�� ?��%)� ¤�+� G q��r� �� �%:� �� E:6��C�

%��� N,��/$�� F��C� �&� ;:6��� Nf�3 %A >$��� !%#%��� F�()1( . -2 GNfp2 E*0�� K� I�� ;��/��� �q6��� �� e����+ >$��� �(A T'�� X M&,��� M-C/�� �� T¬ B�$�� ��� M��r��� N(80�� �� !f]� e��/� T'��

$��+� �o� � F2. � �(�� 9¥1$�� �Y�� Nf�3 ±�/� >$��� F� �� 1%$2��� �2(�� T0& �"$�

&$2 ­�S]�� E=��$+2 E=��$+P�) �y'�� �� (���� ( j# F# E=��$+�� &$2 %0�1)E=��$+P�()2(.

��%�+ �%r�� TC+ ��Q e&$2 F��C� �&P F� 1,6�� �2�8�) >*�R±6|�( �c���� ����� ��= >$�� �:�C8 %A� G) ��±��$�� 1�=� R±6.�\$������ .( ;<k{� ?:H�� �& ����� FZ�� G?:H�� @Y� ����� !�23

;<��© 1*�� . �� ���& �§��� �*+ �2� -2) �(�A �%H��� BC+ >$��� F�%�+ ,1� �� :

����� �%r� R±6|� >*� . �& �§��� �*+ 4/8 �� 45 f�Y�� �*/�� ¦:�689��'u� F��C� �& �-.()3(.

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 2. )2( :�y+�� : F��C� �& �§��� �*+–� 254. )3( : F��C� �&� EY���–� 8.

Page 52: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

40

��� ���ª F�, ?:H�� �&� �2� -2 G��1 �&P Nfp2 ?$2 �:�C8 � �23 ?$��� !(K)1( ���� F��C� �&�  F� BC+ ;�P��� _2 8�3 «�� �("= G

�&� fZY8 d� T#�$�� "6� F%<y=� EY��� �� e=�<� %H01� EY��� :�C8 9A ¬ �� I�� 86:�C8 (J�:k F%�$0� G;6�C� G��1 E6:�C$� E6

��1 �&�.

T0& e&$2 F��C� �&P ���& �§��� �*+ ¦:'��) ?�("$� RqZ�� MY�RqZ��( �� G>$��� �(A F��C� �&� �+ ?$2 �X �k� �2(� � �� �2���

��� � %A �� 45 ;=w{& G :�5 ?Z��"¦��/$��" �� ��Q >$2 �� P� G & ���� G¦���� �(A 45 *$2 F��C� �&P >$��� ;*Z�� N���� �^k Ec�

"��� : �$<%H° _y© BC+ ;k��r ,1� �� : �&� ;<%H°� GU�%H$�� ;<%H° ;k��r 1�� �� j�A F�� GF��C� �& �§��� �*+ ��c �� >$��� F� G@:C��

;&1]�� M-C+ z/& T"��� G :�5 >$��� ;*Z�� ) b�1c �-. �& �§� �*/�� %&��� &$2 G90Y" ����� N��+" -2 G90Y�� 1,��� �*+ �-. %&� !�23� G

&$2 G���Z�� �� �*+ %&� !�23�" �r��� R��� �"# " !�23 �:k>$��� �(A �� �/w%�)2(.

)2( : F��C� �&� EY���–� 9G10. )1( : ®&Z�� d#���–� 17 G18.

Page 53: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

41

U2T�� [��W��

)��= 7\)I�J��� + � ?�!(

l vT�� w�/�. l ]&��� )��2��. l ?� !�. l C8��.

l x�����.

l #�D�� )��6;.

l YTI#�K #�D�� y�F.

l Y'h� z#$ #�D�� )���{.

l #�D�� am�2� .

Page 54: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

42

l w�/� vT��:

z/*�� �¯)1( ���8 �X � BC+ �YC� �6$�� �� F��C� �&� ��+ �/��� �YC�� ;:' �� -�:k �/��) : Ó5� GU/�� P äY��� 9A Ó5 �p���� T���� ;+�r

/�� Rr� 9A� GK �d*8 U( )2( . �%2 �YC� 7��$�� Ó5� Gh�(2 ���� �:�� ;�C� %A �YC�& !�6�� �� G�/-C� ;:q��� N1%6�� %A� G�/-C� ;:C���� N1%6�� e�1��� ��1 ~��� ~�1 �� -:0P� G?ZV= ,�Y�� �YC�� ,�� P GFZC��

9A äY��� hC8 F� GFZC�� ;�C� jy$�� N1��w FZC�� BC+ ��W I�� �%�� G�q-�'�� eyr� ;�%��� U/��� G®H����) : ;�C� ��º �(�� �d��6�=

�p�:� G>�/�� �y2 �� Kp�� �Y£ äY��� K�º Ó5 �p���� T���� �y��� �� � C�$�� G���'�� ÚFZ� ;�C�� � ��$Z8 xk �Z� BC+ ��#� �-/$0�

� >�/�� R:# \��� �:�� Rp� ZY� ¤�Y�� C:# ":C+ �1 I�� ;-^/� h�3� GTtZ� T"�� ��k�� ��\2 f6� xk G¿�6�� "��C� -2 T"$]� ��C�� BC+ A1���$& "C:6ª ��º ®H��� E�C�� �� ;�C� FZC�� F� ���� ��

5 ®H���� FZC�� �(��� GR�6ª xk FZC�� 9"= U/�� ��� GäY��� %A Ó � "�� ��= R2 �%< � G�k�� R2 ��+ N,%#%� U/�= e'��� G�q-'�� [$|� %A "�+ N1*/C� �y��� ¦:�\8� ;+�r 45 [$º y= GBw��� M��

U/-C� ?���� ;&pà %A� !�C� -2 G;+�6C�()3(.

)1( : �F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'�� – �107G 108 .����� >H�� ������ /���� – �63. )2( : ;����� – � 448. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 448.

Page 55: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

43

BC+ FZC�� ;�C� �%6k F� �6�� %"= �Y£ æM��$&� T"$©y&� >�/�� ?:�0� -:= K-/$0� �� FZC�� BC+ A1���8 � ��� G>�/�� �y2 �� äY��� �p��

�� �(A �2�� �� G"Cr� � D/w� R2 ��+ U/�� �,%#� n�� ��� T"Y ;©:r� �y��� ¦:�\8 45 TC�$�� [$º "�+ f*/$C�� G��= R2 �%< � G�k��

*/�� �%�:= �p2� ��1 c«� �pà �p2� ;�y/�� !(A @w%�� G"*:2�8� N1) : -�= ¬ _�$]� I�� U����  F� _�6��� ;'Y��� ?A(�� ;:�Q "�� �V*�� �� M��

M�& NM%C-�� U���� N,%)� ¦C$Ñ� ZY� �k�� M��� _S��� [#S��� h�(2 M�� _y$�& P "Z�# _y$�& �-/$0P� "$©y&� ;]C�� N,%#

U/��� �r��� BC+ �:*H8 1*$+& Y:�\8 �y��� ;�*< _y$�& ¦C$¥ ;�C� B'$�� BC+ *:�0� � �y��� ¦:�\$& RA)� Ó5� G"ZY� N�k��

� �/��� ;&pà �Zº �� !,%6�� �+ N1*/�� ��k �35 FZC�� ¤%"��� ���� �(�H$Z� P� /: :C+ N1���� F���Y� ()1(.

�(�� P n�� e"*� e�8 e�f*2� �& ��1 ��1� �k)� �(�� n��  F�» U/�� �;k��H� Ú®�� H�� "¾=�/� �9-^+�� ���/��� ����*��� �������� ÏU���� ,-��5� �� ¾F\�� Ú;��5 GFc%�� Ú��:Ñ� G�Y C�� ;�%"0� G[���� �p2�N M�� , � ;�Vr Gd* H�� N,%#�

�Z��Gh* -��Å= ��/���� G�;+�r �>�w� �� G�Z���� ��#� �� ��%6�$��«)2(.

F� �%� �k)� R:'Y8 �YC� BC+ G�/�� F�� �YC�� %A �(�� ?Z�� �/�� $�P, !1%r� �Z£ 0 �* $+�r� Z�� ^ G!��%68� �:�� ���� h�(2 ��+ �&�

�GF��C F5� F2 ��*� !�o\8 �k)& ��� $01�� �X ¦C� �k)� ;����2 � �&

)1( : ;����� – � 448. )2( :F�%:u� – [3 � �132.

Page 56: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

44

�Y/# �(�� �%�� :»U/�� "ÏC2 �;w��/� C�G�+�� �� ÜF� �T C�$� "�� � �?k� G���oQ� �� f© F� ����ÂV�� :C+ ê�/� ����� ��y��� G := �35� D�2 U/�� �/��C� ;�Øà �,��N

;+%w%�� �/����� ":= N1%�6�2 -2 ���#%� ÒR2 l;+�r �� ��� P ��& ":= �� lM9� l�%w%� ¾R*�� fo\8 1%�6�� "�� :Rp� ?��� GN1^��C� ;�'Y��� G;©:�6C� BC+� �+���� –

�35 ���� ��� ê�/� �F2 �� =����;/ ���G;/�' =������ G;A�S����� Í(*��� G;+����� G~���� f©� h�3 �� U/�� GN�:-u� �� ;-:� (�� – ÜF� B�%$� ��%C*�� �� ��%^�$�� h�3 45 ;�]�� ;&%CH��«)1(.

P� �:& �&� � M# & %&� �yA ���Z/�� �(�� F2 e��A¯ �� �y� ��1 ;:'��� �!¾(-C$8 BC+ G�k)� %"= n�� ��» :�� ����F\ ,���5 GU/��  F� U/�� "=�/� ���/�� G�9-^/��� �������� G����*��� -��5� %A N,%# �Y C�� G 8Yr� G �Zk� q¬�

G $A�S�� G q��� N�p2� 8�y< G q�� d� ;�Vr h*�Z�� G?:2��$��� �%C��� �� ,�� T����� ¦:�\�$���« )2(À �'��= I�� 0"� 9A "�:+ �'��� I�� A«$+� �k)� 1:/� �/���

�(�� %A ��# �� G��%6$�� %A� h�(& �6º ��%6$�� �'�& R6$8 R���& eP68� Ge�f*2 ���� 1�� 45 N1%6�� �%w%� ;�&{� �+ ��k ;©y*�� �%�& :»¾;©y*��� R2 �

ÕC*8 & �/�� ?C� d�Z�� ��-$= ZY� $� ��- hZY� d� N1%r ;�%*�� ¤�/�� �Zk ,Ó5� �C/# �Zk¤�/�� �%*�� N1%6�� e<�� ;©y*��  F� �y��� �35 D�2 81*+ ;o1 w�/�� e�C� � �TZ� e]:C& F5� F2 �%"Y� �/�� �_%��� nS]��«) 3(.

)1( : ��� �/��� – �65G 66. )2( :�$+�6�� – �57�58. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– �10.

Page 57: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

45

����� U#�)� �ÕC& ;�]�� Y�%� �� 16�� �YC�� 16��� ��G�/ ¾�:k ,�1� TZk ;:'��� F�= h�3 F\& dw� 0�e0 ep�o %A GT���� ���� BH+� �YC� �k �/-C�� G �k F�, R:'Y8 ��k� BC+ G���� �� «$/� ��k� a�= GN1%6�� R& �&P ��

-"�cy8 �q6�= R2 �k�� 8�3 P d�68 GN1%6��» ��� T$� R'Y�� �y�C� P5 GT���& ��/& F� d��� ����Y�� (�� 1��� !��*� �K� $����� G;]C�� DZ:�� 9A e���k

�� GäY��� P� e�-$A� U/�& ;*��]�� GN1,��� R& ;]C�� E�y+ �& "¯Y�� P _�/8 P5 �*81& "'/& Gz/*& @w%$� � �AÒ(�� �� ®qy+ BC+ ;"# S����� P R����«)1(.

Â�/��� 45 R:p³ �&� F��C� ;�y/C� �& �YC�� G�/��� �:�Y$� T+S�� Rq��� F\& �&� F��C� � dCH� BC+ ,%"# U#�)�)2( �� �� �*0 �%k ;:'� �YC�� G�/��� M�%0 16$�P&

��k� BC+ G���� �� 9A-$�& G-"�:& M]�5� !(A G;:q�p�� F� �&� F��C� P ¼��� 16$�� �YC�� BC+ G�/�� ?Zk T"Y�� ������ G7���� Ó5� %A ¼��� ":= ;�\Z� Gn��� N1*/&� ;:�o :���� 45 ;:q�o �YC�� �/��� �� ;���c ;YC$° eJ:� G� %"= n�� F� BC+ ��

���� F� F%�� e-¯� �� e��o� �� >�/�� :C+ eP�� F� �%�� �Y£ äY�� >�/�� N,1�%�� T"�y2 R��:� ��oN ;�%]� ®CH�� "�� f*/$�� �+ G :�/� ��� �A @w%$� � !1�� ��

;:/*8 �/�� G�YC� P �� �:k R'Y�� R& �� �:k ;#k d�6�� G":�5 F� U/�� N��$Z�� �q-'�� G��Y��� P ��s F� �"�8 f]& G?�� "=9 �d*8 � G #$ª 9A� GäY��� äY��= [$ª 45 ;+�r -�:& U/�� P [$ª 45 G;+�r F�� äY��� �%/�

":C+ f*/$�� �+ U/�� F2 !S:2�8 BC+ N1��w G"-C/8 äY��= U���2 NM%C-�� M�& BC+ _y$�� G"Z�# X i/� F� �/�� �k�%�� «/� �+ ?:2��$& ;+%�$� E�Y$8 ��

)1( : ���� ��1\8 ;:&,�� N1%6��–� 62. )2( : � ;:&,�� �'�� F��C� �&� ;���� – �108.

Page 58: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

46

�:k N,%)� ;+�«��� ;-:���� E�Y$& N��p�� ;�%]C�� N,%#%�� n�� R2 Gd�r d�6�= �1*�� F%�8 $:�Q e*A3 R���� ;'= G�(�A� M��� �k�� �� �/�� G�k�� X f�� F�

,%6�� �&� F��C� äY��& ?:2�$�� GR�2 P ,�� �YC�� ,�Y�� R6Y��� �+ ;C-)� ;:&�/�� G;�$�� �(�� �%�� �<%� ��Q) :E�C� FZC�� N1*/C� �+ U/�� DZ:� ����&

45 E�,�Y�� Ó5� %A ����& 45 ?:2��$��()1(. �� @w%� �pà �y2 T$� � ,%6�- ��k �35 GFZC�� ;�C� B'$�� BC+ *:�0�� �y��� ¦:�\$& RA)� F5 �:k G�p2�

�� ,�Y�� �YC�� ,�� �6�� P �� �2�� X G�Zº � !,%6�� �+ N1*/�� ¦:�\8 �+ R6Y� "*:2�8 ?:�0�� N,�Y�� >�/�� äY�\& ;��1, BC+ d�6�� F%�� F� �6� Ó5� G�y��� P %"= P5� G�%]C�� >�/�� _�+ B'$�� BC+ "*0�� X Af© �&� "�:& ¦:�\$��� %"= G ZY� ;��$Z��� !��=� !f-w N��$Z�� :�/�� !�r�� �+ «/� F� d:H$Z�

h�(& ¾F%�� – F��C� �&� n�� -2 – ÚF���Y& �/:H$Z� P� ¤%"��� ���� �(�� �/��2 :C+ N1����.

�y� �� f�� G��Q dw%� �/��� �YC�� �& ;�y/C� ;C���� 8��� E�& ��� �%�� GU#�)� :�5 ?A3 � 45 ?��� ��Y�� ®-+ 45 ¤�/� �) : �y���

G>H��� N1*/�� %A �(�� �/�� N,=5 k�1� !�0 Ó5 . ey-"� F2 �35 ��� �N«+ P �(�� E�%�2 %"= �� D=�+ � BC+ ;©y*�� %A N,={� �-2� À &

��k ���+ A F%�%�� Tt� GF:*�� RA� : ;=�/�� G�u� B'$�� �y��� ;�&H� 9A $�� ;:�Y C�� ?:2���$�� ®&H8 ¬ I �� ��k��� ������ ;©y*�� �= %A G�u� B' .

E1r� >�/�� ;]� �� D���$0� ;�&H�� ?:2��$C� ��k��� ������ hC8����%��2 . G����Z�� �& ,�0{� �:Y8 "/w%& ?:2��$�= R# ��k�� ����&

;:&�/�� ���%�À k�� A ��% 8� Gf�\8� 7��8 �� ?:2��$�� !( ¦��/

)1( : ;����� – �431.

Page 59: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

47

�8� :�8� G1"¯5� 1-w5� Gf� �� ;Y�$��� ��k�� �:Y� GAf©� by<5� �: & ?<�$�� �k �*<�$�&� G,�0{� [1� � ���%� 9A ��k�� ���

;©y*�� F%�= �� U/�� TC+ �%-Z� G�Y� . ���%� h�(� ;:&�/�� ���%� [1��$= �0{& ;Y�$��� ��%kO� �,=5 �� MS# ,�0{� �,=5 F� U/�� TC+, . ��

���%� �� >��+{� ���%� RC� �u� B'$�� N,=5 �+ ?:2��$�� !(A �� �6� ,��+ %A �(�� R-"�& ®u� G�u� B'$�� ;�&H�� �+ e��r� F2 U/��

E�%��()1( .

�� �(A � �%C+ �� U/�� TC+ �y� �� U/��� äY��� �& a&�� �� 45 ?A(� R& G;©y*�� ?��� �(A� G��3 ;©y*�� 9A -"�:& ;Cru� ;�&H�� F�

;:q�p& �]��P� �� TA�� %A ��� GT���� �+ p��k U#�)� :�5 ?A3 X�/��� �YC��.

)1( : ;����� – �450G 451.

Page 60: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

48

l )��|2�� ]&k���:

(�� D��%� ��= G��^K� ��p�� F���� BC+ N���# ;/�6��� d*H�� ;:'� DZ:� s G �+ �:/& ��c ;:'��� !(A 45 1�� �� ��� �/� �(�� S$/�� �&� 45 �$

G����� 35 �+���� �%*H�� �+��& _�+� �%*H�� >,�� E�S:-� ¤�/8d�6$��.

 F� n�� �:k ;:'��� !(A �%k �2(�& N���# E¯%VC� ;*:$� �&P�) �� ±%� �(�� %A ¦C�$�= À�%*H��� ¦C�$�� M��/��� �p�& !�/� � �%H& V��� G_

�%�� 9/-r�� F2� G;J:Hu�� lfAS2 G����� �/& ����� := ,+�� G¼:$Y$�� : := �%*A(� �� G!%V�� Tt� G�/��� �:*+ M��/��� �� -"A*��� ;J:Hu�� �fAc

�%�� ;J:Hu� F2� G�+%*H�� ?A(� : ­%u� �/��� f� |� @���� h� . F2��q6� n«2 9-Z� �fAcE:�%u� !.

$:& 1�r j�1�� G �%��� BC+ 1�$��� �/��& @Ð �� M��/��� �� �%*H��� �35� GN��S]�� 9��� Gd*H�� ®��1 !�/� BC+ D�:*8� G $:=� $ª= � G!S^+

�kS$� �� Tp/C$� � �V$��()1(.

�%� d*H��� ;/�6�� ;:'� �%k G�-$/�� �& Ú��& �y2 �k)� ,1�� ���� �%�� G�/��) : h� @�-Z8 P� h��$/8 P� h:8�%8 P 4��� ¾;�Ø�� D�2 FÅ=

A1��� 45 �6�8 �� "�/�%� d�8 � ;�ÜYßC�� �W� GhYÏC�8 ��� � j���� ���� ��+ �� G¬6Ú� � AS2��  R¾ª � �;:=���� GK ;�%Z��� "�2�� �� "Ò�k 45�

2� G"C��& R6�$8 BC+ "ÂAÚ�Ü��8 y= G"/w%� �Ú� eN�=� Gt�� e;�C� D� �/±��� �¤�� ��/�$�8 � �35 h±�Å= Àt<�� f© Ú��Ø��� G�2��� >6$©�

)1( :�/��� M��/���� – [1 – �77.

Page 61: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

49

�D�� ÜFÅ= G�k� h�3 j�$& hÂ*Ú/�� � G1%p��� �y��� �1:$�� ¦ C�$8 �� GF�c%�� 8 �� -"$YßC�8 e-�V��P� e+%*H� e�3k �� �� h:C+ à e�f6& Gh�\��

D:C�$&� FÅ= Gh��%= ±�� h���, %A ��� n�1� G �� e*:+ ÏR�� D�� ��� �h�&+ G�h�� ÂZ8 �� G�;/�6�� B</$8� G��%��� �¦�C�$8 ßF\& H�� h� @�-Ò �±�� ��*

A�� :& � Â+�,� G�� Â'8 P� ÜR� /8 y= GN��Y�� ;�#5 ��Â/�& h:C+ B�r/8� G;C �¤ ;�&#{� ��/�8 P h��Å= Àh�& Ú���=� hÚ<�� ��+ !Â,Ú�+� GhÚ$C:� �,�%0� h�%� �d±�³ FÅ= GbÂ�+ BC+ ;+��6�� �� �DÂ���# �� G�;/:*< j�A D�2 F5 GN8�%��� F� ¾;p�ßp�� ¾;�Ø�= ��5 �%< f© ��� G�¤��Ú+ lR]� ,k f© �� h�3 ��/& h:C+

�� !(A �� ���%V$8 � h��Å= Àh:C+ "ßY��� Gh:�5 ÚE+�6�� B�"Â�� 45 ;+�6 F5� G ¾C2�� � 45 ßP5 ��Úº P ëM9±���� G?Z� -���:&� ßP5 :�5 Â�Úc�8 � "$�8

��� D�2 ��� F� ÀE�*< F%�8 �� ;C2 �d� t%��à ,%W P ��%Y-2 G;*ÂA±��� d� t�S�à Ú@-ÂZ�8 P� G;*Ü©±���;±*|�� N%"���� d� & ,%W ()1(.

%&�� �yA ���Z/�� @6�� �+��� �/& F� �%�� ;&$�& 8�:6� N1��'& ;/#��� N�:6��� _(VC� ���&{�� ?�("$��� G@:��$��� �%��) : �3Å= DC-+ N�:6��� ¬Ò("= G"VÒ��� M��Å& �  �© �� G�:&�  ¢1� G�31� 16$�P�� BC+ � �Zk GT�=� ���&Å& _�k "�� ��×& ,%#� G �� xk �%$Z8 A`�S#� �1'$8� "�,�%A Ac^+��()2(.

��= F��C� �&� ��S±:� �%�6�� N,%# ¦:2� G�%�6��� �y��� �� �%*H�� ¦C$Ñ ;�`1 ®=� G!1%6�� [�+ ��(�� ,���� :�5 �6� -+ �k*�� T"q�1Q BC+

�� ®CH�� �:k G;������ ;:'��� !(A �%�& !1��� �(�� ;©y*�� �%"Y� :

)1( : F:*�� �:*$��� – [1 – �135 . N�-/���–[ 1 –� 382. )2( : �$+�6�� – �145.

Page 62: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

50

) $/:*<� k�1� $:^0� ��/�� �y��� Rr� 9A ;©y*�=()1( �%"Y� �& a&f� G & i/� �(�� �%*H�� �y��� �%"Y�� ;©y*�� e:�= ) ��y��� �$/:*< ÂD�C�-2 �(��

�� ,%6��� �:� G>H�� N1*+ ��� G �� ,%6��� �%��� N,=5 �� �$:^0� a�= ®H��� . & ���� G;�8 N,=5 !f-w � /�0 �:Y� F� & �6�� TC�$�� R&

;�:o� ;�P, :C+ . >��w ;�r�& � I�� ;:^Z�� !(A �y��� ?:2��8 d*$� � ®:-�8 �� ;k6Y�� ®��1 ":H/8 t\2� N,={� �-2 �/& G��S$��� �ZV$�� ��

�� R§ �& ;�c�%��� G�^0�� ;�1%$��� ��k�� ;YC$��� �Z��& -:Z�8� �y� �& ��^$�� d�:� GE�,'$�� �& ;�&H��� G :�/� �� 9Y�� �+ j�$��� �YC�& N�q�c "C2 �m� N�yk� �Ð�� N(�� ®��1 �y�C� R6º GU/��� äY���

N,={� BC+()2( .

�6�& ,%6��� F� 45 ?A3 �� i/� �(A� �� �o��� �� T¯��� !,1%� � %A ;/ !�6+ F\& T"Y�� �(A �� ;�\Z-C� ���8 RC/�� G�%�/��� 9�YC�� d��*�� F�%�� N�A��� !(A F��C� �&� �r1 ��= �(�� Ge����� ;&$2 Gc:$�& d��*�� �6+ F2

�%�� �:k G;:CA)& ��*� 9¥18 1<5 ) : �� ;:CA)� �y2 d�� �(2�– � d��*�� �� �� �-/8 P� �6� f© �� e�%Y+ ��� . �/� d�� �5 ����

fAc()3( . �%�� 7���� FQ���� ;/�6�� !(A ,%#� �2�� �) : ;/�6�� !(A� Rp� ;C�/$� dw�%� S^/�� �y��� N,%#%� " : �35 1"���� B�]� �35 R:C���

BCW " Rp�� G " : u& b�r� B�8�� BH+� �� �\= �Z " T:Z�$�� ��Q 45 G;��� .�(2� " : :���� N:u� �oQ� B]< �� �\= " ;��� ��Q 45 . �(2� " : TAZº º Tt� F%* /�r F%�Z . " fp2 �p��� . N,={� �-2 �/& h�3�

�� R*� ?:2��$�� !(A Rr� ":= d��*�� �(A �%()4( . 45 R6� F� 45

)1( : ;����� – �451. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 451. )3( :&Z�� 1�6�� ®–� 451. )4( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 451.

Page 63: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

51

0{� �� �A¯� G�:�y �:�y0{� @CH6à �6�� P �� M��/��� MÐ� �y� ;:&,�� 1%6/C� 9¥1$�� T:Z�$�� �:k �� GN��*� �y0{� �/& ��`# �� F2 %� xk �y0{� �/& M# �� �%-+ & ,�1� R& G>,�� ,�� n�� _��/��

AMÐ� �23 ��(�� M��/��� R2 F2 F5� G!f© �� 90*/�� �6/�� 45 9-$�� T �%�� GUp��� ���� 90*/�� �6/�� 45 F%-$��) : e�%Y+ TK d�%= F%:�y0{� ����

?q^/�& �� �%8�� Ge��6�� . ��$V*��� ��� �& ?:*k $���< T�k� �� ���� ?^/�& "�� F%8\�� G;/�6�& �/�%� �%�2 ��= G�:�%�� �& TCZ�� . F5 R:��

�& �& 1�& ��/� 45 ?A3 �� ��� �"�$Z� �� ��Q �2� G;��A �&�� ,��/�& ��/�� FZC�� G . �:�%�� �& TCZ�� �f-��� 1%6��� �$/�� -"/*8� �

��%� %&�� . ��$V*��� ?:*k TA1oQ BC+ M#� . BC+ T$�= S$/�� �&� �"¯ �dm� ;+�6��� d��*��()1( .

0 �X !f]2 F��C� �&�� B8�� Ó5 ;/�6�� F� n�� �* ��S$C� ¬ V$��� ;/�6��� d*H�� �& ®:=%$�� ��s �\& n�� P� G®������ G�Z

�� �%� �y� �� h�3� G�/�) : �� ­�� �%*H�� �� ePp� �2(�����@�13 �& �:� �%� Rp� G;+�6 :

}~#�e s� ��; 4���&�� �k�� � y�Fe ��� � �qT��� y#-��� + ������ )2(

fp2 �%�� :

�K V�|_���� �;�����P�u������ �; ��kU��� ��#/���6k� )��;�'*�� ���'

k�}:�������|'� :���� ������� � |���&K�eU���J'� �P���; kS'��R� :)3(

)1( : ;�����–� 451. )2( : @�13 �& �:� F�%�,–� 122. )3( : NS+ fp2 F�%�,–� 81 G82.

Page 64: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

52

*:2�8 ;=�o� Y:�\8 ��k5 G;/�6�� �:�Y�� G�%*H�� �(A R�\$= . := EM# %C=e�Zk 8,�c Rr�� �(A �/& �� ;/�6��()1(.

�1 ��� �6/�� M��/� �� S$/�� �&�� ?:*k� 1�& ;�*< T"= �%*H�� �%�6�� ,� �%�� �:k G90*/��) : �& F�� �� fp�= �%�6�� ��� ?:*k � G1

�� �&� � G-"$�*<� �� � S$/- TA�/& F���\$�� n�# �(�� ;/�6TK�%�� BC+ �%^Z�� GTt��:�()2( .

-'�� �(A F��C� �&� ¼���� ;/�6�� [�1,5 �%k B������ ,���� _y$�� 1 [1��8 t� n�� �� T"�-= G;©y*�� Dª �kyHr�� ¬��� ¦C$�à ;:/��*�� n�� �� T"��� G��p�� F���� ,�� 45 h�(& f�� �\2� F���\$�� TA� G;©y*��

�%�� F%���$�� TA� ;©y*�� �+ ;#1� t�) : !(A _�r� E,�/8 ��� ;/�6�� ¬��� T�kyHr� DYC$��� G"CA� ��+À ;#1��� "C/Ä T"�� fp2�

®������ �ZV$�� 9H/8 9A t�� GN,={� ;C��, f© t� BC+ ;©y*�� . ��� ;©y*�� �+ ;#1� TA��+ 9"= Gd��*�� RA� �� F%���$�� . t��2(� h�(��

� P I�� ;:&,�� F%�Y�� � �%w%" . �1 �&� ��1 %A� N�-/�� >$2 ®:������ M&,�� G �()3( .

�-Z� TZ�� F��C� �&� ��+ �%�6���:

� �(A� G¢��$2� P� ¦C�8 f© �� ;/�6�� := d�8 �(�� �%*H�� �%�6�� ;/�6�� !(A ,%#%�� GF^"$0P� ?:+ �� := �y��� TCZ� ¦�6��

%�& F��C� �&� A�2� ���� F%C�� �(A �) : !(A �-/$0� ���23� �6�� � ¢��$2� P� ¦C�8 f© �� d�8 F� "�� Ge<��� ;/�6��

)1( : ;�����–� 451 G452. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452.

Page 65: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

53

"��G �� �y��� TC0 ¦C�$�� �� Dq�& �35 t� := �y2 y= %Y/�� ��� + F^"$0P� ?:G ...� �� ;oyo � �$:& F%�8 F�� "�� �y�{�

���1� �/��� ;��c 9Y�$= G�:6��� .� �&� �� G?:+ "�� 1p2{� !f©� ®:�1 . � I*Z�� ¦����� T0��� %&� ��:� F2���$ ��/�� FZC��

�%�� $�%� �����& : ?8�C� �� �+�C� D/�� �35 ;:/��*�� F%�Y�� !(A ;&pà 9"= G 8��S�� �y��� E�Z. �� t� G"�� �p�$Z� F� @*�:=

�k�%�& �Zº #%�� Fy:��A,��/$& @*��� G"�� ��oP�� ()1( . � ?Z�&� ��(� N,%6�� ;/�6�� := F%�8 �(�� %A� ¦C�$�� �%�6��

N3%*��� ;*:/� 9A� GNf*2) �+ ;CY]�� 45 f6� ��/�� "YC�8 F� ;©y*�& ?A(8� G"Cr� �� N,={& R�$= G�y�C� ;:Cr�� ?:2��$��

e0�1 . P5 �y��� B�*� P� E�:ZV$�� hC8 ()2( �&� ¦�r ��� G ¦�6�� �(A Dª !�6+ RA� F��C�G �%�� : ) BC+ �%:�� ?�]�� %A �(A�

�6/�� RA�()3( �(A #� 1*��� ;©y*�� RA� _%�� 45 1�� �� P5 G ��1 %A �%C/Y� � F� MP�A ��� P xk GN��& T":C+ 1��{�� 1:$��

�%�� G�y��� Rr�� ;©y*��) : �� F���Z� ;©y*�� b��3�� >Vr�� !�%0 �+ 1%6��� �� h�3 F��/�� GF%�Y�� !(¬ T"YC2 . ��:� D/Ð�

;º����� FZC�� �6*�� RA� �� F2� G9�:YC*�� E2«�� &� 3$0�� �%�� ��3 : Y� 9C+ k�$�8 � B"�� �� F5 z/& �A�� F� 9Z

d��*�� �(A F%�= RV$�� �� ���� p� �� -�� ��\& ?�%+ ��� G!��� �� G;&%�/ º G :C+ �,% � F� !(:�y8 h�(& 1( !(A �%</$

;©y*�� F%0�$�� G¬ F%YC�:= G;/�6��()4( .

)1( : ;�����–� 452. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 452. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452.

Page 66: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

54

1%H8 �rf� G�p��� ;/�6�� �¥ -:= n��� N�� 9¥1$�� 1<{� 45 �& ,%/�� 5 � G�y0{� 45 ;:CA)� �� �*�ZÚ�� A,%#�  F� nf= G!�6+ 4) 1%p��� �y���

�y0{�� ;:CA)� �«$/� ey0�� eP�� F2 ��& ;�c�%�� N�A� G *:2��8� Cm l;/�6& ¢��$2� P� d^0 ��S$�� f© �� G Cr�%Y& $�c�%�()1( . �p���  F� P5

�%& i& ?82 ��6�� �yA �& T:A��&5 ��+ B"$�� �%*H�� �%�6��– k ?Z ��1– �:k ) ?^/�& h�(& B8�� ;:Y�$��� ;/�6�� B</8G :C+ ���� >+�

;:�HCZ�� E*<��� h�(& YC2G �� 2%C� F2 � :C+ C§ Ó5� ;©y*�� b%Z� ;�Y��� ;=y�� ;�%r �+ �/*��� ;-^/��G !�/& ;+�6�� E��$�� �

R:0�$�� �"+ 9Z�� ����\$�� 1%p�� G �8� E:��%���� E:�HCZ�� D¬ E:�%Z�& E:&�/���G R-K& 9+��� aC$��� ()2( ;/�6�� �%:� �/� h�(& %A� G

– !3$0\2 – d:=��� �p�C� NM05� G�%C0�� �H½P�� �%�$�� �� e&�w 0� TA� �k� BC+ !�� d'�� Gd��*�� R0�$��� �� BC+ "+%:� >*

01X �p��� n%$Z� �H½�� G": ��u�� j%C�� ;-^+ %A� G¦CZ�� �p� �+ �+ ,/$&P� 45 >$���� �C0�$�� d=�8 TK ;&$���� j%C�� ���  F5 �:k j%C�� b��3�� ?0�$8 I�� ;+�6�� 45 G;C:C)� ?:�0��� ;/:=��� ;©y*�� ;01-��� >%C0�� h�3 BC+ N,/�� N�p2 d�� GT"$©y&� T"$k6= n%$Z��

:= E*<��� F��:� ����� �(A �2�� ��Q dw%� � GR:0�$�� ��"+ �9ÚZ�� F� nf= ;:�HCZ��) R0�$�� ;:�HCZ�� E*<��� ,%-|�G %A� 5 �y��� by<

�5 d:^Z8 f© �� �015 �� P 1,��� R�G ;�C�� C0�8 �:k� 5 eP01 f© �� � � ¦C�85 $�&H� �k �y��� MH+ � = �u� B'$�-Å �� F E��-

;YC$°G ��� R��� � �� 6¥ >%C05 � >�<5 cÄ� _(k �� �5 E*o� � @��68� �5 N1�� N1/$0�� ;��2 �G � � �5 �(A BC+ ;:�HCZ�� E*<��� M��#

)1( : ;�����–� 452. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452.

Page 67: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

55

BC+ %A �(�� %V���� �%�(-= �/��� ?:�0G :C+ R§ �� � �6/�� RA5 P BC+ ;-^/�� My:$0��Z�T"$�G �+ h�(� TA1%6�� 5 �k �y��� MH+ �u� B'$�� $�&H�G �/*� R0��� �y��� �+ ��S^/= � y*�� !�� ~ZY��� ;©

%H�8 G ¬ �%/��� ( � Z�� �  YC� d�F%� �� � & ���6 BC+ �y��� ®:*H8 �� T",%6���G �u� B'$��� G �& ��S$�� �� 1���� h�(& ��«Ä� ��� �^0� >�

h�3 n%0 -+ F%CY]� � ;/��*��()1(.

±$2 F� F��C� �&� n��� := �%]�&� �Y�� �(¬ (�� �� �p2� TA b���� > >Zk BC+ F%�� �� & T"/�� N�� F� 45 1��� GT"�y2 M½� �q0

�%�� G���� h�(� ePp� b%Z� F� F�, G¦��6$��� >��+{�) :5 F%C�:� Tt{& ��� >��+ ¦��6$��� E-C5 �:�W TK DC�, �3� F/-$Ä P ;�&H� �

"/�G f= # �:�^$�� �� ¦�6�� h�3 F%VG {� F%+��� >��+G ;:�& F��ZY�� �:�^$�� _,68 AZ+ ;-C���()2(.

�� ��� 1 �pà ;:'��� !(A 45 F��C� �&� �r/� ��Y6�� ����� ~yr �� \H�� ��$�� �:k Z8 �(�� G¦��6$ ,���Å& �+��� �-$A� := ?*

?��� ��k� �:�/� E�3 ;-C��� R/Ä �(�� 9�YC�� j�$��� ����$0& G;�1%$�� �%� b�1%�� [��ZC� !��� %½ BC+ G,��� �:/& ����� ,��� f©:

}:���}� ������ ��P����� �>��� ����6�K �U���: �; �P��|�'� � }:���: �����

+ �)������ |������#}9 |������P}�� };�6���}: �P���; }:������ |'��� �P}��

)1( : ;�����–� 441. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 441.

Page 68: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

56

%A TZ�� �� R/Y�� F� ¦��6$�� ;Y�° /��� ;�1%$C� b�1%�� ����$0="$:Ð P "$-Ð)1(.

45 h�3 e-�$. �Y�6�� �& b�Y�� iY�� ��1 ��*� F��C� �&� F5 R&Gb�(�� Y� ��1 45 ;����� !(A �/& �C¥ %"= !,) N�/�& �%�6�� �y��� F�

T2u�� G;©y*�� Rr\& := ¢��$2P� ;C�� G�%*H�� �y��� �+ �r� G¦:C�$���b�(�� h�3 ()2(.

)1( : ����$0P�� ;�1%$�� #� �+ �$�� z=–� 214. )2( : ;�����–� 452.

Page 69: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

57

l ?� !� :

�YC� �%]C�� 9-^/�� �/�� ��& F5)>%C0�� ( e�Y8� ������ 9kyHrP� �/��� � Ú!Ú1(#� ~yHr� ��& bY8� ��\2 �®��H�� %A �>%C0�= G�%]ÏC�)1( %A� G

E�%$Z� ;+%-� �� BC+ :�5 ����� Gf*/$��� ;&$��� ;���< ~yHrP� : 9-^/� n%$Z�� G9C����� ���{�� ;:=���� Fc%�� BC+ R]$�� 9+��5 n%$Z� e�6$�� �p2�� %A� 9©y& n%$Z�� G;��/��� N1%6�� n%$Z� ;å� G�%]� ­P,

�/à G?8��� n�� >%C0�� d�6� �='$8 E�%$Z�� !(A R2� G>%C0�� ;]C�� �k*� R2 BC+ R-$�� F� ��s 35 G;+%�$� Cq0�� >%C0�� E��,�� P5 G,�^$�� Fc�%$� �"�� ®CH��� �(A �� >%C0�= G;�Z$� ;�c�%$� >,���

F� 1��5 ��s P ��) u� �6/�� ;:&�/�� ;©y*�� �V*�� a*8�� ��� 0�� �V*�&�%C()2( 0�� 45 F��C� �&� ��� ¦:2 ���� G >%C

?:^:0 � �(A ¨!�6+ ,�� �� ;&1]��� ;�1��� M�1Q �� ,Y$0� RA� ¨!�6+ $���� h�3 ��+ �y�� d*$$�� R:CV$�� �+.

�\& >%C0�� F��C� �&� _�+)�N1*+  �� ��%��� �+ �� �( Â��Z�� � := �?:2��$� � � �� �(�� ?����ÜY��¾� & G d#�� P� 5 1*$+& �y��� 45 8,=� %A �(�� �/�� Rr

{� ;Y:¯�>��+G � 1*$+& P5 �$�� ��%� �� �/�� �-2 8,=� %A �(�� ?:2 y*�� ;Y:¯� F:*��� ;©G � := >�/�� C-/$0� -2 Fc%�� 1*$+& PG %A �(��

¤��/�� ;Y:¯�G/�� !("= �%C �6�� !(A �+ ;#1� ;oyp��;��/��� ;+�()3(.

)1( : a:0%�� T^/��– N,� ?C0. )2( : F��C� �& �§��� �*+ ��+ !���� �/���–� 113. )3( : ;�����– � 443.

Page 70: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

58

!��/� ��5– k Z ;+��6�� !(A RA� ?– �� Z�� �(�� ���%�- := � �(A ;/:*< �� ��%��� �(A ;/:*< � Â���� G & ��Y� �(�� ?����� G?:2�$��

¨ $:A�� 8Yr�%�� !,��k �� ¨"�� ®CH�� I�� �0�� �� ¨?����.

 F5 ÜF� �+ Ú & n�\�:= GÚ?���� j�3� Ú��%��� �(A ;�:A� ÚF:& ����� �F��C� ��&� 45 �dÚ#�� �!��� Ó5� G¤���/��� F:*��� ;©y*��� >��+{� BC+ e��6$�� �F%��

)lN1%r Ú?:2��$C� ;:�A3 �� ?:2�8 BC+ "�*H�� 1*$+& ;-�$��� G hC8� �� �A(�� "+S$�� N1%6��� F:+ � ?:2��$��� � "r�� Af6� �:��

?���2� ��%��� �G {� 1*$+& >�/�� ��+ ;V:V6�� ?:2��$�� 9�$�� � >��+F:*���G �rf= �r1 ":= "e ��*�� C/Y� -2 ?���� MG � �Z��� � xk ��%��� [

�y��� ,%6�à ;:=�%�� ?:2��$�� �%6£ ?���� dZ$�G �� BC+ d��� N1%6�6���ZC�� ;�C� 1*$+& ;V:V���/�� F := ()1(.

>%C0�=– T"Y�� �(A BC+ – R�� ;66° ;:�A3 1%r ;+%-� �� ?2�$� 1%6�� !(K �"6�� 1��& �:�� �%�� �:£ G"�+ «/� ?:2�8 �� N��= �� ¦�%�

;©y& �� ":�5 1�� I�� �%C/�� hC8 �<\& � <�8 ?��%� "�� ®C�:� >��+5� FZC�� ;�C� dCH'8� G,%6�-C� e/Z$� ?���� F%�� �:£ G¤��+� F:&� >%C0�� h�3 F� S2f� ,%/� �� Ge'�� >%C0�� R:��8 f*2 1��& ��/��

0�� BC+ �y<P& F%�� Ó5 �� ?:� 8 I�� ;:&�/ eypX �= R�& �$� �%�� G"'/*�) :=Å F ì�= R�� �y��� �� �:�0 �8 ? �$��� & G BC+ := �#%8�

�½;YC$° M:

)1( : ;�����–� 443.

Page 71: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

59

1 :�%CH�� >HÆ F%�� �/��� �%CH�� ���Z=G �%�2 :

|�; ��� �I�)|-��� L����� ��)1(

2 :���Z��� _%�%C� ?V6�� M+�$0& F%���G �%�2 :

-� �T��1|��� ���|�� ��� e�9�P)2(

3 :�RCH�� BC+ ?V6�� M�*$0& �G �%�2 :

�&� �T����&F �#�� �; 1�; )3(

4 :� �&�<�� >�%)� �+ �"Y$0P�/� f© ?G �%�2 :

�e-K ��1��b�� }A� #�� ��)4(

5 :�& �%CH�� ;:ª Rp��"$:V$& �/� f© ?<�� ��G �%�2 :

y�Fy��� ���I�� ���r _�1)5(

6 :����� ��Z�& K M+:�G �%�2 :

e�����i 0J�� }P >e����.��9 8}�

�u#���� >P���� 4����}>����� )6(

)1( :U:&(�� ;]&�C� D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H� :�&�� ¦�0 ":C+ �<� E%�� . F�%����–� 32 . )2( :9+�S�� R*+�� D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H� : �%6�& A�"+ x�¨ÚE�%C6��� . F�%����–� 133. )3( :�:��� Û��P D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H� :R�%V= �%���� �& n%C�� a�Z& . F�%����–� 9. )4( :��0�� �\� �& ��-/� D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H�:Ú= BC+Â��8�[ H��� ÚRC7���� . >�/�� 1/�� �� ?CH�� B"$��–[ 8 –� 76 $���1� G)d&�8 ( ��&)�\Z8.( )5( :�:��� Û��P D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H� :9C�� "C�� Tqy� P 35 . F�%����–� 273. )6( :�³ �� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 2 –� 146.

Page 72: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

60

7 :�b«�� �� K :�Z�� ���0 �G �%�2 :

}C#�� ���I�]����i �5���; !��� C#

�F�� �L���F ��� ?�S-�� !� �}�I�)1( 8 :� Rp� ����� d^Y$Mo�M�*�� M+�$0& G �%�2 :

kUg�� �8� }�� � �� ¡��T� !� }#�;

}�8�� ��9\�; ¢�TI � s��� q��)2( 9 :� �%�2 ¢,u� ��/$0& �:

e�e !� 0�� ���G ��; :I �����

�������� £L���R ��&� ��� :Ie�e)3( 10 :��� BC+ R:^Z$�& �!��Y� ;*:6�& F�%2G �%�2 :

�:�� ��;�A���F 5 �D����� �Q�� 5

�#�� 0�;� Q��&�� ¤;#��� UI�� )4( 11 :�{& �� Y$� � �� BC+ 1��E�,-)� �� � dG;:#1�� �%�2 :

e ��; ����; �� �� � #g�$ �I ����

�� ��� ��I#i �� � 0�� Q_�� )5( 12 :�<� R�o �� ;Ck���& ���= ;J�"$& �\ �%�2 8:

e�¡���;#�� 0��J��)���� � }��� ��_���

e ����*/� ��JI#T ��#�� ��)6(()7(. >*0�� �k� F5 d:=��� >%C0O� ;/�6��� F��C� �&� ��1 � %A

:C/�� [3-��� Rp³ I�� ;:C��� ?��%��� R:��$� G>�/�� 1/�� ¤:81P� F� �2� � G;Cm h�3 �� �23 ��= G"/:m ?:2��$�� BC+ ®*H�8 I��� G;�/���

)1( :�³ �� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 1 –� 441. )2( :�³ �� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 2 –� 218. )3( :��C� D:*�� �(A9w��� ¦� . F�%����–[ 1 –� 425 .D��1� ��& D-C+� F�%���� ;���1�. )4( :9w��� ¦���C� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 1 –� 633. )5( :;:�*:��� ¦��< D�& BC:C� D:*�� �(A . ���Y�� ��/��–[ 3 –� 265. )6( :9w��� ¦���C� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 1 –� 519 – ~yZ�� F�%���� ;���1� ~���� ��&. )7( : ;�����– � 443 G444.

Page 73: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

61

)� *A�(�� �y��� F%�= �q0 �� fp2 h�3 �p�G := ?:2��$�� T�$�8� R-)& R-)� f©�5 � ;:C/=� ;:Ð� ;�«�� ;:q��$Y � ;�%r%�� ;�%6Y� ;�Y$� f©� ;

� %A � BC+\ �� �� ;-C2 R2 F�� ��/�� �y��� ?:2��$�� F n������/¾=�h ¤:81P& !�:Y$Z8 � := � ,�²� 9C��� ?���� �� >�/�� 1/�

H�� I�� ;�:/�� ?:2��$�� �� �A(��"/:m BC+ ?���� h�3 ®*()1(.

�:k G & M=%��� q�,� �:k �� *kr� >%C0�� �& F��C� �&� a&��� BC+ ;&1���� GFZC�� ;�C� �� ��³� G 81��� ?Z£ ��Q� �+� �& E�Y$�

Gf*/$�� >�/�� ?:�0�)=Å ��*�2 %A �y��� ¦��� F M� �Z��� � N1%6��� [ ;�&H�� ;:�A(�� := �*� �(�� ?���2 ;�*H���� :C+ �Z�� �(�� ��%��� �G = Å F

q�& ?���� �+ [���e��0= F2 ^Z� ��%��� �+ �()2(.

�+���� BC+  F� n�� �Å= >%C0��� ;©y*�� �& ;�y/�� �+ �� ���%� ;=�/�;©y*�� DZ:� "���� G ;:=2 Ge:��1 e&%C0� hC$s ÜF� �3 � h F ) ;©y*�� ���%�

5 ;r�� "$J:A BC+ ?:2��$�� �-/$0� c�%# �:Y8 ;:0:� ;:-C+ �+�%� 9A �:��&G {� ���%��� �:� %A -2 ,�H� @:Vr 9-C+ �:� %A� ;:&��+G !(A�

�� M9� �:��� �� DZ:� A1��� �½ I�� ?:�0G 5 �0�8 ;J:A 9A Ó :2��$�� d*$8 �� �Y��� ? T�V$Z8 xk FZC�� BC+ t��) >�/�� �/�

�1%rG �� ?:2�8 R2 ¬ M�($kP�� Kp� BC+ R-/�� ¬ �:Y$Z:= /����()3(.

)1( : ;�����–� 444. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 444. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 444.

Page 74: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

62

>%C0�� ;:r� jy$�P ¢yo E�%H� �� �+�C� ��& P� :9A�:

1 :�A(�� t�S$��� G"�Yk� GTA�/� >�/�� ?:2��8 d*$8.

2 :C+ t��# �F����� 1���$�� �y� �� K-/$0� BC+ ��-$��� GFZC�� B.

3 : �u� �Z��� �� �C�$�� ���& ���� G¬ M�($kP�� K�%�� BC+ R-/�� ����)� �6/�� ~�1 d� B�-$� P� $�%:k >%C0�� ��Y� �(�� ��)� ��.

� 9A� G;:��� �� Nf*2 ;#1, BC+ ;:'� 45 f�� ,�6�� �(A � hC8 F ���%��� F:*��� ;:&�/�� �� ;:-C/�� � 45 ��� �k Ge&%C0� "�-C/$� ¾R�6º P

�� �?*Z��� GäY��� �� ?��%��� �� ?:2��$�� �� �-/$0� c%Ä) � R2 �:��@6� Ú�:� !%C-/$0� ;:-C/�� �:��%�� >�/�� �y2 G � 5 ���+ R-/$Z�� Ó �� TA h�3�íM½ �;=��/�  H� ÚC�d �[1��8 T"�y�� F%�=u� ":C+ �1%r Dª hC8

;:0:��� ���%���. = Å %V��� �(A BC+ >�/�� �/� ��� �3G �� !(¬� ?:�0 e���� F2 ?��%��2 f68 I�� ;:�A(�� :'$�� -:= P T"*:2��8 �� R-/$Z��

�:���()1(.

I�� ?��%��� !(A R:��$� BCp�� ;C:0%�= ":C+ i*� I �� ;/:=��� ?:�0�� 9A �� R-/$Z�� BC+ "q�%$kP GT"�y2� >�/�� 1/�� �Yk 9A G!�q6� �+��� "'/& 9Y$¥ I�� ;:0:��� ���%��� �Yk �� �f� �h�3 G���%��� hC8

G1��� �� �-/$0P�) �(K�5 F �6|� �A(�� ?��%��� !(K R5 �Yk %A Ó� 1/�T"�y2� >�/��()2(.

)1( : ;�����–� 444. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 444.

Page 75: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

63

t\& G>%C0�� >Z$2P T"�y2� >�/�� 1/�� �Yk BC+ !1��r5 �ZY�� 9C����� M�*�� T��� �r 1<5 BC+ Rrk R:6ª �%$ª G:C+ [3Ó BC+� GE�,�Y�� !(A �& E�y+ ®C� BC+ R-/� �%½ 1<5 BC+� GE�,�Y-C�

Z��� �/�� N,=5 BC+ R-/� 9©y& 1<5�^ Zª� 0*�5� G �: e&%o �%�� Ge*:��) :5 �%C/�� !(A ���%� N+��� F– ¤��/��� %V���� F:*��� ;©y*��

� = t��& T$� P := ���Å �$�� �y��� "C2 EY6�� !(A DC6ª �3 t%-Z� I�� ?��%��� !(A ¦:H� ����� �� �%�&� ?:�0G !�:Y� P� 5 �Yk P

-�� >�/�� �y2ee��p�� ()1(.

%+�� �5 R& G;:=�k N2. [3-��� !(A N2. 45 %+�� P ZY� D�%�� �d*�$��� G"C��� "�Y� F:Z� 45"k��& .

�p���� T���� i= !1%'k F%�� �:k G�Y��� >%C0�� �& ;�y+ T:�� !��� � �%�� GM�%0 �k BC+) : F%�8 �%���� F%�8 -2 ?��%��� !(A 1%p��� G = ŠF

#� ��Y�� y2 T"�y2 �%C-/$0� >�/��� ey6Y� & � �/��� 9Y= �+%��� N�:��� �%���� ;��c%�� dH��&G ;/H� R2 �y��� �y�$0�� G 1%p��� �

$��� ;�c�%�� F�«$/� e*�© dH��� �& &�G �& ���:�� ��� �^0G ��� �%C0��G � N�k�� R2� >�/�� FZ� ;=��/� !(A �G TA��+ "�� R-/$Z���

8 :C+ �y��� ¦��� i*� �(�� %A\ Y:�()2(.

F� 45� GF%�Y�� ?Zk ?:�0�� T:Z�8 45 ?A(� ����) �k�� R�� !(A �� F%�Y��� ��+ & �$Ñ ?:�0� CAG := R-/$Z8 P� G �$��� ?:Z��� Rp�

)1( : ;�����–� 444. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 444.

Page 76: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

64

�/��&G & �$��� M+���� �-u�� ?H�G E*<��& �$��� M+���� G � � �p�h�3G $�� R-/$0� ��� \ F���� 0 �/��� ?:�G N�p2 �� 1%p��� ��c�%�� ���^0G ;:Y�$�� ��S$��� G �� ��� �& ?:Z��� 7��8� ¤��©G � r 1%p��� �(A 15 8 �3\ �/��� >& �� $C� � �=G � � � ��$Y 5 �� P%FcG $�� �-$0�� \ � F��� �

;���H�� !(A BC+ >$���G Z�� E*<��� A%C-/$0�� ;:�HCG ���6�� P�0 BC+ C2 1%p��� �-/$ !%'81� �(�� �Y�� �(AG 0�� �%HC�� ?:� :=G �0��� ���^A� RG !%0�8� G er%6�� b���� RA� G E*<��� E1r�

(K ;:�HCZ��� �]�� >$��� ��+ �"/��  Y A BC+ ;�1# R �� �( �(�� >%C0� ���5 :�G ;©y*�� ;"# �� >�%r f© %A� G B'$�� BC+ �y��� ®:*H8 �ky� �

�� �u�� Ú<��� ��%k �<���� ??G BY��� 1%p��� �Y�� �(A� � $�� R�,\ F��� :=�0 �/��� ?:�G ?#%= � �8 F���S �+ ;:�HCZ�� E*<��� !G 5 3� �/��� ?:�0

%C�� ":=�8;:+3G {�� �SK& �)� aC�� >�< �� �� >�w� _r� �p� N1��w %+�8 P �:k E�1/$0P�� E":*�$�� N�p2�5 >H�� h�3 4

;:Y�$�� ��S$����e'���S$��� ;+3%C�� �� ()1(.

���� "'/& d� R���$8 �� I�� �'��� �� ;Cm �+ ¦��� ���� �(A F59C� � := �-C� F� ��s:

1 : ?:Z��� 7��8� ;:Y�$�2 G�p��� BC+ ?VZ�8 F� ��s P ?:�0� � �/��� _r��� >�<{�� G�SK& �)� aC�� ;:+3%C��� G¤��©�� ��� �&

E�1/$0P�� E":*�$�� N�p2� �p��� >�w�.

)1( : ;�����–� 440 G441.

Page 77: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

65

2 : �/��& ;r�� ?:�0�� !(A �%C-/$0� -�:k ����\$�� F5– �&� ���& F��C�– � ;*��� G�p��� �� ;:�HCZ�� E*<��� -:0 P� 1%�|� �%/�

F�� G;©y*�� ;"# �� ?:�0�� !(A 9'$�� P >H�� F� Rp-$8 >�%6�� �� ?:A�$��� ?:©�$�& j%C�� �+ 1%"-)� >H�� FHCZ��� hC�� �y#

��*�� h�3.

3 : e+%:� �p2�� %A� �k�� F%� �p��� �6k !�6+ ) E*<���;:�HCZ��( G?�<���� ?Ú<��� ���� ®Y$� P � �/��� ?:�0� �� "�+ BY�� G

�p�C� @C68 �/��� ?:�0� j�"= �%-/�� #� BC+ �� .

F� F��C� �&� ®=�%� ��� i/� P �(A�) � �/���� 1%p�-C� F%�8 P 6Ñ ?:�0 �(2�� � F%�8 P 1%p��� ?:�0�/�CG e�%��� �y��� �� F2 -= BC+ �:��

�� hC8e��/� F%�� y= ?:�0()1(.

���� F� BC+ ;:&,�� ;+�6�� !(A F��C� �&� Í%:� DC§ N����� !(A  F5 � F) � M9� �/��� �� %A �:� ��/��� ¿�$�� T�� BC+ ��Ä � -t� ?:�0

>�/�� :=()2( .A F��C� �&� ��& ��� �%:� :�5 ?A3 � e�=�%� T�u� �(.

�� :C+ �%H�� � 45 ;=w5 GR:���� !c%/� T�u� �(A  F� n�� �k*�� ���� �+ e#1� ��/��� ¿�$�� T�� R2 �:C= G?qr f© T�u� R/Ä T:-/8

0� �� � F2 F5� G>�/�� ?:� �p�� 45 ��$Y� [���� �(A �� :�5 1 2 F5� GRC|� �� T�u� �(A 1«� ��Q dw%� F 45 T"��$k& �%:

)1( :���� ;�–� 445. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 445.

Page 78: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

66

�%�� Gb�(��) : �� BC+ �Z��� ��/& ��/��� ¿�$�� �/� F%*:/� �%�2 ?:�0;:&�/��G e�y2 ��/� F�= e�%��� ePc� �/��� ;�*< �+ G %A h�(& T2u�� b�(��()1( ��(�� M��/��� ;�*< �� ���= &� R/Ä �(�� D�%�� G TA�/� �Yº

?��%��� R:��$� ;ur N,� !�/� ���= &� F� i/� �(A� �/��� ;�C� R:��$� :&�/�� ?:�0�� �� ;V:V6�� �k*�� �23 -2 R:�, 45 [$º �(A� G; P� G

!(A F� 45 ?A3 �� d� ®Y$� P� G���= �� ;�*< �� ��/��� ¿�$�� F� -:0 C� �&� R*� �� >%C0�� 45 N����� ��5 ":= �"�� F��)��� ;:6�

f*/$�� $���<� G & ��� /&<� !f�Y8 ��� R�C= G>%C0�� ��%�8"���$k� �pk*2 �½ �:C+ ?Ä I��� ;&$����()2( .

�� F��C� �&P ?Zº --= Ú Ú����$0� ¾;:�Q� G>%C0�� �(A ÚRÏ��8 ¾;:�Q ��� Y8 �:k Z ��= GAf �(�� �+ �� $�=k FS$�� >�/�� 1/

­$�� %V��� BC+ R-/�� >%C0�� �(A ��� R��$� GT"�y2�) : �A3 ,�^$� ;:6���� ;�:/�� ?��%��� �� �(k �(º ®CH� 9C2 ?��! $�� \ �(º -2 ¦:�

��%��� BC+ [Z���� ?���� BC+ M�*��G 8 �� F2 �("C= \ e�,�Y�� �y��� ¦:� �+ V��� ���9w��/��� U:*��� �%()3(.

)1( : ;�����–� 446. )2( : F��C� �& �§��� �*+ ��+ !���� �/���–� 120. )3( : ;�����–� 444.

Page 79: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

67

l C�k8��:

�/� �(A @CH6�� �� ;"#%�� ;:�Y�� �� Rq��� EVCH6�� ;�:6C�� ;:C-/�& ;������ �� ;2�u& ;������ G4��� ��� �1%� (�� ��c �:/& F�, F� �2(�

G;k��r �� R*� >Vr� T�u� G;:CA)� �:k F2 ;]&��� U:&(�� !�-$/� e0:�� �:�� & b%Y8 �+� BC+ G�+� � _�+ -:= �/& eVCH6� ey�$Z� R��& G@��r R& �5 ���+ n�� ,����� �:+*H�P� �T��u� BC+ ;-:��� ;:�Y�� >,O�.

b�(C�� �*81� �%]� T/H�& $�×&� %A� GFZC�� X :H/� e��/& e�%'+ �2� :C+ �&� F��C� ZY� p��k �+ Cr� ]C���% �:k �%��) : Ú;�C�� !(K f/�$0��

%A Ó5� GF:*�� ;+�r ¾RA� :C+ �@C�Hr� �(�� b� (�� �T0� ���$Z8 � ���0�8 ���+ C�� !(A ÏR. F2 �-�� ��� G�%/H�� j�1,{ �%w%� � �:k �� FZC�� ;

%"= e'��� Ð� K f/�$0� �%/H�� j�1,{ îR. %A -2 �y��& ®H��� U��#� � R:�= � ;0%Z. �%/H�� F� -2 FZC�� :�bÂ��3()1(.

�%��= �� FZC�� %A R. j�1,5 �%/H�� R.� G®H��� �(A� � >�� �-/$0� @CH6�� �(¬ �/�� iY�� G � ��$��� �� !�/� 9Zu� ���� �(��) i/� 1*$�� M:��� FZC�& ���V$� G"-/< 45 1*$�� :���M �Y��& ���V$� "6q6� ;C:-)� �� ;V:*��� �-^2 F�%��� "�0�8� ®��1� äY��� "$©y&� �Zk� �]��� "�^Z��� ��+� Gh�3 �� @*r� �%"Y� b�(�� ���$� R2 ���

)1( : ;����� – �437G 438.

Page 80: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

68

92�1,5 R6� FZ�{� N��*� M9��& j1��� M�%0 F2� e2�1,5 e:Z� �� e:q�� �� e:/Ð()1( .

�/�� � @CH6� b�(�� fZY8 �%k ;����� F��C� �&� !��+ �(�� F�% �6k� GT^/�� �� �&�/$Z-C� R6º P �� F:&� !�/� ®:�ª� F:*�� RA�

�\& =�+ GF:*�� F%�Y& ��$/�& �y2 ;���& K���8) : ;©y*�� ;�C� �%6k FZC�� ;©y*�� fZY8 �� ��� � �y��� ;�&H� t�� A%#� d:m �� �/-C�

h�3 N,=5 ?:2��$C� d�8 ��%Æ()2( . ;�C�� !(A �%6k ��� �� P5�& 0� BC+ ��-$ �� �A3 ;H�°� G>�/�� ?:� �(A ,�,�8� GT"�y

�%�� G � �-Z�� ¾R*� ��� GFZC�� :C+ F�-$:� G�y���) : FZC& TC�$�= = Õ:C*��� G>�/�� � : � ;J:K� n��V$ 0� BC+ h�(� N�:Y� M½�� >�/�� ?:�

;H��à 8��� DC68� �3Å= !�"# #%�� h�3 BC+ �y��� T���� GT�*<° ��� :C+ R"0� #%�� h�3 BC+ �y��� T�� ;�C�� � DC6k >�/�� �y2 e*:2�8 dÐ F5� >�/C� I�� ;©y*�� BV�� f© %V�� ,�� P xk ?:2�$��

+ 1# f© à P5 G��= f]&� R& G��= Ç,\& �/Ð �+ *� � � BV��� h�3 BC;�C�� !(A �%6k �� ,Y$0�()3( .

�Ð 45 $#k� >�/�� �y�& $�y+� b�(�� ;/:*H� T"Y�� �(A R:º ��� �:k �%C/�� *<*< �&� :�5 ?A3 � 45 ¬/:$0� �/& "�"C$0�� T":*�0� �� 2�

 F� �;�Vr d* H�� b� (��� i]8 �+ ;�/$0P� G¤��/�&  F�� �,Z= d* H�� b� (��� P

)1( : �&� F��C� e���� – �114. )2( : ;����� – �437. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – �437.

Page 81: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

69

i]8 �+ $=�/� G¤��/�& �%��) :�-= �@r �/*< ¾��3� � Â�$º 45 ;�/$0P� BC+ T�� �/��� ¤��/�& I �� 9A G ��S:� ��� >�Hw� :C+ bÂ� (�� � �]$Z� �� V:V68 s%�8� ;=�/à /��¤�� b(u�� G & xk «$/8 $=�/� N,Y$Z��

d*H�2 �(�� P ¦C�8 /�()1(.

?���� �� �(A T"Y�� F2 T"= �&� F�0 9#Y�� ;�y/C� �& b�(�� GT����� %"= n�� F� �+��� 45 ?�# $#k 45 ;=�/� �;Z-�� ���+ e���ÂV�& I�� A�23

R:C�� �& G�§� �� c%Ä ":= �� _kS��G P ?W :C+) ¾;=�/�� ¬ T��:�� -C/& FÅ= T���� i*� BC+ b�(�� %�� T�� d:H�$& R:+=�� M# !�/� eYC�$� f©

G9w�� Ó5� ��1� � ;=�/� � 8�23 �� G¤��/��  F� b�(�� %*�� �+ z/& GE=kS�� %A� Sq# ¤��/�� ��� ,1� >�/C� Cp� P%C= TC+ ¤��/�� �

b�Y� �& � c%Ä �� h�3 �&� � P c%Ä()2(.

_�6�� �� %V��� ;:r� �� Ge���� e-C+ ¤��/�� ;:r� hC$�� �� �� � e�fp2� + f*/$�� �:Ä !�� P � G;oyp�� "�%C/& ;©y*�� ��- �� 1�=� �� �A3 ï¥

� �2��� Gi<*�� �� ��A��� Z£ Z-C� �� �:0k� �� ZY� ��y� �& �%�& N��Y�� !(A F��C�) : �y2 ;01-à ¾R6ª Ó5 ���8 -2 ;�C�� !(A�

;=�/à ¾R6ª DZ:�� G *:2��8 ���%� �HY$��� d-Z�� BC+ !1��8� >�/�� Ó5 ���%��� !(A FÅ= FZC�� ;+�r RA� "H*�$0� I�� h�3 ;�:-C/�� ���%���

�%6k �:Y8 P� GFZC�� h�(& e-C+ �:Y8"C. R/Y�& ;�C�� ()3(.

)1( : 1:+ /���� – �32. )2( :�0 ;k6Y�� – �76. )3( : ;����� – �437.

Page 82: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

70

-":$C2 F5 �:k �� e&��+5� ;©y& >�/�� ;]�� ;�C�� hC8 �& �c�%� %A� xk �Y��� D�-/8� D�01 t� d*H�2 E�"¯ 9A Ó5� Ge/*< DZ:�

�%�� GE�C�� R2 F\� t\� e/*< E1r) : E��$0� �35 E�C�� FÅ= (� ;C*#� ;/:*< t\2 E�"¯ D�01� �CY]�� �� fp2 ��� h�(�� GR|� h�

9/:*< ��� e;©y&� e&��+5 T"$]� >�/C� >�%6�� F� E�C�� F\� _�/� � �X T�� ;:�Z� ;�C� 9A Ó5� h�(2 �:�� d*H�& ®H�8 >�/�� D�2 �%���

d*<� ;C*# t� ����� Û,& E�"�= D�01� D��³ �y���()1( . h�3 � F\& 1���5 F� b�(�� �(K RY�8 n%$Z�� ;:�+ ;*Z$�� ;=�p& �<�� F� b�(�� BC+

��³� �%01 N��� G;C*#� ;/:*< �\2 eY:6k e���� e��3 ��]� .

#%8 I�� ;Cr%*�� "C/^:� "��³ �/& b�(�� ;�C� F\� �� F��C� �&� d=��� Z�� !W �+��� º F� ��1 %� xk G>�/�� �y2 �� ;V:V6�� R* � �: �%�� G $+�<) : ,%#� 45 Õ:C*�� ��� FZC�� ;©y*�� ;�C-= h�3 1��8 �35�

��1 %�� T"�y2 T��� T"$]� >�/�� ?:2��$� ®=�%�� ?:2�$�� �Zk� T���� 1�� � ;r%6��� ?:2��$��� ;�:/�� R*Z�� !(A �+ e��:k ;�C�� !(A ?kr

� P �� �Z� :C+ �=�� P� :C+!��+ ;�0���� $�C� :�5 ��� P� !,$/()2(.

� ;=�/� �R6Y�� �T�u� M�%0 ì�k BC+ M��/����� , ����� n�� A�/� �� -2 �& !�#�� �(�� b�Y��� GT"�� "��³ ��� T"$©y&� >�/�� >%C0� ¦�¥

BC+ F%��$Z� ;:©y*��� ;�%V��� ���%��� RA� �� ,����  F� �Y�6�� �+ [���� F%^s T"= M��/���� ��� GM���$0P� ;C:6k �� T"��� à T"$©y&� >�/�� ?:�0�

)1( : ;����� – � 437. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 437.

Page 83: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

71

�%�� G�P�$0P�� R:C/$�� BC+ N1��� F�, ��Z�� hC8 ¦�¥ �) : ¤��+ �35� 0� �+ e��qk �y��� :C+ ¤�+� T"�y2 T�� T"$©y&� >�/�� >%C

�� �y2 �� �:� �� TC+� �� G �+ �+ S^/� Ã1� GT"�y2 �1� ��(�� >�/ à �P�$0� h�3 FÅ= ;:�:*��� ;�%V��� ���%��� RA� d�68 -2 h�(� [^$kP� �y2 ;01-à Rrk U��#� ��� �(A� GM���$0P& N,Y�� ���%��� �� R6k �1� \�� Tt:*r �� e:*r �w�= %� �p�� GT"�� �k�%2 f6� xk >�/��

C:# BC+ ­%$Z� xk ":= ;©y*��� >��+{� F\� T�º� T"$]� TC/$� �Å= T" �Z� ;�C�� !(A �%6£ %A Ó5� GM9� U%���� TC/�� �� �:�� G"$�©

�H��()1( .

BC+ ,����� �+��� �/8 I�� �0��� �+�%��� ;Cm 45 F��C� �&� ¦:'�� ;�C�� hC8 R:6ª– ���� TC/$�� 9A� ,:$+P�� ;01-��� F����� ;&1� ��Yu�

�%�� Gh�3 BC+ �;������� GT"*H�� TA1/��� >�/�� �y��) : R6ª h�(2� ;������� GT"*H�� TA1/��� T"�y2 �Y£ R:)� h�3 �/& �� ;�C�� !(A �& �1� GT"C:# \�� �X �k�%2 f6�� G;�C�� R�6º �:£ h�3 BC+

���� GTK:#� �(A �+ �S/à ���%()2( . �� Nf�3 45 ;kg �+��� F� �/à ����� -:0 P� M��/��� �� �*0 �� 1/�� F%) �� R:��8 ä%Y|� ;:��C � ;

;:�Y�� !�& R:��8 ;�q�(�� !(A �+ [�¥ xk GiY�� b�(�� ;�C�� ;��/��� F:*�� RA� �� �*0 �� 1��© BC+()3( . ��$�� F2 F5� ;=�/� ,���� BC+

dw%� n�� �5 R& GM��/��� BC+ h�3 ��$�� TC= Gh�3 ?�# 45 ���%���

)1( : ;����� – � 437. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 437. )3( : >H�� ������ ��/�� – �43.

Page 84: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

72

�� ;:©y*�� �+�%���� ;:�H��� �'���� ;:-:C/$�� �q6��� �� M��� ä%Y. F� ��QÕ:C*$�� BC+ N1���� �+ ?^º �� G�/��� ©%*� F�, �%º.

+��� ¬ �%�� I�� �Yu� ;:C-+ F5 T"Z8� �+��� ��+ ��/��� 1<{� R��8 ���� #$�5 K R:p�� ®:�V$& N,%)� T"Z8� 1<{� h�3 N1%C*& N�p���.

T"��� F%�8 F� �� ��/�� FZC�� BC+ ��< �X T#+�� F��C� �&� �p$0� ��� F� G"q�&� n�� "�%01 ;�0�1 ;�C�� !(A) FZC�� �C����� T#+��

�/�� j�$��� ������ ��Y�2 CA� ;H��� & ®H��� 45 ���H'�� :C+ �q1H�� � !(A T"�k 1%6�� b�(�� �(A TK R6º P �Å= G>�]�& �&«�2� Gb���& 9A� GFZC�� 45 n��� ;�C� Ú®*0� G�-/�� �� ;Yq< �/& TA�16� F� G;�C��

:& �6� RA� ����$� à �%�$/� F� T�]� � ?2��� ,�Y� �� N1�|� T"�� �3 �� :�5 F��H' ���/&� G16��� RA� D*A3 �� ;�C�� !(A� Gh

��� ;&%CH�� FZC�� ;�C� 9A DZ:�� Gn��� ;�C� h�3 TK Ó5� G"�+ ;�C�� R:6ª �� �:C= ?$��� N�HZ�� ���%��� �� ;�C�� hC8 _�+

2 "��k� R6k Ó5 GM9� ;01-�& ;�C�� !(A R6ª Ó5� GD=�+ ->�/�� �y�� 1��$��� ,:$+P& ,:$+P��()1( .

� T#+�� ���= Â��= 01-�� �� ;�C�� !(A R:6ª ��� ,:$+P�� ; ;�C�� !(A �� ��³ �� >�/�� F'k� �& �1 �� F�, �%�2 �(�� G1���$���

T#+�� z/& �%Cw �� G�]6�� (�� %V��� BC+ !�ZY� �Å= >�/�� ?:�0�v��) : TKp��� ���°S��� 901Y��� �%*:0 F� �� /-Z8 � h� ¤�+ FÅ=

)1( : ;����� – � 438.

Page 85: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

73

�%��� hJ��� F� TC+= G;�C�� !(A �%6k d� e�^+� �%�2 �y��� F0�= �� D��= N\����� Ô��� ��� Ga�= T"*Z� e-^+ �%�2 Ó5 T"�+ d-Z8 ��(��

A RA� �& �y��� �� h�(& �%�%$0= GT"�� "-C/8 ��� >�/�� �� ;�C�� !( ����� ��(�� >�/�� �� T�\�� ��� Tt\2� GAM�1� M9� P ;�© BC+ e-^+ �%�2 F5� T"= G"CA� �� ��1r� ;]C�� �2 �%21,� xk TK:#�

;C�� �%21,� Tt� G�y���� ;]C�� �^+\& �%Z:C= ?Z��� ;]C��� t�%Y�+ ;01-�� BC+ �%Y�+ � 16��� RA� �� P� G;�C�� 1oQ ?A(8 �� G¬*�

$�© BC+ �%�%$0� xk >�/�� �y�� ;01�����()1( .

�1 �� ]C& � ��/�� FZC�� RA� BC+ T#+�� �� Û1H�� ÕC*� �C= h�(�� F� G>�/�� �� �k�� �\2� $©y&� :*�0� BC+ P �:& à R6ª Ó5 ;�C�� hC8

�+�%��� �Y£ �� A�k� ;01���& . ;:'��� !(A F:& F��C� �&� �%�� :) �Ä � Ï��\= 16��& ��/�� FZC�� RA� a�� �35 T^/�� �� �k�%�� �%:���

T¬ ;r�� T"$�C� �Ä� G1o�� ;:V$X ��/�� FZC�� �� N,%6��� ;�C�� hC8 ;�C� ;01-�� BC+ R*�� �� �w�= �35 � G��/�� FZC�� ;�C� ;Y�° n���

� � R6º F�  R�= G"C:6ª �:Y$Z� �Yu�� ;01���& TA1/��� >�/�� �y�� ;���° ;6�� P5 ¾R�6ª y= R|� n��� ;�C� "$�*0 �35 ;�C�� F� �� ����

° �� T:C0 ?Z��� e:-^+� �w�= F5� ?A3� ;:C��& 9-^/�� FZC�� ;H� BY¥ P �:£ 1����� �� ��� h�3 � R6º Ã�= ;01���& ;�C�� !(A TC/8 45 �(A �%6k ;:�:*�� ���%��� !(A ���� �X �fp2 9+�� Ã1� G1��8 à h:C+

)1( : ;����� – � 438.

Page 86: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

74

hC8 DC6k F5 ;�C�� � DC6k Ó5� G;H�]� �� aC© %A � ¬ � b�(��%���M9� N1*/�� ;�C� �� DZ:�� ;:�:*�� ���()1(.

R�6Y� ~�1 �5 xk fp��� F��C� �&� �-$A� �� ;:�ZC�� ;�C�� !(A E(�� ��� � b�Y�� c��&5 � G":C+ �%6u� b�< ��*�� �& "C:6ª n%$Z

 F� n�1 �:k G�'u��) !(A R:6ª F��r� by<{� BC+ 16��� RA��� F2 ��/�� FZC�� �+ ��/&� T"�� F2 ��� GT:C/$�& ,Y$Z8 I�� ;:�ZC�� ;�C

�%6k �� TC/$�� 45 ®*Z� � h�3 ?*Z��� G�Z+�� ?/r� � K%6k 8,=� �(�� ��'u� FZC�� �� :�5 ®*0 à ;&%CH�� ;�C-C� ;:=�� ;�C�

5 4��� $�C� �+ ¾FZC�� ¬ ��S� xk G;-^/�� �'u� ;]� 9A n��� ;�C� 4 �"/�� �(K()2( . �:k G;�C�� !(A BC+ 9J:*��� 9+-$#P� �o�� 45 f�� �A�

?6�� �'u� ;J:& F� -�= G"ZY� ;]C�� BC+ �o�� �(�� 1���& ":C+ �o�� I�� b�(�� ;�C� BC+ ?VZ�� ���� FÅ= G��*�� ;J:& �� ;]C�� �VC�� �%:��

;-^/�� "$H����*�� ;J:& �� �p2� �'u� ;J:& .

�-C/�� F� 9A� G;:'��� !(¬ ;H*8�� ;�:�k F��C� �&� �2�� b:Z�� �(A � ��$/� -2 DZ:� !(A T"$�&Z� Ó5 GFZC�� F���%�� T:C/8 45 F%�&Z$� ��(��

�� NV���) !(A T:C/$& 9A Ó5� Gh�(2 �:�� GT"$+�6& ;�&Z�� !(A F� à ;�C�� ;H�° 45 >��� %V��� ;+�r T/� À>�/�� �y2� FZC�� ;H��

h�3()3(.

)1( : ;����� – �438. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 439. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 439.

Page 87: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

75

�%6k E�%$Z� �� ��%$Z� �& b�Y� $C/# ;6VY$�� ;:-:C�{� N����� !(A� G;"# �� N��*�� n��� ;:k� �� 16��� RA� n�� G;�C�� !(A) ;:���=5 RA\=

�+ ��/&�� ;-^�/�� �b�+� �%�2 �-�� >�]��� �8 1%6� TK F2 ����� FZ C�� T:C/$�& $�C� R:6ª ()1( . RA� �� ?82 ;+�6� ePp� F��C� �&� b%Z� �

�%�� G;©y*��� >%C0�� ;22��� := ��*8 GF��f���) : ®:=��� �&� R�� ���� � ?kr 45 ?$2 F��f��� >$2 z/& F�" : !��= D��+ P ��� 9�� �

%&� i-C+� �%:�� ��+� v\8 ��(�� d� F%�8 h�� �E�23 D�2 h�� e�y2 �:/0 �(A �%&(2 ��= G�Â:���� ��� �� >y��� �Ø�� RA� �� � G[���� �� \:"$� TC=

:� ey<& �� �� � h:�5 �$2� e��k�� e=�k �(A �� � M� F5 h:�5 b$��" :*� ��'�� FZC�� T"$�C� D�2 �(�A� G TA1/�� h�(2� ��23 Ã

�"/�� �(K h�(2 �S8 �� ;�*H�� �+ ;�c� ;�C�� �+ N�:/& D�2()2( . �S/�� �%�� G?*Z�� �(A 45 ;:���=5 M��/��� �� fA��� ;C�) : ;:���=Å& F2 � �(K�

_�� �&� � ®:�1 �&� P5 M��/��� fA�� ��()3( fA��� �� TAf© �� G �%�2 ��(�� �%�2 ��= �"/�� h�3 ":=) T"$�*< �S8 �� ":C+ �q1<

!(A R:6ª 45 T"�� >��� ������ RA�� 1%6��� 45 ;Cq� F�� xk ;©y*�� T":= F2� Ge��p�� e-�� ;�%]C�� E¯%Y|� �� T"qy$��� T��/� N�p�& ;�C��

� ;�C�� !(A ;+�6�� RA� ��5 Í1��� F:k �&� �*+ �&�� G":= TK ;����� d=�1 FZC�� 1£ ":= E��c � ¦q�%H�� j%C� M��/� �� TKp��� G9CHZ���� &1

)1( : ;����� – � 439. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 439. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 439.

Page 88: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

76

��Z�� �� �J� T":= h�3 ����8� >,���( )1( F��C� �&� M6�$0� c«�� G 9¥1$��– := ®*Z�� ?6� � F2 �(�� Í1��� %"= – �%V$�� ��S� !�r1

C�� !(K ¦/'��� E�p2 I�� N�$Y�� ;C:< �%� BC+ ;�=. DC¯ t� n�� %"= ;� e��p�� e-�� ;�%]C�� T�¯%Y. EO$��� G �%C+� ��/�� FZC� T��/� ":=) xk

����8� h�3 TC/8 �+ �%¾CÚ]��� ;:���6��� ?C]8 ��� My)�� ¤'��P� ���� �� E�6�= G"C2 dq�6�� F\� h�(� ���$= F��-/�� xk t\� �+ T":= ;�C

(:�y8 �� R#�� �& h��� ¦��� �& àr TA��Q �� F2� Gz:'u� D]C& ������ D���� GK�� �§�� �&� ;��, >$2� G;$*Z& �:C:*�{2 ;�*H�� ;$*0 45 ;�:C:*�{� N��/� N��/�� 45 My)� 45 ;�C�� hC8 RA� �� A,*2� 3y=�

������ 9��� ��� ��0 dH���� ¤����� �%w���� F5 45 �%p*C� �� ;:���=5 45 T"$�Z�� [%/& T":C+ "$&%/r� K N�Â��/�� �%*� �Z/� ;+�6�� !(A T"-:C/8

!�C� � ;:=�� 9A� ;��&«�� ;:-^/�� T"�%01�()2( ;:��S�� N�$Y�� ;�t !(A G K �®Ò��k �(�� A�%$Z� �+ ;�C�� !(A D�S� I�� ":�5 1�� I�� �0�� R'Y&

G p��k ��� e�&0) D�2 -2 ������ 45 h�3 �/& �� ;�C�� E,+ � 9CkZ�� T:A��&5 � T"$�*<� >�:Ú)� �&�� �&# �&�� ��f0 ��&� ¬ T� ��� ;�/Z& e��:"� �"/�� �(K h�K� TA�/& �� ?:H�� �&� TAY�� G $�*<� 9º�ÏH��

G q��+��!¾(:-C8 �!��o� �d*�8� � �j�1Â��8 P �;�C� FZC�� � F2� ()3( .

0� �� ,1%� &P 9C:6Y$�� ~�� �� !(A ;:=��]# �%k F��C� � �C ; �%�� G"$:¥18�) : à R"0�� �Z�� "-:C/8� �p2� �����& ;�C�� !(A F\�=

)1(: ;����� –� 439 )2(: ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 439. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 439.

Page 89: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

77

ZC�� �%C+ N�/� �� !���� -2 �"/�� �(K :C+ ":= TK ":C+ T"$�=.� F �ZY8 ��(�� 9-^/�� FZC�� RA� F�� G"-:C/8 ��0� >,�� �%C+ BC+� �&«��� ������ RA� ;]C� eyr� T"$-^+ DZ:�� T":C+ F%q1< TA Ó5 T"$�C� ":= TA� Ga�= 16��� P5 tZ� TtZ�� "CA� TA� N��/�� !(A

�� T"$�<1� T"$-^+ �£ F%Z-]�� ;�C�� R:6ª T":C+ ?/6:= G;��&«������ RA� _yÆ T:C/$�& ;:�ZC��()1( .

;�%��� �$����� �6+ ;�C�� !(A 1%'k c«:� ��S�� ey:C� d#�� � T#+�� �+ TA�/& %A� G"�� T"��-$� 9+���� ?*Z�� F:& d� G;:0*/���

�%�� GT"$H�°�) : ���� RA� �£ h�3 «$+�� ;:0*/��� ;�%��� ;����� �"/� b �"/�� h�(� TA�/*� �,#5� ;�C�� !(A �³ ������ RA� F\� Tt\� F�= �%�� �"/�� h�3 ;�C�� hC8 ��� F�= GR:C� P5 T"$H�°� T#+�� �+

b���& T"q�&�� >�/�� �=%$� �=�� >$���� M��/��� �%V=�()2( ePp� b%Z� � G�+ �/� e �� !(A �%6u e:/��� ey:�, !�C Rp³ �:k G���� R:)� �(A n�� ;

�%�� GT"��� ;�C�� hC8 n%$Z� BC+ R:�, f� U"Yr�� A,1�� I�� 1/��� :) %A >$��� h�3 FÅ= TA�p�� T"-�� �� U©�� >$2 :C+ R-$�� � �����

���� TA1*��� T"$]� :=� Tt�%�,� >�/�� >$2 T":*� f0� ;:&�/�� T"$C�� T" �q0� TA`�©� TA1/��� T"2%C�� T"qYC� 1oQ� GTC0� :C+ �� BCr e-�V$Z� ;�C�� !(A ��� 9�&� >�/�� ��%k� �� �?+�� �>$2 y= G � T":�]�

�$����� b���� ()3( BC+ �$����� �8A �/� 7��8 ��1 45 f�� �A� G

)1( : ;�����–� 439. )2( : 1�6��®&Z�� – � 439G 440. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 440.

Page 90: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

78

CA)� �/� �%�� G;©y*�� �:k �� ;:) : �X TA�%0 �X ÕC&� T":= D�2 Ã1� ��/& !�2(� -2 ;:CA)� F2()1( l�+ n%$Z� BC+ ey6. b�(�� ��� 9�&� G

) TA��� B'���� T"�y2 �Z=� T"$]� D01,� G>�/�� ��� B�y8 xk h�3� TK ?C]$��� T"���� hC��� T#+O� ���� 1r� T"$��,� ;��,

FZC�� �+ ���/& xk �w�%u�� 16��� RA� �%H��� ;:�%^CZ��� TC���� "C:6ª �+ e��6�� T"�� "-C/$� 1r� $�C�� ��/��G ��� h�3 BC+� TtZ�

(K�� �%���� i= �"/�� 1%p���G �� ���p�� �%�2 F5� ()2(.

y�& N���# �'� 45 �H= F��C� �&� F� �� �(¬� �¥ -:= G������ ;�k G>�+ TA� T"��� D��³ ��(�� �& e��Y� Gb�(�� ;�C� �� ��-$�� E�%$Z� �&� G;:k� �� G�p���� T���� �+�%�� ;©y*�� ���%� ;=�/� :C+ ?C© �� �&� G�y��� T"C*0� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ ;:&�+ ;:�� ;J:& �%&1 ��(�� T#+��

��`�< ��(�� T#+��� E�Y8 ;:¥18 Rk��� �& b�= -2 G;:&�/�� N:u� BC+ M�1� F2 �(�� �o�� �%-+ e/*$� Gn���� ;Ck�� �& ":= ;�C�� !(A 1%'k f]& ;�<���� �VC�� �%:� 45 n,� X ;-^/�� �%:� %A� G;�C�� hC8 d#��8

& %�� E�,�Y-2 ;]C�� 45 f�� �� i/� X G�y��� �� @:V6�� � G���� ;���b�(�� ;�C� �ZY$= GR�2 ?:2�$�� 45 �VC�� R�$��.

)1( : ;����� – � 440. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– � 440.

Page 91: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

79

l ¥x��|���:

@�$8 ;:-Z$�� F� -:0 P� GF�%�/�� �(A �%w%à ®C/$� � %A N��Y�� 1%'k F5;o��u&)1( ����� xk ~yHry� � ����$0y� E�1%H8� E���& K� G

E�1%H8� E���& K F� -2 G 8�3 ���u�7���� ��/�� ����� ;�`��� .

����� @CH6�� �(A E+�Y8 �V*� F� F�%�/�� �(A _��A� �� �:� w%�& h�3 �*81� ��/� G���u�% N��Y�� F� %A T"� � ���� Geyr� �

9CA)� �6/�� (�� "�+ ���*/� 9A Ó5� Ge����# e�1�$&� DZ:� A,%#� Rr� ?/2� N�$�+ FZ� BC+ �%p£� !(A (��� ;:C-/� ,���� �H= � ��� GfAc �&

E'���� �� E��Z�� �� G;©y*�� �%C/& DH*81� ;+%�$� E:-Z� Dª ":= Ew1/�� �� G�<�$�� �� N,1�%��)2( � ?A�(� ":= �%*A3� G ���� �& x

®:�1 �&P :�5 �J-H� e��1 ,�6�� �(A b%Z� F� ��� G®=%�� 1«�� := f�� �%�:= "C��\8 �� ?�# 45� G;:'��� !(A f�/� z/& 45) : ���� ,1�%��¾N ��=

A+,� �%� D:& Û��� �:��� G;=�<� P� �¯� �(A X �@6�À  F� ;=�< F�c ��-+ �& ��A >� �%k G����/�� F2� ��� �:��� F�c 1(��� «2�� ey"2 Ð�� !�/�� �"�� �� À�-��� ¦:�= F%�� �(A N,1�%� P5 Tt� ���23 F� ;=�< � D*p� � GD:*�� xk ¦CV$0� �� � /-Z� a� G¦CV= �35� @r �(A F2 GN,1�%� F5� � �%�� G�6+ RJ0� %&� ��-+ �& My/��:

D��1� ���+��� F�Y$� �/�� F�,1�%$�� �YC�� � ®C� �k�� -"�� *kr �� Z�d- ¨!�/� ��: hC8 �%�+ �#1 D=�%8 BC+ G"$�Z�� RJ0� %&� ?:H�� �+ Rp� h�3 ��=: �/��� GN,# Ã1� d�� �=u� BC+ dw%� �=u�()3(.

)1( : N�r/�� EPP��& "$�y+� ;������ !(K ;:&�/�� �%r�� d0%$C� G�,�� ����� 1*Z�� ����–� 127A�/& �� . )2( :+ �y<y� G?q]�� ���� ���� ��$�& "$�y+� E:-Z$�� !(A EPP, BC–� 57A�/& �� . )3( : N�-/��–[ 2 –� 1052.

Page 92: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

80

®=�� ;/Z& 9k%8 U/�� b�< j��$�P� ;:'� 45 ;:&Ä{� N����� !(A� �$�� ;:C-+ D�2 F5� G®:�1 �&� & d$-$� F2 �(�� ������ ��+ ¦�8 P �

�%�/� ���Ñ� G;:&,�� ;��Z�� N��= �� �y� ":= ���� G,��u� !(A;/:=1 [3Ó D�2 F5 -:0P� G[3-��� hC8 Rp� �%6u.

��1 BC+ ���/$�� 45 ?A(� ;:+%� ;C��&� ?kr 9�2���� hC�� �*+ �&� � �(�� F��C� �&� �r/�� ;C-�$��� R�(�� >$2 45 := ���k 1� ,1�%8

t%-'� D¬�8 lE:&� BC+ ® C+ ��= G;���Z�& ��P� �+ e��/$*� G�<�%�� �%�& ���+� �& G�/-C� ;�/�� N1%6�� � "¯Y�� z/&�) : �� !(A

es�� h�3 d�� ��� GN�V$�� U/�� BC+ G�<�%�� ,1�%8 ;*��]�� ÚE8Y$�P� �� M��/��� �� fp�� ep��k� ���� y= G & F%8\� -:= b�r �+ F%/=�� P ��(

Cp�()1(.

@CH6� BC+ !S:2�8  F� 45 �%�$�� �� �& P �����) �<�%�� ,1�%8 ( �/�� bY8P f�8 I�� GE:&�� ;6� b:0 !1«� � � (��� �� ;��Z�� 45 N1�{� F�,

!(K $/� ":C+ �-$+� I�� f�/�� z/& 45 Af]& P �<�%�� ,1�%$& N�A��� ��+ ;6��� "�+ DV6=� I�� f�/�� !(A ��� G(��� z¥ -:= E%/��� ��

� R��� G���+��� �68� �� ,%#�� G��ð� ��k� �/ ��c ���+� ��%�� �� Af©� �*$�P�� �-'$�� >& h�3 R���� P X G�k��

�� � �&� "�:& b�=� G��$ !f�/�� =��¯ �VCH6�� �� R�� 35 ;��Z�":C+ ���� I�� Z:���� .

T$"� � �(�� ¦:6u� RC|� d�%� %"= ;�\Z�� !(A �� F��C� �&� d�%� �� h�3� GK%6k b�<� "o��k ;:�×& �-$A� 1��& ¬��� ,�Z& P� "$Cp�� �2(&

)1( :;C-�$��� R�(�� –[ 1 – � 300 G301.

Page 93: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

81

�� <���� �/��� R-+ ;:Y:2 �+ p��k b:0 ����� F�= G $/�r ��k �� �/� BC+ (-C$$�� %A ���� ?:�0��� ��/�� FZC�� �%�C� �X ��&Z

�%�� G�+��� n�� ��/���� ���Y��� �p�� F�S��� R��$:� G;/:=���) : TC+� F� � �/��� R-/�� e<��� $+�r ��k: � K�u� Z�# �� �YG �� ��# ��

>�/�� �/�G ��8 xk \ �� K�%�� BC+ �Z�� ;�C� �Y�G �� ä%Y|� f�$�� �� fp��� 9���� �u�?:�0G 1$��� ä%Y|� �(A � � �+� �/� := 9Y�� � R�

{� �%VY�� ���:�y0: �&� Rp� � � ���#� ;���� �3� fp2� ;/:&1 �� ��%� �� 9w���� ��$V*��� ?:*k�����= �G ...;:CA)� �/� �� 1$����()1(.

��� ®C� ;���& 9A ;:C-/�� !(A� N,P� N%H� ���� G�A(�� �%6��� � �+��� ��= G 8%&� ¦�2� G� ,%/8 MP�A ?:�0� BC+ Ô�8 �(�&� �8�%

n%$Z� e�fp2 ä%Y|� �(A BC+ �%/� F��C� �&� F� -:0P� GTA1/�� 45 !f© BC+ �%Y8� M��/��� �& $�*< ���ª� �+��� �� n�1 ��= �(�� G ) ��

e:�� F2 M�,1 �r� -��= ä%Y|� �� G N�yu�� ®����� :H/� P� 5 N�p2 Pä%Y|�G  R� �-= �Yk � ��/� � ��� � ��+ �G � 5 �a�0 T�� %A Ó >�$#�� �/����ä%Y. � ��� � �à 4�()2(.

N1���� e�C$X ��]� �+��� F� F��C� �&� n�1 ��� �A3 O$�� � �35 T���� BC+ �%�� Gä%Y|� ��) : ���� (V�� �Yu� �� My$�P� �/& �º ��%��� BC+ �Z�C� ;

T���� BC+ R*��G {&� �0�8� $�C� T�V$Z8 �� 1p2()1(. F� 45 f�� X��� F�, �� �/��� d:H$Z� P� G�Y6�� ;H�� �� ®CH�� F� ��s P �+

)1( : ;�����–� 445. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 445. )3( : ;�����–� 445.

Page 94: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

82

�� ,%#� P� Gä%Y. d#�� N%&� �� � �& P �$�� � R2 F5 35 GM�1(+ ;-C E-Z�� ;�\Z�� !(A �+ p��k F��C� �&� R-"� P R&��� � G":�5 �/��� R-+ ���� �� R/# �� G;�,�Y�� b��Y��� ;:8�(�� E�1����� ;:6����

h�(2) $� ä%Y|� h�3 F:Z�- N�A��� ;:=�u� �%01 BVG 5 �+ N1,r 9A 3� "�:/& K-/$0G = Å �� ¼�$�� ¬ �Y��� DY:�8 ��� ":Z� �3 2 ":= >%C0\ �

��%��G�� Â���¾(& :C+ �Z��& \ E-C2 �� Kp��N1��w n��()2(. ;:=�u� »%���� BZ�8� ?:�0�� �"6�8� ?��%��� �Z�$8 ;:C-/�� !(¬�

j�V$� 1<Å2 G�/�� 9C��� >%C0�� B�*�� G;�:/�� E:/w%��� C��, ��� E�fo\$&� G ZY� E*C�$&� G;:8�(�� ;�,�Y�� 6q6Æ !1/�� �Z��� G�+

?Z$�� h�(&� GEÐ� @�y� �� $:6��& a:º � R�&� G���)� ¦�%�� �A� G *82 E�3� ��c ~�1 �+ «/�� $�r�� $�$� BC+ �=º� $:8�3 �/���

Y:H� e�:=%8 ������ �& F��C� �&� ®=%� ey�� ��8 � !(A ��$�� ;:C-/= Ge d� ��8 %A R& G $�%A �/� �-H�� �+�C� ;�,�Y�� E-Z�� 9]C� e:=�k �&� N%+, �ZY� � �(A� G�+�C� j��$-= v�(�� ���&{� �� G�%r��� ?:�0�� 923 ~��$�� %A� G�/��� T�� ?©1 �� ä%Y|� �/��� F:Z� 45 F��C�

�c �� �C�$C� $:=�£ Nf*2 E:-�& ä%Y|� �(A M�& F� G��$�� ;*Z� N, ��3 ;��/��� >1^$C� N,+5 �� ;s���� ;��/��� ;�`�C� ��/�� 45 �,�� _%0 �/��� ?��%� ;:=�k *� ;*�%� 45 ­$�&� G;=%���� ;Vw�� Nf*2 ;*Z�&

���^$�� 45 N%+, e�35 9"= G���W ;��. F�, Gä%Y|� �+ byH�P�� ;���*�� ;H�� R��� ä%Y|� F5 R& Gä%Y|� ,��k ��+ ¦�� P ?:k1 ��/�

)1( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 445 G446.

Page 95: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

83

��0�� ��� GM�,�� �� e:�+ ên%$Z� �+ ��%$�� �/�C� �-'�� GbyH�P����$� ��0� %A� G :C+ �*�� �( ��.

6� �-'� �� G;:+%��� �:k �� ä%Y|� 1�, BC+ F��C� �&� S2��� er% 1(k ,�6�� �(A � GMH/��� ;w={� ;º��C� �-'�� Gn%$Z�� ;/:=1 ;��:�%8 z/*� ;:-C/�� ���%��� �Yk :C+ ?C]� F� e+%*H� e��+� F%�� F� ,�1� �� !(A �o� c«� -�:k h�3 �� �/&� ?A(� �5 R& GAf©� ®H���� ;©y*�2 �%C/��

��k �(�� %A� GE�(�& :C+ ;:C-/�� eyC/� :�5 � _�6� � ���� �/��� �%�& h�3 ) :�E�2�3 e�%� �*kr � �& j%C�� ��c� ?:H�� �& �� �*+ & ���� �� i& �� F2 � �§���61 � DC�= ;&$���� �/��� ����� : � e&/6$0� �#

& ��6& d� $�1 x� �/��� T�� 9C+G ���� �� �y��� �� �:^C� 9�Yk� Q F >�/�� �y2 �� F%�=� ���u��G 5� F F2 ey:C� 9¯%Y.G �� � D:8� ���

TC+�� �� �� 9�Yk R6k � R*� �� ;:Y:�\$�� ���%���� ;:-C/�� 1/�G UÅ= E�M����� n�]6��� n«��� ¿<��� v�:6� D�YkG �&� �$2 D01��8 �

�Y�� ?#u�G� ���%rG� 9�%�� Rm� ®H�� G >$2 z/&�Z$��R:"G e�fp2� �²� T:C/$�� ���%� �� �G �= O$ � �� 9¯%YVh�3G � �����» � #� 0� I�� ;�C�� ���� �� �:)� ä%Y|& K E,�/$Q F

���u��G 2� ©%C& �+ ;º���� b/8 >�/�� �yG ���= 5 e*^/� ;+0 ­G �� � : ��D�! �(A �%�� RA� 5Cp� Ph()1(.

)1( : ;�����– � 449.

Page 96: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

84

� G�+�%���� �%r��� ���%���� ;:-C/�� �q6��� �� ���� a-��� �Yk ®*0 ��� �< BC+ -t� -:0 P� G+c�8� GF¯%Y|� R���$= Ge:�8 �/��� ä%Y. M#

z:��– F��C� �&� �1%r -2 – �&� �A3 BC+ ���� a-��� �o� F� F�= � R��8 �� d��� F��C�;�C� ;C���� �� Up�� a-��� "C��� F� 9]*�� I��

�%� !1%6�� F��C� �&� �� F:*�� �(A �/&� Ge�³ "]C� � ���� Gä%Y|� �/��� F��C� �&� 1%6� 1�& �� d� ®Y$� F� ��s P G � iY�� C:C/8� �/���

F\&) $+'& TA� ��� � �/��= G;�`��� !(A 45 n,� ;0:Z�� ®£ �]��� I�� G �%�� �X fp��� F\� F2 -2 GT"$��, ¬ ��¥� Gj%C�� 45 ¬ �6�� F2

�/���()2( .

l #�yD�� )��6;:

�/��� ;��� �+ p��k F��C� �&� ��*� N,�/$�� $:��� C*� ,���� & ��& à n�� �:k  F�)������/ e��%�, F2 Ú>�/C� ��%C+ := � T"� �1*� � TAk�-� T"G

)2( : ��/�� ������ >H��–� 59.

Page 97: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

85

��Z=�� >�/�� M0`1 F2� := G Úb%Z& F%Y�� �%�2� �+ { ä� Ú,��Ú!G ¤�+� T"�� �k�� R2 $#*�,G Ú�%V= BC+ ���� \ÚFG � � ÚRA �*�� �6Ú� �k S::-$� Â% Ú�Ú G xk

�%"$��5 Ü�� 4�-�©��ÚN ®:C/8 � & TA1/�\ D:&� T"^k dw%� ���u� D:*�� F215 �yZ�� :C+ T:A��&G -2 �^k �& �:��� `��� R/= )1( U:&(�� ;]&���� )2( fAc�

� �& B-C0 �)3( ,��� �& N�$�+� )4( �*/�� �& ;=�<� )5( N�*+ �& ;-�C+� )6( ���B�+)1(G � TAf©� � � d*Z�� E�C/�� >VrG = Å � Ó5 �r%$� F2 R 45

)1( :`��� �:��� �& �^k �& ¢1u� ������ .)497 � 544 � (�+� G9CA# �"�� M��/� >�/�� BC+ Gby<{� Us GRr�� !��%� G�^�&

F2 !%&� hC� �0� FYH©� ��� D�� R"C"�� �+���. �� �/��� %A� G�y© !"�= !%&� TC= G $�� !�/&\= 45 GE%��'k � R/# >�H� �S]�� G%"C�� 45 F� 1o %�& �0� BC+ :&� G!%C$�= ]C*= h�3 %A� ��# >���C� ��=: i/:w e�f]r iC§� �, e�f*2 ...zt� �� !�© TC= �S� xk

1\o :&� �� i& G�0� ��6� ¢1u� �& �� �Þ UZ]�� 9�� �/$Z� ����& BC+ ��Y�� !fZ= ¢1u� 54 �6:� ���� � ;:�:H�HZ��� C<-= 45 8,%+ ®��< �N���� E�"¯ -Z# G~��� ��\= ":= 45 F� E�. �y+�� –[ 1 –� 11.

)2( :,�c �& ;��/� �& >*w U:&(�� UYH]�� G��'�� %&� ;��� .) ?� 604 � .(�+� 9CA# �� ;�*H�� G4��� �� RA� Gc^u� D�2 >�'8 � ;*� �� �C# �§� b%Z& ä�+ !�6�$= M��/��� ¤�/$= :C+ A1/�� .F2� B�+�� FZk� MZ���� �X ¤�/� !�/� BC+ ;]&���.

F2 e:�k ��+ F-/��� �& G1(��� xk ?*� N�:6� � N,�^$�&) ;#�c F-/��� (?']= �� GF-/��� �Y= ;]&��� �=�� BC+ �:�Z]�� G���& ©�> e��c .� 9w1 �+ F-/��� ,/= :�5. !�/� fp2 F2� �Zk� M��/� >�/�� ;#*�, .»+ e��-+ ey�%<. �y+�� –[ 3 –� 54 G55. )3( :f�A�c �& �� B�-C�0 �'� �� US�� ~&1 �& ) . ?� 13 b .A / ?� 609 � .(T:�k M��/��� ;:CA)�. F2 !%&� Ge��+� ���

Ge��+� $��� B-C0 GN�+� !�&�� ?/2 fg� G���+� $��� MZ��� N�+�. ��� ,y& ;���S�� 9k�%�& ;����� F2� T:�� �#u�) �� 1�, ��(G �-$0�� !%�& := �/& �y0{�. F2 T��� N�:6��� �"� "V���� ¬("�� ;�0 D��= !�q6� B±-Z8) E:�%u�(G �"�� !�/� $�C/� I�� "/CH�: ��� �� Ý�� ;��, � TC�8. �y+�� –[ 3 –� 52. )4( :N���$��+ �& �& ,�±��� ��-+ �& ;��/� �& ,��� 9Z*/��.) ?� 601 � (�"�� F0�= >�/�� ;:CA)� ��� M��/� ;�*H�� 4��� .�� RA� �� .

�� ;:�*k "Ð� G;*:&c n�0 :�5 ,�%Z�� "�� .F2� �� �Zk� �>�/� ;-:� ��� TAS+� GeZY� ¦r%� TCu& BC+ N�� G �H& � !�/� ;�1 ;&�(+�. F2 e��]� ;�&& -+ ;C*+ R�= F� %CÑ � N�:6� �� A�23 .d-$#� &*� Û��& �:��� G�+��� �"�� >�k �k�, GM�«]��� »+� Gey�%< C$�� �0�� �:A��� �� 1*# �& ��-+ 9qH��.�y+�� �[ 5 –� 91.

)5( :;�=���< �& �& �*�/�� F:Y0 �& G�/0 %&� G��-+ ���*�� 9Cq�%��.) 539 � 564 � .(�+� 9CA# �� ;�*H�� G4��� F2 e�M^A f© ¼k= G�%��� z:Y8 ;-�u� BC+ G �Z� ��� ;�,& ���V*�� R��8� ��& ��. R68� hC�& ��-+ �& ��A C/^= G q��� � 1� C0 >$�& 45 «/��� C�+ BC+ ���V*��G F-�+� !��\� := G C$�& E:&� ÕC& hC�� F� ;=�< !^A G¬ C$�= «/��� e&�. �y+�� –[ 3 –� 225.

)6( :;-�C+ �& N�*�+ �& N��� �& G�:� �� i& T:³. Ú;�-���C+ RV�Y��) . ?� 603 � .(�+� 9CA# �� ;�*H�� G4��� F2 e��r/� Û��P �:��� �� /� Ey#Z�. �0�� ¢1u� �&� �� �Þ UZ]�� e�� G � dY�= & ;-�C+ ~��� ¢1u� E:&\& �C<\=. �y+�� –[ 4 –� 247. )1( :B�+��) ?� 628 � .(F%-:� �& �:� �& ���# �� i& �:� �& ;*C/o G9Cq�%�� %&� Gf6& _��/�� B�+\& G�:� ���� � �B�+ ��& �&

Rq�� B�+��� f*���. �� M��/� ;�*H�� 4��� ;:CA)� �k�� >Vr� E�C/��. F2 fp2 ,%=%�� BC+ j%C�� �� >�/�� E�p�= ��Y��� äY��� ;:01Y�� !�/�.G ��S© G�/��� hCZ� :=  R2 GhCZ� �:�� ��k� �X _�+ C*� �p2� e��/� ��. F2� 9±�]�� !�/�& ±-Z=9) ;#�r >�/��.( »+ e��-+ ey�%< j1,�� �y0{� �� GTCZ� ?��� B�+�& ¦/'� G!�6& 9-+� ����� !�-+. !��%� 8=�� ;���) ;k%Y�� (

;�-:�& >�� ;���� ¤���� ":=� !1�, ¬� !«�. �y+�� –[ 7 –� 341 .

Page 98: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

86

�� ¬ �/��� ®:C/8 �N1�� � F2 �%�& h�3 BC+ G �$:*6+� ����� ���'�� Ú?*0 R:� � BC+"$:-Z8 E� C/�� ()2(.

 F� n�� ��Q dw%� �)��= �� � F2 �y��� �& �� �/� eY�� ��+ >�/��G �� C/# h�( �F�%�, !% � T"�%C+ � �� TA1*� T¬�%r �A

T"JH��G � �eyr F%/#�� 5 T"-�k� T"�%C+ �� fp��� :�G $�C� D�2� T":= ;-�V$Z��\�� F"C2 E�C()3(.

�%k ,���� �� ������ M�1Q hC= 1��8 t� �� ;�`��� !(A ��+ _%�%�&� n�� �(�� 9V-)� �y0 �&� �%� 45 R:º A`�*-= >�/�� n�� �/��� ;���

F2 �/���  F�) ;:CA)� ��+ >�/�� �F�%�, T"-C+ B"$��� GT"-�k & GF�(�\� :�5� F�f6�()4(. R�� -2 �&� �y0 �%� �-+ �& >H��:) F2

��/��� �TC+ l�%� � ��� TK �TC+ �@r� ��()5(.

;��� BC+ ey:�, ;*/��� F21\& d*�Z�� E�C/�� �®:C/8 F��C� ��&� �R/# ��� � ®:C/$�� �(A F� 45 e�f�� G;:CA)� >�/�� ��+ ;/:=��� $�Ø�� �/���

º � 35 G 8©%Z� "��  R/� l>*0� �,%/� Ó5� G;=,6�� �z. �� Ge<*$+� ¢� F��C� �&� ��� ) �+��� C$º �(�� 3%Y��� n��� G;:+-$#P� �+��� ;���

F� �+�C� �& y= Gn���� Rq*��� �& TA�\� �Y81�� G �%� N1��� G �%� {& 9C*���� 9+-$#P� ��Z��� F%���� N%�& d$-$� �:����� EYr�%�� 45 ;=w

)2( : ;�����–� 453. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6��–� 442. )4( : M��/��� �%V= E�*<–� 22 . )5( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 22.

Page 99: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

87

M��/��� �� !f© �� !�/� S:³ I�� �q6��� ;:�Y��()1( �&� ��*� �k G � �� ���� � �%k �y2 ��Q e�Yª F��C� !(A ®:C/$� E©%Z

�(¬ ÂD:Ð E�C/�� F� 1*$+� BC+ >*0�� !(A  F� �YV$�� �(A ,Y�� G�q6��� D�C+ t� T0P� n��� eyC+ j�A  F� 45 @-C� ��\2� G;*/��� F21\& E�C/�& "$:-Z$�.

�� �+ ���u� �%k ,���� �� ������ hC= F��C� �&� B�*� 1�r �/��%=�6�� >�/��  F� n�� �:k N%+��� ;���& Y/w ;C+ F:& � G�y0{� ) h�3 �+

���� { �� T"C]� à �y0� T"��, ��9k%��� N%*����G �� � �� T"�A,����� >%C0Q F= -��� T:�/��¾\h�3 �+ �%0��G���� ¤%�� �+ �%$�0� Te��c �p��� � G���$0� �

� h�3�;C�� �� ����� ���Gs�ª 9k%�� �Ø� �� !��k� G :C+ �� BCr ¿��� /Ð� � TC0�� :C+ >oGl(J�:k �%/#�= 5 �� Tt��, 4()2(. 9V-)� �y0 �&� �� ��=

�y0{� 1�r �/��� 1Z½� R:C/8)=M^ G�y0{� DC©�$= �+ G>�/�� %C©�8�� ,")& �S©� �1= G������ ��D" �+ ���/� $���1� .-C= �p2 0{�G�y EM#� G~%$Y�� D�\-<�� >�/�� G16��& %/#�1 �;���1 G�/��� TC= �%���� 45 F�%�,

F��� P� >$2 G>%$�� �%Y��� h�3 ��� hCA �� >�/�� �� hCA E%�& GR$���� �%�YV= R�� Gh�3 ?A3� T":C+ �� fp2()3( �/��� F��C� �&� M�1� F� @:Vr G

F��C� �&� ���� ������ !f�Y$� 1,6�� ;s�� ;���� E:/#�� !1,6� �� ¦�� �� R�& TCZ�� ¦�%� ;:©y*��� ;������ ��= G������ ��S:� 45 "/'¥ F� F�, M�1Q �� ":=

;�:/� ;:'� ,���� �"�� e��1 9]C� �� ��/� �� ®=�%� . �&� F2 ��= h�3 R2 45 ;=w5

)1( : ��/�� ������ >H��–� 21. )2( : ;�����–� 453. )3( : M��/��� �%V= E�*<–� 22.

Page 100: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

88

� F��C�Z��� a&��8 Nfp2 �'� ���8 BC+ ;�q= N1�� hC$- 1%68 ®=�� ��f*2 �^:Vw�� �"���6& j�$� ÜF� h�(& �H$0�� G� �,�� ����� ;2�k 1%H8 BC+ ;Vw�%�� 8-

�� V�s �� e�f]r e��A P5 �,�� ����� a/� � �� T©�& G!�/&� ��^K� ��p�� F���� �y��� !�"#fp��� M9� . ����� "k�< I�� ;CJ0�� TA� ��C� F� �H$0� ��= h�3 T©�&�

�� �'��� z/*� $���� �y� �� G7���� ��/��;:©y*��� ;����.

�6��� Ge¯%Y. F2 �(�� 9CA)� �/��� ;���1 ;:'� BC+ S2�� �y0 �&= �:'� e**0 h�3 F2� G,")�� ~%$Y�& G �Yk� $���1 �+ R©�$�� R©�$�& ;&$2 1Z½� ?*0 F:& @w�� 81�5 D�2 ��= F��C� �&� �� G �� TZ�

1 ,�� P �y0{� 1�r �/��� ����� �(A F2 F5� Ge�&0 [%Z��� �/��� ;����o�|�� B������ ,���� �� w1/� �� �� �=�%� �� �.

�y2 R/Ä !��� �y0{�� ;:CA)� �& �/��� ;��� �+ p��k ¤�/� � �%�� G1%p���� �%���� ;:CA)� �y2 �� ;�*< BC+� �:�y0{�) : �y2

{� /�� �� �:�y0 >�� � ;©y*�� ;�*< BC+� "���3 ;:CA)� �y2 �� T"�%���� TA1%p��G = Å � �� � Zk �/ D&o �& FG �& �-+� � �

;/:&1G ��� ;���� �3 Fy:©� ?:6�� b,c�Y��� ���#� ;J:Hu�� � 1�&� �%k �� ;����� >�/�� �� ¦CZ�� �y2 ;�%�G e�1�r � ;:0*/�� ;����� ��

*H� 0�8� T" j%C-C� T��1�.� T"C:� � �� ;©y*�� �� ;�*< d=1 �/&���;]G �%pC2 �&�� N�$�+� G �*+ �& ;-�C+� fAc� GN �� � �*/�� �& ;=�<�

T��1�.� TA1%p�� ;:CA)� �y2()1( e�^"$Z� T�u� �(A ��*� ��� G

)1( : ;�����–� 450.

Page 101: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

89

���� G���� ;���&� 0 F��C� �& �� �y2 & ���� � b ?A3 � & RC/ hC8 T�u� %A ,���� n�� @:V6�� b�(��� T:CZ�� d*H�� R/# �� BC+ G :�5

�%�� G;:'���) : h�(& F��A� @:V6�� b�(��� T:CZ�� d*H���� f6*�� ���C;©y*�&G h�3 ?*Z��� � ��(�� MP�A F� {� �%21, /�� ;�*H�� �%/Ð �y0� ;:

���� �y��� ��QFG �u�� {� �+ ��*�� S^+ ��(C�� �� t%�� -"Cpà F:8 T¬%C� D)�G ��� \ BC+ E� T"+*< D'"�= T"0%Y� ?:�0G D�81��

y*�� BC+ E�C�� T��C� �� ;©Â� � � �X ;:CA)� T"C*� !(A d-Z;�*H��G �� P� \ 2 F�= ":C+ y TA�p�� T"-�� T"�� � ;#*�, �Zk� BYre���1 �� �hJ��G � � � �*� ¦r1� eY:�p8 ��+ ­/�� �y��� �� !�,Y$0� Ã

��H;�*G 8� \ h��3 & h� �"�� h�3 R�� �� D�2 F� �6*��� b�(�� RA;©y*���()2( �+��� F� �� F��C� �&� :�5 ?A3 � d� ®=�%$� R:C/$�� �(A� G

%"= G ZY�� �A3 &%C0� ¼�$�� �(�� G ¯%Y. N,%g -�� F%�� BC+ ?$�� ;:�/�� $©y& BC+ �%&�8� FQ���� �%Y�o �(�� �:�y0{� R/# � �(A� G ��%��

k ��(�� �:CA)� �� ;©y*�� ;�*< d=1� ��Z$� �� GN,��. ?:�0� ���6 � /�� FQ���� ;©y& BC+ �y<P� T" ;�*< �+ T"$�*< DH½= G;:�

0{� 5 R^Z:� F��C� �&� 9's� G�:�y [$�$0P� �(¬ �:� >^+ �%�� GR:C/$��� ����$���) : 0 ����\ e�%� D� ¦����� ��:� � 9w� T0��� &

�©� ��"/� ;<G ;+�6�� �:� F2� � $*Z& (�; $�:�� �� ;+m �+ " �� ���� (:�y8¾C�&%)1(G $0�� V* �� TC+ �C := ;�]�� M�1� �� M#� FZG Z= \ $�

)2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 450. )1( :�� �-+ �& �-. �& �-+ 9C+ %&� %V��� ��5 ;�y/�� 3$0�� G�&%C��& ?�C�� �%V��� 9Z����� 9C:*�{� �,c ;]� �&%C����

�:Z����� : G����� z:&�� %A G;:C*�Å& ;q-ZÎ� �$0� �$�o� ;�0 !��%� �� dÐ�)� �& ��& �� GF%�1c �& �� �*+ ��� G �& �-. ���

Page 102: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

90

e�%�: �& � ���/ � >{ �:�y0� �:CA)� �� ;©y*�� ;�*< BC+G ��� �� ey�%< D�Z= ��(& h�3 ���$Z:�G ­ �� � : � ��� ��1,G DC�= : � ¤�+

eJ:� h:C+ h�3 ­ �"¯ G �� C/� � Z*? := . � �(�� �(A � E�23D*$2G = e*^/� D�ZG ­ �� � : � y2 �(A :�= � �k �� � ?$�� FA(�&?G � F2� & � � A�/ 9C. �o�G �� �:6� � T:C/$�� � 45­%�G�%C/�� ;A*��& ­ �"��� ()2(.

f*2 !�+ ��� Ge-q�, ;/:&1 �� �& �-/& �:�y0{� ��*� F��C� �&� F� ��*�� �Ð� G�y0{� 1�r �/��& �%��� ;k&5 �/& M# �� ��\2 !,1��� G¼���

o5� � ¿��� �%�� G :C+ $&) : �& �-/� F2�� �"/�� h�(� ¼��� f*2 ;/:&1 � ;/Y8�� ;�*<� ;:�+ := E���G F2� 2e�fp �*+ �&� BC+ !�/� ¤�/� �

e*^/� +-$0P ¦�:= & ()3(. !�%$Z� �%*A� �/�C� 9¥18 RZCZ$& 9's� *�� �<yZ��� j%C-C� ~��� ey+# G $��� d� ,��<& iY�� & @$= �(�� >

�%�� G_Y0{� �� �/���) : >��8� NS�S/�� ;������ hC�� h�3 �/& �� M# �5 >�/�� T":�� & MYC�� T"�S� Tt%k�$s TA1/�\ ;*Z� BC+ Sq�%)� T�+

N,%)��TA1/�G 2� \ T"�%� �� TtG M��"$0� BC+ F%r�º� � TA1/� H� �� BC+ "�� F%/C ��� 1o 1*� FZC�� _��� ;]C��� G F%*�H� >�/���

"�Y£ TA���G ��� �(A �S� �� \ F� i& ��� ;:�G e�1�r� i& ;��, ��

�%& G9C:"Z�� ��c ��� G��Y�� �& T/��� �*+�;Yq<� G. � �$��)� �&&!�^k �1� G ; e�,� F2 !&� F��)� �&P F2� Gfp2 �Ð �� G 0�� ÊY�� b*<{ M���{� j�8 !�-+ ����� � G;�0 �$0 "q���{ 1�68 Gn1Ä P� !1*© ®�� P ;:&�/�� e��5 8 �� G��/�� My:$ ¦:�6

N�:Y�.P �+ �+ (�� G;&$��� ®:�� F2� ;q-$0� �/&1�� �Î ;�0 �Yr %8 F%6º . My*��� �y+� f0 –[ 23 –� 207 G208. )2( : ;�����–� 450. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 453.

Page 103: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

91

�*/��()1(. 8,%#� $-:�& e�Y$. ��S� � ;Ck��� !(A xk �/��� ���� $*8�� �+ �/��& �H½� %"= h�3 �/& -:= �� G;�/��� j%C�� n�� $����

�%�� 4���:) �� TtZ� FZC�� ��� � TA�/& �� ®C� M# �� ;-^/�� R# FZC�& Af6�8�G � 5 & �%k�� � ;+�r !%-C/8 Ó\ TA1/�� �(�� T^/�� M���

�:�FZC�� �� �� h�3 n%0 P a�= T"=��/� �*�< TK ¤��©G �= -2 �/ �C� ¡�A �&�� ¿�$��� ��$V*��� ?:*kG TA�/& ��� G �TCA� ��# e�G ¤�© 16=

?�]�� �/���5 � M��^$0P�� >(��� %A Ó>A( �� := D�2 I�� d=�O����G.... �� h�(� �� ¦�� $�� �� ?8����� T-K� RA\����G 8� :] �

�u�G� �� ;�(�� ;0q��� ;�^A :</8 @*rNf*��� ?r��� RA()2(.

H�� �/��� n%$Zà 9¥1$�� [1�$�� �(A F5 -�k F2 F5� G�/� �k 45 9� ��$V*��� �³ �\2 Up�� 90*/�� �6/�� ��`# �X �/��� �<0� z/& BC+ �y$��� ;-^/�� �%:� �� T©��� BC+ GM9��� z/& e��q# ��%� ��� ¿�$��� >(��� �%-/�� BC+ T"��� �/��� ¤�© ��� � MP�A F� P5 G?:�0��

M��^$0P�� .

l ��FyD�� #��TI#�K Y:

)1( : ;�����–� 450. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 450.

Page 104: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

92

����O� �E���� ��*8 ;¬�$� z/& "*��%# ;YC$°� "'/& ���� �%k �k

G�/��� ��*8 ;����& �& �Y/# �(�� �/� �� ���� �� dw� e�1<5 e�+ �/�C� G��/�� F5�

F2 ��*� ��� �&� F��C� e��r� �+ ;<k{� ;/:*H& G�/��� ��= ��� ~�� �(A

u�� BC+ %V��� ­$��: ) �5 �%� F�c%� BY�� Ï��� BC+ �/�. ��%�=: �%�: ��, BC+

Rr� �y��� �(�� %A ;�Øà ��)� �/�C�. ��%��: F�c%�: C6Y� X �:� GF�c%à 35

F2 �� �%��� F�c%� f©� F�c%�. ��%��: BY��: R6= �& �� �� �y��� F�c%��

G_�%� �&� � P �%� � P� d<��. ��%��: ��� BC+ ê�/�: R6Y� � n�# ��

�%��� BC+ �;:= Fc�� d� ;�P, BC+ �/� X n�# BC+ h�3 �� f© ;�P, BC+

�/�G �Å= %� ,�1� ���� F� R-/� �� h�3 eJ:� e�fp2 BC+ !(A ;")� ���� �� 1(/8

:C+()1(.

S:s �(A �!��k  F� ;���� ��$+� �k 9Y= X �/��� �:� l�/�&G ì�k �ÕC&� ���� ��� :�5 ?A3 � := ¦�¥ �/�C� e���k F��C� ��&� ������ G;�P���� �³ �d� !�S#���

���V$�� �(A 45 ®*Z� � ��� n�� ��5 R& G;���� . R:6Y$�& �u� �(A ;����� �C� �&P ;Y�Z�� ;������ M�1�� z/*� ¤��/$0� �� �&P n�� �� 45 n��� F�

���V$�� �(A 45 Ú Ú�Â*0 �%k $�%�� b�68 .

�/-C� e:#1� e�1<5 -"C/Ä� Fc%��� ;:=��& !�º ®&Z�� !�k ;����  F5 D:*�� ®�V$� xk ;oyp�� ®�ª �� ��& P� G;�8 ;�P, �,�� �(�� ��/���

�k F:& ®:�1 �&� ®CH�� T"Y�� �(A ��� G��/��� º�68 d� G $:�&� �/��� �%�� G�/��� �YC�� �& b�Y�� N1��w 45 �� N1�5 G�%��& P �YC�&) : �/���

)1( : �/��� ���–� 64.

Page 105: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

93

�%�� �/& ;:��� �� ;/&1� GM:�� 9A� :G�YC�� GFc%��� G�/��� G;:=���� �("= %A �k ��À�/� F� �� �y��� e��c%� BY�� :��� �&À�/ ��/� �6���

G;:���� M:�\2 �D�S8 �� GFQ���� ��� �y2 ¿��� BCr �� :C+ GTC0� f©� h�3 X � ®CH� :C+ �� �/�()1(.

���� ��S�� M]C&  F� -:0P� G��/��� R-/�� ;:��� ;:'�& �-$AP� ��*� �A� 0 Ã1 Z� BC+ �y��� ®:  Y��� e��c%� Tt ���� GB :�5 ���6�� � T"

/Ä � �(A� Ge��6� �(A ;���� N��� �+ N��)& @�$8 ®:�1 �&� N��� R �(A �� �_�K�  F� Gi�, ��*� �� ®CH�8 N����� !(A D�2 F5� GE�(�& ?�)� ÜF5� Ge��/� F%�� ÜF� �� �%*��� ���u�� ����� �y��� �SÂ�8 %A ���$�P�

��� Fc%�2 G,���� ":C+ _1/8 I�� �/��� �,��k := ÂD��ª � � �(A� G;:=�i���� �%-'� �� Y��/8 ���=� �� G;���� :�5 Â��� .

�� v\� ��&� F�0 9#Y�� �1��:� hC= �� �*0 �%�:=: )���� ��k �/��� %"= �y2 F�c%� BY�� ��� BC+ �/� �C��: �y2 ��:� BC+ Z�#. �C��: F�c%� b�Y�� �:&

�&� �y��� 1%p��� �(�� �:� F�c%à �C��: BY�� b�Y�� �:& �&� ¦���� F�c%�� �(�� P �%� �. �C��: ��� BC+ �/� c�$V�� �� ¦���� �%��& F�c%�� �(�� P ��� BC+

�/�()2(. ¬Vr� D/�� G;:w��+ ,��k t\& ,��u� !(A R2 T0� ��= F��C� �&� ��

��� � T"�� e��k� F� d� G�:w��/�& �%�� G;-C��� !(K ®:���� �/�& e:w��+ :) !�k �:w��/�� �%��� ì�£ �:� BY��� F�c%�� �y��� � �(�� �/��� �(K

�6& �½, lT01 P� ! � G "$+�r� T Ó5 �/��� ���8 8:&� �bY8� �:k ��

)1( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 245. )2( : ;k6Y�� �0–� 67.

Page 106: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

94

��� E2�V$�� ,�+ ��� E:&� ¤��+ ;CoX� G­�%$�� BC+ �2�%Z �/� e��k F%�� F� ?0�= G"$�P,� äY��� �+ ,�� Fc� ��� h�3� G¬�'

�/��� ���� �A �½� GTA��+ �� := � 1*$+& >��+{� ;©y*��� � Fc%��;r�� ?��%����G ��# y=  F���k ¾C6� P h�3 TA�@���+ � �()1(.

�*0 �� n�� �/��� �k �+ F��C� �&� �y2 �w�+ %�� �(�� T"�y2 BC+ ��k ���+ �%Y�� � T"��� G?�)� ¾;��,k� �N������ !(A  F� ��#%� Ge�&0 �23 "$�P,� äY��� �%�p$Z� �� G,��u� !(A �� �2 F5� Ga�= ;:Y�$��� ¤��/��

�$�� ��/��� �/�� BC+– F��C� �&� 1�� -2 – �� e�fp2 F� �� T©��� BC+ 8�,"�$0� f"��� &$�&� G®:�1 Ú�&& )N�-/�� ( ���� G����� ��� �� 45 f�8

�%���.

�� �k� :C+ ¦�� � �$�:�k �T�"ÜY�8 & �/��C� lT01 �� ì�k BC+ ¦�� �� n�1 � �%�� G����$��) : �!��/& �2(�C= >%C0�� �/� 1��8 �35� ��ke� � eÐ1 � & �/�C�

r BC+ $�:�k T"Y8 ¤�]�� �(A ;&%/G = Å�� ¦�� � � :C+ l�k ���$�� �� -:= ��1�!��...G ��& y= l¦��/8 �� ;:p:u� !(A �� $�:�k �:H/� ()2(À �� �Ï2\�$C��

�� �C*� �� �k� G�/�C� !�k �& ;�1�� ��+ �� �&P ;�%��� !(A b�r Z$�� z=�8 ;:+%w%�= G;Y0yY��� ,����� �:©y*�� z/& !,1�� �(�� ®CH�� T:C

�pk*�� F��C� �&� .

eyq� �/��� F��C� �&� _�/��) : N1/$0P� BC+ i*�� Õ:C*�� �y��� %A �/������_r�G & R6Y�� #\ ��� Fc%�� ;�Y$� M�S���G ÏR2 R�$Z� "�� MS#

)1( : ;�����–� 445. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 445.

Page 107: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

95

!�/&� C*� -+ !�6��� w�©G BC+ �1)� � 0 �� >�/�� ?:� ;r%6�- &G ��%�= : ��# Õ:C*�� �y��� G � N1/$0P� BC+ i*�� ��%�� �� -+ R6= _r�

= !(A �� %C¥Å �/�& �:� ?�]�� FG & R6Y�� ��%�� \ ������ Fc%�� ;�Y$� q�S# R��� ��+ �/�& �:� �(�� 1%p��� �y��� �+ � R6=G MS# R2 R�$Z� ��%��

& !�/&� C*� -+ !�6��� w�© "�� � ;�:�VC� F: F%�8 P �/��� F� 8:&5 h�(2 PGM9� & R6Y� �� G �� BC+ �1)� ��%�� & ;r%6��� ?:�0

BC+ �� �Ä � -+ � R6=� 0 = ;=��/�� >�/�� ?:�Å F%�� P (J�:k ��e��/G 5�%��� �y2 %A Ó()1(.

9C� � ¦��/$�� �ky� F� ��s�: � ��� ;���< d*8� �5 F:&� U/�� R:6Y8 � Gd�# ¦��/8 �2(& ���

�&�� ;���� R/= � 1��© BC+ G¦��/$�� ,1� �Y� R2 �� �r���®:�1.

� GiY�� n%$Z�� �:k �� �,/�� �y���� �/��� �& ;���*�� (�� b�= �5 �� d�s P �(A F2 F5� G�,/�� �y��� �+ � e�S::³ GÕ:C& �y2 �/��=

2��$��n��� F%�= d� ;:©y*�� ;-Z�& . � -¬ a:º F2 M����� �k F� !1��r5 d� G;:=���� Fc%�� �p$Z� � �5

¦:�= G!���+ Ú�/�C� �@C6� P �(A TA�k  F� e�&0 1�� �� d� Ga�= %A !�º -�:k eur @*6� .! F%�= �� !f© �� �/�C� S::³ �u� �(A�

;YC$��� �p���. � �k R/# �5 N1/$0P� F� ���W h�3 � G_r���� N1/$0P� ���� !

G7��$�& ;��/��� �r�+ 4�� �� _r���� ;�`��� !(A D�2 F5�

)1( : ;�����– 445.

Page 108: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

96

�ck ��+ N,%#%�)1( �(��� ��/��� R:�$�� ;:#%�%�:0 �%"Y� s��8 �+��� �%�� �:k G;:ZY��� T�0�1, ;Y0yY�� T"= �� e'�� >�$��

8 ;:C-/& �%�� � ��� G 8�2�3 ;��S��� �/�� 1%6� R�\8� l��� S:2� G 8�2�3 D�S� I�� f© N���# e�1%r ?2f� N�+*$�� M�S#�� ?���$& � j�1,{ ;�ky�� N��� ;���� �� f*2 1��& �+��� d$-$� F� i/� �(A�

� P � �+�C� nM��$� ��= GD&�� �� E�/& Eyr �� M:��� �& nM��$ �ck ":-Z� N%��� !(A� G"'/*& M:��� a&�� �k �,/�� FZ�ô� �:�� �/à ¬ dCH'8 I�� ;Y:¯%�� �:k �� ;":*� 9A� GN�+��� N%���

[,��%2 ��+)2( ;Y:p2� ;Vw�� M:��� !(A �& ?Z��� F%�8 � 1��&� G F� h�3� G9�C$�� Afo\8 N1%6�� ¢�ª � 1��&» F1�8 �%Y�C�

e���ª A��� n�# �� E�,'$��� E¬�$��� "/=�8� Eyo-$�� ��ZV$Z�� �Zu� �r�8 F� �y��� B'$�� 45 �/Y�P& e+y�5� M9� h�3 ~%�0 �� e/�%� �Y��� �� ���� �¬�$��� �Co-$��

�k��« )3(. ��#5 ;:���5� N1/$0P� �� y� -= BC+ �/�& �:� "qN1/$0P� BC+ i*� �/��� F� ?�]��.

� 8 N1��w ��:& �5 w�© �k�%�� D:*C� ;�%'/�� N�k%�� ®�V i/� P �(A� G!�/& �(��� C*� �(�� D:*�� �+ �6Y��� G!�6��� N1��'� c��&5 %A R6Y�� h�3 F� GN�:6��� h�Y$�� �%:� N1��'�&

��/��� D:*�� �-$�� M# ¦:r%$�� �(A F� -:0 P� G �21� BC+ ;�%'/�� N�k%�� ��5 45 N%+, h�3 �:�� G�/��� �k F:& b:0 �� ®CH�8 N�:6��� N�k� F� GD:*�� N�k� BC+ S:2�$��� GR�2 N�:6���

)1( : M]C*�� ["��–� 107. )2( : [,��%2 �C:8 R:q%-r) .1772 – 1834�( TA� �� ;������ 8&$2 �/8� G;:Z������ ;*�u� ;�S:C�{� ;=�p�� !%#� c�&�� ���� �+� G

r %A� G%H01� �/& ?$2 ��:�� ;���� ?k. )3( : M]C*�� ["��–� 44 G45.

Page 109: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

97

f© n�� �:+ �-. 1%$2��� F2 F5� G":C+ i*8� G;���*�� D:*�� N�k� 45 ?A3 ��= Gh�3 �u� �(¬ �/�C� !���ª F� ) N�:# f© N��= %A�

���� !�k _y� BC+� ;��Y� M�S#� ;+%-� N�:6��� F� A'$�� 35 F%�� F� �� >�©�� G?��© �(A� GD:& R2 ?Z£ �r���� ¤��©��

dw%� �� �p2� F��C� �&� !1��� F�� �/��� ¦��/8 �:��� �(A... G DV$= "ZY� N��Y�� !(A� C+ �wu� ��6+ �-^"$-C� e/0�� e&& B

5 �%��& G7���� ��/�� �/��� GU/�� �o�$� G�r��� h�Y� �/� � �u� �/��� >Vr� e���$Z� "ZY� N��Y�� !(A D�2 R& GN�k%�� �%H.

;:C2 BY��� F�c%�� �/��� ;m"� ey:*0� G :Cq��()1( . d� ®Y$� �Z�� -. 1%$2��� D:*�� F� �6�� � F��C� �&� F� �(A C:Cª �:+ �

;:�& �+ !�6��� ��/��� w�© ey6Y�� F%�� F� ?Ä ��/��� �/�& N�:6��� E:&�M�S#�� ;��Y� N�:6��� R/Ä �(��.

� �y���� G>�/C� ;r%6��� ?:�0�� BC+ �1)� �/��� �& b�= �5 !(A BC+ ��Ä P �(�� �%���� �u� �(A �6�� � ���� G?:�0��� %A�

;:&�/�� ?:�0�� BC+ �/��� F��#– ":C+ �1)� �/��� �& ®��Y$�� �,�� n�# �35 d:=1 n%$Z� 45 B��� P �/��� F� 45 �6� Ó5� G��/�� f© �/���� M%w � Gn���� ;��/��� �r�+ �� y� �%��� �y2 ,�� B�*�� GAf© BC+

�%�� G�p��� T"*:�0�� �/��� >�/�� ?:�0� �& S::-$�� F2 h�3) : �/��� �� 1%p�-C� F%�8 P 6Ñ ?:�0G �(2� � �/�C� F%�8 P 1%p��� ?:�0G F2 -=

e�%��� �y��� ��G �� hC8 BC+ �:�� e��/� F%�� y= ?:�0 � 1*$+P� �(¬ � ��%:� �� !�:�� �X fp��� F2 �� ;+�6�� !(A F��� ;:&,� ¿�$�� T�� F

� M9� �/��� �� %A �:� ��/��� BC+ ��Ä � -t� >�/�� ?:�0 ��%�� >�/�� f© �/� �+ � R6= >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ �1)� �u� �� �� ��+ T� ��

)1( : F��C� �&� ��� ;:�ZC�� ;�C��–� 51 G52.

Page 110: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

98

n��� TAf©� >�/C� �#%� �/��� FG n�� ��� � [$º y= TAf]� �#%� P �5 4h�3G�� BC+ �1)� ��� �%��� ;r%6��� ?:�0( )1(.

�/��� ;:&�/�� ?:�0�� F:& ��+ ¦�%$�� 9]*�� �A�– �&� ���ª ?Zk F��C�– ��� �/��� N�q�, �� �%#�� xk M��/��� 1*2 ¬ �S$C� � I���

Q dw%� 9Y= Gh�3 BC+ ;:�-w ;�=�%� R-º %A� GF��C� �&� N(80� 1�� �� ��S$��� G¤��©�� ��� �& ?:Z��� 7��8 �/��� ?:�0� �� F� 45 F��C� �&�

;:Y�$��)2( >�w� G_r��� >�<{�� G�SK& �)� aC�� G;:+3%C��� G >����� �^0�& ��S$��� GE�1/$0P�� E":*�$�� N�p2� G�p���

;:/��*��)3(. � e��%�+ F��C� �&� ��+ h�3 R*�� �/��� �� G>�/�� �y2 i= �& b�Y�� F:*

�%�� G-"�� R2 �k eVw%� G�p���� �%����) : F�c%�� �y��� %A �%���� �/���BY���G ;:=��� %A� �k�� ��1 BC+ "C2 ��c�� F%�8 �(�� !�/�� ()4( . �A�

1 C*� �� BC+ ���$0� �� d� a�= ;:=���� Fc%�� �k BC+ !S:2�8 ��*� T"$� �k F:& �6�� � �A �\& 1(/�� � �-$C� ��� GA��+ T"=%��� !(A ;:w��/��

�� Fc%�� 9A� � NS:� TA� G�p��� �&� �:& ®��Y$�& �-$A� 1��& �/� -"�:& e��A%# e��= h�3 �$/� � h�3 �� T©��� BC+� G;:=����. ��– F� �/&�

�\& �p��� _�+) %�� f© �y���F�c()5( – �= R2 ?A�(� [3Ó ���� ~�1 �%�� �y��� ) : �y��� ?A�(�� F%�= BC+ R-$�� ��Y�� �� �k�� R2� .

Mo���� M^K�� ~��� �-= �/��� �\= . e/H� & B8�� �(�� d^Z�� �-= �p��� ��� ���ÜC�$�S�� := G e/^0 B-Z� N�k�� ;:=� �� �$-C2 R2 �� . �� ��� %A� R0�

)1( : ;�����–� 445. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 442. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 443. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 440. )5( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 440.

Page 111: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

99

e�y<5 �y��� := ®CH� �(��G eP015 R0�� R& M�S#� dH�� P� �::�8 f© �� Af© P� ;:=�& .T"*:A�8� 1%"-)� ?:©�8� M+���� ?H�� 9� R-/$Z��()1(.

�6� �:k G��ð� ��Y�� �k� ?:�0� R-/$Z8 F� !�2 ���) �� �k�� R�� CA� ��+ & �$Ñ ?:�0� F%�Y�� !(AG ���� �YC� @C68 P�G := R-/$Z8 P�

Rp�: �$��� M+���� ?H�& �$��� M+���� �-u�� �/��& �$��� ?:Z��� E*<��&G h�3 �p��� . �� �/��� ?:�0� F���\$�� R-/$0� �� � ��c�%

�^0�� N�p2 �� 1%p���G ;:Y�$�� ��S$��� G ¤��©�� ��� �& ?:Z��� 7��8� . A 1r� �=� �/��� >& �� $C�\8 �35 1%p��� �(G Fc%�� P5 ��$Y� �� . �-$0��

;:�HCZ�� E*<��� A%C-/$0�� ;���H�� !(A BC+ >$��� �� F���\$�� �Y�� �(A BC+ C2 1%p��� �-/$0P� ���6��G... ;"# �� >�%r f© %A�

;©y*��()2( . m d'� F� ���s ®&Z�� ���� � �"�8 I�� E�ky�� �� ;C9A� G�p���� �/��� ��k �& R6Y�� N1��w �%k F��C� �&P ������ 9+%��:

� R6Y�� �(A� G�/�C� �p��� ?:�0�� G�p�C� �/��� ?:�0� ;:kyr ��+HC$¥ P xk ��Y�� �& ey6= T:�8 I�� E�1��'�� �� N1��w.

� �0� �& T"HC� ����\$�� BC+ !1��5 45 aC�� �(A Rr� xk ��Y�� ?:��Y�� y�� NM05 �(A � GFc%�� P5 F�S:-$� P ;#1,.

� �(�� F��:�� 45 R��� �� GaC�� �(A ¢��u ?*Z��� 9+���� 45 81�5 Û1< ���# F%�� 4��� ;#1��& ��p� F��:� %A� GaC�� �(A := ¢�k

%:�� �6/�� !'$�� ;:�p�� ;#1��& ;:�HCZ�� E*8��� %A� G;-^/�� � ?:�0� BC+ /w�� >%C0�� N,#Å& "*82 \*/� �/� TC= G;:��%���� Rq0���� 7��8� "$:Y�8� "/:^Z$& e/�%� F2 � 1��& G�p��� ;r%6��� >�/��

�/��& �$¥ X h�3 f©� "��� �& ?:Z���.

)1( :;�����–� 440. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 440 G441.

Page 112: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

100

'=1 n�# F��C� �&� F� F:C+ �Zk n��� ¦C�$�� d^ZC� ) �"�� BC+ �^"$0� ��= Ge�ZV$0�� G ��� eP%*� T"Y��%�� TA`�1Q D�P I��� G �%:� %� �³ �(�� Gi���� E2«�� %&� ;rÆ� G!����$0�� d��*�� �� 1p2{� �%:� F�� E&%�/�� ��� G�/��� � e&%C0� d��*�� RV$�� ®£ (�$8 ;����� F�

f"�$C� w�/8()1( ;rÆ� ¦C�$��� �%�6�� ��1 45 ��:/8 N��Y�� !(A� G;:�HCZ�� Ey0���� .

lY'h� z#$ #�yD�� )���{ .

)1( : ;������� 345 . ��/�� ������ >H�� �����–� 35 G36.

Page 113: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

101

��/����  F� BC+ ;���*�� (�� F��C� �&� �2��) E]C�� �q0 �#%�()1( F�� G) FZ� R�����ke y*�� 6Ñ ;©()2(G 5 45 ?A(� � FZ� 6q6� c��&

�� nf= G;:w��/�� 8VCH6� ��+ _%�%��� G>�/��) S�S+ ;+Ø�� ?��©BV���G 5 ��y2 %A 3 Ú� R6Y� e/H e/H� e;��Z$� Fc%�� G�$� ��VeN _�u�

�� ;/H� R2 �� f�G ;/H� ÏR2 B-Z8� e$:& TA��+ E/H��� !(A ��G B-Z�� �� _�u� := ®Y$8 �(�� f� e��1 ;:=�� G �y��� ;Cm B-Z�� 5 4Q N�:6� !��

;-C2�()3( ���ª 45 B/Z�� G�/�C� ;:C�� �q6� 45 F��C� �&� f�� �A� G P� Ge:�o R�2 N�:6��&� eP�� ��/��� D:*�& ®C/$8 I�� ;:w��/�� EVCH6��

C� e����ª �(A �/� F� ��s /�C� !���ª F� G � eY��/8 P� �/� �%��� B'� � ���� G �*0 �X !��+ ¦�� �� F�,� R& G¤��/�� �k ��+ := ¦�� � %A� G :=

%A� >*�� �(A �A =�A) -C/8 #�� �/��� ;+�r ( D:*�& ,%6��� F:& %A ;/H� �+ ¦C$¥ e��/� e$:& F%�:� := "��ª ?#�%�� ������� Ge�,�Y�� ��/���

� <��� �� F�= G;��p� ®&Z�� �% : �y�$0� ":�5 ¦:'� � G;:=���� GFc%�� �%�� G!�/& -+� C*� -+ *:2��8 N,={& �/��) : ÏR2 ,�Y��� �� D:&

&Å 2 xk *:2��8 8,=\ !�k� �y2 �G !�/& �� C*� -+ R�$Z� G � 5 �3¾� Ú�=�, e�8 F2 ~�� && � ?:*�8 �� Mo1 �G +��� ��V:= BC+ �5 h�3 MH+

� � D:*��Z R�$5 8,=G � � Z$\ �� D:*�� ¦� e�y2 �� Q ��h�(2G �= �� [���C� ,�H$Z�� 5 �= 4G ,%6�� ��� 5 ,%6�� 4G & \ ¡<%� F

�� ,%6��� �:�/�� �� 5 4� 0�8 F �� ? Up�� ,%6�-G ��y��� �/*�� �+

)1( : ;�����–� 442. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 442. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 442.

Page 114: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

102

�=�$��G Z� -2 $�� �� ,�H$ ?:*�5� B �%CH��� M��:*�� ¦r� ��� ~���5 r� 4 >2��� ¦� R:�� �� ¦:H�� �G ~��-�� ¦r� ��� 5 ¦r� 4 �%�

!�2Z+�G Mo��� M�S/��� d^Y$�� ��� G 5 $�� 4\�oG � � h�3 �p�G := 9+��� � e�1(k �k�%�� Fc%�� "C2 N�:6��� bY8� �� � �� [���� d*H�� RAZ$� F

Fc�5 �� Fc� 4 �� h�3 BY¥ ��= &1� ���� �� fp2 BC+ ;&1��� R#G !(K � � ���� ��c�%��� ¤��/�� TC+ "�-'8 ��kG d*H�� ®Y$� Fc� R2 �:��

Â$C-/$0� �Y�� �(A >�/�� G � 5 9A Ó� ":-Z8 ;r%6° F�c�� ;+�6�� hC8 RA1%V*��G e��£ ��+ ;ZÎ A��6k ��� G �/à � ��Ä � Tt Af© >�/C� �

e-�� ;:/:*H�� ��c�%�� ��()1(.

;+�6& ;r�� ;������ �'��� �� ;Cm BC+ ¦�� R�%H�� ������ ���� �(A � P 35 G�y��� $ª [1��� �(�� F�%�/�& a*8�� �%�� � F� :*�$�� d� G�/���

� ¤1/8 BC+ �/�� P5� GF�%�/�� �(A [1� �y��� R��\8 9]*�� �&� M�1Q ���9A �'��� !(A� GF��C�:

1 : �/�� N,=5 � "V�³ I�� ;:�y�$0P� hC8 GR�$Z�� ��/��� D:*�� �%"Y� �/� 45 �6� �+ e��r� �� e6�� �/�� dH��� F%�� P �:£ G *:2��8

Z� !,��=5 �k �³� �/�� �-2 D:*�� @�³ ;:�y�$0P� !(A� GR�$ � $#k F�, ¤�]�� h�3 n,� Mo1 �� ?:Z� �� ~�� !�k� R:� %C= G && t� BC+ �:+ �-. 1%$2��� R*� �� ;:�y�$0P� !(A D-"= ��� G C*� � �� !�/&

R�2 N�:6�C� ;�%'/�� N�k%C� T:Hª)1( Gh�(2 ���� �:�� G F��C� �&� F�

)1( : ;�����–� 442. )1( : F��C� �&� ��+ ;:�ZC�� ;�C�� ����–� 51 G52.

Page 115: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

103

¦C0 � �6� D:*�� ;:�y�$0� �+ p��k F� G ;���< �+ p��k b:0 v\8 �+��� ¦�\$Z� F� n�� �� R:��& GT����� D:*�� MH+5 BC+ r�k �/&

8,=5 R�$Z� � ��/���– �H��P� F� i/� X G��Q e�y2 ���� D:*�� �& _�J$0P� F� G�:+ 1%$2��� :�5 ?A3 �(�� �/�& Rrk f© E:&�� �&

� P E:&�� ;�%�/� a&��1 j�A F� i/� �(A� Ge�Y� R& �/� "�:& �H��P� i/ �� -:0P� GE:&�� �& ���� ,%6��� ¡<%� F� �+��� BC+ e'�� �2��

45 ���� P %"= G�=�$�� �+ �y��� �/*�� Up�� ,%6��� ?0�8 F� 45 :�/�� R& G?�)� ;�,k� N��� ;��/��� ;:�Y�� ;/�6�� ;r�� ;�%'/�� N�k%�� ®�ª ,�1�

��� Ge:�o N�:6��� R2 BC+ N�$-�� ;�%'/�� N�k%�� ®�ª � GeP�� ,�Y�� D:*�& F��C� �&� �+)�� �?/r �y2 �& �� �/� �� \ >Z$2� ���� �� BC+ (�

$�� �� ;+�6�& $�C�\����G 0P & R2 �y�$ & �� D:\ �8 �y2 �!,%6��G ¾C6�� �@ � !�%0 � F�, ,�Y�� FG �� [$V:= � h�3 R#5 ¦HC8 �%� 4

�� xk ;�C�� hC8 ���Y ��� h�3 � D=�+ I�� *��%� ��/��� �y��� V B >�/�� �/� ��G� !c«�� ey�$ZY�& � � Z\& v :* DQ h�(2 ��G D:*& �

!,%6�à ;:=�%�� F%�Y�� R-�$Z��G � E%:*�� �& ?0�� � d� "'/& NP�%z/&G N�:6��� I�� F%�Y�� _y$�� ?Z£ G �= ;&��©� !V�� ;&%/6�� G F2

Ú��V �e N,^$0� @q���C� � �� (V�� *:�0 Â�8 1�= *��%� �y��� R�SG P� {� BC+ ��/�� �y��� ;�C� := 9Y�� by<G r%6Æ [$º R& 5 ¦HC8 4

�� ;�+1 ;��.�0 K-/$0� � ¬ >�/�� $6$�� I�� ?:�()1( . ;:C-/�� !("= *��%� ��/��� �y��� ���=5 45 D:& R2 [$ª� G;C"0 ;:C-+ DZ:� ;:�Y��

)1( :;����� –� 442 G443.

Page 116: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

104

� G>%C0��� ��/��� D:*�� N�k� �& H&1 i/� X G>�/�� �/� �� � I�� %�� ;:C-+ v\8� N%H� �+��& fZ� %"= GE:&�� �& NP ;:C-/�� N%H�

�/�C� $+�r � ;:�Y�� ;:+��&{�.

2 : ?:Z��� �� �+��� ,�H$Z� F� ��s �:k GN�k�%�� N�:6��� F%�Y�� �%�8 ~��� 45– �/��& ;r%6��� >�/�� ?:�0� �� �(A e�&0 �+ ��� – ���

¦r� ��� G¦:H�� �� R:�� �� >2��� ¦r� 45 �%CH��� M��:*�� ¦r����o\$�� 45 Mo��� M�S/��� d^Y$�� ��� G!�2Z+� �%� ¦r� 45 ~��- .

3 : ¤�]�� �:�� ��$�P� �(A F� �ky�� �-= G�= 45 �= �� ��$�P� ;:�Q F� -2 G>�/�� N,+ �� %A X G@���� BC+ ?:Z��� 7��8 ;:'� P5 G ZY�

P� �Zk� �:"-$�� ;:�Q BC+ �%�� ��$�P� �(A X� G,��H$0P� ®��< �+ ��$� �+��� F� %A F��C� �&� :�5 1�� �(�� ?0�$��� �`y$�� �(A ®�ª �-'� 45 ;$:�� �r�/�� ¦r� �� R�$�� ¦r%�� 9Y= G � 9Z:q��� ¤�]�� hC= B�*� ;/:*H�� �r�+ R2 �y� �� «/8 �Z# N:u�� E%�� �&� G;:u� �r�/�� ¦r�

�& ;H:|� h�3 � G!�2Z+� �%� 45 ~��-�� ~�� �� R�$�� ~��� � G�+� M�S/��� d^Y$�� �� R�$�� Mo��� � G ZY� ¤�]�� �/�� 45 ��� �� ��$�� �2�� h�3 R2 %A� G;YC$��� ��%��� Mo��� E#1, �& R��8 �(A� G�o\$�� 45

� �= 45 �= �� [���C� �+��� ,��H$0� F&5 F� BC+ ,%6�� 45 ,%6�� �� �+ �y��� �/*�� Up�� ,%6��� ?0�8 F� 45 :�/�� ���� ,%6��� ¡<%�

;�+ N�:6�C� ;�%'/�� N�k%�� ®�º X G�=���.

Page 117: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

105

3 : F5 �:k GN,�/$�� ¤��©�� E�3 N�:6��� �k�� 9�:0%� �V*& ��S$�P� -:0 P� G�V*�� _y$�� @:*� P ¤�]�� _y$�� �& a&�� e�%�/� eH:� F�

;��/��� 1%V*�& �:�$�� N1��w 45 1�� -2 G"*:2��8� �:&�� N�:6��� M�S#� ;+�6� i-w 1��5 N%+��� !(A � Ge��£ ��+ ;Z-Æ E�6k I�� ;r%6���

*$�� F�c�� BC+ �� ���# �£ BC+ �/��� G7�� �:� �(A� G�£ �� �p2� �� ;Z[��� z/& :C+ ;:A$/�� �\2 M��/��.

"�+ ���u� ��� ��= F��C� �&� ��+ $/�r ��k5� �/��� T�� ���� �� BC+ ������ !(A ?81 ��� G96��� q�& R:��8� �/��� ;+�r �� ©��= �/&

­$�� %V���:

�5e:  F� n�� %"= G>�/�� �/� ��# �� �Yu� ) � �/��� R-/�� $+�r ��ke<���: �K� �Yu� >�/�� �/� ��# �� �� Z�# �� G ��8 xk \ �Y��� �� ;�C� K�%�� BC+ �Z()1( �� N,%)� R�+ BC+ �2� �� P5 G � �/

�%�� Gä%Y|� : )����$���:�� �� fp��� 9���� �u� �� ä%Y|� ?:�0G ä%Y|� �(A� 1$���� � := 9Y�� � R� � �/ {� �%VY�� �� �+ y0 �&� Rp� �:�� �

;/:&1G �:p2� � ���#� ;���� �3� �� � 9w���� ��$V*��� ?:*k� ��%� �� ����=G � � $2 �/� !�p2 �� >U©G � � dm � �/� {� ;�*H�� RA 0 ;:�y C2G � �� 1$���� ;:CA)� �/G e:�� F2 ��� �r� -��= ä%Y|� ��

M�,1G N�yu�� ®����� :H/� P� 5P ä%Y|� N�p2 G �Yk R� �-= � �+ �Ú��� �

)1( : ;�����–� 445.

Page 118: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

106

� �/� � ���5 �/��� >�$#�� a�0 T�� %A Ó� ä%Y. � ��� � �à 4�G � �Yu� �� My$�P� �/&G �� ���� (V º;G �C� ��%��� BC+ �ZG BC+ R*��

T����G{&� �0�8 � $�C� T�V$Z8 �� 1p2()1( .

Ó5 F��C� �&� F� ��fp�C� ��*�� �+ p��k ;º����� ;*A%�� 1�, B]�� ���� P T���� ���� �+ ¢�V$� �A �� Gh�(2 ���� �:�� GT���� ���� T¯��� "��ª ?#�%�� ������ �� 9A Ó5 ;:8�%�� ;º����� ;*A%�= GT¯��� GF��C� �&� "�:& -2 �/�C� F%�8 I�� �����& ;*A%�� !(A R�68 � G ZY�

� !(A ��V$0P� ;º���� (V�� 9A Ó5 ;:C-/�� !(A F� 45 e'�� %A 1�� �� �� j�A F5 35 G�+� d�6� 9Y�� !�k� �Yu� F\& R�� �� G"�%01� ;�C�� ;&$2 �:Ä P� �+� �� �� �p2� ;:�+ N�2�3 �3 %A� e�Yk fp��� �/��� ����

/�� >,�� ��18 fA��� N����2 G�/��� ,§� �§�� ¦C� �p�� �� ��TAf©� �16��� ��c %&�� 9/-r��� ¿'�� R'Y��� ;������ .

�Yk N1��w �%k N�-/�� ,1� X ,=� �� F��C� �&� F� h� �� �:�� F� ?Ä �+��� F� _�H& TC+ R2 �� (��� R& GT���� ,�1� �� eP�� �/���

:�1 �&� �%�� G;=�p�� 9+%0%� F%��®) : ������+ 3%�\� R�& GTC+ >%CH�

R�& À;���� �Z8P �/��� �-$k�� R2 � R§: �� G%½ G;]�� G �=� «��

G>Zk� G;'��=� [:$k�� �p2� !(A �%C/�� 45 G 8,"� ... (�\:�� ZY� �Y£

�/��� G«��� ;=�/�� G?Z��� ���� À>�/�� R-/$Z:� z/& h�3 -:= !���� ��

�23 o��G1 >�w� G�p��� ®C/:�� Y�& Z z/& 0Y��T" n%��� N%�&

)1( : ;�����–� 445.

Page 119: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

107

GT"+*< ��= ��#� �+��� �� �+%*H�� ����$�� R'Y� &Vr� ;����&

��G�/� ;=�/�� G1*��� N(-C$��� �à �%= �� GM��/��� F%�%�:=: Fy= �+�

G;���1 F����� �� �35 F2 ;���1 _�+ G�r��� R"0� :C+ (�\� � G�y�� ��

®'� & G?A(�� �35� F2 e+%*H� P TC+ � P� ;���1  Rw n�$A�� �� �:k P GTC/� Ã1� ?C< �/�� TC= R6� :�5 %A� Ro� �& À ��� ¦/'� $�Q: �/��2 �Ä

ZY� N%��� BC+ ¤%"��� y= �:/8 ;���. ��� RJ0 ;&`1 �& [^/�� �+ RVY��

�� GM��/��� ��=: A% G;������ ���� �� �35 n�1 RVY$0�. �� ��%� �& ?:*k: Ó5� h�3 �� d-Ä 45 �:# !�/� ;=�/� �:# G!f© y= R-º ZY� P5 BC+

GNf6& ��� 9/-r��: P f6� �+��� z��� �/��� eyV= xk ���� 1/��

G>�/�� d-Z�� G1*��� _�/�� GU/�� 1��8� /�Z� äY���. ���� h�3 ��

TC/� À¤��/�� F%�:� e��S:� � BC+ À �%� À%V���� @C6:� & �Z� T:�:�� &

À &��+5 ����?Z ���� À���� Z:��/$ h�(& BC+ ;=�/� ?���� ?�p���

A�23� ~�à �� �3. ��� F2 b,c�Y�� BC+ C'= !(A ;+�6�� ����

VC�;J:H Ge�fp2 F2� ;J:Hu� ���1; GfAc F2� fAc ;���1 ��� �& �^k

R:Y<� �%�]�� Ge/:m F2� `��� �:��� ;���1 �� ,�`, �,�{�G F2� fp2 ;���1

R:m ey'Y�� �()1(.

�-= GN,%)� �:k �� �%����� ä%Y|� �& ;�y/�� BC+ F��C� �&� �2� ��� ePc� ¯%Y. F2 ��� Ge��:# -�� F2 e��:# ¯%Y. F2 ����$�� ;�*< �+

�%�� G¦/'�� �� ;#1��� hC8 BC+ !�/� F2) : ä%Y|� N,%# 1�� BC+� Z�# $�*<�G Ú8�p2� Ú Ú$C� �� Ú �=VC� �+ ;Cru� ;�C�� N,%# F%�8 G �-=

)1( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 361A�/& �� G.

Page 120: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

108

¯%Y. F2���/ ?:*k � Ú/�� � �$� S$/�� �&� �� ¡�A �&� �� 9w��� ¦����� �� dY��� �&� Rq01 ��� F�1A �& R"0 � E�S�� �&� �� d��*�� �� F%�8 ¡&6�� �

$�C�� � ,%#�+C e��� B y*�� ;*81� $�� �� R"0 �&� �/� �Yº �X ;©\ ����� :*��� �&� � � G UZ:*�� R0�8 �� �� ,-/�� � U"*rG �+ MP�A ;�*< ��Ø� �hJ��G f6*C� h�3 �"�� � b�(�� ?kr ����G %# 1���� BC+� ä%Y|� N,� �

F%�8 �%-Z�� !�/& �� �-/$0P� N,%#G � 5 ��/& �� ;�C�� N,#G M�81*= � ;Cru� ;�C�� 9�8�8 �y��� �� $�*< ä%Y|� d*H�� F5 Z�� Ó� BC+

K�%��G "$�(]$& ;�C�� n%� %-�8� G h�3� � � �Y��� F5 N�k�� "$C*# D�2 F �� ¦C$Ñ 9"= �%��& ��*& {� ¦/'��� N%�� E2�1,G "=y$��� 5 %A Ó

{� �� ":C+ ,�� � _y$�& E2�1,G E�C��� G �� � � �� "Y:�8 I�� F�%[1�G A,%#� T$� !("*= G ... ��8 ;��/��� ;�C�=\ �/��� �Y£ ()1(. ���

_y$�� 45 ¦/'��� N%��� �& j�1,{� ��*�� _y$�� F��C� �&� d#1� � 45 ��� �� G[1�� �� "Y:�8 I�� F�%���� E�C��� E2�1,{� �� ":C+ ,�� X N,Y$0P� 1�� � G�Yº � ;&^$0P� 1�� F%8�Y$� T"ZY�� ��=u� F� ;:�/�� 4��� Ú;�*H�� ��/� ¾ %Y. F2 �� R2 F%�� F� N1��'�& �:C= G�Yº

�%��� "ZY� N,%)& .

�����o : �%�� Gä%Y|� h�3 F:Z�) :5 B-V$� ä%Y|� h�3 F:Z� <�� �� F N�A��� ;:=�u� �%01G 5 "�:/& K-/$0� �+ N1,r 9A 3G = Å ":Z� �3G ���

�� ¼�$�� ¬ �Y��� DY:�8 2 ":= >%C0\ ��%�� �G & :C+ �Z��& (��� \ Kp�

)1( : ;�����–� 448 G449.

Page 121: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

109

E-C2 ��� eN1��w n��()1( . 45 N%+��� !(A� � �/��� �� ä%Y|� F:Z� �6�/�� c��& 45 f�� F� F��C� �&� ,�1� ��= Ge:�= A1«� � K T���& M�*�� Gä%Y|� ��# �� ��� ,�%�� (�� �\2� G�+�C� v�(�� ?�)�� 96���� �Zº F� ;*A%�� �3 �+��� BC+� G��� ,�%�� !(A N,%)� �6�+ �-w�

Y� �+ f*/$�� � �� G��� ,�%�� hC$& e�:/$Z� N:u� E+%w%� �� ���� -+� Z �� _�K�� GN�+��� �Y��& D��$�� I�� ��%���� ?:�0�& F��C� �&� !Ð ;VZY�� ���� GT"*:2��8 �� T"$]� �� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ �+��� [�¥ P� h�3

C8 8%+,� G�+�� �� )¥ -+ «/:� Nf*2 ��� ��$�� T¯��� d�� yJ� h ;:8�(��� ;:�y�$0P� !�/�� RY�� X GTK �Yk �-+ �u� (��� �� ��*�� ��%� �\& �§�� ¦C� ;�y+ �+ ��1 � 45 �C:ª ;�`��� hC8 R/�� GN�)��

�� �%�& � �@-Z� P F2 �:k � xk �/� 1/�� �� ;ur ;Cm �YV ��%� %&� F2� G>�/�� ?CH� ¦C� F2 G & Y C2 � �Yk �+ �C+� -C2

¡���� �+��� �(A d�� P xk GT:C/$�� F�%�� �� d:=1 F%� �(A � G �:Z� :�5 �%� ��%� �� �+ S$/�� �&� R�� ��� G����$�� M��/��� �� �*0 �� ;�&1 :

) �� �� N���� �$0 �����, n�1 xk �/��� R�� � R#�& T��¯ � �"�� G>�/MZ��� G:��;:C:��� BC¨�#��& T��¯ -= G()2(.

��W��o : G;&$��& M�*��� G1%^. F�� �Y��� �*k N%C�& �6�� P� GN%C�� ;��6*�� Ew�|� := �p�8 G�+�C� Tqy� F�� 1:$�� N%C�& �+ Ó5�

�%�� G;:/-Z���) : �� �� := 1%���� F��� N,^$0�� N%C�� �� � �& P � !:���1AcG "+-^$0& ;º���� N1�$0P �%-Z�� �(2� G 3yà "H:��8�

)1( : ;�����–� 445 G446. )2( : M��/��� E�*<–� 194.

Page 122: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

110

1��Z��()1( . 7��8 �� G;#(-��� 1<5 R��8 Ó5 F��� ;/:*H� ���V$�� �(A� "$2�k� "C�� ;�:/� ;:�m �r�+ ,%#� �:k �� GN%C�� F�� G[3%-���

"H:��8� ;º���� N1p$0� 45 �,�8 �%r� �+� R�� F� �(A �� (��� ���� G ���Y�� ¦�%�� ;/:*H� h�(2 dw� �/��� F� -2 G & ��� ��/��� �+

�$�� ;�VC�� _����� k �� N�:6�C� ;:C:� : iA(��� 9Y</�� n%$Z�� � _����� ?Z£ :C+ �:��� ��s e#3%Ó� �/� F��C� �&� ���ª ���� G�+�C�

��S��� ¦�%��� .

0 ��� �2��� [3-�� e���� M��/��� ��+ N%C�� �+ ���u� 45 ®:�1 �&� ®* ��1 �+ 1*��� �� ;Cm b0� GF��C� �&� "��� I�� f© N%C�� �� n���

�%�� GN%C�� M��/��� z/&) :RJ0 �3 ;����: ¦:2 R-/8 �35 RY��� h��, ¨�/��� ��=: ¦:2 RY��� U�, ���+� ¨ k$Y� R:� �: �+� Gj��\0 � %A

��: N%C�� �2(& G>*k�� �("= �� G®�+ ��-/�� �5 �35 @$Y�� �/�C� ?:Z� N�:6��� ��= ï� �� G>*�� dw�� C#1 >2��� G ... R:�� fp��: ¦:2

d�68 �35 �Z+ h:C+ �� ¨�/� ��: _%<� �&��� ��À;C:V ¤����� G;*�/�� R"Z:= 9C+ ��r1�� G ��Z�� ­5 ��Zk� . ��� 9/-r��: � 9+�$0�

�,1� Rpà ÚM�� G�1)� _����� G­/�� F���� ­��G R:�� : G­u� i/� ¤����G ...�F2 ���# �35 ,�1� F� �&�� N�:6� "/�r ey:� : R/�� #��0 G�S$/�� Ã1� y+ @HZ�� !�k�G d^Hw= BH©� 0�1 ;*©1 N%C��

Y�&Z ...1��� F� b,c�Y�� F2 �35 D*/r :C+ ¾;/�r ����/ ?21

)1( : ;�����–� 446.

Page 123: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

111

G $�� _<� e:�� e�,�Y�� ��k�! >/� �*)�G F%H&� ;�,���G �2���� ;&��� G;:��� :H/:= �y��� !,:�()1(.

��� �� : F��C� �&� �%�� G������ ;k����) : <��= C2 �(A d� �� F%�� F �# BC+�-l� ���� G �(= h��dm � G � � ;º��C� a��� 8 F\ ��%��� h�3 Rpà v

�Yk �(��()2( . \�8� �� �/��� T�� ���� �� fp2 F��C� �&� F� ��*�� �+ �y2 �-w h�(& ~�r �� -:0P� GN�-/�� ®:�1 �&� !,1�� � BC+

��� hC8���)3( "qH+5� ;+�6�� !(¬ !,�Y8 R'Y�� :�5 ?Z� ��� R& G �%�� G"�k) : �3 �23h N�-/�� >$2 ®:�1 �&� G ,�Y�� �(�� >$��� %A�

� ;+�6�� !(¬5"�k MH+G ":= ?$�� �� � C*� �kG Cp� !�/& P� ()4(.

RJ0 �� ��%� �� �+ ��1 � ®:�1 �&� ,1�� R/Y�&�) : �k hC-+ ¦:2 �� ¨�/��� d�68 :>��� xk �35 �D�2 �?:<� � F%2� Y�eZ �& 9k6��

F���Z���G D/�r ��� iC��, �����G i8SA� ;:º1��()5(.

����� �(A Rp� �-$/�� �& ��& ;Y:Vr � G �%�� ) : FÅ= D�� D:C$&� F\& ¦C�$8 �%��� B</$8� G;/�6�� �� 8 @-Z h� À�*H�� y= GR^/8 P�

)1( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 374A�/& �� . )2( : ;�����–� 446. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446. )5( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 376.

Page 124: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

112

G�^'8 +,� ¤:& h�%� �� 0,�% GhC:� !,�+� ��+ � h<� =���� Àh�& h�Å= P ��/8 ;&#{� N8�%��� F5 D�2 j�A ;/:*<()1(.

��-;�� : �%�� GT��C� ?0��� D�%�� 1:$��) :� �� f� h�(� E��� ��*�� E�� �%��� �� >%*K� ��+G N�/�� ���=� G ��Y�� ���� G ÚMP�A � Ü�� � �-��()2( .

®C/$8 E��� A1$�� I�� E���� F� @w��� *�$��� G�+�C� ��Z)� ?�)& N�/�� ���=� G;C���� ;��:�� �:k �� �+�C� 9V6�� ��Z)� ?�)� �(A 45 ®*0 ;*:$� �&P F2 ��= GF��C� �&� ���# �� �:� ��Y�� ��� �-'� X

�%�� GM��/��� N%C� ;:'�� �/��� E��� �+ ���u�) : �/�C�� �E��� ��Z� ":= G :8� @-Z�� ":= :&� ."�� ��� R:C�� R*� B�]8 Gn���� "��� 1�r 1"��� R*� GM��]�� "��� �%� >�� GM����� "��� N%C�� �*u� fZ���. !(K� RC/��

¦C$Ñ 1/�� �+���()3( .

�%�� G�/��� �%�� E���� hC8 1:$�� eyC/� h�3 R6Y� ®:�1 �&� F� -2 :) @$Y� �:��Y��R �<�%�� Rp� N�2*� R-/�� 0�& 1V ��+ >%*K� ��

À�%��� F%�� �Y��� ;/-$� � b�Y$� "Zk >*0� %"C�� �� ;�:/�� �� f© h�3 X G"::/� 35� 9A ;º�$Z� N���# Ó\2 DJ��� N\�� Àn��� F�� �VZ��

¦H�� æM�%A b1�� e-:Z� G ��+�� e��S:� �& R:C�� G1"���� Ó5� � ��� 9�/�� �VZ�2 %A� C��+ a0%$�� �& �< R:C�� 1"���� �%��� ;-C��� := BC+

)1( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 384. )2( : ;�����–� 446. )3( : M��/���� �/���–[ 1 –� 81 .

Page 125: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

113

M:'�� �'& �%�, M:'�� �VZ�� BC+ G;-C��� F�� �Y��� := ;�2 ;'��� �� ?/8 1"��� "=�68� G := ;#$.� 45 �%� �� �%��� ;�%�$� À!%½ �VZ�=

�Zk� �� ,�1� F� Gd�6� ��� �� 1�,� �Yu� 0�1����; �� �� * h�3 GR:C�= �� �� 4/8 %A� b�r� �Cq���: "F5 ;J�� R:C�� 9A ��� e\<� �%���

y:� "�(A� �y��� �(�� P �/H� G := P� ¤��$+�()1(.

�� �� : �%�� GM�$�P�� ®�/��) : F5 �3 �23 M�$�P�� ®�/�� p+�%& ��h �&� N�-/�� >$2 ®:�1()2( �/8 I�� Ew�|� N�q�, ����� �(A R���� G

F��C� �&� ���� GR/$�$= �Y��� ~��� ,�c ¦<�%/�= G�/��� �%� BC+ �+��� �� ;H:£ �/��� T¯� ¬ �k� I�� ��%k��� �w���� ������ !(A �� [��

/& :C+ ?/6$0� F5 �+��� +, F� F�= G�/��� T�� !(A R2 Y/Z8 P� � F� C2 �(A) 2�$�5 D�� 4Q��G :C+ ZY� !��� P� ()3(.

�� �p2� �/��� T�� ;:�×& R6$8 n��� e<��� ;�&Z�� ������ ;Cm 45 _'��9A� G ��%k�� -�� _���& K68�:

1 : �%�� G��/��� D:*�� �Z� R*� ���� ���� ;:=��� dw� : M�& ��:�� �� ;:=��� BC+ D:*����� Z�� ©%r �'/& ^"G ":C+ �y��� i*�� 5 4

Q!��G � �5 Ã�= "C. "/w� :C+ ?/r ;:=��� BC+ D:*�� M�& �+ RY© F

)1( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 377. )2( : ;�����–� 446. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446.

Page 126: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

114

;�C� N�=� M9W()1( �³ %&� "�*H� F2 N��Y�� !(A F� 45 ®:�1 �&� 1�� ��� G � BC+ �%�� G!�/) :F2� %&� �³ �6���? ;:=��� ÀD:*C� ®C/:� � c^+�

G1��6�& h�3� %A ���6$�� G�/��� P� v\� & e�fp2 P5 �+� d�6$� ?:*V2 G q����� >�%6��� F� P d�6� �+��� e$:& P _�/� $:=�()2(G ����

�%�� C/= �� ZY� �p$0= ����� �(A c�$k�) : f© U� P �#� h�3 9/*< G;Cm P� 1��� G :C+ R& d�r� Z���T: ���� BC+ � G!��1� � �-$�� 9ZY� � ®:C� & �� �%��� �/& Gh�3 i&\= :C+ T:Z��� Up�� : R/=� h�3 := -2 R/Y� �� i*� D:*�� C2 BC+ G;:=��� �� 1� h�3 V��ÏR �9C+G P� iºS� �+ G�,��� P� f]� 9C+ eJ:� �� �Y� T:Z��� G���� P5 N1���� I�� P �$/� ¬ �� BC+ ;"# @:��$�� ��Y��()3( .

2 : ®�ª N1��w BC+ �:2\8 �(A � G!��+ � ?0�� P �(�� D:*�� ,/*$0� b:0 45 �:0 d� ?0�$� P � �/*$Z� �:k GE:&�� �& ;�%'/�� N�k%��

�%�� GN�:6��� M�S#� �`y$� ?Z��� & ®:��) :�5 D:*�& �<�� @Ð �3G �� �� 2�$:C= !��+ �(�� ?05 �� /w%� 4 & ®:� G=Å �� ZY�& R�$Z� D:& R2 F

®*85 ;*0��� PG M�� -2 ":= f�$:C= ( E:&�� �& ;�My�� ®:�ª FÅ= �(�A� G �:+ %A ;�My�� !(A ®�º � fÑ BC+ R-/��� C#� D-:�� �(�� ¤�]���

N�:6�C� ;�%'/�� N�k%�� .

)1( : ;�����–� 446. )2( : N�-/��–[ 1 – � 378 )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–[ 1 –� 378 G379.

Page 127: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

115

3 : ��� ;/#��� �%�� G $&$2 �� ���Y�� �/& �/) : �/& !�/� d#�f�� �� �y�� ������ @:��$�&G j�$�� BC+ & �'� P� 5 {� ÕC*� � �3 = N,#Å {� F F%$Y� FZ�

!�/�&5 ���$��� !��= E*� %A 3� $º�()1(G @:��$��� ;/#���� �q$� n�k5 ��� n%$Z� B��8 P ;Y:/w E:&� ��+ _%�%�� ������ �� Af© n%$Z� �� ¤�]��

���� �(A F2 F5� G"2�8 ,,�$� P� �+��� BC/= Gn���� N�:6��� E:&� �� T^�� �� �(�� RC�� �� N�:6��� 9�� 35 GdY��� � n�#� ���� G :C+ e*/r

e:�= n%$Z�� ;/:=1 N�:6� �-w ¦:/w D:& ,%#�.

4 : ,/$&P�� G?:2��$�� �� @6=�� �-/$0� I�� N��%�� äY��� ����$0� �+ �� ;-C��� >��+5 f:]8 �� N1��'�� >�81� �+ ,/$&P�� F���%�� "���$0�

�%�� G�/��� N1��'� ;:=�6�� "$:�&) : �y��� �� := R-/$Z� P�5 �� P �� @6=?:2��$��G = A�^":C= ;:�ZC�� E�1��'�� �� ����� Å �+ �y��& �Ø8 t

;�*<;©y*��G �k ��� ���� � FZC�� ;-q BC+ �%�� � �� N1��'�� >�81�5 %A 3 "�+ ���/�& "�� ;/05;�C�� �� BCp�� ;���H�� 4()2(.

5 : �y� �� ;:'��� !(A 45 ®:�1 �&� 1�� ��� G?:2��$�� �� ��/�� >�$#� ":= �%�� I�� G�-$/�� �& ��& ;Y:V6� w�+) : j�5 +%$���G� FÅ= �+%$��

h-CZ� 45 G�:�/$�� �:�/$��� %A �(�� hC"$Z� Gh:�/� ���� Gh¯Y�� ��� �1�, �/� es�2 �-$C:C= � e�Y� Àes�2 FÅ= ®k �/�� ���¦�� �YC��

G¦����� ��� -"�k F� -t%6� -+ ��ZY� -"�^"��()3(.

)1( : ;�����–� 446. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446. )3( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 383.

Page 128: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

116

�%�:= �F��C� ��&� ��� ) : ?�$Ä��e'� � ��/�� !�"# ?:2��$�� �G� 5 �6�� Ó ®&Z8 :�/� D�2 � "��� ¯Y�5 T"Y�� 4( �� ��fp��� M�1� ��# �(A� G

;�%"Z�� 45 R:��� �:�/$�� �+ ,/$&P� N1��w �%k �:©y*��� B������ ,����U/�� ���8 .

6 :�� ��� ;w���- �%�� GN,�/-) :�5 �� 1(/8 �3 C2 �(A �/& �/�ÜC=Âw��f G Â,�/�� !G = Å F �;º���� M��$�P& 1�� ��'�� Rp� G j�$�& ¦Ä�

{����()1(.

�/��� ;+�r �%k ;������ M�1�� �� ;Cm b0 F� �/& F��C� �&P �-º� �� -C/8 !%#�� �1 �&� 45 �� � d#1� �� -�� ��� >$2 ®:

%�� À :�5 ,�S$�� ,�1� �� �k�� GN�-/�� F��C� �&� �) : ;+�6�� !("= ;C-)&� ?Z£ ��'k � "�� ��23 ��� ®:�1 �&P N�-/�� >$2 Ý%$Z� "-C/8�

�")�G ��� � h�3 �� ;:]*�� :Y= >$��� h�(& :C/= h�3 MY:$0� ,�1G !(A� ;:=2 N(*�()2( . �k*�� ,+ ���� +� N�-/�� 45 ����$Z� E�1��� z/& �� Ã

� �� F��C� �& À �(A F��C� �&� "�0 I�� ;-:��� 1�=�� @:w%$� h�3��²�.

)1( :;�����–� 446. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446.

Page 129: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

117

l #�D�� am�2�:

I�� �'��� 8,/2 �/��� �q6� := �2(� er� e&& F��C� �&� ��/� � >�%&�� �� fp2 �/��� �q6� �%k !M�1Q �p� ���� G!��+ D��%�

�YC��� �/��� ;+�6� N,%�/�� ��V:0� GAf©� b�(��� ;/�6��� d*H��� �/��� d'�� GE��Y$�� !(A d-^$Z� F� �k*�� �� ��/8� G;-¯� ����+ K

� �q6�"��� GF��C� �&� ���& �/��:

�5e :)��P-�� :

xk �+��� BC/= G�:�/$�� >�$#�� G?:2��$�� ;�%"Z�� 45 F��C� �&� +, F� e��:# !�/� F%��) � "�� �6�� Ó5� G!�"# ?:2��$�� �� ��/�� ?�$Ä

T"Y�� 45 ¯Y�� ®&Z8 :�/� D�2()1( � %A ?:2��$��� äY��� �� 1$��= G �%�� G ��� A1:/�� ;�%"Z�� ��� %A �(A� GT"Y�� BC+ ey"0 F2) : P�

�A(�� 45 ¯Y�� ®&Z8 :�/� D�2 �35 P5 ey"0 �/��� F%��()2(. �� �:�� �%�� �:k ®:�1 �&� n�� N�-/�� EM# ;s�� N%+��� !(A F� h� :

)Ü��Â�-$C: � �� �y��� � �"0�RG ��� �6��� � �+����G ��� �/�� � F2 eVw�� e:C# G���_�/ �&Ú���Ge ��= �� z/& ����$��: �� �/��� � �0ÚJ�R �+

!�/�()3(.

)1( :;�����–� 446. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 446. )3( :-/�� N�–[ 1 –� 367.

Page 130: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

118

�����o :)F�2T��:

�, -2 �SÂ�8 t� ;:�ZC�� E�1��'�� ?�W� G�/���� ;�k�6�Y�� Ú��S$�� 45 �+ P� ;k6Y�& !�/� TZ� xk �+��� BC+ F� i/� X G;©y*�� ;�*< �+ �y��& ;�%]C��� ;�%V��� E�1��'�� d�� P F�� G;V:6Y�� f© äY��� ���$Z�

��*� F��C� �&� F5 R& GAf©� G;:=�6��� 8 Z� !,�� ;k6= ;�\ �� ����� ?:2��$�� �� @6=�� ���$Z� F� �+��� �� ���� �:k G�y��� %A à ;/0�� ;��1, BC+ F%�� F� 9]*�� �+��� F� i/� X G;:�ZC�� E�1��'��

�%�� G@6=� %A �� @:6=) : �� @6=�� P5 �y��� �� := R-/$Z� P� 1��'�� �� ����� ?:2��$�� �+ �y��& �Ø8 tÅ= GA�^":C= ;:�ZC�� E�

;©y*�� ;�*<( )1( ��u� FZC�� ;-q� �� ��,��$�� E%r 45 8%r T'�� G �%�� GN1��'�� >�81� �� ��%�� BC+) : �� ��%�� BC+ FZC�� ;-q� ��k ���

0 %A 35 N1��'�� >�81� �� BCp�� ;���H�� 45 "�+ ���/�& "�� ;/�;�C�( )2( $�C� D��ª �-= GT¯��� n�� ;�C�� ®�ª� ;k6Y�� �& a&�� �A� G

�+ :�]8 ;k6= �3 F2 G�/��� ;r%6��� ;:&�/�� ?:�0�� BC+ ;&1��& ��-$8 � �� �& P E�1��'�� 45 \^C� �� F� i/� �(A� GE�1��'�� 45 M%^C��

"�+ :�]� � ��� �:� 35 G;�C�� ���.

)1( :;�����– �446. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 446.

Page 131: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

119

��W��o :¡�R���:

äY���� U/��� G�¬{�� ¤%-]�� �+ ,/$&P& P5 ®�V$8 P ;:r�� !(A F5 !(¬ TA�/� �%-Z� F� 45 M��/��� F��C� �&� +, ��� GN�/��� ;*��]�� ;:�%u�

�%�� G;-Z��) : ��6���� äY��� �� 9�%u� �+��� ?�^$:��()1( �YC�= G , �%º ?��]�� e��=�� e�C� F2 �H� e*��© �YC�� F2 �35� G�6��� T"= F�

?:2�$�� �Ð �� d�Z�� n�� N(C�� >:© 45 �,�� X ?:2�$�� ;Cm �+ #%& ;��/��& R¥ ?:+ �("= �/�� �%C& �+ e��6�� �YC�� F2 �35 �� GR�2

+��� BC/= Ge6�� F%�� j�1,{�� d:'8 �r��� F� G�+ �� !�/� F%6� ÜF� �K ;+%w%�� U/�� �%C& �+ N�6��� äY��� .

��� �� :¦�T�!� �; ���-�� 18�&/� �� ��&��.

�+ �y��& �SÂ�� 9�%u� F� -�= �+ ¬ �Ø� �($*��� 9�%Z�� FÅ= ;©y*�� ;�*< �� Ge'�� ;©y*�� ;�*<) TK%�2 GN�qY�� ��+ �� >��� : N1k 1��� M-Z���

;©y*�� ;*81 �+ �/*� N�qY�� ��+ ;�*< �� >��� � 1���Ã� G��%=()2( F���=� G N,#{� R:C� C/# ;:r�� !(K E�%*���� E:�&��� �/�– �&� ��1 ?Zk

F��C�– !(A := �%��k� �%VY�� -�� � �/��� �� �%��� �(A �� �p$Z� ��� �($*�� �+ & ���/$&�� G;:r�� U/� F� G;+��& h�3 �+ ��� GN�p�& ���$Z��

N,#Å& "^Z� R/Ä� G;�($*� "C/Ä X 1%"-)� �& ;����$� E+%w%�� hC8�%VY�� BC+ �,#5 �6� �(�� G;*/r e;-"� .

)1( : ;�����–� 446. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 446.

Page 132: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

120

��-;�� :w�/� u���� ]&��� �J§ j�6��� �� ��&��:

A��+ ¦�� I�� �q6�� R#� �� ;:r�� !(A F5 45 +, �:k GF��C� �&� h�(& i/� %A� Ge+%*H� �y��� F%�� F� N1��w) $/:*< DC-2 �(�� �y���

�� ,%6��� �:� >H�� N1*+ �� G �� ,%6��� �%��� N,=5 �� $:^0� & ���� G;�8 N,=5 !f-w � /�0 �:Y� F� & �6�� TC�$�� R& Ga�= ®H���

;�:o� ;�P, BC+()1( B'$�� �y��� ;�&H� i/8 I�� ;©y*�� �%"Y� �:+ �(A� G !�/� ;:r�� !(A � ®�V$8 xk �+��� BC/= �(�� G�u�) ������ ¾;=�/�

�u� B'$�� ;:�YC�� ?:2��$�� ®&H8 ¬ I�� ��k��� ... �� D���$0� I��� ���%��2 E1r� >�/�� ;]�()2( . %�� ��k� h�(& �+ ��� U/�� TC+ ���

��%k� �� & a:º �� ,�0{� F%�� ®=� :�5 ��Z�& ��Z�� ;�y+ T�ª I�� G�u� B'$�� �:Y8 F� ;��/��� ?:2��$C� �-'8 G��k��) !(A �� �6� ��

U/�� TC+ ���%� �� >��+{� ���%� RC� �u� B'$�� N,=5 �+ ?:2��$�� ;�&H�� �+ e��r� F2 ,��+ %A �(�� R-"�& ®u� �u� B'$��

E�%��()3( . �/��� ;��� �� aº X 8�p2� d��*�& d�%�� F��C� �&� �+ ��� ¦�p� ¦:�\$�� T�. d��*�� �� �� ��:p�� e��/� ~�$�� -�:& G;©y*�� ;�*< �+

,%#� ���$Z� � R&��� ���� Ge+%*H� !�+� ;/�6C� ��= ?:2�$�� d��*�� Ge�Zk 8,�c Rr�� �(A �/& ;/�6�� := EM# %� �/��� �(A F� �2� ��= e�CH�

G���$Z�� %"= ":= ¦C�$�� ��) �+ ;CY]�� 45 f6� ��/�� "YC�8 F�

)1( : ;�����–� 451. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 450. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 451.

Page 133: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

121

P� Ge0�1 ;©y*�& ?A(8� "Cr� �� N,={& R�$= �y�C� ;:Cr�� ?:2��$���:ZV$�� hC8 P5 �y��� B�*�E()1( .

�� �� :sI_��� s-S��� )I��¨� : N,={� ®�ª �o5 A,1�� F��C� �&� F� G"$�&0 Tk1 �� [�Ñ ;:r� 9A� "��ª F��� G;:k� �� K ;/&8 "C/#� G;:k� �� ¦C�8 F�, �u� B'$��

1�� � P5 G�/� "�� %C¥ ,�� P ;:r�� !(A� G;:k� �� "$�&0 ®�V$& F� G e�,/&� ?:2��$�� 9H/� �(A� G�/� R2 Rr� N1%6��� �/��� d*�� �:��

F��C� �&� �%�� G;:=�k �� ;:-^/� f© n���) : B'$�� N,={� !(A d*$� � ��� ?:2�$�� F� GEPP��� _�r\& U/�� �& ?:2��$�� ��$�� ��Y$�� �u�

45 �A(�� R�$�� � G�/� BC+ dw%�& ":= F%�:= G "*� �� ��SC� �� �cP e�c� : /w%� 1��� %A -2 ;��2 �� N1/$0& �5()2( F��C� �&� 1�� ��� G

�%�:= G�/��� ;:r�� !(A ®�ª o�º �(�� �o�� 45) : h�(& ��YC� R6º� ��� N,={� R6ª -2 N(� ��$�P� �� �%���& �Y¯ "/:m F� G�

, N(C�� >*0� �� �Y���� G C:�()3( �� ?�# 45� G �r�+ BC+ �/��� �-$ F%�8 �:£ G;�%�/�� ;:�Y� ;��c ,%#� N1��w BC+ F��C� �&� �2� G;:�:&

�%�� G[%^-�� ¦C�$�� P %Y/�� ,��k) : ;:^Z�� !(A �y��� ?:2��8 d*$� � �/& G��S$��� �ZV$�� �� >��w ;�r�& � I�� N,={� �-2 G ":H/8 t\2�

�8 �� ;k6Y�� ®��1 �& ;�c�%��� G�^0�� ®:-m �y��� RG �Z��& -:Z�8� ��k�� ;YC$���G �& ;�&H��� G :�/� �� 9Y�� �+ j�$��� �YC�& ;�1%$���

GU/��� äY��� �& ��^$�� d�:� GE�,'$��� N(�� ®��1 �y�C� R6ºÐ��N,={� BC+ N�q�c "C2 �m� N�yk� �()4( .

)1( :;����� –� 452. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6��–� 451. )3( :� 1�6��®&Z� –� 451. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 451.

Page 134: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

122

��� � :V��/� + ��2��5�: D:& �+��� S#%� F� �ZV$Z�� �� �:C= G�k�%�� D:*�� �Ñ ;:r�� !(A� �%�� G�+��� �� ,����� 9�:�u� T"Y�� F�, �%º h�3 F� GNfp2 U/� �k�� :

)=Å F ��%� := l�:�/8 T"Y�� BC+ G � 5Ó D�2 � �� 1$��� � e�*< ¯Y� BC+ :�/�G � ��Ý�G = Å e�%�k F2 Nfp2 U/�� D�2 FG �%]�& �A(�� R-/$0�� ":C+G y*�� �� 21�� MY:$0� �+ b�(�� d�-= ;©()1( ¯Y�� D�=�%8 F5 D:*�= G

d� ®=�%$�& #Y� �&� BC+ F��C� �&� >+ ��� G,%#� F2 :�/� d�8(80� �A(�� �2 45 "�k,c� �,�:= G�k�%�� D:*�� Nfp��� U/�� ��º ��

�%�� G�r��� 1"�$0� �%]���: ) ��%:� F2 �(K� �/� F%*:/� �� T"§1 �� �� �+� ;#Y� �& ��& � :�/� N�p�� ����G D:*�� "�k,c��

�k�%��()2(. ���;�o :?� !� + ��J��� :

� ,�1� ?:�0�� BC+ �Z��� BC+ �N1���� hC$s F� �+� R�� F��C� �& hC8 �0�8� ,:$+P�� ;&1���� F���� �y� �� �/��� >�/C� ;r%6��� -2 G4��� ;�*H�� �/� �� ;/:=��� ;*8��� E�3 Nfp��� 1/��� �Y£ ?:�0��

4��� ;�*H�� RA� BC+ �Y£ (-C$$� �� F� 45 1�� �� N,%g F%�:0 -�� FÅ= �/� ?:6� �� � 45 N1�5 �(A � GRrk h�(2 ��/��� G;�*H�� hC8 T�� ÍZ�$0� 9A ;-"C$Z�� ?:�0�� F� G>%C0�� -:0 P� G�:C�$�� �� �=u�

– e:=�k ��� � F5� – P GN,��. ?:�0� ,%#� i/� X G;¯%Y|� 1/�O� "�+ [���� �=VC� ��s.

)1( : ;�����–� 446. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446.

Page 135: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

123

��� �K :)�K�8�� �I�g��� :

xk� 8+%w%�� :�/� e��C�� �+��� F%�� F� �6�� F��C� �&� ��� � � ,�1� R& G��%6$��� f*/$�� ;���< F� e6�� e=�r e:&�+ e&%C0�� eP�%�� R���

�� GlF/� �� ,�1� � �%�� F� ;��u� R2 � � G;©y&� e=�r� e�%½� ;]� hC8 BC+ !�r�� �� ®*H�� à T���& ��*�� G �Yk � BZ�� F� � ��$��

�%�� G¬%C0� ¼�$��� "�%01 D:Z� I�� Nf�(��) :5 h�3 F:Z� <�� �� F N�A��� ;:=�u� �%01 B-V$� ä%Y|�G 5 0� �+ N1,r 9A 3 "�:/& K-/$G

=Å ":Z� �3G �� ¼�$�� ¬ �Y��� DY:�8 ��� = >%C0 2 ":\ ��%�� �G (��� & :C+ �Z��&\ E-C2 �� Kp�� eN1��w n��()1( �q6� �� F� i/� �(A� G

��%6$��� f*/$�� ;:8�(��� ���^$�� �y2 E:< ":�5 1�� I�� �/���;©:6���.

��#$�� ::�&�� u�F:

F� BC+ F��C� �&� �2� ) ZY�& R�$Z� D:& R2()2( �$0P� !(A �/�� G ;:�y � ���$0� � �35 !�k� e*:2�8 �� R/W 8,=5 �:Y� �/� BC+ �%$º F� /w%

w�© � e:Y� !�/& �� C*� à D:*�� ;�y+ ¦�� � ZY� D�%�� ���� G G�/� P e�Y� dH��� %A _�J$0P� F� �%C/�� G_�J$0P& /H� ,�1� R& Ge/<�

BC+ n%�� ;�%�/�� N�k%��� h�3 � G;:�YC�� N�k%�� �� N�:6��� M�S#� a&1 �%��) :M�� -2 ":= f�$:C= ;*0��� P5 ®*8 ��()3(.

)1( : ;�����–� 445 G446. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 446. )3( :��®&Z�� 1�6–� 446.

Page 136: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

124

] �#�� U2T��

) 7\��=^#��� ��-�� A�� + )I�J���(

l );�J;.

l �S��� >�. l )*�� >�. l ���&�� >�. l ?�!� >�. l �J|��� + 7#oe.

Page 137: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

125

l );�J; :

1 F��C� �&� ��*� e�M�& ��/�� FZC�� �%C/� *:8�8 �%k FA«�� BC+ Tq��� �� M-C/�� ,�� ��� G>,�� TC+ � F:*�� TC+ � ;]C�� TC+ � %V��� TC/&� ��(��

A%�å� ;������ F��C� �&� ,%"# BC+ �%/C<�� @CH6� �-/$0� BC+ 81��& )FZC�� ( BC+ >�/�� ;�� ;�%]C�� N��p�� BC+ ;�P�C� ;�� ;��� G�%6�� #�

��%� �:-u� �*+ 1%$2��� �%�� G�%-/�� #� BC+) : (�� F��C� �&� F2 ��� ��� �%"Y�& ;�%]C�� ;C:6u� BC+ ;�P�C� FZC�� �-/$0� �� b,� F���

T��� �� ;��� ... ;:8%6�� [1��� %A ��� �%"Y�� �(¬ ;]C�� Rr��  F� I�� ;*2��� A1��r5 �"# T�+\& FZC�� �%�� ... P ;*2��� [1��� !(A�

E%6�� ;/:*H& e'�� �%�8 Ó5� A1��rÅ& P� "Y:�\8 ,�^à P� G��(& �%�8 /&$8 ;�k� !1�����()1( �%C/�� !(A  F� n�� F��C� �&= G) ;�1��w "$=�/�

�� "C2 ;:+���� ��k�� (�\� 35 ;/����� RA� BC+ ;]C& 9A� ;�Z��� >$��� �& y= T�]� �� �y��� ~��� >�+ �/&$��� ;&V6�� �� "$C��� >�/��

;/����� TC+ ,�1� �� FZC�� �(¬ ;�C/$�� �%C/�� ;=�/� ��G � 8 �:2\$�� E�Y$ e�= ":C+ �y��� �*$� -*Zk �y��� ,%6�à ;:=%$�� "*8��� E�Y$&

e�=()2( �� G n��� e+��= F� Ga�= �%C+ ;/&1� BC+ A�6�� C/# � �(A R/ �%C/& �yHwP� ,�1� �� T� P �����C���� U#�)� A�23 FZC�� �%C/�

Rp� G;/����� : ¤��� E*2���� b�$�P�� a��� �%���� ¤��/��� d��*�� �%C/�� !(A �+ M�]$0P� ��s P e/*< �+��� F2 F5� G�/��� I�� ;/&1��

)1( : �,�� ���C� ;:�Y�� �0��–� 117. )2( : ;�����–� 424.

Page 138: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

126

T$"� �(�� �V*�� �-w K��8 �%Z� � �(A R/�� GF��C� �&� ¬ BY$2� $���� �+ R6Y�8 P �%C/�� !(A !M�1Q F� Ge���� F��C� �&& 4��� ;#1��& d'8� �/��� T�ª ;-¯� ���%� 45 eP%r� ;���*�� (�� K ¾R�r��� I�� ;������

�C� e�,��k� � e�,��kh�(2 �p.

A�+ �� �/à G;:��, ��� ;"#� �� �%C/�� !(A ;:�� 45 ���� F��C� �&� F5 �%C+ 9"= ;C:0%�� �� ;/����� TC+ 9A ;�]�= G;:+���� �%C/�� ;��� ;C:0� ;/����& �%C/�� !(A �*81� N1��w �%k �¦C�$�� �� F2 F5� G��/�� FZC��

G;:�y0{�) ]$��� �� ®��= nf= à6� ��� � �*81P� �(A F� �%C/�� !(¬ �C �� N,={�� 1A,cP�� @$Y$�� ;��k K j�$� � 35 Gby<{� BC+ �%C/�� !(A

�%C/�� hC8 EP� ���8 �� 8c�k� �� ;p��u� E0�1��� . ®��= n�� -�:& �& "<*81� P5 K ;�r� P �� �%C/�� !(¬ �C]$��� �� ��Q ;:�y0{� ;/���

$��� 9A� q,*�� r%6� ��� G �� P5 A,%#� �-$Z8 P 9"= G������ e�f��� eP��()1( hC8 8��� F��C� �&� 16�� �� Up�� ®��Y�� F� @w�%��� À

eyp-$� ��1 F2 F5� G;:�y0{� ;/����& "$�y+� ��/�� FZC�� �%C+ 4545 ;/����� RA� 8%+�&;/����� 45 9A "$#k �*� F� F�, "$=�/� N1��w .

�R/# ��� �%C/�� !(A �+ p��k ;����� F��C� ��&� !�1���� �-Ú�  R/��) �TA�� ����� ��*$8 & 35 %V��� %A "�� � ;�P��& �r��� �%r� G �:= ��/�_ ¾R+Y�� ��

�%/Y��G «�� �� ��$*��� G �� !P%�� �Ú"�R ¾Rr� N,={� G �®k �� F2� ;]C�� TC+ ���$����G  F� P%� ��p2� ���� >��+{� _yÆ f]$8 � �+%w%� ;:�& �w��� ��

)1( ::�ZC�� ;�C�� F��C� �&� ��� ;–� 122.

Page 139: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

127

:�5 ��Z��� ,�0{� BC+G �f]8 �Å= ;C-)& G �®*� �� ��o� � G TC+ F2 h�(C= �TA� %V��� ;]C�� �� G C"# 35 e;Cm TAY$�& �y�{� G ÂDZ:�� h�(2

;]C��()1( . �&� F� �� R:C/$�� �(K ;6VY$� NM���&�� BC+ %V��� TC+ ��� F��C�**Z� ;]C�� TC+:

1!� : dw�%8 -+ f]$8 � !�6+ xk ;]C�� �w�� F5 �:k G9¥18 ?*0 ;�y+ T�º �(�� %V��� �� G�PP,� E�,�Y�� �:/r BC+ GF%�&Z�� :C+

"'/*& E-C��� n�� �� 45 �1�� �Z�� G�o� � ®*� �� G;C-)& f]8 �� ,��k �%*�� �k ;�� BC+ �%Z�� �(A ���� G;�%*�� ;]�*�� !(A F%�8

��� �(�� 9¥1$�� _� ;]C��� %V��� �& ;�y/�� D�2 �35 -:0 P� & <k� �:k G;V:6Y�� ;]C�� n%$Z� BC+) � %A ;�u� !(A %V��� ��]� F%���

>��+{� N��= 45 e�,�$0� �/�� EP-$kP a&'�� �:k%��()2( .

V�W�� : �� >��+{& R")� i/� %V��& R")� F� 1��� �5 �:k G9-C+ ?*0 TAY$�� �%6k F�, �%º X GE�,�Y�� �& ;H&'�� ���%���� ;-¯��� E�y/�&

= G,%6��� �/�& R¥� G�*<�$�� �& -�:& �/� �-'�� �%�� Rq��� F%�� �� �&� !�+ �(�� M9��� %A �(A� G��Q �/� 1��8 ;�,�0{� ��y+ ;Cm ?2�� ;-q� t� Gh�(2 ":= ���� �:C= ;]C�� �� G;Cm TAY$�& �y�{& F��C�

G;�,�0{� ;C-)� bH� [1� G �%��à ����� ;�y+ �%k dw�%8 BC+) �(A R/�� ��=|� �� ;]C�� ��� BC+ �-q��� FA3� BC+ e��H:Z� ��S� � �(�� %A �/��

0�1, 1�%# 45 T'�8� ;]C�� TC+ ;0�1, ��S�$= G���:C�$��� %V��� E

)1( : ;�����–� 424. )2( : F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'���–� 67.

Page 140: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

128

e�1%H8� ;&k1 �p2� EP� ���u� T"Y�& ;]C�� TC/� @*r� �� d� G_�6���e:�1�()1( . K EY��/8 F��C� ��&� �dw� ��� A,��1 45 1��� G�%C/�� !(

�& ;C6�� c��&5 45 B/Z� %A� Gh�3 R2 i�S�� ?:8�$�� e:+��� G�Y�6�� d&�$�� ;/:=��� [3-��� BC+� %A FQ���� ¦r%& G;:�y0{� ;/������ �%C/�� !(A �%C/�� !(A R2 BC+ e��S� F2 �(�� G"C2 E�%$Z�� BC+ ¦����� ���u� d�

F%�8 F� ;�]�� %A F%��� G $��� Rq0%�� !(A R2 ":�5 B/Z8 I��.

)1( : F��C� �&� ��� ;:�ZC�� ;�C��–� 121.

Page 141: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

129

1l �S��� >�:

F��C� ��&� ����– ¦C0 -2 – G>,��� F:*��� ;]C�� TC+ BC+ %V��� �TC+ d-$²� ;/:*H& ?:8�$�� �(A �o\8 F��C� �&� F� ��*�� G?:8�$��� ;:���

�& �VC�� := �= �(�� �1]�� � ?*Z& E^"C�� := E�p2� GN�p �%: hC8 ;:�/�� 45 R:��� BV6Y�� ;]C�� �+ ,/$&P� 45 n,� X G;-^/��

�� �& ;-q��� E�y/�� �1�� %V��� TC+ F� Ã� GE^"C�� E�,�Y-�� _%�%C� R/= N,�2 4��� ;#1���& & �-$AP� 4��� F2 �Å= G;C-^

%�� hC8 #� ����k X Ge��:/& �r��& D*A3 I�� ;:�/�� E^"C� ;YC$��� E# "��\& Ú_1/$�� ;]C�� ¦��/$& %V��� TC+ �+ p��k ��*� ÜF� &) ¾N1*+ ÚTC�$��

,%6�� �+!()1(G �6Y� ~�1 � $�� �(A R  8 ;:+%� �2(& ¦��/ hC�� �%�� G"$�Q� GN1*/) : UZ� R/= N1*/�� hC8�G 68 F� �& y= f �C� ;

K R+Y�� %'/�� N1��$�G FZC�� %A� ( BC+ >�/�� ��+ ;�C�� hC8 d=�� � G GTA��+ A,%#%& !1���5 d� Gn���� T��� n�� E�C�� �� Af© ) %A�

T�kyHr� ?Z£ ;�� R2G �Zk� h�3 �� >�/C� ;Cru� ;�C�� D�2� E�C��G �� �+ ;�&5 "Vw��� �r�G �� fp2 BC+ ":= E-C��� f© ;�P�� U/�� �%/Y�� �� R+Y�� �/8 I�� E2�u� Rp� _'�� i+� 1��²� ��G Rp��

 �� _��u� n��� äY�� ¦C�8 f© �� E��(�� 45 �/=�& 9'Y8 IG �:�� >�/�� ;]� P5 h�3 �#%�G���� P �k �� �/� R�= E]C�� �� Af© � �&

�6Ñ äY�� �� ���& P;�G X �%<� T�*<° �� T^/�� �y2 �� h�(�� �8 1��! >�/�� �y�&G 0� :C+ �� BCr �%� �/� %A �(A� TC: " :8���D �d��%#

)1( : ;�����–� 425.

Page 142: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

130

TC���G �$��� 16$�� �y��� ­ �6e�"G �16= Ú_��VC� E2�u�� T"$]� �P��� 1*$+� �w��� �� EJ:K�� ;+�6� := �YC�$� f© ,%6��� BC+ ;

"�� h�3 F��:Y$Z�G ���� �+ ���� A(�\� T"$�Z�� ;�C� 9A Ó5 G -2 �8]� �"/�� �(K ��:*r (�\8G hC�� ?CH� c^u� �%�1=� �y0{� M# -C=

������ T��� ���� F2 �(��G ��� à ;�C�� hC8 Ef]8 T^/�� �%H��� B 5:� �� " �d-Z  �� EY���� �� �&�/$Z-C� IG Z��� �d- �C�� %&� E

C��;:�ZGd-Z�� ,:$+& :�5 "k%�) A��]� X ":�5 9��� à E�ZY= ()1(.

��+ BC+ ���� �(A _%�%�� ��s�"�� �'� N:

1 :5 E�C�� �Zk� >�/�� ��+ ;]C�� ;�C� 1*$+P ey:C/8 ��� F��C� �&� F �� fp2 BC+ ��8 F� E-C��� f]� ��s �:k G�r��� �+ ;�&5 "Vw��� �� K F%�� �:£ G;:-^/�� "¯Y�� ,�+ ��+ N1%6. �PP, DZ:C= GU/�� �*�� �r��� @w%� F� ��s � ":= R& GE�,�Y� �� "��� � 1�� U/��

h�3 ;Cp�� ��� GEPP��� : � ;:&��+{� E2�u� F%�0� N�Z2� ;-w� ;V$= � S:-$�� 1��²�� �%/Y��� R+Y�� ,�V$� "*= G;:+�Y�� E�y/�� �� Af©� �/=�� U/à 9'Y8 I�� _��u� h�(2� G�r��� _�/$= G���� �� TA�k�

�� _��V2 E��(�� 45 T��� n�� ;]C�� ;�C� :�5 ��$Y8 � �(A� G�^� >�/�� ;]� S:s X Gn����Af© �.

2 :5 R�= GE-C��� f]& �r��� �%C& �+ 1%6��& n���� E]C�� D/� � � �/� �+ TAf*/8 R/Ä X G;�P��& 6Ñ äY�� �� � �& P �k �� �/�

)1( : ;�����–� 425.

Page 143: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

131

F2 F5� G>�/�� ;]C& 8�3 f*/$�� 45 �:� � �35 E-C��� ,�+ �:k �� �%<�z/*�� F� n��) %6�& F��C� �&� ,�$+� f]& ;�P��� n���� E]C�� 1

>�%6�� �� fp��� !c%/� ,�$+� %A äY���()1(.

3 :5 BC+� GcÄ{& "=68�� >�/�� ;]� N,%#%�� ;:r�� !(A �& a&1 � 0 �:� �� P5 ��X a&��� �(A F� �� T©��� ;]C�� _68P e��:k� e**

�{& u�� ��6Ú�C� 1*$+� j�A F� Gc^ �� �(�� _( ?��%# TA� �� �/�{� �%� ÚEJ:K& �6�� F2 �35 P5 Gc^) : T"$]� _��VC� 16=

,%6��� BC+ ;�P��� 1*$+� �w��� �� EJ:K�� E2�u��()2( ��� G :C+ �� BCr �%� %A �%*� ���£ 8��= BC+ �"�$0� TC0�) : �D:Ú8�¾� �dÚ���%�#

GÚTÚC��Ü�� �$Â������Ú6 �9Ú� ��y��Ü�� e�1�6Ú$Â��()3( �:� z/*�� !��� ,"�$0P� �(A ���� G G /w%� ) 45 e0:� !cÄ5� �%*��� ���u� ;©y& BC+ R:��$�� /w%� F�

T#+�� �� !f© 45 e0:� �:�� GTAcÄ5� �-C�$�� �� !f© ;©y&()4( .

4 :5 C/8 ;�%]C�� ;�:CZ�� 45 1�� � ,%6��� BC+ ;�P�C� ;�C�� !(A T ¦C�8 f© �� ���� �+ ���� A(�\� �:k GEJ:K�� E2�u�� _��u&

����$�& B���$Z�8 ;:�%� ;01X 9A Ó5� GTC/8 P�.

5 :5 0�� "=��¯� ;�C�� !(A f]8 ;:¥18 �r1 � �/& E��& ��= G¬* �� ;�1Y� �/& ���V$�&� G�y0{� �-CZ F2 �(�� hC�� ?CH� c^VC�

)1( : F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'���–� 68. )2( : ;�����–� 425. )3( : ;:�-p�� �:�Z�� ?�H& ;:�/�� ?�H��–[ 15 –� 635. )4( : F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'���–� 68 .;����� ®�. ?A3 h�3 45�.

Page 144: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

132

N�p2� >�/C� T^/�� ;H�° �-�$= f]$�� �(A >*0� ��� GT��� �����Y��� ;��$��� ;�C�� »�Ñ I�� ;�%]C�� EY��-C� �-Z��.

6 :5 ;�%]C�� ;�C�� f]8 Nf*2 ;:�� ;�%]C�� EY��-C� �-Z�� 4�� �-�Z��  F5 �:k G;-:CZ����:]$8 &� ¾\��8 �+� & Â�� G;:�ZC�� ÚE�C�� %&� �� .

I�� R/Y�� N,1 q�1Q ¤�+ 9�H��� [1�$�& R^Z:� F��C� �&� 9's � �&�/$Z�� �� ":�5 9��� à Af]8� ;�C�� !(K ,ZY�� �%:� M��# D�2

��= GT#+���) ÜF� T"�� �%C/�� RA� 9�� e0�1 ;�C�� hC8 �ZY8 G �%H�� �%"Y�� BC+ ���u�� FQ���� ®C]�:= ¬ �"/��()1(.

��/�� FZC�� �%C/& �-$AP� �& F��C� �&� a&1 �3� �T"Y� ÜF� ���s �A� ¨;:�y0{� ;/������

���u�� FQ���� by]�� �� �;:��� �*�*0 F2 %V��� TC/� dw%�� �Rr�  F5 BC+ T"Y�� = ?*Z& G �C�� !(A ,Z ��� ��k��� �r��� �:w i/� X G; G;:+�

i�, "/=�, /w�� %V��� ;+�6= G3�(���� R��\$��� \H��� aC�� N�p2� ;/������ ��/�� FZC�� �%C+ �& ;�y/�� n�� C/# � �(A R/�� G���� ���&

� �6+ P� G��%k�� �� �£ R6Y�8 F� ��s P ;:-$k ;�y+ ;:�y0{� � := �%C/�� RA� n�� ;:��� hC8 �+ \��$0 ��c �� R6Y�� F� G1%6/��.

G�+ R��& �%C/�� RA� �� �%��� MP�A ":C+ n�# I�� ;:��� �*� ~�1 � �%�� G;+�6�� !(A EVCH6� N\���) : ���%� T"�y2 �1� �� �%H*�$0=

)1( : ;�����– 425.

Page 145: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

133

*� N,�H� ;�C�� hC$�� + F%Z:�� �+�%���� E:C��� �y��� ��%�� �q0 ":C !*��& !*��� F%�VC��G �%=�� R+Y�� F� Rp� G ��$*��� >%6�� �%/Y���

�%=��G E-C��� !(A E2�k f]$& ;�P��� f]8 ���1 � G BC+ �%VCHr= :-Z8 $ e&��+5 G ey�+ f]$�� h�(� ?#%�� ;:-Z8� G h�3 �p��� G "C2 E1r�

��:�= T¬ ;r� EkyHr� >$��& AG ;r%6° TK ;+�r A%C/#� %V��� TC/& "$:-Z8 BC+ �%VCHr��()1(.

I�� ���%��� �*�$0�� >�/�� �y2 �1� d*$8 9"= ":C+ ��10 I�� ;:��� �� ��� Gh�3 BC+ �:���� !*��& !*��� bu5 �y� �� G�y��� h�3 T�ª

C� ?6���� G��$*��� R+YC� d=��� h�3��/�� FZC�� ��� ;:��� hC$&� G�%/Y-.

E-C��� E2�k f]8 ;:-Z8 Rp-$= ;+�6�� !(K EVCH6�� N\�� ��� ;+�6��� ;-¯��� ���%��� !(A ;:-Z8� Gey�+ f]$�� �(K ?#%�� ;:-Z8� Ge&��+5

%V��� �TC+.

E�"� I�� ErA1{�� %V��� N\�� ��1\8 ���� �(A F� @:Vr (�� � FZC�� ¬ ��� I�� ;:�ð� ®:�, R:6Y8 R2 BC+ R-$�� P� GS#%� õ�� G;���*�� E�1�{� !(A ���� G%V��� TC/� D/w� I�� EVCH6�� R2 BC+ �� G��/��

;:=2– F��C� �&� ��� R��� BC+ – BC+ G%V��� TC+ Rr� ;=�/à ,�S$C� �� ;6��� RY]� � ��� �2 I�� Nf" �� ;&pà D � I�� N1���� 1��� E��

9C+ d� ­`��� ,%0�� �� ;6� 9A� G��/�� FZC� �+�%� dw� N��= GN��Y��� ?�< �� �& �+ �� 9w1 �/�� dw� ,%"# �� h�3 ��/& �R� �0 � � G

)1( : ;�����– 425.

Page 146: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

134

%"= À!�6+ xk := R:� �� G%V��� ;-q� R*� �� TC/�� �(K ;:C6Y��� ;�:Z:q��� i�S�� !f0 a�� G%V��� TC+ 1%H8 Rk��� �+ e�S#%� ���� ey�%< ��*� ì�� ;/:*H& F���� 9¥18 RZCZ$& G!�6+ xk �:��8 ;���& (�� F��C� �&� !�r��

Rk���� !(A c�= ��s� Gn���� ;Ck�� �& TC/�� �(A d� R�/$��– 45 e�,�$0� ���� �(A–­$�� %V��� BC+ :

!� )F#/�t : �&� �%�� G­`��� ,%0�� �� d� E��& I��� G�:0\$�� ;Ck��F��C�) :Ï���� ;��2 i& �� ­���� ,%0�� %&� ":= ?$2 �� G ���� N1�Å&

�+ �� 9w1 9C+G ;�C�� f]8 n�1 �� G "�Y£ :C+ 1�\= G 45 �SY= "H*w $Z�� N�wu� ���%��&�N��()1( ;:�*0� 1��� %"= À �$�:��� R^Z�� ,%0�� ��

�%r� �01���� �& ��c (�� h�3 �%k �q�, _y�� F� BC+ G%V��� ;&$2%V���)2(.

)���W�� )F#/�: � G;�'u� ;Ck�� � ;k�5 p��k E:< �& ":�5 1�� I� �(A ?$2 �X ì�� 45 ��� � �5 �:k À¤%-]�� �� M9�& "<k� ;/��0

TC/�� �%�� GR:C��� ,%0�� �� �& ;CrY�� N�$Y�� hC8 ) : ���� ":= ?$2 � ��:A��Y�� �§� �& R:C�� 45 ÂD"$�� ÜF� 45 G!�/& ��( 1%$2��� R6= ��� G

¦:w 9�%�)3( &$2 ) ;�%V��� �1���� ( !(A �y� D�(& I�� ,%")� �� D*$2 I�� EY���� z/& 45 1�� -2 GN�$Y�� �p�� �� My#� M-C+ R*�

MP�K d#��� G9Y�p�� �-+ �& BZ:+ !(:-C8� G9��'u� ®V05 �� �& �� �*+

)1( : ;�����–� 425. )2( : ;�%V��� �1���� ����–� 13*/�� �6/��� GA�/& �� ���� 90–� 121. )3( : ;�%V��� �1����–� 22A�/& �� .

Page 147: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

135

N�$Y�� !(A �$³� G!�+�%�� -:AY�� %V��� >�%&� �� fp��� dw� R'Y�� ;:=2 f© t� ;�'k ;Ck�� �/8 t� P5 GF�� ¦6�& 1��8 ;:��c ;kZ� BC+

) �+�%��� !(A �'�� ,%"# BC+ \�8� �& P 9��'u� F5� G"�%01� T:AY��� N�$= T:AY�� !(¬ �-$"�� �� !f© �� ­`��� �]$�� �-$k� R/Ä X ;�&0

e-q� e���� N��*�()1( .

)W��W�� )F#/�: I�� ErA1{� !(A �/& EM# ��� GM�%$0P�� �'��� ;Ck�� 0�� �� �/& GA��23 + G,% !(:-C8� ��:A��Y�� �§� �& R:C�� �� BC

0 �%�� À �%*:) : ��:A��Y�� �§� �& R:C�� 45 ÂD"$�� � �:���� ���G F2� >�/�� �� ;�C�� hC8 >A(� ":�5 [%k� ����G "=  ( �;+�6�� >G �-2� R

¬�%&�G �+ A(��� G �%*:0�-�= "/�1Y8 RG0�� "$�,� �� �p�$��A�A�%G �� &$2 ":= dw��� e��5 1r �(�� 1%" ¾2 � R�� Ú$�?

!�/& �� ":=()2( �-25� G;+�6�� !(K ?�("$�� R:C�� ,%"# Rp-$8� À �� 1p2{�� Gd�1Y$�� BC+ S:2�$�� Rp-$$= �%*:0 !(:-C8 ,%"# ��� G¬�%&�

$��& B-Z�� &$2 !�"# ;ry� dw�� ;�,��� �A�%��� �� @w��� G> BC+ ey�2 e^'� �'� TC/�� �(A F� �%*:0� R:C�� �� R2 R-+ ¦r� �y�

�A�%��� �p2�� ��= �%*:0� GR-2�� >(A R:C�= G���.

)� �#�� )F#/�: ,%"# BC+ NS�8�� ;Ck��� !(A D�2 ��� G16$�P� ;Ck�� $2 A�p� I�� �+�%���� ���%��� D6� �:k G �%*:0 !(¬ dCHw� ��� G &

01Y�� 9C+ %&� ;-"�� � �2 -t� P5 G[#S�� T0��� %&�� 9 F��(V

)1( : F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'���–� 71. )2( : ;�����–� 425.

Page 148: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

136

�%�� G!�(k) : N�6$° e*$2 [#S�� T0��� %&�� 901Y�� 9C+ %&� dw� � &$2 ��{� �(k ":= F�(º G�-C/$-C�()1(.

)-;� � )F#/�: R�%H$�� h�3 G_y��� R�%H�$�� ;Ck�� M�& �+ ¡���� �%�� GR��\$��� R:CV$��� ,"�$0P�� RqZ�� R:6Y$�� B'$�� X _y��) : �

;+�6�� !(A �y��� �<G CA� �& _y�� ¢�k� " N�6*��� ;=%��� >�/C� �s���� ���6��G T"�:& [^u�� ;�,�� E�p2� G b�H�� D��*8�

T:C/$��G ��+5 _y$�P� �p2� hC8 T"=y$�& FQ���� �Q �� fp2 > �-C/$�� BC+ h�3 �<� �+�%���()2( ;=%��� I01�� _y�� �(A Rp³ ��� G

�� Rru� �c\$�� n�� �"�� e���%68 ;Ck��� !(A F��C� �&� 1%6�� GN�6*��� b�H� F%/'¥ ��(�� �-C/$�� BC+ !1��& ��/�� �(��� G_y$�P� h�3

�1Q� N,�/$� -2 Ge:*C0 �o�� F�= G;C&�$� �^k� ;w1/$� ;�,�� ;��*$� M �(A� G_y$�P� := �p2 ��= GFQ���� �Q �� fp��� >��+5 BC+ !1��& ��/�� e:=�/� ey�k� GTC/�� �(K e:Z:q1 e���:� F2 7���� FQ����  F� BC+ ����

���%��� hC8 �:V-$� .

) ��-�� )F#/�: 6$�� ;Ck�� �(A R-/�& dCHw� ��� GF%$��� _y�� 1 �%�� GNV��� �� F���\$�� 1<{�) : 16$�P� T"*A�(à F���\$�� M#�

fp2 ���6$�=e� �%H�� h�3 �� G C/= -2 R�� � d:-) T¬/:$0� d� h�� �&� C/= -2 �-C/$-C� Û,*�� BC+ TA16$�� �� G �p��� GR:"Z$�� >$2 �&� Rp� -�� h�3 �%-�� Ã1� � ;����� ?#u� �&�� R6Y�� ���°S��

)1( : ;�����–� 425. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 425.

Page 149: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

137

n«��� �8c%#1�� h�� /� �&�� n�]6���H ;:Y��� Nc%#1�� 9()1( ��= À M��# Rru� R�%H$�� �/& N���# 16$�� ;Ck�� 45 TC/�� �(¬ �u� E,+

p³ ��� G�:=%���� ���6*�� �& _y$�P� h�� �&& ;2�u� !(A DC°S��� Z��& %V��� TC+ Û,*� BC+ C6Y� �6$�� �(�� ��� ;*

F%$� �+�%��� !(A T�� ;Ck�� �"�8 � G?#u� �&� R/= h�(2� G�-C/$-C� 9H/� �&�� h�� �&� �� BC+ . EY���� N�p2 45 N�$Y�� !(A �/& f���

"-:C/8 b�< _y$��� _y$�& G%V��� �%�� G;�%V��� �1����) : $�=\ ¦:� F� �� �p2� �Y�� �(Aº := T:C/$�� b�<� & �º �� B6 ����$�� ;���H= ;YC$°

;YC$° F%:Z������ F%�,��]*��� F%��6*��� F%:=%���� ����\$�� ;���H� N��]�h�(2 T"��<()2(.

)� �-�� )F#/� : �C� �&� ����8 BC+ 9A� G,%2��� ;Ck�� �&� �/& A1*$+& F� ��c �� G��p�� F���� dCH�� G��^K� d&Z�� F���� ����� �6ª h��

�%�� G%A) : �q0 ����� �� ���1 � >A(�& F3�8 ;+�6�� !(A E,2 ��� F��-/�� ���$& dq�6��� �%C/��()3( F� 45 1�� �� BC+ G >r� �� ,%2��� �(A

�6��� �%C/�� �q0 ;�t ���� GF��-/�� ���8 %A ?*Z��� G;*�u� hC8 dq ;r� GNf��� ;Ck��� �/& ��A �&� ,%"g �:�� %V��� TC+ �+ p��k

&$2) ?�1+�� ?$2 �+ ?:*C�� i]�( �%�� F� ���� �\2� G : ��A �&� F5 � I�� ,%2��� ;�k �� ;+�6�� !(A �C�:� e-:�+ e�,%"� �(& �� �/à G"$&r

�%�� GF��C� �&� N,"�& h�3 � F2� G��%� 9:|�� K (���� 1��& dCHw� :

)1( : ;�����–� 425 G426. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 426. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 426.

Page 150: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

138

) �& ����� �m 45 >%Z�� �6� �� F�%�, 1%6/�� !(A >�]�& �:�5 Rr�� BC+ TC�8� ;C6Y�� ;C-� >��+{� ��k� := Ý%$0� "q-C+ �� ��A

� _(k� R-)�� E�,�Y��� _��u� 1��$�� �� ;+�6�� �p2� ¬�%&� !Ð� >�%&\& "H*w� "C2 FQ���� >��+5 D�� 45 1��� >��+{� i]�&

A�q0 T�$�� �+�%�� �%6=�G !(A !1�� %C/& �"�� T# TC+ BC+ �� �Y�%= "�� $+'& 1%=�� ;+�6��G �� �\2� V �� $���< %� �V�N �(�� Rr%�� RA� �

�� �%Y$���o�� �Ú�& i# G �@CH6� �%/*8�� -:C/8 G ö��, ?:^+ M9�& h�3 �� B8\= $�C� N%� BC+ +yÒ<��()1(.

)1( : ;�����–� 426.

Page 151: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

139

2l )*�� >�:

TC/�� �(A �_��/�� G;�C� P l;+�r� lTC/� �b��H$� >*�� �(A Dª F��C� ��&� F5 �%�&) : %A ;�%]C�� E+%w%�� F:&()1( �6�� %A� G U/� ;�%]C�� E+%w%�&

�%�� G := ¦:�\$��� GTC/�� �(A dw� ?*0 BC+ ¦�� � GE-C���) : �� h�3� = � C�� ;�C� E�Z ��/�� FZ %V��� RA� ��+ N-Z�� E2�u� {&>��+G !�C� -2 "�Yu ���%��� DH*�$0�� G ;Z&yà ,ZY�� h�3 �-$0� �

T"$H�°� T^/��G n,\8 xk äY��� E+%w%� 45 ,ZY�� G �� fp2 R-/$0= ey:� TA��+ +%w%� f© >�/�� �y2 /$Z�� ;�^A d� �&� T�kyHr�

;:&�/�� @��6� ;Y����G ����$��� >$��& ;�%]C�� E+%w%�� �Yk 45 �:$k= ��1��� ;:��G ���u�� FQ���& R")� �� �+ \��� �� ()2( �(�� ?*Z�= 
FZC�� ���8 45 d=, �(�� ?*Z�� �:+ %A ;�%]C�� E+%w%�� �Yk 45 d=, äY��� z/& E(�� �:k G;-^/�� �%:� %A� G>��+{�� %V��� �+�%�& T�kyHr� �&�/$Z�� ;�^A d� ¦:�$�� ?*Z& "+%w%� f© R-/$Z8

�6�� �2�:� �A �F��C� ��&� �,%/�� G;:&�/�� @��6� ;Y���� �%C/�� !(A ��& ;C �"Ú�'k� N\����� ¾R/Ä � ��5 ÜR& G���u�� ÚFQ���& e;Cp-$� ;:�y0{� ;/������

Ú���u�� ÚFQ���� Ú;��� e;C:0� R/Y�& ��%C/�� hC8 �@*6$Ú� G"C#�� .

TA,%"#� by�� TA1�,� ;-"�� !(¬ ��%]C�� �yHw& �:�� ~�1 � �����*�= T�Y���� ¤�+� GF��:�� �(A �*Z& ,��� G�/�� &$2� GR:C�&

�%�� G���$�� $���H�) :�-�= h�(� FZC�� ;-q� �� fp2 �G := �%C���

)1( : ;�����–� 426. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 426.

Page 152: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

140

��:A��Y�� �§� �& R:C�� h�3 ;*Cu� ®&0 F2� ��������G >$2 ":= ¦��  2�� := �6V= �/�� p��� 9q�p�� �� "C2 T^/�� _��k E* 9+&���� 9oy

90-���G "$�� � ;�© %A� 9 �?:2�$�� :�5 ���/�� FZC�� G �8\8� ��6k � B l!%#%& h�3N�wk N���+ ()1(.

BY¥ ��:�� G -^/� R:C�� R-+ ;���< F��C� �&� R6= ���� �y� �� R:6Y$�� �(A F� �Z�� �?6� � R/# ��� R:C�& ?^/� F��C� �&� xk Ú®Â*

��s h�(&� Gt:&� "k�� >"0{� 45 & ��k X G -^/� /w� ;���< >$2 N1*# e�,%"# D6� F��:�� �(A "C��& ;Ck�� R:C�� 1*$+�

�/��.

)������ )F#/� �;e C+ "CpX �-$+� �:k R:C�� ;Ck�� ���8 ;Ck�� 9"= G B � �/�� >$2 �:�C8 �&� �%�� GR:C�C F��C�) : ��:&S�� ��& %&� M#�G

;/&���� ;q�� �����& ����� ��K ?$2�G BC+ ;�=|� d� !�6$�= >/:$0P�G C2 R-"�� �� _(k� G R-/$Z�� �A�%� �� fp2� G 6��

�:�C8 �Zk� �YVC�()2(. h�3 �/& F��:�� �(A ,%")� D�$8 �) = ¦�\ � >$2 ;�1��� �� ��A%)�� �� BC+ ~V6 _��u _1/$�� ?:8�$

T^/��G �& "�� M��*�� R/^= NS-"G _�u� BC+ _��u& ;m�$�� R/#� P ;-C��� �� f��� M��$�� ;]C�� �6k� TC��� ����� 45 �p2�� ���� 1��Hw

R:C�� �6£G !�:0 �&� �:Z����� �� ":= ¦�� � .. �>$2 h�3 BC+ T�|� �� BV��� >/:$0P� G �/�� >$2 ?:8�8 %½ BC+� G ¤�/$�� := ,�c�

)1( : ;�����–� 426 G427. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 427.

Page 153: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

141

TC��� E��$�PG "Y�168� G �������� �Zk� �� M^= G �� �& �-. 6�� �Zu�..G TC��� ����� 1*$+� ~V6�� >$2 ?:8�8 45 *:8�8 ?C�� G

&� %8 ��= ":C+ T#��$�� M�M Tk1 9�G N%&� 9C:C0� ;-q� �� ������ À ;]C�� �A�S�� >$2 �1*��� �&P� N�"-)� >$2 ��1, �&P� �^��� >$2()1(.

9A� ;]C�� TC+ ¦:�\$�� N���# ;Ck�� BC+ F��C� �&� [�/� � )�F#; 4���¨� �� [S&�� �%�� G) : e'�� ;+%w%�� ?$��� ��� >$2 ;]C��

>�/�� & Ec%W � R2 := �& c²� ���°S�� & Ec%W -:=� äY��� �� EP%���� ��GN,={� ¦��� >$2 %A� ()2(.

)1( : ;�����–� 427. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 427.

Page 154: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

142

3l���&�� >� :

F%�= R2 R-�� �:k eP�� �/�� !�/à F:*�� TC/� 92�Z�� ¦:�68 45 F��C� �&� R:s F��C� �&� �%�� G;������ N1/$0P� R-�� �(�� ��� !�/Ã� G;©y*��)C/�� �(A R-$�� T

E����� ��%k��� EJ:"C� I�� ;�P��� !(A �+ �V*�� BC+ F:*�& B-Z��GC/#� " _�r� ;oyo BC+: �YC�& ®&H8 I�� ��%k��� EJ:K� !(A �+ := �V*� ���� ¦�6��

�u� E:'$�� d:mG;©y*�� TC+ B-Z�� G BC+ ;�P��� �+ := �V*� Up�� ¦�6��� C�� 9�YC�� �cy��;������ N1/$0P� 9A� ��S GF:*�� TC+ B-Z��GeY�r -¬ �%�u��

�:�W �� C6Y� d^Z& �5 ®:-�$�� �� �%�& �:Zª� �y��� ��S8 ����� %A� ��Q �� BY�� �/� �"�Å& ,%6��� �/�� �+ ;�1%8 �� dH�� d:r�8 �� ¯Y�� �& &��

h�3 �p��� -"�:& �YC�� j��$�PG ��d��*�� TC+ TA��+ B-ZG _�r�� BC+ ®C<�� �o�|� ��+ ;oyp���T0 �� F� Up�� ¦�6�� T0� %A� � := �%-C�8 �� ��� ����

n��� �/& N�k�� �Y�� RqZ� D�ky8()1( . I�� �'��� �� fp��� BC+ �%$º ���� �(A"C2 ;©y*�� F%�Y� _,��� F:*�� TC/= GA��+ _%�%�� 1�Ä �(¬� G!��+ – f�� -2�

%A � ;=,��� ;©y*��� G92�Z�� -:0 P� ������ NM*+ �+ �(A Y:�68 [�¥ � ��SC�� 9�YC�� �cy�� BC+ ;�P��� i/� e'�� F:*��� G;©y*�� F%�= �& �� U/�� TC/�

i/� !��+ F:*�� TC+ FÅ= 1*$+P� �(A BC+� G;������ N1/$0P� 9A� : F:*��� ;©y*��d��*���.

T0� �:+ %A d��*��� F:*��� ;©y*�� R-$�� �(�� TC/�� �(A T0� F� 45 f�� � �� GR��� BC+ MS)� T0� by<5 >& �� �(A R/�� GF:*�� %A� GUp�� ¦�6�� �%-C�8 �� ��� ������ F� 9"= G ��� !f© F�, E�(�& MS)� �(A 1:$�� ;C+

:=.

)1( : ;�����–� 429.

Page 155: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

143

� �k)�� ̺ �& �Y/g ��$*� GTC/�� �(A ��&Z�� M� �23 45 9's CqZ� >(A� 8�&c �. �� !��� �(�� 92�Z�& e:"$��� �Y/# �& ;�����

�%�� G &�%&� ?81�) : TKp��� ����� �k)�� ̺ �& �Y/# ":= ?$2� ":= ;:=�� f© E�My�5G R-�8 �Y�� RqZ� �S8 � � eJ:� eJ:�= �� F� 45 �V �

8�&c 92�Z��G CqZ� >(A� G eY�Q !��23 � %½ BC+ &�%&� ?81� �� ?:8�$��G �(A R/^= F:*��� ¦��6$��� %V��� ~$Y�& B-Z�� &$2 ¦���

9A E"�� �� �%6�� &$2 �� F���\$�� !(��� q�S#� z/& �� �Y�� /= -2 �"/�� �(K ;����$�� >$2 h�� �&�� F:*$�� >$2 92�Z�� C

-^k �]r� %A �:�C$��� ~'�{� >$2 i��S��� ����� �y#� ~*6�� �p2� �� T:C/$��� ~���� b���� RA� ��+ �"/�� �(K & ;��/��� ~'�{� ��

!f© ��()1(.

&� F� F:*�� TC/� d��Z�� ��1\$�� �(A ����� DYC� X� 92�Z�� �/� F��C� � �� (�� �+� G =%�r� ��%��� TC/�� �(A RqZ� DC-$2� & �(�� ��/�� ;H0�� TK F2� TC/�� �(K ���68 �X ��fp��� ®£ _V#5 := T�k �(A� G!�/& M# F� �� T©��� BC+ GU#�)� ;©y*�� ��5 T"0�1 BC+� G := ®*Z�� ?6�

GTC/�� �(A �0�� %A U#�)� ®*0� G;*:^+ ;:©y& �'� F:& := ®*0 ��� 92�Z�� F� �� T©��� BC+� G;/:=��� M�1�� �� fp��� 45– U#�^C� e=y�

– �� ) ���%� 9"= GTC+ ;-C�� U/�� b,\& TC+ 45 6:�C8 ;©y*�� D�%ª ^A��� �%r\& ®H��� ":C+ aC0 35 G�Y��� d$s � R2 �� %CÑ �+�%�� �-^C� �� G�m �� �%º P �(�� ¬%C0�� "�Y� xk GN,u�

)1( : ;�����–� 429.

Page 156: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

144

¨92�Z��� ! 9A� G!�+�%�� %V��� ���%�2 ���%�� �+�%� dw� ,�6& �5 _Y)� F%�� � ��� ;=# ;:�H�� ?��%� h*Z8 ���%�� �+�%�()1( BC+� À � F��C� �&� !�+ 92�Z�� �� BC+ ;©y*C� :#%$�� h�3 �� T©��� TC+ dw�

̺ �& �Y/g ;Cp-$� �:0\$�� ;Ck�� G�$Ck�� �& ;Ck�� C/# �� -2 ÀF:*��C$�� ;Ck��� G;����� �k)��i��S���� h�� �&& ;Cp-$� �:�.

N��%$�� �%C/�� �� TC/�� �(A R/# F��C� �&� F� n�� M�1%�� 45 N%H� N,%/�&� C��� %V��� TC+ �+ F2 � �� �/à G;] �%�� G�-C/�� ��(A P%� �#%:� :

) �(A�� ;]C��� ;:&�/�� TC+ �/& ;C�� ¢,k TC/()2( �%C/�� �� Y�6�� ÀC�� ��� %A ?*Z�� R/�� G;:�Z) äY��& ®C/$�G !�:Y8 �� G ��� �6��� ¾;�P��� ¬

U/�� �� :C+G Ú6�� I�� 1%��� F� h�3� �� �TC�$�� �N,=5 ¬ �� d�Z�� �y2 �8 E�,�Y� 1%68 �5 9A��Z�� ��� ��Z�� ":�5 G z/& 45 "'/& 9'Y�� G BC+ ;������

_��u�� �/=��� MÐ�� �� E�,�Y�� 9A !(AG ��5� ��Z�� �� E���Z�� S::³ E-C��� ;:�&�� >��+{� �� E2�u� f]$& ":C+ ���� ;��c��� ":�5G !(A�

B�*� %V��� ;+�r 9A "C2 ¾��%k� ;�P�C� ;#$|� E/��%�& ;Y�$��� 1%��� �� �C+Y�� �� �*<�$��G � �� R/Y�� �k :'$�G �� %A� �� 45 [$V ;�P�

:C+G N,={� �³ �� �� G k �35� �C& ��= TC�$-C� DC6�Õ �;�© N,={� �y2GÜR-$�� � �35� >�/�� �y2 ��# �� �:C= "�� M9� BC+ ()3(.

)1( : ��18� 1%H8 ;©y*��–� 288A�/& �� .e�fw [S�� �(A n�� P �� j�A� . ��/�� R�/�� ��%�8 ����–� 128. )2( : ;�����–� 428. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 428.

Page 157: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

145

?Zk N,={� ;�© R& N,={� �³ �� !�/� X >�/�� ?:�0� Rps ~�1� �%�� G�u� B'$��) : d0�� T"�y2 F5G ��� R TA��+ ��� ��� �/& & �$¥

�&{�� >��+{� �-2G; TK%� F� n�8 P� : R*� �� ��c UM# TK%�� UM# ��c TC�$�� ��+ TA�� %A -"�� ���$�� F� F� ,=� ��c UM# �� �-= � �-$A

����& �-$A� F� ,=� UM# ��c �� ��� :�5 ��Z�� ����� R*� M9²& R*� ��Z�� M9²�G �� �%r%� �� ���� ?0�� à ;C-)� M�S#� �+ f*/$�� �(2�

;=�/� �� T"*�G TK%�2 ;C-)� BC+ ,�0{� �:2\8 �(2� : ��c F5� Tq� ��c e� � ��c F5� Tqe� Tq�� G ;�P��� "C2 N��]$� G �< �� E%$0� F5� � ®

+{�>��G �A(�� ­�� �:Y� Ó5 �:2\$�� �+ �1/�� ���� FÅ= G �2��� Up��� & )F5( ,,�$�� �:Y� G ;YC$° 9"= ����� �:Y� ��p��� G �%�8 h�(2� : UM#

R#���G �:/& ��� �%�8 � : �R#1 UM# G 35 -:�/8 f��$�� h�(& E�6� �G ���� �R#1 ��k� �,/� P �#��� �� G I�� 9A� ;�«� F%�8 ;�,�0{� ;C-)� �

Â�� �&H8 [1� K PG �:q��5; K [1� P I�� 9A� G �� � +�%��� ?CH�2 �:= >��+{� �� R. ;:�pC� F2 �35 �$C-)� �& ¦</�� j�8 �/$�����j h�(&

¾;�Ø� e$/� ,�Y�� d&$�� e��:2%8� eP�&� ¦H/�� �/$� �� ¦H+ y& G ��� � �35 �y��� ,1%:= cÄ{�� >�<{� R|� 9'$�� � >��+{� �� R. ;:�pC�

-":C+()1(.

�& F:*�& �-$AP� E�Y8 �%k 8��#� ��1 3Y�& �"�8 N1�5 F��C� �&P� hC8 ;�1���� ;&1]�� F� n�� %"= G;*�u� ) �� �%�� �Y�� �(A BC+ ;�1���

�#%8 ;:�-��� dq�6��� G;:�ZC�� �%C/�� ­-2 �� **0� G;&1]��

)1( : ;�����–� 428 G429.

Page 158: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

146

>�]�� �� e���-+ �=�� b����� GF��-/��... G �����ÜR: T�/� TA� T^/�� ;��/� ���°S�� fZY$2 b���� RA�G %A� �Y�� �(A BC+ i*� C2 %A� Cr� G Ó5�

>,�� �%C+ ;Cm �� !%C/#� G;r� d��*�� TC+ =�r� �� >�]�� RA\& �$�� A%6k� Tt� �%-+c� Ge+�%�� �%+%�� Ge&�%&� ��,�+� Ge&��� � �%+�=� G;��/��� d��*�� TC+ F�� GäY��� ��S$& �%�%�� h�3 BC+ T"C§ Ó5� G>�/�� FZ� ��

:C+ D*/r� G(�\�� R"0 ¤%-©� A1��� ;��� GF:*��� ;©y*�� (�×� T""�+ �%=^$= ":�/�()1(.

,%#�� F��-/�� �& a&1 �� "�� GN,�/$� ;���� e��k� ���� �(A �-'$� ;©y*�� �%C+ �& �� d��*�� TC/& ;&1]�� �-$A� �6k� G;:�-��� dq�6��

y� �� ��*8 I�� �-$AP� �(A �A�� �&� G>,��� ���/8� � >���� d��Y8 � Tt�� G(�\�� R"0 d��*�� TC+ F\& �-$AP� �(A RC+ � G��%��� d�%�8� >�%&�� A1��� ;��� GT":C+ ;*/r F:*��� ;©y*�� �%C+ F�� GäY��� ��S$& F%/�%�

":�/� ¤%-©� .

�� ��� �1 �&� ,%"g , �:� N�-/�� &$2 ;:���=� RA� �� ®: F� �%�� Gd��*��) : � N�-/�� >$2� ®:�1 �&� ;:���=� RA� �� d��*�� ¦�� �X�

!V�� BC+ ������� ;:���=� RA� �� fp2 n�#� 1%"��()2( F� @w�%�� ��� G + dC<� �� X Rps F��C� �&� !,-$+� h�3 �2�� �� G :C @��r R��&� e�fp2

��� �%C/�� ~$Y�� ®:�1 �&P N�-/�� BC+ ���� R/Ä �(A� G92�ZC� �:�C$

)1( : ;�����–� 429. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 429 G430.

Page 159: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

147

��Z$� � �\& ;YC$° ��,:� e��o� TK �2(� � �� ,%"# BC+ �y<P� � e�%� �f©� � e��r/� ��Y6��� es�� U#�)2 .

���# �� %A "= GFQ���� �%C+� TC/�� �& a&�� ��/�� FZC�� �%C+ 8,/2� :*�� TC+ f�Z8 N1��w �C/� �%�� GFQ���� c^+5 T"Y� F) : �(A N�å F� TC+��

FQ���� �� c^+{� T"= 9A Ó5 �Y��G d:-g �� ;�P��� M=� !c^+5 F� -:= �-��� d� �y��� ?8��� BC+� 9A ;�%"Y�� ;�%H�� ��%k�� E:'$��

���$��� "q�$�� äY��& G "*:2�8� "Yr1 N,%#� G ^+{� %A �(A� �(�� c 2�1,5 �+ �"=�� �6�8À �� Ó5� Â�Ú1�j�z/& �� M9��� �� ;H��à b�3 � F2

��3 1�� BC+ !c^+5 �� j1�:= $�C� �%6k� ��/�� FZC��G D�2 �("C= �� �� !%/Ð ��(�� >�/�� j1���*ÒC] e��� BC+� h�3 G �y��� F0�= Tt�

8(&"#�G\& ,%#%� TA��+ b�(��� F%�� � �=�G Vr�� ( )1(.

�X h�3 e��� BC+� !c^+5 j1,�� FQ���� dÐ �� ;�*< F� �2�:� �A ,%/�� F� i/� X T"21��� 45 R& ?ZV= T"$©y& 45 P �A f�� ���� G"�*0 R:r�� d*��& TA,���5 45 ;=w5 M��/��� j1��� d:0%8 e�1�, ;:�Q���� ;©y*C�

O� 6��� �(A 45 ���ZY�� ;#k 45 ?A(� �5 R& G;/:=��� ;:�y��� ?:�0 �%�� GTAf© �� �p2� TC/��) : �(A 45 F%�� � [%k�� F��ZY��()2(G R/��

%A FQ���� fZY8 ;��� !��0 �� F��:�� �(A ?r �ZY� �"# ��� �%�� G_���� ���°S��) :� ¾© ����$�� f0Y8 �p2�¾Y�R �+ xk 1# �"¯

���°S�� ��G fZY$�� &$2 dw�� G à �Y�� �(A ��k\& FQ���� �Q d*$8�

)1( :;�����–� 430. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– �430.

Page 160: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

148

!c^+5 �� z/*�� ��*�G ���� �� P%� f0Y$�� d:m BC+ R'Y�� �(¬ ,�Y�= ;©y*�� !%#%& FQ���� �� "0*$�� ��+ ��*�� RA� �q�+G !�V$� �(A R#��

�� RA� �� fp2Z =� d� ;� ;©y*�� �� $+'& 1%G �q�+ T�k� �-= ��;�ZG �� :C+ ,��� BC+ 1�$�� xk ;21��� z/& �Y�� �(A j1��

;+�& �� TC/� �� �y2 ��#G !��$/� �'8 P� "�+ ¤�/:= G :C+ �/$� �Å= ��*�� �� ;�yZ�� d� c^+{� �� M9�& �Y�C� >$��� �(A �����

M�%A���()1( .%"= h�3 C'=� �*0� ���°S�� ,%"g 8,�5 �� T©��� BC+ P� 8�:�+ �� ��-$� � �� 1(º �� P5 F��:�� �(A ?q^+ �� & B8� �� 8M��� :C+ �/$:= �%� ;+�*�� S::³ �H$0� �� �� G!���� F� ��*�� F�%�� TC/�

� h�(& �6�� %A� Gc^+{� �� := à �Y�� xk M�1Q �� _���� �� %A� F��C� �&� �& ¿A(�� _y$�P= Ge:�S$/� ���°S�� ¦r%& ;�S$/-C� R'= �� &$2 � 45 �%�$�� �� /�s � ­S$/� %A� ���°S�� �&� ��/�� @w�� ���� �(A� GM�%A�� ��& �� := ,�� �� X !��(ª d� �� N,Y$0P� ��s

�&� M�1Q ;:���6� EY:�68 BC+ T�u� $:+%w%�� F��C� �%C/�� >Vr� T":�5 f�� ��(��.

)1( :;����� –� 430.

Page 161: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

149

4l !� >�?�:

!(K F��C� �&� �H= ��� G��/�� FZC�� �%C/& � ;Cr P �� TC/�� �(A �A¯ F� :�5 Rr%8 � F�= G-"�:& ;C6�� #� �*� F� ��V= G;:'���)� �� ,%6��

� 8�å FZC�� RA� ��+ %���� i= N,#{� 9A� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ 1%p���� T":k���()1( TC+ %A �:k �� >,�� TC+ �� G) E*o5 ���� � �%w%� P

":Y� �� w1�%+()2(G %A Ó5�) >�/�� �y2 .. d^0� ;�*H�� ­+ �/� �� o%p*� %V���� ;]C�� �� RqZ�� N,#{� �Z$�; $Z� ;��Y$� h�3 M�o� ���

& T"Y� >�/�� ��� �� z/& �23 d� >�/�� ���%� T�/� ?�]�� �¯��� "�� "�� TA1/�� d�� �G 1*���� Nf"��� >Z��� �� T"�� �23 h�(2�

>�/�� �y2 �� M9� := �¯��� BC+ BY¥ P F� C2 h�(& ,%6���� ;�/�� VY68 �35 T"$©y& 9k��� T"*:�0��()3(.

A� F��C� �&� ,%/� � F� 9A� P� G"�+ ���u� �p2� �� F2 N��= �:2\8 45 C�� ;�C� GT"�y2 �� N�$Z�� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ ��-$�& P5 F%�$8 P FZ

�%��) : -"= �/& P5 �Yk �� ;�C�� R6ª P ��G � d:m 7��8 45 [$V:= -"= :C+ ¦�%$�()4(.

�k F��C� �&� R��� � �%�:= G������ ��+ �"$�� � BC+ >,�� ) : �35 Tt5 � �%�� �Y�� �(A �k ��,�1�: A1*��� >�/�� 1/�� �Yk %A >,�� G �� (����

)1( :;����� –� 430. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 430. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 430. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 430.

Page 162: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

150

a�= t%$� �:k �� ;:+���� �%C/�� �� FZC�� �%C+ �� F����� _�H& TC+ R2 ���u�� FQ���� 9A�G /�� �y2 �%C/�� �� h�3 f]� R��� P 35 � P5 >�

���+ F���\$�� :�5 ?A3 T"C0�8� TA1/�� ;�1%$�� �� d��*�� ;+�6& T"YC2 ;:-C/�� EkyHrP&G $k= [ EkyHr� ;=�/� 45 (J�:k �Y�� �(A ?kr

e-q� F%�:� �%C/�� "-"= BC+ ()1( . �/& �3 F2 M����� n�� >,�� F2 F5�*r� F� 45 �%"Y� 1%H8 � G9�y��1%p���� �%���� R-�� @)2(.

9H/� �:k G;:&,�� !�6+ RA� ;=�p� e�,��k F��C� �&� d'� h�3 �/&� EY�6� ����$�� �y� �� h�3� �,%#� ;=�p�� hC8 n%$Z� �+ ;�+ N1%r

d� ;�+ ;Y6& >,�� � �%�� Gn��� �%C+ �� �%$ª ) : ��%:� �� �/Ð� A �%r� F� T:C/$�� ��� �Y�� �( �21�� >$��� >,� 9A� �����, ;/&1�

�k^C� �:*$��� F:*�� >$2� ,«-C� R���� >$2� ;*:$� �&PG � �� 1,�%��� �,��]*�� ­��� 9C+G �d*$= ;/&1�� !(A n%0 �� ����=� K "�+ G ?$2�

Nfp2 h�3 �o�|�()3( � ;:&,�� ;=�p�� hC8 F� �y2 �� @w�%�= G ¦�p8 I� !�6+ RA� ":=� T"�:& �� %A� � ;/&1�� ?$��� !(A BC+ a�= S�8�8 �

!(A ES�81� ��� G":C+ �y<P� Ö Nfp2 ���Y� �%r� 9A Ó5� G?ZV= -+ EwY$0� �� e����# ��/� P ��= R2 ���� G�%r�� hC8 BC+ ���Y��

C+ �o�|� ?$2 F� 45 1�� �� -:0 P� G®*0 D�2 F5� GNfp2 >,�� T�$�o� �8S:à S:-$8 �%r�� ?$��� hC8 :

)1( : ;�����–� 430. )2( : 9CA)� �6/�� ����–� 7A�/& �� .E�1%H$��� ;���*�� (�� >,�� �%"Y� ¦:w 9�%� 1%$2��� ¤�+ �:k E��< I�� ;�%�/��� ;�%]C��

��S�� 1��� d� :C+. )3( : ;�����–� 430.

Page 163: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

151

t!� :5 45 ;:&,�� ;:&%C0�� ;:�:&� ;:©y& Nfp2 �'� R-�8 ;:+%0%� ?$2 t;:�/�� ;-:��� E�3 1*���� 1/���� Nf*��� ;�%]C�� N��p�� ?�# .

)���W�� :5 N1%r 9H/� X ;�1�� �Y��� ,%/8 t ;:&,�� ;=�p�� ;/:*< �+ ;=�o ;:&,�� >�]�� RA� ;=�o  F� �/à GF��C� �&� T"0�1 BC+� ;&1]-C� �&� �o\8 �� ��= G�$=�p�� �& ��S� ,%#� ��/� P �2 F5� Gc:$�& ;:���� >,�� Nfp��� M�1�� N�-/�� &$2 �� (���� e�fp2 ®:�1 �&& F��C�

©y*��� ������Af©� ;.

45 f�:� G�/��� %A� G���� 45 >,�� TC+ �/�� �� F��C� ��&� ¾R�$��� GM�]�& $�y+) � �Y�� �(A M�S#� �� ���� 1�6�� M�]�� F2� %A �d&8

��C��/G 35 � �:VC8 %A Ó5 M�]�()1( �&� 1�� ��� G�/��� �VC8 %A M�]�= À 45 N�-/�� ®:�1C� #%� M�]�� F� ;+�r BC+ �+��� & �/$Z� �/�

�%�� G�/���) :,%�� �/��� M�]�� G & �23� �+ �� ?:H�� F� ���$�e= ���8_ :C+ %A� d�6� 8�:6� I�� K��: �C#ey -2 � ÜC= �:�h �@�«$��. %A� �]$�

Gd�6�� �3Å= ¦�%8 z/& ¦�%$�� �#1d ,��{& �� ��� N�:6��� 45 �:k B"$�� "��()2(. C/Ä F� F��C� �&& ��k �(�� ?*Z�� %A �(A F%�� Ã1�

My'Y��� >$��� ����$0� ,1�� �� -2 G�Y�� �(A M�S#� �� ���� 1�6�� 45 � N���# ;Y:¯� �"�8 �A� G�/��� ?:�0� R:6ª ;:]& M�]C� ;:0*/�� �����

� R:6ª 9A� ®:�1 �&� !�23 � �%�� G �%�=� �/��� ?:�0) : >$��� F2� er�k & T"ZY�� F�(�\� ;:0*/�� ;����� ��%�� �� My'Y��� R:6ª BC+

)1( : ;�����–� 431. )2( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 381.

Page 164: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

152

�%�=� �/��� ?:�0�G ek,� �V$�� ��� TC= NM����� ;���/�� ()1( R:����� À ���/�� ek�� M�]�& (��� 1*$+� ��/� e��:2\8 F��C� �&� �0 �(�� NM����� ;

&$2 ¬ BÐ� U"Yr�� A,1�� E%r ;q� F%�]�� � 1$�� �:���� F�1A F� TA1/��� TK�,� T"���� T¬Z��� >�/�� 1*�� �� fp��� ,�1� d� GU©��

�%�� G :=) : := dm U©�� &$2 U"*r�� [�Y�� %&� 9w��� ¦�� ��� >�/�� 1*��TA1/��� ¬Z��� M�]�� BC+ !�*� R/#� TK�,� T"���� T

e8%r ;q�� !=��� >/:$0� � h�3 := ?+%$0\= �:��C� F%�]�� A1$�� I�� ��-/�� �� �= R2 TK DYC0 I�� �0|� E$�� d�#� >�/�� F�%�, �5

= h�3 >$2 & ��/� P� ��%k��� �q0� M�]��� ��1$��� �/��� F%�= -: -C/�G ?�,�� ":�5 %-Z� I�� ;�]�� %A� G �¦��� A��+ G ���� � � B ¬ ¨()2( .

>$2 �2(� � �� @:Vr)U©��( ;:=�p�� Nf�(�� D�%2 I�� ?$��� ;Cm ;:&,�� ��� &,�� ��Y�� R��� �� F�%�, !�+ �� P5 F��C� �&� �6+ 9

¬ %Ð I�� ?�,�� ;�©� G>�/��A��+ ¦���.

)1( : ;�����–� 431. )2( :��®&Z�� 1�6 –� 431.

Page 165: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

153

l 7#oe�J��� + :

F���� Rq���� ��p�� F���� �y� ������ �,�� ����� ;2�k BC+ �dCH�� F5 �� M9� 45 E�1�5 �� E�1(� F%�8 F� ��/8 P t� �Ä ��^K� d0$��

F��C� �&� ¦�%� M�p$0& ������ �����)1( ?A3 ��� R& G FZk5 1%$2��� 5 �%��� 45 �*+ F) ���S� � �� T©1 �6/�� �(A ��� T�+� F2 F��C� �&�

fp��� M9��� !�"# �� V�s �� G�,�� �����()2( �+ ���u� ®*0 ��� G F��C� �&� �o� c«� � S#%� F� ��s ��� P5 R:6Y$�& F��C� �&� ,%"#

��� F��:� ;Vw�� E-6& � D�2 ��= G!�6+ ;������ ;2�u� Rp-$�� G��"�� N�+ ��� �o�� h�3:

1 : G>�/�� ��+ �,�� ����� ��18 S:-$� ¦�%� �+ «/� �/��� ;:A� !���ª ;����& ���o\$�� ;r�� GM����� �:w��/��� ,����  F� @��r R��& ��� %"=

:= � 1*$+& �/��� 45 F����� �%�2 G�f©� ®:�1 �&�� 9³u2 >��+{� �� �� GBY���� F�c%�� �y��� �\& �/�C� ;���� ¦��/8 z=�� h�(�� GFc%��� ;©y*��� N�:6��� ;:�& ���:k%�� ���6�/�� ;:=���� Fc%�� F%�� F� z=�� %A R��� BC+

G;:&�/�� ,���� z/& ,%"# BC+ �-$+� �� � !���ª� �/�C� Y��/8 F2 F5� ���� ;r�� GRq���� 9��c���� U#�)� 9w���� ������ G�/�C� Y��/8 ZY� ;

��/�� �/��� ,%-+ �+ T"p��k )3( GM�1�� hC8 ?+%$Z� F� �H$0� ����� À DC$k� I�� ;��/��� N1%6�� BC+ !S:2�8 ;r�� G!�6+ �N��� ":�5 ������ G"�����

�2 F� ��/& �/��� ;:A� ���ª 4��� ;*8��� ;*8��� hC$& B�ª �/��� B�:0%� DM����� >�/�� ,���� �� fp2 ��+ .

)1( : >�/�� ��+ �,�� ����� ��18–� 615. )2( : ®&Z�� d#���–� 616. )3( :& ;<0%�� �%6�� ¿�$�� �� � 31 G32.

Page 166: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

154

2 : e�%½ 8�(& ey�$Z� D:*�� �F%�� F� N1��w ®:�1 �&�� ?C/o d� �Y8� T©�& �� h�3  F� À�k�%�� D:*�� U/�� ¦:p�8 c%Ä P �� n�� ��Å= Ge:*:2�8� e:�P,�

$�P�� T"Y�� �:�/8 �\� ��/��� D:*�� ;��/� �� �� . ;-:��� �� RC�� !��� �(K��k�%�� D:*�� "�k,c�� :�/� N�p�� ;#Y� �&� �/�� ;:�Y��.

3 : ;H*8��� �'��� �� fp2 M����� ,���� M�1Q �� F��C� �&� N,Y$0� T©�&� P5 G -C/8 !%#�� �/��� ;+�r �%w%� ;������� F:Z���� �Yu& F� �H$0� ��

�/��� ;+�r ���� ���ª �y� �� ��/��� ���&{� ;:C-/� e^w� e�1%68 �0��;YC$���.

4 : %½ ¾R:s ����� Ge����= h�3 ��� �� Gb�(�� F��C� �&� ��+ �/��� ��� 1:/� ��� À1%6/�� «+ ,���� "H*�$0� I�� ;:�Y�� �+�%��� BC+ �-$/�� 9+%w%�� T�u� a&

F� n�� �� h�3 G���� �+ ��k� R6Y�� y= ®:o� �&�& b�(��� ;=�p�� �& �-)� ����$� M��� d� ®C¥ 9/:*< ,��/$0� �� ;��H= ;-:� �:� iY�� b�(��

& �$-$0P��e&Z$2� ?Z$�� Ó5� G 82.�.

5 : �/��� �YC�� ;:'� ï/�G ���� ;�%���� ;*Z� �y� �� h�3� G;:�Y�� ;©:6C� ;: [$ª P� �k�� R2 ���$� 9"= G�k� BC+ e���k DZ:� U/�� F� n�1 �:k �� N1%6�� !(A ?���$�� G;+�r� N1"�� �= 45 [$ª "$©:r ���� G;+�r 45

F��C� �&� F1�� Û1��� �A3 ?A(�2 ÀE+�6�� z/& F�85� ;:�Y�� ;©:6�� �& S��� _S��� ;'Y���[# . _y$�& M�& NM%C-�� U���� N,%)� ¦C$Ñ -�=

"$©y&� �,%^= ;]C�� 45 ;*Z��& ���� h�(2 M�� _y$�& P "�Zk �r��� BC+ $�P, 1*$+& Y:�\8 �y��� E�*< _y$�& ¦C$Ñ �-/$0P�

F��C� �&� 1%68 U/�= À"ZY� N�k�� U/��� GK ;-:� P e:�= "$©:r R*�

Page 167: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

155

;+%w%�� N,�� ;�Øà �/�C� U/�� F� 45 1�� �(�� ;���� ¦�%� d� T^Z�� �(A� �%w%� M9� �� ":= �&P �� �� G;+�r R2 �#%� -2 N1%6�2 ":= �/����

;©:6C� ;'Y��� N1^�C� ?��� Rp� G"�� 1%6�� fo\8 R*��)1(.

5 : �y+ R6= E:�&��� �/� R::�$�� F� 45 1��� G�/��& ����� ; �� �:�� N��*�� ;����$� U/�� F� 45 ;=w5 G��/�� �� 1��� �� R�� E�%*���� �� �A �0� A1�$=� %A ?*Z��� GN��*� f© ��]$� e:�= 9���� ;�%"Z��

]&��� ;6� 45 ��:/� �(A� GR::�$�� %A� P� ;��/��� �0� �%01 d� ��/)� ; �%� :C+ ���� -�:k TC0� :C+ �� BCr �� :

}:���K�e �1��} �� H� ��� �L��. ������� ���*�� �L�'|-��� ������g�; ��}��}��}.

��������I ����� ��� u|#�g�/����� ��#���y��� ���|�� ���}.�#��� �C������ ����� �#���P�h�;

��= �%01 �� CrB �� :C+ TC0�" :45 ��� &� BC:�"¨! ��= :45 G;�)� ��= �%01 �� BCr �� :C+ TC0�" :F5 M� ��")1( ��Zk ;]&��� �� ��� � %C= G

�� BCr ¿��� �,1 �F�� M-Z�� b%= Ú;�Ø��� Ú�"��� ÚM#1 �/� �� ,�1� �-Ú� ì�CÑ �%� �cS/� �(A� GeYC$° TC0� :C+ ;w��Y� e�,%:� j�A F� �� F��C� �&� ¦

?�)� -:0 P� G":HÑ 9]*�� P e�,��k� GE:�&���� E�%*��� �/� BC+ ����� F��:� F��C� �&� E+��& �� ;$YC�� !(A �/� F� ��s� G9C::�$�� ;���& �/��� ¦/w ;:'� 45 �1�� �� U&c���� 9/-r�� F2 FÅ= G�,��

%+��� �%-+ BC+ T�u� �(A ®CH� � F��C� �&� F� P5 f�� >& �%��� N ��= U&c���� 9/-r�2 �*0 �� �� GE:�&���� E�%*��� 6� R& �/���

)1( : �/��� ���–� 65. )2( : M��/���� �/���–[ 1 –� 289.

Page 168: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

156

R�, �35 ¦/w �� ¤��©�� x� �%-+ BC+ �/��� ?:6� � 45 �1�� � �%�� Ga�= FZk Mo1 BC+ ¦/'�� ��6k R& Gf�� >& 9/-r�) : �/���

���� && G���� �3Å= R�, f�� G¦/w �(A FZk �& lD&o �RV= �� �%V= G;:CA)� -C= M# �y0{� a�0 !�/�()1( �%��� �(A ~�� ��= U&c��� �� G

DZ:� � �35 ;Y:/w �� ;�:� t� BC+ �y0{� FZk 9o��� 45 1�� ��= ¤��©{� ;:�& �%VY�� �/�& 9/-r�� �y2 ek1� �%�� G;��/��� ) : ®��<

��� y+ F2 D&o �& FZk F� n�8 P� GFP f�� >& $C�,� �35 �/ f�� >& !�/� R�, -C= �y0{�� ;:CA)�� ¿��� 9o��� �� )� ( NS§�

TAf©� -":C+ �� F�%w1 �Y/#�� !�/� FP G �/� ®��< %A �/��� ®��<�%VY�� M^K�� Rk���� 1���� EYr �� G;]&���� fAc� �:��� Û��� Rp� �

$C�,� �3Å= G1�$=P�� >��u�� R:��� �-u� ;Yr� MZ��& ?:*�$��� @����� P f�� >& F()2( . ,%/8 �/��& ����� ;�y+ �%k Nfp2 M�1Q B������ ,��C��

My/�� �& ��-+ �� 45)3( :*� �/� ��1� ?+%$0� F��C� �&� F� i/� X G� ¦/'�� := F%�� �(�� ¤�]�� BC+ !S:2�8 d� "$ryÆ M#� M�1�� !(A R2 ��/��� ¤�]�� �(A ���&{� ;:���{ ek%$Y� >*�� j�8 �� -2 GiY��

�� 45 & �%r%��� ���)� BC+ !�6� �� F2 F5� >%CH�� iY�� n%$Z ��$� P �(A� G�%VY�� �� ;©y*�� ;�*< BC+� �:�y0{� �y2 !1*$+� d� z

;:�/�� ;©y*��� ;�C�� R��8 ;:Y:2 45 ^$� ?A(�� �(A F� �:CA)� �y2 45 ^$� ?A(�� j�3 -�:& G7���� FQ���� �� N�-$Z�� ;/:=��� ?:�0�& N�o\$��

)1( : M��/���� �/���–[ 1 –� 311. )2( : M��/��� BC+ M-C/�� (�×� @�%��–� 85 G90 )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 6 . :&� �+ U#�)� d=�, �:k �%6�� ¿�$�� �& ;<0%�� ����� -�� �� z/*�� F2 ¿�$-C� E

8�:�+� ��, ,Z= "C#�–� 64.

Page 169: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

157

�� �%w%�� ;/:*< �1 �%w%� %A� ~��H- ;�:w !,��k 9k := �:����:��.

6 : f�� � e/� ������ T���� �� Ge/� 1%p���� �%���� i= N,#{� F:& � ?��%# M6�$0� N���= N1��& ¡�%� R:Cª� G®:-+ ����� i= ��� �/& 45 �-$�� ?$�� �:k GFZC�� ;�C�� R��8 ;/:*< 45 h�3 �:/� %"= G�'���

� ;Cru� ;�C-C� n��� ;�C� E��< %� �� i/� �(A� G4��� N��Y�� BC+ dq*HC d�$= GK ;+c�� D�2 -2 G�%*��� ;+�0 �+ K ;�q+ 4��� ;�C�� D�2 �& P 35 G�$�C� �-$�� R6º F� ��s P �� �/à GK �-$�� 1(/$�� N=���

F6���& 4���� G-"�� N�k�� F6���� ��$/� F� 4��� F� ;:�p�� ;�C�� 9A b0 ��� GFZC�� ;k0 AS:k E(��� G;C*#� ;/:*< E1r xk D��³ FZC�� BC+ ­%$Z� P ;:01Y�� ;]C�� � D�*0 �(�� 9-^+�� F� eyp� h�(� F� Gdq�6�� ���� h�(2� G - C+� -C/8 F5� xk := e��r� B�*�� ��/��

dq�6�2 E�C�� �:Ä F� R� � ;+�r N,#{� D�*0 �3Å= Tk,S8 P "$�© 45 ":= R6� �� "ZY� ;#1��& n��� ;+�r "*kr)1(.

0� ��= �(�A� Y8 b%Y$� F� F��C� �&� �H$ Z N�A��� !(A f ~�< ��&�� Gd��� ®H��� 9C�+ >%C0\& "�� Y�%� ���ª� G"C:Cª�

� E�C�� 1��� �%"Y� �Y�C� EYr t�� G;:�Z�{� �Y��� dq*HC� K%6k !��r/� P� M����� !��+ ¦�� � � %A� GN�k�� ;/=, Tk,S8 P F�%��� �A�%�& T:CZ$�� Ô\8 I�� G��*�� _%ZC:Y�� ;:C�/& F��C� �&� R/= -2 ���ZY�

)1( : ;����� ����–� 441 G442.

Page 170: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

158

e:C� F2 F��C� �&� F� �2�� X Gd��� 9-C+ R:C/8 F�, M:��� !(A R:C/8 N�A���)1(.

7 : \��8 ;�C�� F� �2�� hY�� P %"= G��/��� 1<{� N��= BC+ !�:2\8 ;�*H�� ��3 �� ������ 1/�� BC+ ��³ �-= G>�/�� ?:�0� BC+ ��-$�& F2 GT"�:& »+ �\2� := ;�C�� DC]C]8 xk "�Yk� G!�p�� -�� ;/:=���

�(A� G"ZY� N,%)& -�� F� 45 1�� �� -:0 P� GF��C� �&P e�*0 �/� X ����\& ,�º e:�= 1%p��� �� �%���� n%$Z� : F\� %C+� ä%Y|� N,%# ����

t%C�� ;�C�� R��� �(�� %A �� ä%Y|� �� ®&Z�� Up��� G;�*H�� &Vr� <{� R��$� ���u� ��(A �-w� GiY�� "*A(�� AfZ� ,�º� ��/��� 1

T¯�C�.

R:ª ?��%� DV*r� I�� ?:�0�� ��%�� BC+ �Z���� F:Z���� �Yu� N��= F5 �V*�� %A �/�� !�/à �� G���u� ����� ":C+ @CHr� I�� ��$�� N��= 45 �%�� �(�� ��:-/�� T"��� Ge'�� M����� !� 2� � �(A� G��$��� ������ N�%&� �+ :

) �@-C8� h*Z�� d� :�&0 1/�� fp��� �Yu� �1oQ D:-��� �/� �Zu�()2(.

|���m��|��� ©4��{�:

)1( : U��C�� >H�� >,�� �%"Y�–� 180 G181 . e����� e*�,� F��C� �&� �����–� 93 G94. )2( : ¿�$�� E��0 �+ ;�&{�–� 214.

Page 171: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

159

G!�6+ ;������ F��C� �&� ,%"# BC+ M%'�� DHC0 �� ;0�1��� !(A F� à �& y= ;=��H��� ���^$�� ?��%# Ec�&��� F�8 F%� �/� BC+ DY�� ��

�� ;-6*�� ;Vw�% F��C� �&P �(A F��:��G f*2 1��& dCHw� �(�� %A� 9C� � 45 ;0�1��� !(A D"$�� ��� G��1$��� �-$#P2 n��� ��,:�:

• 5 F ;-:� ;���� íM�1Q � D�2 F��C� �&� &� T©� �� ��� ���S� � fp��� M9��� !�"# �� V�s �� G�,�� �����.

• 5 C� e��k dw� �� �:k �/ �/��� N1%6�� R/# Fc%�� R*� ���� ���� ;�;:=����.

• 5 M��/��� z/& ®k ;������ ��k�� �� ���/�� ������ 0��� �� BH+� � ;#Y� �&�� ��/��� ¿�$�2 . D:*�� U/�� ¦:p�8 �¥ -:= -:0 P�

;:&�/�� ?:�0�� ��%�� BC+ fZ�� �¥ -:=� �k�%��. • 5 ,Y$0� � � ,���� M�1Q �� F:Z���� �Yu& ;H*8��� �'��� �� fp2 M����

-C/8 !%#�� �/��� ;+�r �%w%� ;�������.

• 5 ���ª �y� �� ��/��� ���&{� ;:C-/� e^w� e�1%68 �0�� F� �H$0� �;YC$��� �/��� ;+�r ����.

• 5 e���� e�1:/� b�(�� �� (Ñ� � � � �&�& b�(��� ;=�p�� �& a&1 R6Y�� y= ®:o G���� �+ ��k�� iY�� b�(�� F� n�� Ñ ;��H= ;-:� �:� M��� d� ®C Ó5� G

8e&Z$2� ?Z$�.

• 5 � :�&���� E�%*��& f�� �/� ;���� �6k >& !f© T-+ -�:& GEf��.

Page 172: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

160

• �� FHC0 N�A¯ �r1 b%Y8 �5C � Ò(�� BC+ 4��� ; ;&%/r� G�,�� �A ��³ 4��� Í%01 �/& n��� ;�C� �� FZC�� !«� X h�3 e��:Y$Z� G

®H���� ;YZCY�� .

• 5 ?�# BC+ S21 � G��/��� 1<{� � !��+ ��o� �00� BC+ Tq��� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ ��-$��� ;/:=��� ;�*H�� �+ �Yu�.

• 5 N1��w BC+ !�:2\8 �y� �� >� �� �$�� �� R�� F� 45 1�� � 9/-)� R�/�� R��8 ;:�Q 45 f�� �\2� ��%�� BC+ �Z��� � ä%Y|� F:Z�

���� ,��#�� ¢��$� ;�S��� ;:/-)� N�2�(���.

�{�K) ����� 789 �I �ª:

Page 173: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

161

• ����� F��C� �&� f��8 �& iY�� ®&H$�� n�� ;0�1�� ;:-C+ ¢%£ �6Ñ F� ;=�/�� G�/��� F��:� �:*H8� ®&H$�� �(A @�y�� �� h�3 � G $:r%6�

�� G®:*H$��� f��$�� �& N,�.� ;-��� �<� ��+ F��C� �&� ;:C�+ E*p� S�S/8��u� �& N%^Y�� ?��%# ¦���.

• !y8 �� �� �*0 �� ,%"#� ����� F��C� �&� ,%"# �& ;�1�� ;0�1, n�W F� G;"# �� ;=��H��� N�)� ?��%# c��&{ ,%")� �+ f6�$�� ?��%# BC+ �:�� dw%��

":C+ R�%/$��� ;�&Z��;�ky�� ,%")� .

• F� � ;�1���� ;&1]�� �� ��r/� ,%"# d� ;������ F��C� �&� ,%"# �r�8F=�H�� :C+ R6ª �(�� R'Y�� F:& �� h�3.

• &� ;:6�� n��� ?��%# BC+ _�/$�� T$� F� F��C� � �:k � � �� xk T$ F "�+ >���� ¦�2 ;�1�� ;:�Y�� ".y� �r1� ;:¥1$�� ;6��� �= +%C'2

N�r/�� ;6�C� ;:�Y�� �r�/�&.

Page 174: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

162

].�#/� ���2/� O#P�

1 � ���– �§� ),.E (– An� M� 0S�R – ;/*H��10 – E�f& – 1�, ��/�� >$���.

2 � ��� �&�– ?:*k : �³ %&�)1998� (– � ���I��� – ?:H�� k�� �S�«$��– �Ð�� 9#�1 01"=� ���%A dw�� � ��� – ;p�p�� ;/*H��

– E�f& –��/�� >$��� 1�, .

3 � ���&– �§��� �*+ )1962� (– 4��T�p; ���� �� � – �6�– 1�, _1/��.

4 � I�*�$��– ��& �� �& ,%-. �& �-. )1329 A (– R:� 0�� ~�P�� 5�I��� �;�9�98/� ~�& –4��� ;/*H�� – �6�– ;/*H� N,/Z��.

5 � ��&)�– �&+ �-. )2002� (– #���� U�J��� �I�6K – ;��p�� ;/*H�� –E�f& –;:&�/�� N�k%�� E0�1, S2�� .

6 � �k)�– �-+ � �£ �& – s�&��� ���&�� � ®:�ª : F�1A �yZ�� �*+– �4 –E�f& –��Y�� 1�, .

Page 175: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

163

7 � �k)�– �-+� �£ �& )1966� (– ����3� – F�1A �yZ�� �*+ ®:�ª –�6� –BYH6� ;/*H� !,P��� ¿Cu� �*�� .

8 � F+�#– 9-"= )2010� (– ��#��� )I#h� : ^#���� #�6T�� + ���� � �[I�3� – 4��� ;/*H�� – F,1�� –F-+ – ;=�p�� N1�c�.

9 � U#�)�– S�S/�� �*+ ),.E( – i� ��� Y;�2�� «���/� s ) – T�A ®:�ª ­3���– �6�– 1�, ;:&�/�� ?$��� M:k5.

10� �Y/# �&�– ;���� ),.E (– #�D��� ��J� – ®:�ª : T/��� �*+ �-.9#Y�– E�f& –;:-C/�� ?$��� 1�, .

11� 9V-)�– �y0 �& �-. )1998� (– L�#�D��� 1��S� 4��J&i – ��%0 �-. ®:�ª–4��� ;/*H�� –E�f& – �%C/�� M:k5 1�,.

12� ;/m– �Zk )2003� (– �!� ��J��� + ��&-�/� – � 1 – ®��, – >�/�� >$��� ,ª�.

13� �Zk– < )2006� (– )����'�.5� ��� � � )T-� : ��J� U��§ – ;m�8 : F�+ �� �*+ �-.– ���68 : >�+ �&r �-.– ;:�p�� ;/*H�� –N�A��� –?$��� 1�, ;:�%��� ®qo%��� .

14� �Zk– 1%� ��,�= )2000� (– ��#���$ ���� �� � – �6� – 1�,��/�� ��Y��.

Page 176: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

164

15� ��6u�– d<0 )1961� (– ���� �� � )�;�J; ��� 4�� ��� – �6� – 9��� ;*$��.

16� ?:H�� �&�– ����� FZ� )1975� (– )�i��#� ���&�e + )�i�FM� – :��%k� $���� dw�� ��k : *+ �-. F�+ �� �– 4��� ;/*H�� –

N�A���–9��� ;*$�� .

17� F��C� �&�– �§��� �*+ )1951� (– Y��F� ���� � �� ��I#���� �� #� ���#$– 9^�H�� D��8 �& �-. 9�:ª – N�A��� – ;�) ;/*H�

������ ;m�$��� ¦:�\$��.

18� F��C� �&�– �§��� �*+ )1968� (– ���&/� ����I� ����� + �� � e ���!� ���-��� �� ��; >9#�{�� �; # ��� >g��� ?#��� A�Ie –

F�*�–U�*C�� >$��� 1�, E�1%��� .

19� F��C� �&�– �§��� �*+ )1997� (– )�;�J/� – 4��� ;/*H�� – E�f&–��/�� ��Y�� 1�, .

20� U:&(��– ;]&��� )2003� (– ���I���� – k��� & �$+� : ��§ �-<–4��� ;/*H�� – E�f& –F�*� –;=�/�� 1�, .

21� @�13 �&�– �:� )2003� (– ���I��� – �§��� �*+ k��� & �$+� ��H6��– 4��� ;/*H�� – E�f& – F�*� –;=�/�� 1�, .

22� ¿A(��– F-p+ �& �§� �& �-. )2001� (– Ln&���� An��e ,� – N�A��� –;�0��� ;Z0�� .

Page 177: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

165

23� U��f��� ®:�1 �&�– �Zu� 9C+ %&� ��{� )1988� (– + u��'��� Y ��= #�D�� � �( – ®:�ª : F�S��� �-. 1%$2���– 4��� ;/*H�� –

E�f&– F�*� –;=�/�� 1�, .

24� 9w���– ¦����� )1999� (– ���I��� – H*w� :C+ ®C+� k�� ��yk BYH6� ,%-. 1%$2��� � ����– *H�� 4��� ;/ – E�f& –

1�,T�1�� �� �& T�1��.

25� 9C21S��– ����� f� )2002� (– An���!� –� 15 – E�f& – F�*� –��y-C� TC/�� 1�, .

26� � E�S��BYH6� ��*+ 1,��� �1^��� – �§� 5� T:A��&� ��k� �-. 9C+ )2004� (– B� ��� >g�/� – ®:�ª: d-� ;]C�� ;:&�/�� – ;/*H��

�;/&��� – �6� –N�A��� – ;:����� b����� ;*$��.

27� F���c� 9#1%#)1983� (– )�� #��� )�*�� ?��= ¬I��K – ;*$�� 1�,N:u�.

28� v+Z��� �Zk ;:�0 )2006� (� ���� � � u��I�. uL�#�� �����&;Q�'�.5� >� + YgP�; 7#6T� –N�A��� –;=�pC� BC+�� �C²� .

29� ���Z��� �Þ �§��� �*+ �& �-. �����)1354 A (– L�����] ���� �#J�� U9! ];n�� –N�A��� –90���� ;*$�� .

30� 92�Z��– 9C+ �& �-. ��& �� �& ¦0%� ),.E( – A����� ¡���T; – –� 4��� ;/*H�–�6� – ;/*H��;:&,��.

Page 178: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

166

31� 9#Y�� F�0 �&�– �-. �& �� �*+ )1982� (– )F�2�T�� #� – f&E� –;:-C/�� ?$��� 1�, .

32� U2%���– 9C+ �& �-. )1348A (– ]������ ���&�� – 4��� ;/*H�� – �6� –N,/Z�� ;/*H� .

33� @*r– 9C+ 9C+ ) ,.E( – ��J� ¬I���K )�� �!� u��2��� –– BZ:+ !2��� ¿Cu� �*�� – �6�– 1�, ;:-C/�� ?$��� M:k5.

34� ��Y6��– ����� ~yr h*�� �& R:C� )1979� (– ¢�� ��� A��� � A��b� 5� )I����� Y. – ���u� S�S/�� �*+ ��-|� ®:�ª� ;0�1, –

4��� ;/*H��–N�A��� –;��-|� ;+*H�� 1�, .

35� ¦:w– 9�%� )1965� (– ¬I���K ����K )��n&�� – _1/�� 1�, – �6�.

36� ¦:w– 9�%� ),.E (– �9��%� #2���– /*H�� ;/&Z�� ; – �6� –�,_1/�� 1.

37� ¦:w– 9�%� ),.E (– 1!� �� �&��� #2���� – ;��p�� ;/*H�� – �6�–_1/�� 1�, .

38� ¦:w– 9�%� )1960� (– #���� #�D��� + Y�&9�8; �T�� – ;/*H�� ;/&����–N�A��� – _1/�� 1�,.

Page 179: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

167

39� ¦:w– 9�%� ),.E (– )I�S��� O���/� – ;/&Z�� ;/*H�� – �6� – _1/�� 1�,.

40� � �%C/�� *<*< �&– �§� �& �-. �Zu� %&� )1985� (– ����� #�D��– ®:�ª : d��� �r� �& S�S/�� �*+– >�,�� ;:C2 – hC�� ;/�# ,%/0� �%C/�� 1�, –¤���� .

41� ;�*<– ���& )1972� (– ^#����� �����&�� –� 5 –E�f& – 1�, N,%/��.

42� 9r+– �Zk )1992� (– ��� ­�p�; �_�I#J/� + )�;n� M� 1�#2; –E�f& –;:-C/�� ?$��� 1�, .

43� �*+– FZk5 )1981� 1983� (– ����� ^�!� ���J��� ¬I����K?#��� –;/&����� ;p�p�� ;/*H�� – E�f& –F�*� –;=�p�� 1�, .

44� ®��� �*+– FZ© )1994�( – V�� � ?��� � + ?�!� A��PT; –4��� ;/*H�� –F-+ –� ;H&�1 �:�,1�� >$��.

45� &1 �*+ �&�– 9Z����� �-. �& �§� )1999� (– ��I#T�� ��J��� – ,%*A ¦0%� E2�& ®:C/8� ®:�ª– 4��� ;/*H�� – E�f& – F�*� –

T�1�� �� �& T�1�� 1�,.

46� �§��� �*+ �&�– NS+ fp2 )1995� (– ���I���� – %�� �1�� ~�� –4��� ;/*H�� – E�f& –�*� F–R:)� 1�, .

Page 180: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

168

47� !�&�+ �&��) 1285A (– ���'�K ���&�e + ��J/� �m�g� – ;/*H�� 4���–N�A��� –R:��� �,�� ;/*H� .

48� ��S+– �-. )2001� (– ��m�*�� a���� – ®��, – >$��� ,ª� >�/��.

49� Uy�Z/��– �^k �&� )1998� (� �����; )������� ��m�_ ����-�/� )���'W�� – ®:�ª �*+ �� �& �*+ �Z|� �& �§� ��Ä%$��– 4��� ;/*H�� – ;�C-�� ;:&�/�� ;�,%/Z�� – ;-r/��� :]���.

50� ���Z/��– �yA %&� )1998� (– s����2��� ?���� – 9C+ ®:�ª T:A��&5 R'Y�� %&� �-.� G��^*�� �-.– ��:r – E�f& – ;*$���

;��6/��.

51� F:C+– �Zk )2008� (– ?��� � #���� ���J��� – F-+ – 1�, ��P��.

52� 9C+ �&�– 9+�S�� R*+, )1972� (– ���I��� – ��k� � ���� /m 9C:#��� F��-+ ?k6�� �*+– ;:�p�� ;/*H�� – F�*� – >$��� 1�,

U�*C�� .

53� ��:-/��– �§� �& �-. �:/0 %&� ),.E (– 4��#� ��� )��� M�«��/�–0��� T:A��&5 ®:�ª 9�%–;:�p�� ;/*H�� –N�A��� –_1/�� 1�, .

54� F�+– �� �*+ �& �-. )1933� (– ���� �� � – 4��� ;/*H�� – N�A��� –;��6�� ?$��� 1�, ;/*H� .

Page 181: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

169

55� �:+– �-. ),.E (– ���� �� � #�h� + )���-��� )�6/� – �+ ?$���–;:&�/�� ;=�p�� 1�, –N�A��� .

56� ;*:$� �&�)2003� (– L�#�D��� #�D�� � ~��� ®:�ª : �-. �§� �2�– N�A��� –���u� 1�, .

57� i#<����– �ck ) 1966� ( – L�� �!� ~�#� L��*&�� ~�P��; – ®:�ª :;#%�� �& ?:*u� �-. – ��%8 –1�, ;:����� ?$���.

58� (Y�� �&�– �§� ?:H�� �& 9C+ �& �Zk �&)1968� (– )�� ��T��

��&; + )�2T3� )���� ® – �:²� �*+� �Y:��� ­3��� �-. 7��8� ®:�ª 92�$��–� 1 – ��%8 –���C� ;:Z�%$�� 1���� .

59� �:���– `��� )2008� (– ���I��� – ���%)� ¼��1, ®:�ª – ;/*H�� 4��� – E�f& –��:r –;��6/�� ;*$��� .

60� fp2 �&�– �-+ �& R:+Ð5 )1988� (– )�I��&�� )�I�P��� � ��k :��%k ®C+� �%r� ®�,� : �f� 9C+– 4��� ;/*H�� – E�f& – 1�,

��/�� ¢��$�� M:k5.

61� j1*�� �&�– F%-:� �& j1*�� �& �-. )1999� (– ��; ����� 0P���; ?#��� ���$e – 9Y��< R:*� �-. ~��� ®:�ª – 4��� ;/*H�� –

E�f&– F�*� –1,r 1�, .

Page 182: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

170

62� 9�2���� – hC�� �*+ �&� )1965� (– ^����6� )��'6��� UI8���� )2�� 1�{�/� – �*+ FZk5� ;Y����& �-. ®:�ª – 4��� ;/*H��

– E�f& – ;=�p�� 1�, .

63� U&c���– F��-+ �& �-. �� �*+ %&� ) ,.E( – 8��¯; + ¤�$�/� L�#�D�� 0� L�'��� – ��^*�� 9C+ ®:�ª – � 1 – N�A��� – ;'t 1�,

�6�.

64� 9Yr���– �Zk )1292A( – )�� �!� )� ��� – �1 – �6� – ;/*H� ;:�C�� �1����.

65� S$/�� �&�– R2%$�� �& �� �*+ ),.E (– L�#�D��� 4�J&i – �*+ ®:�ª [��= 1$Z��– ;/&���� ;/*H�� – N�A��� –_1/�� 1�, .

66� ����� UZ-C$��� -. �& �§� ����� >"� �) 1939�( – ���9�e °��� ��&�e + °�I#�� – ®:�ª ;+%-²�– ;:&�]�� _���� N1�c� ;/*< –

N�A��� – ������ ¦:�\$�� ;�).

67� UZ-C$�� ������ �-. �& �§� ����� >"� )1968� (� ¤�T������ ��*+ FZk5 ®:�ª – �1 – E�f& –1,r 1�, .

68� 1����– �-. ) 1997�( – ��J��� �#�{��/� ���J��� – 4��� ;/*H�� – N�A��� – ;/*H� �6� ;'t .

Page 183: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

171

69� 9-:/���– �-. �& 1,��� �*+ ) 1990�( – O����/� ¬I���K + O������ – ����� �Þ T:A��&5 01"= �+� – 4��� ;/*H�� – E�f& – F�*� –

;:-C/�� ?$��� 1�,.

70� ��– �k�%�� �*+ 9C+ )1975 (– An�!� : #��� ��&� ���� �� �G – �1 – �6� – ;J:K� >$�C� ;��6�� ;�/��.

71� ��%�– �:-u� �*+ )1966�( – �!� ��J�� )���T�� q !� – ;/*H�� ;:�p�� –N�A��� –;=�/�� 1�, .

)��;�%� Um� #��:

72� ;H=HY��– R:+Ð5 FZ© )1989�( – �� � )�;�J; + )�� �!� �I���J����� – f$Z#� ;�01 ;+%*H�–;:�,1�� ;/�)� .

73� �����– ;�:C� )1999�( – �� �G#��� ��&� ���� 7��J� #�D������ – !�1%$2, ;�01 – ���� �-. ;/�# –�&��� .

4�I����:

74� �fAS��– 9C+ �& àr – 2007 �� u_��'�; )�� #� )�I#J&� – ;C� ;:=�p�� N��S)�– ,�+ 210.

75� �:��� �&�– ����� �m G1977� – #�D��� )��9�; ���� �� � – F��C� �&� N��� �-+�–���«= ,�+ .

Page 184: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticmohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/8156a19b-7432-4533-af46-4...ك Ibn Khaldun as A critic Bander Rafed Al-Enzi Supervising Professor: Soud

172

76� 1-+– �Z& G1995� – ������� ���&I�e ���� � � – ¢��$�� ;C� ��/��– >�/�� >$��� ,ª� – ®��, – ,�+ 60 .

77� 9C+ ,�2– �-. ) 1929�( – ��/�� 9-C/�� d-²� ;C� – ®��,– �C²�d0$��.

78� ­²�– # ,")2009� (– ������� ��� � � – ;]C�� ;:�,1�� ;C²� ¬�,Q� ;:&�/��– �C²� )5 (– ,�/�� )1 .(