184
Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a Critic ritic ritic ritic : : 2011 2012

Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

������ ��� � �

Ibn khaldoun as aIbn khaldoun as aIbn khaldoun as aIbn khaldoun as a CCCCriticriticriticritic

������ �����:

����� ���� ���

������� ��� !� "�#$�: # �%� �&� ��'( ���

)*�� + ,�-.�/� ).�� 0� 1�23� 4�&��/ �5�'6� � )�� #�� 789 :;���<��= )� #���

�<��= )� #��� )*�� >-�

�� ?��@� )�� A�� B !� C#D�� )�;�.

2011 –2012

Page 2: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

ب

Page 3: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

ج

Page 4: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

د

>�F#�� �G#�� H� >- #I�JK #6$:

��� ���� ���� ���� ��� ���� �� ���� � ���� ���� � �� !�"#� $�%& �'� � �(�� �&)� �*+ ,%-. ,%/0 1%$2��� 3$0�� 45

6��� 7��8� �,�15� 9":#%8 ;�< �=%� �� >� � ?�%68� @ !(A BC+ D��$0�� 1%��� E�1 F� 45 GEH�0� E�A �� I�01

;J:K�. ;�) M'+� ������ N(80O� F�$�P� E�Q� ����� R�S# ���� -2 TA�"#� T"$�� �� U%V��� ;�0��� NM��� M�+ �%-�W ��(�� ;�����

X� ;V:V6�� ;"#%�� "":#%$� 9Y�� � V68 T"Z� ":= ,1� � @: �� ":= ,1� � �-25� [#%+� �� ":= ,1� � ���Z8� \H� ��

1%6�� ���. ;/�# ;:&�/�� ;]C�� TZ� ������ N(80�� R�� ���� R^0� -2 _�`��� �*+ 1%$2��� 3$0�� T"�� �2(�& ���� a0��� b����

��Ac. 8� M+,� d:^�8� �"# R�& e��2� _�$+� U5� �(A �X F%+� :#%

fZ� MSg %�� h�(& i6�. �5 !,*+ & dY��� C*�$�� R-/�� �(A j1*� F� �� %+,� h�3 �/&�

9ZY� ��� �� �& 3%+�� G���� M�� � BC+ !ck � �-��=l�%$Z� ������ �k���*�� ;Cm BC+ .

L��9M�:

Page 5: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

e�=�+� e*k ":��� n�o Tp�� I�� 45.

451*��� dq�r M�,� BC+ ;sS/��� N%��� �� �-$0� �(�� . Tt:�& j��� T"�� �� ��(�� U�%�5 N:u� �+�%0 45.

�-2 BC+ & D�/$0� � v�2�3 45 _w�� e=�k i-C+ �� R2 459C-+.

I�01 DC-$2� xk IsS+ �� E��� i81cQ I�� >1��� ;�:=1 45. � ��-+ E��Ac 45� �i&�R*�$Z�� 1%�� N:u� R�� G�I�&.

Page 6: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

و

4�I��N� O#P�

Q�R�/� )ST2�� _y]��. �

z�%Y$��. > ;����� ;�) 1���. [

����8� ���. , M��A{�. A

E�%$|� ��"=. �– c –~ ;:&�/�� ;]C�& ��C��. �–�

;�S:C�{� ;]C�& ��C��. j–�

U2T��0� U'�DI 1!� : 1

;�����. 2 "$CJ0�� ;0�1��� ;C���. 3

;0�1��� _��A�. 3 ;0�1��� ;:��. 4

;0�1��� ,��k. 4 ;0�1��� ;:^"��. 5

;�&Z�� E0�1���� ������ 1<{�. 5

V�W�� U2T�� )��� � � : YK��F (0� U'�DI: 8

$Cq+� 8�0�. 9

Page 7: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

ز

8:k. 14 8=�. 27

8(80�. 28 !(:�y8. 31 $=�o. 33

8Y���. 35

T�� [��W�� U2)?�!� + )I�J��� 7\��= (0� U'�DI: 41

�/��� �YC��. 42

;/�6��� d*H��. 48

>%C0��. 57

b�(��. 67

��$��. 79

�/��� ;���. 85

Y��/8� �/���� ��k. 92

-�� ����� �/���� ;+�r. 101

��/���� �q6. 117

Page 8: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

ح

� U2T��] �#�) ^#��� ��-�� A�� + )I�J��� 7\��= (0� U'�DI:

124

;����. 125

%V��� TC+. 129

;]C�� TC+. 139

F:*�� TC+. 142

>,�� TC+. 149

������ !�o�. 153

E:r%$��� �q$��� 159

d#����� 1,6�� ��"= 162

Page 9: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

ط

��� � �������

�_���� ���� ���

# �%� �&� ��'( ��� ������� ��� !� "#D/�

ab/�

_�� !(A �,�� ����� F��:� F��C� �&� �o� c��&5 45 ;0�1��� �-+ ��� ���^$�� ?��%# c��&5� G!�6+ hC8 �:�%$�� �<�%�� G �*0 �

� ������ ��Y�� @�y� 45 �%r%�� ;:]& M�1��F��C� �&P �,��. 45 ;0�1��� D-Z� ��� ;/&1� �%6= G 6Y�� ���8R ���� ;�����G

,��k� G;0�1��� ;:��� ;0�1��� _��A�� G"$CJ0�� ;0�1��� ;C����;0�1���G;0�1��� ;:^"��� G������ 1<{�� G;�&Z�� E0�1���� .

Up�� R6Y�� ���8 -�:& & F%�/��) F��C� �&� : 8:k ( ���u��+ 8:k� $Cq+� 8�0� � ;:]& G 8Y���� $=�o� !(:�y8� 8(80�� 8=�

r%��% �,��� ������ !��Y� ;:J:*��� ;:=�p�� E�%��� 45 � E��o���� G�,�� ����� F��:� -:0 P� ;���Y��� ;:=�p�� $C:6k E�o� I�� ;+%�$��.

�� ��p�� R6Y�� ���8 � F%�/ & ) >,�� ;������ !`�1Q ( ;:'� ��$��� Gb�(��� G>%C0��� G;/�6��� d*H��� G�/��� �YC�� h�3� G

;r�� F��C� �&� ;�`1 ?ZkF:k�� z/& ;s�� �0� BC+ ;:�*��� .

Page 10: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

ي

� �+ p��k �/��� ;��� >�/�� ��+ ;+�r� G Y��/8� �/���� ��k� G -�� ����� G�/����G� �q6�� �� �/����!��� ;"#%A !�/� P .

d&���� R6Y�� ���8� & F%�/�� ) FZC�� �%C+ ;������ !`�1Q��/�� ( Y:r%8 ��� G>,�� TC+� GF:*�� TC+� G;]C�� TC+� G%V��� TC/�

��� �,�� ������ !�o� �.

Page 11: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

ك

Ibn Khaldun as A critic

Bander Rafed Al-Enzi

Supervising Professor: Soud Mahmoud Abdel Jaber

Abstract

This study aims at highlighting the impact of Ibn Khaldun in the field of

literary criticism in his era. It also aims at highlighting the aspects of his

innovations, which are different from the ones who preceded him, as

well as the points of generations in his views for the purposes of

reaching to the features of critical and literary thinking for Ibn Khaldun.

This study is divided into four chapters. The first chapter includes the

introduction, the problem of the study as well as its questions, the

objectives of the study and its importance, the scope of the study, the

methodology of the study, theoretical framework, and previous studies.

While the second chapter, titled with “Ibn Khaldun: His Life” talks about

Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order

to reach for the cultural and environmental components of his critical

and literary thinking as well as to know the diverse influences that have

affected his cultural and cognitive outcomes, especially in the field of

literary criticism.

The third chapter titled “His Critical Views in Literature” deals with the

subject matter of pronunciation and meaning, manipulating poetry,

Page 12: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

ل

style, literary taste, intertextuality, and this is according to Ibn Khaldun’s

own vision, based on old foundations in some cases.

tackles Ibn Khaldun’s speech about the status of Poetry among Arabs,

the framework of poetry and its definition, poetry writing, the conditions

of regulating a poem, and the characteristics of poetry from his own

point of view, not the characteristics of his own poetry.

The Fourth chapter titled “His Critical Views in the Sciences of Arab

Tongue” engaged in the description of Arab syntax, linguistics, Rhetoric,

literature; then this chapter focuses on Ibn Khaldun’s impact in literary

criticism in his time.

Page 13: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

1

1!� U2T��

Page 14: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

2

);�J/� : _1/�� �,��/$� e�:+%0%� e�+ F2 ��= GNS:-$� e;�:&�+ e;����*+ �F��C� ��&� ��/� �0��� %"= GF%�Y��� �%C/�� �� fp2 �,��� ��q�1 %A� GE�1����� �%C/���

�k�� G��1$�� TC+ ,��� ��5� G�-$#P� TC/� c:$�& ����� �= ,��1):=��#%:&%8�� (� ;:8�(�� ;m�$�� �= � TC+ ��0����� M-C/�� �k� �� -2

E0�1���� �� �,���� G!�6+ ��,��/�� ;:���� M"�= �k�� G���u� �NS�:-$� �E�"05 � F2 -2 G9-:C/�$��� �%&��$�� �Y���� TC+� G;��%&��$��

���^�$��;�:&�/�� ;&$��� >%C0� . )1(

"�� N�+ ~�%� Rp-$8 ��� �%*���� ;���*/�� �?��%#  R/�� : ���� ¡���� �� �%6�� #� BC+� G��1$�� TC+ ,��� ��=k ��5 ���� G�-$#P� TC/� ;:&�$�� ¢%£ � G;:&�/�� ;&$��� >%C0� ,�� ��5� G;:8�(�� ;m�$�� �=

� ���u� �%C+ ����� �0�1� G9-:C/$��� �%&�$�� �Y��� TC+� T:C/$��_�H& TC+ R2 �� (�� ��� G9���� �Y�� � G;+%�$��)2(.

� �� -:0 P� G;:&,��� ;������ !,%"#� F��C� �&� ���$8 ;0�1��� !(A ��� >,�� U��:� ¤%¥ F� "��,:�� ;=�/�� EP� �& �� $Y� ������ 9��� G

�/�� ;Vw�� ;0�1��� !(A F%�8 �� 45 D*A3 T$V$� ":C+ �� YC� -:= ����� GEY�6�� hC8 ;/:C< ;����� ¦�8 I��� G 8Y�6� ;:&,� 1�=�� ;���� M�1Q

;C�$Z� >�%&� ;:&,��� ;������ q�1Q ;ry� "�-w 35.

)1( : NS:-$� ;:&�+ ;���*+–� 57. )2( : �y+�� : F��C� �& �§��� �*+–� 142 G143.

Page 15: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

3

�P�d e ) ����� )6D;:

;C��� �-�8;:�$�� ;CJ0�� �+ ;&#{� ;0�1���:

• ;������ �'��� � ;:&,���¨ 8Y��� F��C� �&� ")+ I�� • ��^K� d0$��� ��p�� ������ �,�� ����� ��%H8 F��C� �&� 1�, � BC+

�%6�� #���/�� ����� !�o�� �%-/�� #� BC+ ¨ • ,�� F��C� �&� F2 n�� �� 45 ;©y*�� �<0� �� �*0 �-+ q�1Q e�

¨>,��� ������

) ����� "��9e:

 �� M�1��� ;������ ,%")� BC+ _%�%�� ;0�1��� !(A ��ª F��C� �&� A,1�� I &$2 �� e�MS# R��8 I�� $����) T^/��� >�/�� ��� «��� ��$*�� F�%�,� «/��

��3 �� TA�r+ ��� �&«��� «2�� FHCZ�� ( ;���� E�1(� R�� BC+ E�o�8 I��� G ;����� ;&%*�� F:k�� z/& N�p/*� M�1Q��F:k n��� 1%H8 $�Z�� G

"��< I�� ;������ �'��� �y� �� �,�� ����� �� � �� -:0 P� G TC+ e66�$� �>,��� �����.

Page 16: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

4

) ����� )�fe:

� ;:�� �-�89C� -:= ;0�1��:

&$2 �-w F��C� �&� ;���� ¬ DCYk I�� ;������ �'��� TA� c��&5) F�%�,� «/�� «��� ��$*�� ( M%w �p���� �/��� ­� F��C� �&P ;������ ��k��� M�1�� ;0�1,�

�� ��k �& ®��Y$�� ;Cp-$� GT"��k�� !%�*0 ��(�� ����$�� ,���� M�1Q �p���� �/� 1%6�� G�y��� �%*H��� �%�6��� �/��� ;+�r� �/��� �YC�� ;:'� �� Y�%��

�y0{� 1%"¯ �/& �/��� �%� �+ >�/�� E%�0� �&�]$Z�� ��+ b�(��G �&� F� -2 ¦/w� ;:�/��� �VC�� N�H:0� !�"+ >�/�� 1/�� BC+ M%'�� aC0 �� F��C�

!�6+ F:*��� ;k6Y��.

) ����� ��F:

!1�,� ��^K� ��p�� F���� ;������ !,%"#� !M�1Q� F��C� �&� ;0�1��� !(A ���$8 ;���� M�1Q �� =w� �� �,�� ����� $���� G�6/�� h�3 ���8� ����� ��%H8

&$2 �-w $���� ¬ DCYk N���#) >�/�� ��� «��� ��$*�� F�%�,� «/�� T^/���«2�� FHCZ�� ��3 �� TA�r+ ��� �&«���.(

Page 17: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

5

) ����� )�gP�;:

n%$|� R:Cª BC+ �%�� �(�� 9Yr%�� �"���� 9¥1$�� �"��� BC+ ;0�1��� E�-$+� F��C� �&� ;���� E,1� I�� M�1�� hC8 R:Cª� ;������ M�1�� dm �y� �� h�3�

&$2 �-w) ��$*�� F�%�,� «/�� «��� ( E�1����� d#����� 1,6�� ¦C$° BC+ NS�8��;:+%w%� ;0�1, "$0�1,�.

)J �-�� 4� ����� �#h��� ��iM�:

G;+%�$� ��,:� ��^K� ��p�� F���� ;:&�]�� E:6���� TA� �� F��C� �&� �/� �:k G�,�� ����� "�� F±�, � ;:&,��� ;������ q�1Q �� fp��� >$2 �-w $���

) «��� ��$*�� F�%�,� «/��( �+ ¦���� ;��. 45 �01���� �� ���/�� ¤�k � �(A� G ;:6�� ?��%# x� F��C� �&� EP²� E0�1��� hC8 z/*� ¤�+ 9C� -:=� G

$:6�� �� ?�g ;<k{� �� D��³ I��:

• F��C� �&�)1951( �� �� >$��� �(A ;:�� �-�8 G �&� ;:6�� �%k 1� � q-C+� -C+� $J:&� *Z�� F��C�� 8f0 �/� BC+ ¦�� ��� 8yk1 TA

ZY� �+ "���� -2.

• ��)1975( z/& c«�� ;:=�� ;0�1�& F��C� �&� N:k >$��� �(A ���$� G;©y*��� ����� U��:� 8�"05.

Page 18: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

6

• �:+)1979( /� :/0 >$��� �(A ;:�� �-�8 G ;������ F��C� �&� M�1Q TA� ;=� F��C� �&� ¦�%�� G��Y�� ��(A N,#5� >Z$2�� �/���� �p��� ­� ��

�y$�P�� ;�S/�� fo\8� ;J:*��� �6/�� _y$�& ;]C�� E�Y8� �%*H��� �%�6��A,Z=� ;]C�� ;Vr BC+.

• �*+)1983(�� ;������ M�1�� �� ���/�& >$��� �(A RYº G ��^K� Up�� F���� ( c�&� ,1%�� GF��C� �&� := »+ �(�� F���� %A� ��^K� ��p�� F���� 45 F��C� �&� M�1Q z/&� ��^K� ��p�� F���� ,���� TA�� �,�� ����� @�y�

;������.

• F��C� �&�)1997( &$�� ;���� %A� G) «��� ��$*�� F�%�,� «/��( �&� := ,1��� �C�� �'� F�QNfp2 ;���� e��k�� M�1.

• F:C+)2008( _%�%C� ;���� �%�k ;oyo «+ i�S�� [1�$�� >$��� �(A ���8 G A�-$+� I�� ;���Y��� ;������ �0�� ;=�/�� ��/�� ����� ;2�k 1%H8 BC+ F��C� �&� AQ1 I�� f�/��� �0�� TA�� ;������ T"^A�� ���ª ,����

�6�;��/��� ;*A%�� R.

9"= �%w%�& N��*� ;Cr K I�� ;�&Z�� E0�1��� ��:

• )����T��),�-.�; )�� �(j ) 1989A:(

$���� F��C� �&� ":�5 b�H8 I�� ;�%]C��� ;:&,�� �'��� z/& R-� R��& ¼�� /�� $J:&� G�/�� F��C� �&� �"�� 45 1��� Gh�3 $0�1, E�6½�� G;r��� ;�

Page 19: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

7

� ���� ��/� �� G������ F��C� �&� ��Y& a*8�8 I�� EP%���� ;������ ?��%)� RCº �:& _y$�P� ?��%# F��C� �&� ,�Y8 c«� �� GB������ ,���� �&� "�:& E�1��

T"�:&� .

• ��6/�) :7������ )�� � ( j)1999A:(

�&� ;0�1��� !(A ;pk*�� ���$8 �q6�� !�/� E+%w%� TA�� �+��� F��C� ;��*��� �:©y*��� ,���� �& �/���� B������ ,���� ��+ �/��� D01, t� -2 ;:�Y�� !�/� ��/��� ?�)� "$0�1, E�6½�� F��C� �&� ��+ !���� �/���� �p���� �/��� �&

;��p� ;:'� �� ¤�/8 �� Ga�=.

Page 20: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

8

�� U2T��V�kW

)��� � � : YK��F(

l Y�m�� YK# e.

l YK��F.

l YK��. l YK8K� e.

l 78�;nK.

l Y���Jo.

l YK�T�p;.

Page 21: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

9

l Y�m�� YK# e: ¾Rr� d#�� GE%��'k ;:�-:�� >�/�� 45 F��C� �&� n��� F� �Zk <

 �� %A� N�0�� !(A ��1 %A F��C� :�*05 45 ��� �(G F-p+ �& ��� B+��� � �� �& �V6�� �^k �& Rq�� �& ¢1u� �& >��� �/� �& ?��2 �& >H

 �� R:C)� ���� BC+ �=� �(�¿  Cr  C0� :C+ �� B � aZ*= G ��� BC+ TC0�� GT ;�:��� �%� 45 *�/�� � +,� G :C+ ZC#�� G!M�,1)1( e'�� h�3 �-$/�� À

�Sk �&� 9Z����� ;&�Z��� ;���1 BC+)2(.

&= ���� !(K e�*< F��C� � 0 ;*Z¾R:C lRr� �:&�/�� �%r�� b�+� �� ;���:�-: Â���� À; ���� BC+ R-º � j�A �h �Vr ���� �(A ;  �� �:/*�� ?Z �(

��� �Sk �&� ����� 1�-+ �& T0�C& n��� G��^K� ���� F���� N��� � A� Gh��� �(A �%�� � j�A F� ���� ;�%6�� _��¯ �� =�/� � %

=�$��� ����� �&«��� >�/�� �& � �� ��= G� $= �&«�� j�$ @����� 0���& Tt�, ��,�Y�� �>�/�� ���� G q*+� T�/à �%��� G� ;u�� ;:*6/�� DCV-w� xk ;C�%< e&�k� -"�:& ;�%6�� E�-$0�� GT�

�� �&«�� ;*C© E��&� G;:&�/�� ������ ;&��/�� D�2� G���� F���� Rq��� ( h��� F2 ���� À3%Y���� N,:Z�� �� K F2 � :�5 >Z$�P� ?©�� e=�� BC+ h��� �(A b��H8 ��� R& À;0����� ;:*6/�� RA� �� fp2 >Z�\& ®:º

)1( :;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC= : ���� R:Cª–� 9. )2( : F��C� �&�–� 12 G13. F��C� �&� ��� ;:�ZC�� ;�C�� –� 12.

Page 22: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

10

� �&«�� �� �5 ,�c �&� b1< �+ R:�= GT"ZY�� �ªY�� M-+c >Z�� �5 R:�>�/�� ­�%� �� 901=)1(.

;:��'u� N�0�� !(A 45 F��C� �&� ?Z� ;Vr h�� �� ��� F2� !�1%$2�C� $k��<� �Zk < 1%$2��� %A ;:&�/�� ;:�-:��) F��C� �&� ;YZC=

;:+-$#P� ( ;/�# �� !�1%$2��� N,"� R:�� ;:Z��Y�� ;]C�& A��+� I��)F%&1%Z�� ( ;�01917� . ":= ���) : ¦���� �����– F��C� �&� i/� �

d� ,��#� N��+ F��C� ��� �&� �:& F� �Ä %"= G *Z� ;�Vr �h�� �ZY� �k�� ��u& �� F���+ -"�:& F%�� F� $���� A1�� N�+�� e�*< ?Ä ��

�:#� ;oyo F�� R�� ?Z$º F� N�+��� !(K e�*< ?Ä 35 F���+� �&�F��� ;/*0 F��C� ���� ¦����()2(.

h�3� G!M+,� ���=� �Zk < 1%$2��� BC+ �,1 U$Z*�� ,��= 3$0�� ���� �� �k) : �&� F� 45 ?A(= �Zk < �A(& D�C+ ;"*� ;��c5 �& 1�Ä

;�:�u�� G $m�8 ��� A,1�� ;Cm R:��& ��/�� Cr� ;Vr h�� F��C� � ��&�  F� 0� ,�0 e6�� ���kP �� F��C ���� !�# �&� �:& G!,��# M-

– F��C� – a�= . Z� ;Vr e/H� h�� P� ;:��'u� ;C:*��� 45 * �23 F� �/& �� G =�£ F��C� �&� �y2 ,1%� _y� R�� e-Zk� G;:�-:��

N��/�� !,��#) : + ?C]�� GN��/�� !(A f© F��C� 45 ¿Z� �� �23� P BC 0 ��� G�p2� Tt� ���� R����� %A �(A F��C�  F� G,�+ T"Cp� a�

����� MAc F%�%�:= G;�0 ;q-/*0 �"/�� �(K N��= @$Y�� ��� F2 FÅ= G�

)1( :F��C� �&� : !1oQ� 8:k �+ ;|�� 5.

)2( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 9 G10.

Page 23: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

11

�& Rq�� 45 �-:�� >�+ �� E%��'k �*Z�� G;J� R�� ;oyo G����/���^k()1(.

*+ �-. 1%$2��� G�Zk < 1%$2��� �/& M# � h �� �(�� GF�+ �� � &$2 F��C� �&P ��/�� ?Z��� ;Vr !1��&) o��8� 8:k F��C� �&�

���Y��( �+ �%� ¤�/� h�3� G) : �-:�� >�+ 45 �Cr� F��C� ��&� d#��� �h���� BC+ R-º � j�A Â��� G�^k �& Rq�� 45 �*Z�� GE%��'k

 �� ?Z���� �(A ;�Vr ���� F���� �Sk �&� 9Z����� ;&Z���� ���, �( !16$��� G>�/�� BC+ F��C� �&� ¾R�ª %A ���� �h���� �(A ��%�� �� N�^"C�

� &$2 lR6Y& T"�6� ��(�� �&«C� Y$�P k��$��� Gn��� ;�� 66¥ ¤ ;Vw�� ;��&�& ;+S� �+ �T�� >�/�� BC+ �&«��(...)2( .

��/�� ?Z��� ;Vr h:��$C� F�+ �� �*+ �-. 1%$2��� !,1�� � h�3FA«��� ;� u� 45 ��$Y8 Ew��$=�� E�M+�,� 9A� GF��C� �&� �§��� �*/� .

F��C� �&� ®C/8 R�\$�� BC+ �/*� � j�A F� ���� 1-+ �& T0�C& n��� � $���� �� %A� G;:&�/�� ;*Z��� !(¬ �� ;�%� ;+ÂS��& >�/�� %½ ��H'

�:��� �&«�� ~�s ¥18 �� ��Q F�� !��� -�:& GR�V$��� ������ ;�%6��T�Yr� TKyÆ)3(.

�&� ;�, �� _�/� � 9��'u� ��/�� *Z� ;Vr @#�� �� 1%$2��� F� P5 F��C� �&� �%6� �� e��k� F�� G>�/�� >Z�� ��ª �Sk– TA� �p2

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 1. )2( : !1oQ� 8:k �+ ;| F��C� �&�–� 6. )3( : !1oQ� 8:k �+ ;| F��C� �&��� 14.

Page 24: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

12

!�6+– C:^Z8 BC+ ��º F��C� �&� F2 �(�� ��/�� *Z� �/H� � �/H�� ��,,�8 � h� Ç,� >�/�� 45 *Z� F2 %� 35 G *$�� � T�/� F2 �(�� ��]�� �S�� xk ;�:�, R:rY$� T��,�$�� �%6� R^0 ��= G :=

��� 9A� ;:'��� !(A T�%Y8 ¦:�= ��8��¨ & F%/H�� �Y� e��o� )1(.

�& ��� «2�� !�# ��� ��= N\���� �:k �� F��C� �&� N�0� ��18 �� ;���� eP�� �S�� G;:�-:�� ��# ������ 45 F��CÆ _��/�� F-p+ �2(� F\� F��C� i*� ��� �� G;:C:*�� ;���� 45 !%�& R�$�� � G;�%���

P5 ������ ��18 �-. �& �� �*+ f��� �"+ ��p�� F���� ����� �%��� )274 – 300A( E�$��� GÊY�& ������ D��Hw� !�"+ 9Y= G

F��� ;���� F��C� i& �<%� ;:C:*�� D�2� G9k�%��� T�/� 45 N1%p��N�qp�� . �� G":= 1o �� d� F��C� N�Yk �� F���� �� ��= : �& ?��2F-p+ G��� !%��� F��C� �& F��C� �& ?��2 �*$0� N1%p�� M"$�� �/&�

C$�& D"$�� E�1%o N�+ !�"+ Do�k � ;:C:*�� N1�Å& R�$0�� ���&)2(.

xk G;�+c �� ;0�1 ;�� ;�%��� N�$Y�� ��%< h�3 �/& F��C� i*� ��� �� � �"+ ;�1�c� ?r�� T"'/& 4%8 �:k G¦q�%H�� �"+ F2 �(�� ,*+ �&

;�$�� hC� BC+ ;�PS�� ;/�%� �Y�8 �&� Y:Ck d� �6$�� . d#��8 � TK F2 � z/& ��,/$0� � G�H&���� �"+ ;0:Z�� ~�Z� BC+ TA,%#� �� ������ �%+S$�� ��(�� G���k%�� T"YC0 �"+ !)�� ;0����� NS/�� ��

k%�� ;��, DCV-w� �� G�H&���� D/'/'8� G������ 1%�� D&�Hw�� ���

)1( :�y+��: F��C� �& �§��� �*+ –� 20 G21. )2( :®&Z�� d#��� �� 22 G23.

Page 25: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

13

Z8 E(��� A1%]o� A�+�%� hC� �� n���� %C8 N�k�%�� e+*8 a� %�& ~S� G;�$�� ;'*� Dª d�8 F� R*� ;:C:*�� �+ �Yk :���=5 45 Gn16���

;�0)620 A ( /C�� G���k%�� ;��, �w T"ZY�� j�A �%+,� G�% ;+< BC+ �%�%$0= G���k%�� �� ;:�� F��C� %�& T"/*8� ,y*�� �� & �\& P TZ�

N�Yk R�& F%:6Yu� T"C*�$0�� G96Yu� "-2k T"��2\= G;*�/�� M%0 ��& %&� 4%8� G;:C:*�� �8�0�� �& DH&1 I�� ;s���� ;�y/C� >k�8� �& �-. ���� !�# 4�� G��%8 T"$��, F��� F��C� �&P Up�� �)� �-.

� >�Hw� F� �*� � � G�:6Yu� �� ;�g T2u G;&^u� F��� �-. ��& � k i& hC�Y & 1o� � BC+ ?C]8� GN1-+ �� �&� B+�� T:+c T"

�%8 �-. !��� 9�&� G ��%�� 1,r� C$�� GF��C� �& ��& &� R�$+�� G� %&� f��� ���k%�� T:+c ��%8 BC+ ?C© F� 45 G;�g �y& ;�0 U:VC�� ̺

)711A( e�:k $&^k 4%8� &��= G . h�3 d� 9�&� G;�/�� N:u� �S$+� � ;�0 %8 xk ;����� !3%Y�� $��� BC+)737A( �� �*+ %&� !��� �� G

�� N:u� �Ac ��= Í1��� %&� %A� �-. 0:Z �1��� N:k �oQ� G;: � �%C+� �Y�� c�&� GTC/���;]C� . �� f*��� M�Y�� F&5 %8� G�/��� T���

;�0 _1)� F%+H��)749A ( TA M�&� ;ZÎ �+: (J�%� F2� �§��� �*+ �"�� �� GTA«2� %A� �-.� ̺� B0%�� �-+� G!�-+ �� N��+ ;��p��

�/& -:= N1�c%�� 4%8 �(�� ̺ n%0 Í1��� ?�# 45 T"��)1(.

)1( :�y+�� : F��C� �& �§��� �*+�� 21 G22 G23 G24 G25.

Page 26: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

14

l YK��F: D�2 ;�0 F'�1 N�© ��%8 8,P�)732 A( G)27 ;�0 %�� 1332� ( F���� a0��� ��%8 45 ������ �� DkS� ;:Z���� N�0�

t� G 8�0� Rr� �%k ��Q e��1 �Zk < ,1%�� G��^K� d&�Z��) 45 DkS� ,y& F%-CZ�� @$$=� -�:k �� N�^"C� ���� F���� ����� (�� :�*05

������()1( .

�Zu� �& �-. �& �-. �& �-. �& �§��� �*+ ����� Ï­� %"= R���� Ð� ��� �&# �& 2 GF��C� �& �§��� �*+ �& T:A��&5 �& �-. �& &� ��� F

�cl�)2( F��C� �&& �"�$��� ����� ­%& ?�C�� G)3( BC+ 9"= 8:k ;Ck1 �� G­$�� %V���:

• /� + ��� � �?#*: ;�y/�� ;&$�� F�%���� R-/C� F��C� �&� �2��=8 �& �-. ��c%�� B+�$0�

9A� G96Yu� ®V05 �� FHCZC�) �:C]�� TC��& G� ������ � �-u� ;&$2 �%0�� �� ;*<° �� A�/& �� ;C-Z*�� �& �()4( !(A R-/�� R*�= G

;Y:¯%�� 45 "q�1� �� 9��� �� h�3 G ;Y:¯%�� !(A 3Ñ� %A� P� �:/& _�A &Vr�� �%:� z/& ~S� �:k À>�]�� 45 ��%8 �� ;Ck�C� ;C:0�)5(.

)1( :;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC= : ���� R:Cª–� 9. )2( : ¦��/$��–� 29. )3( :F��C� �&� : !1oQ� 8:k �+ ;|�� 19. )4( : ¦��/$��–� 56. )5( :1�6�� ®&Z�� –� 56.

Page 27: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

15

bV05 %&� FHCZ�� [�� G��%8 »�/& ?�H� 96Yu� ;�:H�Z� f�� �� �� FHCZ�� �St= GF��C� �&� -"/� [��� G q�C� �2��=8 �& !��c��

+m� & F��C� �&� �� G $ ;���� 45 \^$��� G ZY�) ;&Q ( 45 R�$�� �) ;Z*�8 ( 45 �);6Y�( F��C� �&� *V6= G>�S�� ?kr US� �& �-Và B�$�� j�A� G

45)N��Z& ( 45 ���< (Ñ� �)FZ-C8 ( >�]�� FHCZ& ":= B�$�= Gh�3 �/&) F�+ �� ( 45 �=0 � G�-+ �& �Zu� !��c��) ;�g()1( + �� G FHCZ�� ,) F�+ %&� ( m� G�= 45 F��C� �&� �23 n�# G ZC^à ®:CV$C� TC/�� RA� d

+�$0= G!��+ 45 !)�= ( ;�0 )1354��755 A ( ZC� RA� -��� /� E�%C6�� ,%"� �S��� G9-C/��C^à �6$�� � G ¯�-C� Z N�

���� �+ d:�%$�� &��� G;��)2(.

�*+ �Zk F5 FHCZ�� R*� �� F��C� �&P ?���$�� �(A F� n�� C*�& �� E�/Z��� E��%�� ,�,c�� G!,Zk N�p�� e**0 F2 . FHCZ�� �#� ����

C�$+� �� F2 �(�� 96Yu� f���� F��C� �&� �& DC6k I�� ;C����� 0 B/Z� f��� F2 ��� G�Z=��� �;�/0 !��+ n�%� � �= �^0 �� 1��YC� e���

�/& GF��C� �&� �� N�+Z�� ?C< F� F�= G;�g 81�5 �#�$0P �= �+ F��C� �&� RY]= G � 8�+Z� �k ;&^u� ?6�� :Ò�%� F� !�+� F� z*� �(�� FHCZ�� 45 «�� 9Ó� G96Yu� f��� M���� >^$0�� G�YV$��

;�0 �^Z�� �[�c� G-":C+1356 � )757 A ( ~��0 FHCZ�� ®C<� � �&� ,%#� M�o� 8=� xk �$�0 �^0 F��C� �&� BC+ B�&�� Gf���

)1( : �%&�$�� o��8 F��C� �&�–� 40A�/& �� .

)2( : ¦��/$��–� 59.

Page 28: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

16

-+ �& �Zu� !��c� �C<\= G �^0 F��C� +�� G� � 45 !, F2 MH/��� @��� � �S#�� G :C+.

�P� ��c%�� �� ?CH= G�u� !(K F�J-<P& F��C� �&� �/�� � 45 _��6 ���� �(A :C+ Ô\= !,y&)1( . & �Zu� ��c%�� BC+ ���� i& M���� 1o �� �

f]6�� �HC0 BC+� G�-+ ) F�+ �� �&� ( f��� �%k �%Y$��� ) 1%6�� ( e�:�� �/8 �:k :�5 �Z|� R:m F��C� �&� �Yº � GT":C+ e�C� *:6�$�

F-:C0 �& 1%6��� �=��� -6�)2(.

?�<� G������ !Y�� �� �Zu� �� FHCZ�� �& F-C0 %&� f��� ,+ �� ;Yq< :�5 [��� G 8%+, ���� (��� :�5 F��C� �&� T'�� GT�u� ,�,�$0& � B+�= G &21 FHCZ�� "C��= G;-r/�� -C0� G;����� RA� !%#� ��

2 �:+� G;�&Z�� !(A ���)� FHCZ�� $*<° M��5� !�0 ?80;�760A)3( ÕC*à F��C� �&� N1c��� n�$�� f��� F� �Zk < n��� G

FHCZC� e�:�� �+ h�3 � Ö -C= G�y*�� �+ ?6�à �+�� ��� �� T:�+ �q�S� e������)4(.

*<¥ � e�1%$= �� ��×= FHCZ�� 45 & �%�� ;���� !(A �%6� n�1 �� ;�g T2u� � T:§ ®��r %A� �� �*+ �& �-+ d� & �-$q= G �\�)5( . ��

�� 1o �&� hC�� BC+ ?6�� GF-C0 �� FHCZ�� BC+ �� �*+ �&� ��c%

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 59 G68. )2( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 14. )3( : ¦��/$��–� 68 G70. )4( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 14. )5( : ®&Z�� d#���–� 14.

Page 29: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

17

���� G *8�1 ,�c� G��� � �=�� G :C+ F2 � BC+ F��C� �&� ���� G�Y�8 -2 F2 �� Gh�(& d��� � F��C� �&� �%��) : 45 >*��� F:]H& %-Z�

:= D�2 X d=1�()1(.

®=�%� P FHCZ�� ���� GR:k��& � F3{� FHCZ�� �� F��C� �&� ?CH� �A� F��C� �&� M��r� ���� GFZ-C8 f�� G%§ �\& ®V$C� F� ;:�� h�3 BC+ �&� 1$�= GFZ-C8 �+ ���/�� ;H��� BC+ C:*0 BC�= G +��5 �%+H$0� FHC0 ��+ ®&�%0 �� � F2 � BC+ eP%/� G������ 45 �YZ�� F��C�

?:H�� �& ����� FZ� !��c�� G���� �-. �� �*+ �� ;<��©)2( �2 �%� G�= )3(7��$��� >k�$�& !y*�$0= ;C:C# E��� -K ��� �:k )4(.

• q���!� + ��� � �: ������ 45 F��C� �&� �=0 45 �� [�� � G@$Y�� R*g aV= G;$*0 ®��H& G

A«¥ !��c�� FHCZ�� 45 ®��H�� %A� ?$2� G;<��© �& - ���":�5 � \:A� G ���à FHCZ�� ~�=� & *k�= G-) ��Y& !1%6� �� �Ø��

�Zu& N�c�� e��&� e:Yª q�C� $r� ?21�� G �%+��()5( ;:C+ -�� � G

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 77. )2( :?:H�� GU-CZ�� �§� �& 9C+ �& �:/0 �& �� �*+ �& �-. �� �*+ %&� ����� FZ� � ) 713 A/1313� � 776 A /1374� (

������ �� 90:0� ?:*<� _%ZC:=� Í1��� ?82� �+� .;<��]& M��-u� �6� aq�%k BC+ !1/�� D�Ú���. �y+�� –[ 7 – 122 G123.

)3( : ¦��/$��–� 80. )4( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 14. )5( : ¦��/$��–� 84.

Page 30: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

18

ZC� RA�) ;"2Y��� G;*2�%��� G &%21 ;*2����� G 8%C� M^��& 6$��� Z�� E�%C� ()1(.

hC�� ��2\= GN��= ;��¬ !,�c� ;�$�� hC� 45 � fYZ2 FHCZ�� !�=��� F��C� N�0� ¢��8 � ,�� F� !�+� -2 G 8�0� ;���� $�Øà -C/�)2( ?C<� G

G!��+ ���� �� ;A1= ;C]& ���K� /�� Ge���� ;<��© 45 ,+� Gh�3 n,Y$= [�à ;��� FHCZ�� /H�\= FHCZC� �/& -:= ���A� �:*A3 �)� ?2�Ã�

;<��©)3(.

�� ��%� ���u� �Zk F2 �� $0:0 �� F� ��� �§� n��� fo\$Y��� � �� *C<� G C�/& ;�$�� hC� >^+5 R:��& G�% f�� !�C& T:�� F

h�3 � F2� G1($+= 8�0� ��%�� :C+ �,�� F�)4( . �%�� �:�k ,�,c� & FHCZ�� ;��/� F\-<�� $��� F��C� �&� ��$0� ��

:H�Z� �� T"���$Z� F� FHCZ�� �� ?CH= G!���� CA� � F3\= G;��(& CA� d� ;<��© ;��{& F��C� �&� �0� Gh !���� )5( T�$��� G

~��� �q6� T0�%�� ��� FHCZC� ���� �y*�� hC0)6(.

!���8� ?:H�� �&� ¤*��& !1%/� ;<��© F��C� �&� %Yr ��/� F2 �� R*� ������ N1,]� ;C:k ��Y� (�\= GFHCZ�� ��+ !3%Y� ,�,c� �� e=%� �

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 84. )2( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 14. )3( : ¦��/$��–� 85. )4( : �y0{� BVw–[ 3 –� 226. )5( : ¦��/$��–� 97. )6( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=– �15.

Page 31: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

19

�� �&� �&� �:& � E�/Z�� �ZY8 F� h�(2 %A -�:&� GN,%�� �r��� �� ?:H ;�g ?kr �� �*+ �� FHCZ�� �� >$2 !M# 35)1( bV$�P� 45 := !%+��

¤*��� �+ eJ:� � �2(� F� F�, G :�5 �ª1P� ;<��© FHC0 F3\$0= G & h�(& �%*��� P5 /Z� �� G ���Y� FHCZ�� z/$�= G?:H�� �&�)2( 45 ,/=

;�0 ;:���=5766A)3(.

• )I�r + ��� � �: ;�g 45 Rr� �� GE�%�0 ¢yo ":= ��� F� �/& ������ F��C� �&� 1,©

;&^u� !P�� �� �*+ %&� tHC0 & RY$k� ) M�1c%�� ;0q1 ( �"/& � �� M=��= ey�$/� F2 �%� ZY� BC+ !(�� �� F2 ®&0)4(.

�&� ¦r� ��� ��= ;&^u� C-+ F��C� ) : ;����� RA� FHCZ�� ��� CC�$0�� G�& ;21*ÃD �&�8� !1%�� ;0:0 ��"# D��]$0�� G �C� R-£

�� ��6�� �/& G¦2+ h�3 d� ��� G;*6��� d�g ;&H�C� i���� G �HC0 P ;*6��� d�g 1"��� M�o� TC/�� ��1�8 BC+ GN��© hC�� f&�8 �+ hY��

h�3()5(.

)1( : G®:=%$�� d�# D�& I�� ¦H+ Nf��� ��� G�k�%�� �*+ �-. �� �� �*+ �& M��2c �� �&� �6$��� �� �6�$Z�� �-. �� �*+ %&� ;01����;:�:=%$�� �+ ��� G625 A/1228 � FHC0 G96Yku� 4%8 9�+ �& -:= T�647 A/1249� �675 A/1277� !�"+ «$/�� G

¿A(�� �6/��;:6Yu� ;���C�. ;����� Û,*� ;:01Y�� ;:6Yu� –� 117 G134.

)2( : ¦��/$��–� 90 G93. )3( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 15. )4( : ¦��/$��–� 94 G96 .��C� �&� ;YZC= ;:+-$#P� F–� 15. )5( : ¦��/$��–� 98.

Page 32: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

20

 R¯ �(�A� F� 45 T:C/$�� $�� z/& R]��� ;����� F���& �%�� F��C� �&� �*/�� �� FHCZ�� -+ �&� �&� �:& E1�, ;2�/� �� �*+ %&� FHCZ�� R$� ;*6�& T:�� %A� F��C� �&� 45 «�� Rr� �� G;�:H�Z� ?kr

Z�� � RA� �� ;+m �� ?C< GFHC M�&� z/*� ;/:*��� ���& �:��� �C*� �� FHCZ�� M�� 45 [��� Gh�3 n,Y8� ���� ��� ���� G�%$��� FHCZ�� ��%k�� n�#�� G�*/�� %&� ��2\= G�$� F�, ;�g >�%&� � @$=� G�*/��

A,%"/� BC+)1(.

• Um�&J�� s ��� � �: �� >y��� �� F��C� �&� _� �*/�� �%�� �� fo\$& :C+ E�

Z��� FHCZ�� � F3\= Gh�(& F3{� ?C<� G�yZ& [���� R'Y= GE�/ . :�� BC+ �*/�� %&� FHCZ�� z*� ��= G /�%$� F��C� �&� F2 � ¢�k� TC= F��C� i& E%:& ¼$Y� ~�1� G;�%& C�$+�� ;�g �� #��� �o5 ̺

~yZ��� Nf�(�� �� *CH� �����)2(.

%§ %&� FHCZ�� ÕC&� ) FZ-C8 ?kr ( :�5 ?$�= GF��C� �&& Rk � �+ e��:/& >�/�� M:k� ;��{� ey'Y� 1�($+P& F��C� �&� n,Y$= G ���$Z�

;����� ?r�� �+� ;0:Z��)3( .

:�� 45 R01\= G��S$+P� �(A R*�$8 � ~%-H�� ZY� F5 ) ̺ ( �C<� F� �/& � G � A,�1� I�� ;Y:¯%�� �+ >%�:� %§ �� FHCZ�& bV$�y� ;�g FHC0

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 98 G99. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 99. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– � 101 G102.

Page 33: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

21

;/���� GN18 %§ �� FHCZ�� ;/��� BC+ Rq*��� Í:�� R§ BC+ R-+n��� N18 >�]�� FHC0)1( .

;/�H-C� ��Y$��� M��K�� ;+��� N:k F��C� �&� ?©1 $��5 �/&� T:�� %A� ��1�$��� �%=�+ � ;r�Y�� !(A �%+�� � �<yZ�� ���� GN��Z&

Rq*��� N%+, �� �*�<� G!,� �*<� � F%C0�� �%k��= GRq*��� BC+ !fo\8 �� �&� 3%Y� ,�,c� �� ;Y:� ZY� N��Z& ?kr �#�\= GT"$/���

� BC+ >�]�� FHC0 R-£ h�3� GN��Z& �+ !�/*� F� �H$0�� GF��C+, «� ]C& xk >�]�� e��r� N��Z& F��C� �&� 1,© F� �� G�= 45 8%

�&� ��c%�� ;�r� Dª G!�/& �:/Z�� �&� ?:6�8� GS�S/�� �*+ FHCZ�� N=� !%w�$+� >�]�� FHCZ� ���%�� Rq*��� Í%:� ���� GfZ�� �^= G�c©

0 �� c/�Å& h�3� G�:*+ Í%:� �� 1%-]� i& ;<0%&%§ FHC)2(.

F��C� �&� �%��) : �� ^�= Gh��A �%w�$+� R*# 45 TK%:� BC+ � ��)��&1 ($��� m �%*" ��� �%C#1�� G�/� F2 � d: ��� F0�Y�� �� fp

�Vr\& D�u F��-/�� 45 D6C� F� 45 e�1+ e:kw ��%� D:�&� GT"����&1 R*g()3(.

)1( : �%&�$�� o��8 F��C� �&�–� 47. )2( : ®&Z�� d#���–� 47. )3( : ¦��/$��–� 217 G218.

Page 34: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

22

45 !�Y0 F��C� �&� Rr�� f��� ��� �c© �&� ��c%�� 9�� �:k �= BC+ eY2+ h��A 9�*= G?Z$º F2 � b%= +H�5� $���# �=�� G s��$&

"$��+� ;����� R¯ Z�1�8� TC/�� NM���)1( .

��f�� 1%"¯ ?*Z& ÀB6��� >�]�� ;:0:Z�� E&��HwP� D�� �� ��� �§��� �*+ f��� � �:���� �&� ��c%�� �� >�]�� »�/& ;*�H�& �§� f�

F� BC+ G-¬1\� �%C& xk -"�:& F�/$�� BC+ ��A/$= À�:/Z�� !f��� �c© � -"���� G�§��� �*+ f�O� T:���� z/& T�k� G�§� f�O� hC�� F%��

� -"C��\8 _y$�P ;^:$� -"�:& ¦C�� >, xk 16$�P� F+S$�� �,�� �Y8� ÊY�� D��%8� ;:�o >�]�� 45 E&��HwP�� E=y�� E,/= GR*� �� :C+

������ 45 [���& F��C� �&� ��Y= GE&y��P��)2(.

• ) ��-�� ��� � � 1�_��� : ;k���� ZY�� ���� ÜF� n��= �*C�8 �� TJ0� ;0:Z�� F��C� ��&�  R�

Û,A F�� 1���$0P��)3( Z= G ;�0 ������ 45 ;:�o �=)1374 �� 776 A( #���5 45 �Hw� �� f© ey:m e*:k�8 ;<��© FHC0 & ?k�= G

�&& $�y+ �� e=%�� >�]�� ��k M��r� ;*©1 BC+ eP�S� ������ �� ������ (J�%� :C+ >%']�� ?:H��)4( B0�� 9A� G��A 45 �£\= G

ZC� ;/&$�� FZ-C8 %§ �� FHC)5( _y$qP :+�$Z� F� %§ %&� FHCZ�� n��= G

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 218. )2( : F��C� �&� �%&�$�� o��8–� 48. )3( : ¦��/$��–� 219. )4( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 226. )5( :�f�� %&� �k�-% B0%� �& ;<��© ��� GF�c �& �§��� �*+ �& ¦0%�723 FZ-C8 f�� GA760 ;�0 %8 G A791 GA

�/à �� hC�� ��S$�P �Y�8 %&� !��� ¬ �� N1%o �y� ey:$����� i& ;� . ;<��© 1*�� ;<k{�–[ 3 –� 286 45 292 .

Page 35: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

23

;:*C$& �A�$= �� ¼k%$0� F��C� �&� ���� G $��� BC+ "C§� GRq*��� 8�0�� !%�S�\= ¦��+ ,P�\& ®u� GMVH*�� 45 FZ-C8 �� [��� ?CH��

;�y0 �&� ;/C�)1( ;/C�& _�/�8 I�� ;*:H�� ;/C��� hC8 j�A� G E��©�8 ��%+� ;/&1� F��C� �&� ��� F��A� ;/<��)2( «/�� >$2 ¦:�\8 ���� G

;����� �� R-2\=)3(.

�/& j1,\= G�&«��� >�/�� 1*�� ;&$2 (�� ;����� ;&$2 �� ��= F� �/&� �� G@:V6$��� @:��$�� 45 [$º *$2� !y�� � F� �Yk �� fp��� BC�� F�

Dª ��� F� n��= G®:��$��� ;/#��-C� �����,� ?$2 ;�y0 �&� /C� !�� I�� 1,6�� �+ �V*C� TA1oQ� T"�2Z�� q&Q n�� �:k ��%8 45 Rk��

�� G":�5 [$º ) : FHCZ�� >H� 45 E1,*= ) �*/�� &� i/� ( 45 ;J:Y�& !,%"+� &HÆ �35� �:/& f© F2 -= G;/#����� $+< FZV$0P�� F3{&

����C�)4(.

• q��K t� ��� � � u���: �*/�� &� Ý��� G¦��+ ,P�� F��C� �&� j�8)5( FHCZ�� ��2\= G;0%0 �A�&

45 !�,1 � G;�K� !1%�� !1��� (��� G Z:�\8 Õ�&� G ���� ��&� G 8,=� �%�� G��%8) : �� R:C¯ R¯ 45 D��Q� ��%8 45 D/#�= FHCZ�� ;��+

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 227. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 228. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 229. )4( :1�6��Z�� ®&– � 230.

)5( :� ;�0 ��� G9C+ �& T:A��&5 �& �§� %A �6�$Z�� �*/�� %&757 A . ;=y�& d�%& ;:6Yu� ;�0 775 A . �-$0�� �%� 8=� 45 T�u�3F*/� 796 A�= �=,� . �y+�� –[ 1 –� 87.

Page 36: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

24

D:���� G;-/��� hC8 B+�� T"CÞ D/m� G��%��� RA�� 45 Dp/&� G $��k��k�$�� 6+()1(.

#%8 � GM�S#� �� R-2\= G��1$�� &$2 �³Å& FHCZ�� YC2 ��%8 � $��S� 45 /=1� FHCZ�� T0&)2(.

6+ 9�C�� G $Ck1 9"�� F� R�\� F��C� �&� F2 ��� F�� G��%8 �k�$�� 1�r F��©%� ��(�� ��fp��� !,Zk F� �/� �� P5 GM�/�� h�3 �/& @��$Z� !(A ;*�+ 9�� �� P5 T":�5 Õ6� � FHCZ�� F� d�� G :C+ FHCZ��

h�(& � F3\= G�u� ;'��= M'�� C:*0 9C¥ F� �� ?CH= GE�/Z��)3( .

• C#D/� + ��� � �: C� �&� Rr� hC�� F2 35 GA1W �k� ;�:Y0 Ê� BC+ ;�1���0{� 45 F��

b%��&)4( ;�0 Rq��� h�3� G�:� ��+ (�� �6� »�+ BC+ �C# �� )1282�( dH$Z� � Gc^u� 45 �YZC� �/$Z� %A� Ge��"� ":= ��� �:k À

� TC/�� ;*C< :C+ �=�%8 j�A� N�A��� 45 �=Z= Gc^u� 45 "�� �YZ�� R2 �

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 230 )2( :1�6��� ®&Z�–� 231. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– � 244 G245.

)4( : �& b%��& ����� ¦:0 �A���� ���� G9Z2���� �� �*+ �& �� �+)738 A ( !�-+� N�A�C� ����20 e�+ G BC+ R-+ ;Z2����� M����� RÞ dm GT"�� �6� hC� �� ��� F2� �� h�(& F�= b%��& ����� ¦:0 �A��� hC�& ?ß�¾�� ;��, �0

�� �6� ;:Z2���� ;�HCZ G �+ !`��+� �H$0�� G �S/� EP�. N�+ E�#791 A j���� ;/C� �^0� :Y�� G $sSA :q��� ;sSA� �^0 �� >�K� q��r� N�+Zà �H$0� ��� GF,1�� ;:�o ;�HCZ�� »�+ 45 N,%/��� �+792 A . �%� %8

;/-)�15 ��%�801 !�-+� A 60 e�+ �/� ���� !�& ��� G $:+�& �=1� � . !�o×� �� F2� 1-p�� BC+ ?q��'�� �H&5 2�%Y���;��A��� ;01��� M�&� G. e+^� F2e:23 e=1+ 0��Y�& M'�� MA, := G;: . �y+��–[ 2 –� 48.

Page 37: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

25

8,=� �Zk\= GFHCZ�& R68� � G�Ac�� d�)� �C^= G>%r� >�k ��� �&��)TC/�� RA� d� �\� G 8��r �� ;���)� �=�� G;&�]�� ��Q�()1(.

CA� ?C< R01\= G�6� M�*�� R'=� GN�A��� M�*C� ZY� D&H= 45 R:k��� �� T"/�� tHC0 ���� G��%8 �� !���� �&� N,%+ ;*©1 �6�

;<0%C� �6� FHC0 d#�1 F� P5 F��C� �&� �� F2 -= G��%8 45 F��C� CA�� !��� R0f� ��%8 FHC0 d� ) h�3 45 &#\= G T"C:*0 9C¥�()2( .

0 :�5 �"+ � ;:V-��� ;01��� ��1�$�& �6� FHC)3( ;01���� G;:u6��)4( ¼-$©�r ;01��� G)5( .� F��C� �&� �%� ) : �� ­5 d=, à D-�=

h�3 U(�\8 P G��k� �� :C+ à ��"# D:=�� G,%-|� ���� h�3 N%H0 P� !# �+ i*©�� P� G;�%C�()6(.

;���r �� ���� �� �:k G�6� M'�C� :�%8 �� ¦6� ���� �(A %A��� �&2�� :C+ ?]�� G $-:�� N%�� G ��k�T�w�� �+ w��+{ F:+� .

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 249. )2( :1�6�� ®&Z�� ZY�–� 249. )3( : � 1�� �� ;:��-C� ;0G A�& � ����� ~yrG�%�� �/�� �& ��-+ d�# 1�%g D�2� G ;:V-��� ;01��& D=�+� .�F

����� ~yr�eV-� R]8 �%:Y�& ;/:w ":C+ ¦�� ."$*C<� ":01�� BC+ �c%� F2. ;�"���� ;���*�� –[ 12 –� 327.

)4( : ;:u6�� ;01���641 G;��^A ;01��� !(A \��� ;����� �<y0 �� �6� hC� ­� �� d&0 >%�� ����� T� à6��<Y�� �6��� "C]�� F2 I�� ;kZ�� �� MS# BC+ "��� G;:&%���f*��� 9- . �1���� ��18 �1����–[ 1 –� 239 .

)5( :A�:� F��y� �& �-. �r��� h:�X �� ��r��� ¼-$©�r ����� ¦:0 f��� ;�0757 A ��1�$� "66�� Ge��A,S� ey�/� D�2� G9Y�u� �Y��� G���u� � M"�YC�$��� ��p�� ������ ;:Y�ud0 . N�w|� �Zk–[ 2 –� 231.

)6( : ¦��/$��–� 254.

Page 38: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

26

�%�� ) : G?�# R2 �� ?]��� �9C+ �p�= RA� �&� i:& %)� TC¯��;�����()1(.

\*� Rr� GM"#%��� F:+�� d� 2��+ �� ¬ �s I�� ;:ZY��� M�%#�� !(A �":= e/:m !���� CA� b�©� G��%8 �� !���� CA� R�8 I�� ;�:YZ�� b�©.

�%�� ) := ,%�%��� ��Z��� ,%#%�� ?A(()2( 45 >A(�� F��C� �&� 1��� GT:C/$��� ��1�$��� �AS�� 45 �� F� �/& G�u�)3( .

) �8�� P5 h�3 �/& A1,]� �� G�6� 45 ,+ �u� ;'��= n,� F� �/&� hC�� �& [�= FHCZ�� >21 ®��, 45 ;:�p��� G�1�S� ����� 45 ���k5

����A)4( ;�0 h�� 1%-:8 �%^A �6� ":�5 [�� �%� G)1400�( 1�W� G F� 45 N1�{� ) 8�y� D�2� G®��, �rk ���+ G1%-:$& B�$�� F��C� �&�

E�%�0 DZ& 8%� R:*� h�3� G;:0:Z�� �-+� ;³� !(A( )5( F� 1���� M��� G = «� À"�+ �=�C� ®��, 1�%0� �%�� %A� GFHCZ�� ÕC*� :C+ jª ;�$

����� M-C/�� d-$#� �A� ":�5 ey=� d#�= G�6� 01��� F%:� ; 1��� Gh�� 1%-:8 �� F��� ?C< BC+ �%�Y8�� G;:�,/���� Ô\= G;/C��� ?q�

���$� 1%-:8 45 �%#��= h�3 T":C+ �� >�%&� @$= BC+ /� �%�Y8�� G1%Z��

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 259. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 259. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 260. )4( : b%��& �& [�= �r���)791 – 815A( %&� ����� ��c �r��� hC�� %A� G" E�,/Z��" G 92%CX FHC0 �6� »�+ 4%8 G

!�-+� !���� N=� �/&13 0 � :�5 ,+ � »�/�� �+ BV�8 �:k :&� N0\� /� E1��8� Ge�+ E, ÊY�� � E&��HwP� f��� ;�+S& �1%0 M���� !�w 1o ;�"��� � GF�Z�� �Co N=� 45 n,� X M&%�& e&%V6� ,y*�� �+ aV� ¢�k� !�"+

FHCZ�� �SA �(�� �:�h*C/& BC+ 4%$0�� N�A��� ��� 4%8� GR$��& [�= FHCZ�� ��� B"$��� ;Y:C�� %&� ßC�& �/$Z��90*/�� R'Y�� h�3� h:�-�� M���� :C+ ®Y8� D��� RV2 815A . �y+�� –[ 5 –� 140.

)5( : F��C� �&� ;���� �+ E0�1,– � 65 G66.

Page 39: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

27

GT":/0 �%V^�� TC= G;����� ;����� �+ �=��� BC+ ;/C��� ?q� 1��r5 n,��A�:�/8� 1%��� j*81� 45)1(.

) @^�� � ���� G1%Z�� �� e:��$� 1%-:8 45 ZY�& ?A(� F� F��C� �&� n��= e�%� �oyo� ;ZÎ N�� ;:©H�� d� ��� �� d� G $-"� 45 A�/& d#1 G

�6�()2(8 F� 45 ":= F��C� �&� 9�&� G %.

l YK��: F��C� �&� N=� D�2� �� §1 � ;C�%< ;Ck1 �/& )26 ( F'�1 ��

;�0)808 A ( ®=�%�� )16 �1� �� 1406 � ( Àe�+ �/*0� ;$0 �+ ;:������� !W� �6��� >& [1� ;:=%6�� �&�à �=,� ) F�� ;:0*/��()3( .

��C� �&� N:k BC+ NMw{� !(A �y� ��� �%��� ��s F : �&� N:k ~�Z�  F5 RÞ R& GN�A��� 8=1 n%p�� G��%8 0�1 a�Zà �6V�� � G <��� F��C� ����+� e/&1� F��C� �&� B'� ��= G_��<�� 9���$�� ��/�� �/�� 1H�� T�/� B6���� a0��� >�]�� "�� ;�0 �oyo� e$0� ��%8 8:k �� ;�0

1� �������c^u�� ����� �6� "�� ;�0 ����+� e/&)4(. ;:-�8� G 21��� �Z8� D-"0�� $*A%� DC�r �� 8:k _��¯ FÅ= h�(� D�2� G 2�1,5 ®-+� G!f�Y8 >%C0� ��%�8 �o�� f*2 K F2� G 8�%C/� ����8 BC+ ���� ���+ G 8���� D"#�� G 8y�\8 E�o� I�� R��%/�� TA� ��

�!1oQ �"�� ;&$2.

)1( :C� �&� ;���� �+ E0�1,F�� – � 65 G66. )2( : 1%-:8 1*�� 1����� ?q^+–� 108. )3( : ;:&�/�� ;]C�� >�,Q ��18–[ 3 –� 224 . e��+� F��C� �&�–� 40. )4( : �-$#P� TC+ ^"��� !��Y� N���# NM��� e+�*� F��C� �&�–� 12� 13.

Page 40: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

28

l YK8K� e: v:)� �� �*+ �& �-. �� �*+ T"�� ��%$& ;+m �+ �Y�� (��)1( %&�� G

T0��� f6��� �-.)2(. ��� ����� �23 ��� ) Ü�� BC+ !�C*& FQ���� ����- �$�Ú? Ú�&� ���& – �16��� ���& �& �/0 �& �-. %A� � C+ ;:&�/��� �� B Û��

� ����S��G!f© �,�%�� �&# �&� �� �*+ �� ¢�|� �+ (��� G :&\& >,\8�9�Q)3( �C� �'k� G Z�� �*+ �& �� �*+ �� 9w����y)4( �+ n�1� G

�� �� �*+ �� �=u�� :q���� G9H� 9��'u� �-:"�� �*+ �-. ��)5( G ��� �/�� �cP� Y$��� 9C&�� �� �*+ &� f" & d()6( �� G �� �� ,�+ � �:

u� ��/�� �& �-. e'�����6)7( ­�c1S�� »�%��� �& �-.� G)8( �& �§��

)1( : �*+ �& �-. �� �*+ %&� �� ] ,��]*�& _��/�� � [ ½ � E:H/� ;�� BC+ R6 �+ (�� �\&� a�= ÐP f�� F��C� �&��

�Y�� �+. )2( : �-. T0��� %&� 9Z����� 9<��]�� ��0�� R"0 �& �-. �& ....)– 730A( �� T:+c G �Y�� F��C� �&� :C+ �1, G

ey-+ R� �� e�c� ��c%�& ?�C� ;<��© RA� .� e��q+ N�A��& E��u� � . �y+��–[ 7 –� 34 . )3( :�� �*+ %&� G����� �Þ G9Z:��� T0� �& �-. �& �&# �& �-. 9Z����� 9�Q �,�%�� 9�Q �,�%�� �Ú&# �& �-.)673 G

746A(G ��u& �+ G�k1 G9Z���� �+� G� »Q �,�� �� Cr� G ��%$& 8=�� !��%�� . �& ����� FZ� ���� �� %A����§��� �*+� G?:H F��C� �&.;<��]& 8=� . �y+��–[ 7 –� 35 .

)4( : ��� G�1�%K� fp2 �& ¦0%� �& �yZ�� �*+ �& �-.676 �� �*+ %&� GA ��%$& M'��� ­� G9Z�%$�� �f$Z���G �-$0�� G %8 F� 45 Ge:��� e":�= F2�& %8 ;�0 F%+H�749 . �y+��–[ 6 – 205.

)5( : �-:"�� �*+ �-. %&� �-:"�� �*+ �& �-. �& I*Z�� 9��'u� ;�0 ��� G676 %8 G��1$��� >,�& TC/�� ��S© F2 GAF%+H�& ��%$& ;�0 747��%$& A . �y+��–[ 4 –� 169 «/��� G–[ 7 –� 385 .

)6( : ?:H�� @Y�–[ 5 –� 240 G465 . ;<��© 1*�� ;<k{�–� d&���� �C²–� 11 G18 .

)7( : �-. �� �*+ %&� G��/�� �& z/*��� �Y��� ���u�� FQ���� �%C+ �+ (��� GeY�Q 1%2(�� R:"Z$�� >$2 h�(2 �+ �1, ;:&�/�� �%C+ �� �+ F��C� �&� !�23 � P5 ;m�8 BC+ � R6½ �� G.

)8( : �c�S�� �� ­�c1S�� �-. �� �*+ %&� :� f� Ò�s P� a�= Ð� 45 F��C� �&� ��%�� BC+ P� $:6�� �%k ��S�� �� �� �+ A(�� I�� ��1���.

Page 41: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

29

16���)1( �£ �& �-.� )2( :��� �&# �& �-.� G Z �-. T0��� %&�� 9��� 9���� F�%w1 �& ¦0%� �& �� �*+� G����S�� �§�� Gf6)3( �� -2 G

+ Rº ���+ ;r�Y�� S"$�� F2 �+ (�\�� & R6$:= �� �:Y$Z:� M-C/�� �� � ��c ;=��/�� ;YC$��� �%C/��)4( .

i���� �Zu� �� FHCZ�� My:$0P F2 ����)5( ��%8 BC+ )1347� ( ��o� 0�1, �³5 BC+ �+� h�3 F5 35 GF��C� �&� N:k �&� �%�� h�3 � G $

ZY� F��C� Z�� h�3 �+ FHC) : �� >��� ,%"� T"�SC�� GM-C/ZC� := Tt�à R�-^$�� G ( )6(.

) Z�� ��� �� M-C+ �� ;+m /� �'k� ��%8 45 �(A �Zu� %&� FHC 0= G>�]�� TC/�� ?$2 �� e�fp2 T":C+ ���� GT¬ R6$� F� F��C� �&� �H$

NV���� �o�|� ��5 �-:"�� M-C/�� MP�A ��� G>,��� �&� �cP G>�]��

)1( : ;:���5 BC+ R:�, �(A� GN,«�� N�:6�� ek�� �(A �:�� F� 45 F��C� �&� f��� %V��� �%C+ �+ (�� G�§� �*/�� %&�

,�%� N�/& �01���� M"�Y�� MP�A �-$A�_%6$��� ;:&�/��� fZY$�� �& d-W �%C+� .

)2( : �£ �&� : �³ �� �/� ~��� ;$Z�� 1/��� ":= à �q6��� ���+ �Yk BC+ /^�� FZC�� �%C+ �+ (�� G�-. �� �*+ %&� ��� TC+�� & �� ~���� �(A G;0-u� >$2 ;�-'$�� !�q6� �-w �C� �&� �2(�� 9Z����� ��$�- � F� �� fp��� �Yk �

� ;C�%< r%6� F��C� �&� �+ R�� �(��� U"Yr�� [�Y�� �� U©�� >$�& N,1�%�� 1/��� ��� 9±*�$��� �³ �� �/� A� «/�� �� ���� >$��&–� 170.

)3( :�y+�� : F��C� �& �§��� �*+–� 27 G28.

)4( :¦��/$�� –� 19.

)5( : FHCZ�� %A �& 9C+ �Zu� %&� �& F-p+ ;�� �=, Gi���� �:/0 �� FHCZ�� �&��� ;���� 1�%g �+ Ý%$��752 %A� A;�/�� ��+ _��/�� �%� N�"�� RV2�� FHCZ�& �= BC+ e:��� F2 G F��y� �& �-. �r��� ��� . �y+�� –[ 4 –

�311. )6( : ¦��/$��–� 19.

Page 42: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

30

�+ (��� F��C� ) e+Ð ( �&P fZ�� >$2� GDZ�� E"��� Nc#5�!(A f© Nfp2 e*$2� G~y6�� �&� >$2� GbV05()1( .

9C&�� T:A��&5 �& �-. �� �*+ %&� ;:C�/�� �%C/�� �:� T"���)2( �&� :C+ ��� G 0� G®H���� G;:C�/�� �%C/�� F��C� �q c�& xk G;:-:C/$��� ;:-�u� F%�Y��

& _�$/�� � �"�� ZY� 9C&�� F2� G":=)3(.

d:m R:6ª 45 eP:� !�]r F2 F��C� �&� F� ��� ÓÅ=  �, F5 �(A� $o��k ��c �� (�� �� � P5 9C�+ �� 9"�= �� �%]� TC+ �� -= G�%C/��

?:6� �=�\&.

(80� �� F��C� �&� B�C8 BC+ "01, I�� �%C/�� �� TC+ R2 Nc#5 8 M&%�� ?�+ ��� :&� N=� �/& R-/� F� E�c#{� !(A � Dk8� �:k GT"����

;�0 f*���)749A ( C]�8 D�2 �(�� S2��� BC+ äYVC�� 8%� ?Z���y*�� $Cq+)4(.

�M� >1 p2�� G ����� F��C� �&� ��Y� F� h�3 �/& 1���� %A� �:�� � ��%8 ~$#� �(�� _1)� F%+H�� e/:m �%#1, G �0 �� N��+ ;/&Z��

;�0)1348�()5( . ;�Z& ":C+ i���� �Zu� �� FHCZ�� My:$0� �/& h�3�

)1( :¦��/$�� –� 19. )2( : �*+ %&� 9C&�� T:A��&5 �& �-. ��)681 A/1280��757 A/1356� ( FZ-C8 ;���à ,%�%��) �q�S)� >�©( G

F��C� �&� ;�y/�� Í%:� �� %A� G�����& ;C&Q �� Cr�� G�:� A�R >�]�� � �%r �Y��G %A� (��� � R�, ~�� �&� ?#u� !f©� �� EY�6� T^/�� hC$� *��,y. �-��� �-25 –[ 1 –� 132.

)3( :¦��/$�� –� 22. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 12 G13. )5( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 27.

Page 43: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

31

P5 �+ �$Y� � e����� e�Sk ¥��� ����� ��= BC+ F��C� �&� FSV= GN�k���� �+ TC/�� (�� BC+ &*��&��*�� M-C/)1(.

�� �p2� >A3� G;:���=5 �+ TA1:8 1Z½�� G��%8 �+ ���� i& My# ���� N�k%�& �/�� F��C� �&� R/# h�3 R2 G>�]�� 45 M-C/�� �� T"/� F2 f*��� !%�� h�3 �+ !�6= G>�]�� 45 R:k���� T¬ bVC�� BC+ �S/= GTA�/&

�-.)2(.

l 78�;nK: ��u� ��s P e�:/� e��k� F� G;-C�C� ��:C�$�� �/�& F��C� �&� (:�y8 �+ �

R/�� Gx� �%C+ $+��&� G -C+ N1�S© �� T©��� BC+ GN��*� :C+ (-C$$� ��� Z� ��� � F��C� �&� F� 45 ,%/� h�3 ?*Z xk F�� ��$

�%C/& R]� BC+ F2� G;0:Z�� e=�6�� � F2� G!1,]� �Z$� TC= G;+%�$� ��fp��� �o\$& �"�8 "YC� I�� !1oQ ���� G :C+ ��*� R��& (-C$$� F� �k� ;/�1 ,��$�� BC+ A,Ä5 T"0� I�� $01�� 45 T"�-'�&� G -C/&� & �� -":�5 _'�� G�S������ b1c�� �&� MP�A �"�� R/�� G;/0�� ;:=��]#

&� EY��� BC+ �y<� � F2 8=� �/& F��C� �. b1c�� �&� ��)3( %"= Z����� 9V*r�� �-. �& 9C+ �& �-. �*+ %&� G9

����� �Þ G�� b1c�� �&� 9<��]��) 831 G896 A( G 9+-$#� �+G

)1( : ¦��/$�� –� 56. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 56. )3( : ?:H�� @Y�–[ 2 –� 699A�/& �� .

Page 44: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

32

F��C� �&� ;���< hC0 G RA� �� ;<��© G ":C+ 4%$0� F� 45 ¬ M'��� 4%8 FZ-C8 45 R�$�= G���={�G 5 � 4 ?kr N�^�� ¤1�� j%C� �Y�$Z� b����

d#1� �k � G;<��© �6� �+ !%/=��= G w�© �y��� ,�^= G�6� 45 !P%$= G����� D:& N'��� M'�& ��& xk h��A 8�� RH8 �� G;�:r� ;A�S

& %8 . "�� G?$2 �) j%*Z�� S��&{� j%C�� >�,Q ;:Y:2 ( �) ;0���� f:Ñ� ;0:Z�� ��(ª(G �q��c d� ¥18 ;���� F��C� �&� �y2 := �� P Nfp2

#%& "�+ �]$Z�.

�S����� ���)1( )766 � 845 A ( %"= G %&� G1,��� �*+ �& 9C+ �& �§� 9�8 G��:*/�� i:Zu� �*/�� �S����� ����� ;��6�� 1���� Í1��G �� Cr�

N1k 45 $*Z�� Gh*C/& �� Nc1�) ��� h*C/& E�1k ��(G ��� E�� \��� ;*Zu� ":= ­�� GN�A��� �A��� hC�& R68�� GE��� ;��{�� ;&H���

!��� d� ®��, R��= Gb%��& �r��� ;�0810 A . A`'� :C+ ¤�+�Ô\= . 6� 45 ,+��. �&& "�� �%-� e��o\$� F2 Nfp2 EY��� �

F��C�)2(.

i:����� := �o\8 �X�)3() 763 G838A ( ��& �� �& �-. �& �-. %A� G9����� 9��S��� G�� �*+ �& �cP� GN�A��� 45 Rª1�� ;�1���0{� ���

;+m �&�� G �+ (��� F��C� �&�)4() 749 G819 A( �� �& �-. %A�G ��&� BC+ d*�� ��� G9/=��� ��6�� �%-u� U���� �-. �& S�S/�� �*+ �&

)1( : d�y�� M%'��–[ 2 –� 21. )2( :{� ����� Í1�� �S����� �6� ;:�y0–� 5A�/& �� . )3( : d�y�� M%'��–[ 9 –� 63. )4( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–[ 7 –� 171.

Page 45: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

33

F��C� �&� �cP� ":= ���� N�A��� 45 R�$��� �§�� �V*�� Rk0 . �&��b�c�� �:Yu� )1() 766 G842A( 1%"��� �-. �& �§� �& �-. %A� G

�Y�� d�w b���� 45 Rª1�� >�]�� FZ-C8 ��� G�:Yu� b�c�� �&& 9<Z*��� G;:&�/�� �%C+� �%r��� ���u��)2() 760 G842 A( %A� G

�§� �& �-.� � ��© �Z& N�C& ��� G9<Z*�� 9qH�� F-p+ �& G�6��� 45 Rª1��F��C� �&� �+ 9���� ?A(�� �%C+ (�� ":=� GN�A.

l Y���Jo: �� �/& >,��� ����� �%C+ ;0�1,� N,*/C� ��Y8 ;0:Z�� �+ !���� �H�;]C��� \:A X G � $:&�8 �+ ¢�º � F��C� �&� F2 F5� Ge:-C+ e��0� e�%#

�+ A(�� I�� �%C/�� �2(� � �� -2 G;:Cq/�� 8:k� �0 ;o��k ;:�:�u� "��*�� �-= N1��'�& �%C/� %A X �+ E%�Z�� h�3 F� Ã1 G :&�9 �%�� F�

M����� Û,*� !��� T:C/$& �/�� ���%�� ��� G �Y��� _�6��� %V���� ;&$���� N �%C/�� ¦C$° "01, I�� ?$��� �+� -C/8 �+ ���u� ¤=�

��%8)3(.

,"� \��= G;0�1� TC+ D:&� G;¬� ;���+ N�0� �R:C0 F��C� �&� F2 e�35 8�0� �+ !�C8 �(�� ¢��$�� �(A.

)1( : ?:H�� @Y�–[ 5 –� 420A�/& �� . )2( : d�y�� M%'��–[ 7 –� 5. )3( : ;:+-$#P� F��C� �&� ;YZC=–� 11.

Page 46: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

34

d:-^2 ;:-C/�� F��C� �&� ;Ck1 ;���& D�2� 7���� FQ���� NM���& G!�6+ M�&� �� E�M����& 8�y8� G �Yk�Z ��� d*N1%")1( �� BC+ ;:&�/�� TC/8� G

��%8 M-C/�� 1*2 z/& BC+ �1,� G!����� S2�� (J�%� ��%8 D�2 35 ��(�� ������ M-C+ �� aA1 �Ø� D�2� À>�]�� ,y& >�,��� �%C/��

w �� ¢,�%u� T"$$� �<%�� T¬ b� >$�2 G���u�� �Y�� ?$2 �� e�fp2 @:Vr� G �Y�� ?:H�� �&� �6$°� G;]C��� %V��� h�� �&P R:"Z$�� Af©� G�1�*�� @:Vr �� (*�� ?�("$�� >$2� G\<%��� G[^u� �& TCZ�

¦����� �%*��� ���u� ?$2 ��)2(.

;$Z�� 1/��� >$2 �Yk�)3( � ;0-u�� GTC+O)4( ;:CA)� �/� �� ;Yq<� G e*^/� F2 ��� GU©�� 1/��� G90*/�� �/��� �� Af©� ?:*k� ¿�$���

&)5( .

�%�� G�%C/�� !�V*8� +y<� ;/Z& ����� �"���) : �� �(A F��C� �&� F2 ���� T���� �� �� GF�S�� ?q^+ � � �p d� GF-)� ,%�/& �1S ;-K�

;:C/��;:C�/��� ;:C���� �%C/�� �V*$��� G()6(.

�%:� �+ !(��� $0�1,� -C/8 �+ p��k F��C� �&� !�2(� � F� -2 F2 I�� EY���� n%$Z� BC+ ;����� ;Cp���� G[3-��� 1<5 �-w R���

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 14. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 16. )3( :;-�C+� fAc� ;=�<� N�$�+� ;]&���� �:��� `��� TA ;$Z�& ,%6���� G��-$���� TC+�� [^u� �� >$2 %A�. )4( :[^u� �� ��-$���� TC+O� >$2 %A� .�³ �� ;0§ 1��© BC+. )5( :¦��/$�� –� 17 G18. )6( : ?:H�� @Y�–[ 3 – � 201.

Page 47: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

35

�:�� G�q�$*-C� E��6$° EY���� ?C©� F� �+ ey'= G�"/�� �(A "01�� "Cp� Í%:��� �� :�C$& BA*$� � P� $0�1�& ��Y$� F� ��s �)1( R���� G

�%6Y�� e�:k� ,�º F��C� �&� F\& h�3 BC+ �� �k�%�� �*+ 9C+ 1%$2��� eyp� �%�:= G� >$2 �� "$0�1, � @$8 � I��) : �&# �& �-. BC+ D/Ð�

e�fZ� e8%= ��+ � [^u� �& TCZ� @:Vr 9Z:��� �:6�� >$2 �� ()2( !(K� G¦��/$�� Nfp2 ;Cp�� ;C6��.

l YK�T�p; : ;�o 1,6�� �p2� F��C� �&� EY��� �+ ?:H�� �&� ����� FZ� ���k �/� ,%#� P EY��� �23 �*� xk � F%�C-$� �X �:� ��� G ��r/� �� ��

;m�8 ?$2 �� ?:H�� �&� F� -:0 P� Geyr� K &$2 F��C� �&P : );<��© 1*�� ;<k{�.(

F2 �� BC+ �2�� GN,«�� N�:6�� k�� %A � ?:H�� �&� !�2(� ¦��� ���� �Yk N1�S©� 2�1,5 F%�= F��C� �&� := ¦¯� e/��& ek��.

� D*o\= Gn���� �%C/�� z/& 8Y��� ;Cm b%Z� ~�1 � e��::�8 e��:Y� G®H��� � �� �c���� ?:H�� �&� ����� ��= ��{� R6. �� G e&$2 ¦���

>Zu�G �+ 1,6�� S#��� ~��� ZY� ?:H�� �&� �Y�� �%r� )3( M9�& G �-��� !M�1� ;�© PG !�p� ��� �C�= G"/^Z�� "C0�� G 8:�HC0�

)1( :�y+�� :& �§��� �*+ F��C� �–� 31. )2( : ¦��/$��–� 18. )3( : ¤:+ 1*�� ¤���� 1Ac��[ 1 �� 190.

Page 48: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

36

"�+ ��Y� G���&5 F,/�� GF%�= ¤�1� G;©y& ��)� +��� E�M��*�� ;":*� GM �� >��� G_��u� N���� GÖ�%�& & �"/ �� G,���� ;��^3%Y ���

����� d*H�� �0�$0�� G;VG F��:� e��� �"/�� �(K z"�= G -�� ��� �/��� .�©�� �� B8\= G */r :C+ FA� G!%# :C+ �p�= G *:�0� 1*$+& !���

;*��© R�&)1(. !(A F� ?��]��� 45 ¤�/$� � À�2(� M9� "�� �:�5 R6� � I�� EY����

E��+� E0���2 t� ���� BC+ ?�]��� G 8:u $m�8 F��C� �&� A�23 �:k%�� >$���� G�2Ò(�� ®V$Z8 EY��� F��C� �&� A«$/� � G;*CH�� ��1�$�

%A F��C� �&� �� 2�8 �(��) �� ��$*�� F�%�,� «/�� >$2 >�/�� ��� «�«2�� FHCZ�� ��3 �� TA�r+ ��� G �&«��� T^/���.(

9A� G?ZV= M�S#� ;oyo F��C� �&� !«$+� ���: ���� >$��� : �%�& � F%�+ � ��1$�� TC+ R'= ;���à !��&) : ;/:*<

��� ?Z���� ?C]$��� �'u�� ��*�� �� ":= ¤�/� �� ;�:C�� F��-/�� »/ >*0��� RC/�� �� h�(� �� A%½� �%C/��� dq�6��� .( �(�� >$��� %A�

:�-Z�";������")2(. "�� ���� R6Y��� : fo\8� GT:���� �� ":= �� G¤1�� �� F��-/�� aZ�

T"�y��� G��*�� F�%�� M�%K�...

)1( : ;<��© 1*�� ;<k{�–[ 3 –� 507.

)2( : ;:&�/�� ;]C�� >�,Q ��18–[ 3 –� 226 G227.

Page 49: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

37

Up�� R6Y��� : Rq*���� T���� G���*�� F��-/�� �� h�3 ¤�/� �� G Z��� �:k �� -"�:& b�Y��� GN1'u�� N���*�� ;/:*< ¢£�� >

N,:Z��� hC��� G?Zu�� ;0����� G;:*6/���... ��p�� R6Y��� : := RC+� G;:�HCZ�� ?8����� G;=y��� hC��� G;�/�� ����� Z�� >*0� �8� GN,: FHCZ�� ?8���� G����� �:: ;����� �����,� G

"<%�0� ;����� E%*o >*0�� GA��#�... d&����� R6Y��� : "$*Z�� R2:K�� F��� GF��-/�� �q0� 16���� F��C*��

�#Z�� M�& � G�V*��� «�� �:k �� "/w� 8+��� ?W �� G����� 45 E%:*���...

���� R6Y��� : � ?Z��� !%#�� »/�� bc��� RqZ� :=� Gdq�6�� G *A�(�� =�r�� »/�� � G?Z���� :=� GF��-/�� ;/:*< 45 h�3 ;*Z��

bc��� >�%&� ;/0�� ¢£� : ;+�6��� N1^$�� ��... �,Z�� R6Y��� : �y���� G A%#� �q0� G ��<� T:C/$��� G"=�r�� �%C/��

+ TC+ R2 �� ¥18� GN�k BC � ���u�� FQ���� �%C+ �� <� ��1$��� �/���� >,�= G;:*H��� ;:/:*H��� ;:�ZC�� �%C/�= G �Y��� . �

;:&�/�� ;]C�� >�,Q ��18 R:*� �� %A� G"�%C+� E:K{�. �+ ey'= G;:&,�� ;�,6$��� G;:0:0� ;:+-$#� G�%C+ ;��S� ;�����= �(A BC+�

GS:-$�� �%]C�� ¬%C0� ;:��� hC8 "V�� X G;�Z$�� ;H&��$�� ;�0�$�� �1*+�T:�/�� d�%���.

�-'$�� ����� d&����� ��p��� Up�� �C²� BC+ R-�� %"= Up�� >$��� ���y0{�� >�/�� ��18.

Page 50: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

38

1*�� �-'$:= Gd&Z��� �,Z�� �C²� BC+ R-$�� %"= ��p�� >$��� ��� ��18� �&«�� R�3� Gd&Z�� MS)� ��×& "�u� 8:u ;m�8 45 ;=w{& >�]��

��%�+ R�%< R6= 9A� G¬ ¥18) F��C� �&& ¦��/$��( z/*& := i+ G ;�0 9"$��� G16$�P�797 �k ;m�8 �� A.

$C/# ;����à ¦���� � ���� ��= ��1$�� EY���� TA� �� >$��� �(A ���+ ��� >$��� �t ��� G�1��r � R& G�-$#P� TC+ F��:� ¦�¾� � �"�� ��

R*� �� ��1$�� ?$2 �� �t �� �+ Y:�68 ¦C$�� e^"��)1(. 9Ð �(�� ¦��/$�� >$2 F� -2 ) e���� e&�© $Ck1� F��C� �&& ¦��/$�� (

m�8 Rp-$8 ;:¥1$�� ;0�1��� �� ��Q e+%� �/� ZY�� ¦���� ;)2( !�/�� G �= %A� ��1$�� �� �Y�� �(A e�,�� �� 1%$2���) :=��#%:&%8�� ( ;m�8 ��

�� fp2 ��1\$�� �� �Y�� �(A F��C� �&� ®*0 �� F2 F5� G ZY�� ¦���� &$2 �%-u� E%�:2 T"q&,�� >�/�� 9�1�� ) F��C*�� T^/�( �&�� G

� �&� �r/� ?:H�� r� F��C 2 ��� &$) k{� 1*�� ;<;<��©( F��C� �&� �r/� �^k �&�� G &$2 ) �6� N'� �+ �r{� d=1 .(

%"= GF��C� �&� �� GNS#%� Em�8 D�2 Em�$�� !(A ���� Rq��� ����8 �%*$2 ��(�� >�/�� �pk*��#;':Y$Z� ;/q�1 T"ZY�� �+ T)3(.

�/$�� >$2 ®�. �%�� 9^�H�� D��8 �& �-. ¦� ) : d&1� >$��� �(A d�� �:k �� G ZY� �+ F��C� �&� := ¢��ª G�1"Y�� f© ;VYr ;qåyo� ��å� G 8y��8� G 8:k 1�%<�� �k� G $�:��� 8\�� �:k ��� G"Cr�� 8�0�

)1( : e��+� F��C� �&�–� 40. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 40. )3( :�y+�� :�§��� �*+ F��C� �& –� 253 G254.

Page 51: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

39

��ª� G�6�� ������ ,y&� GB6���� a0���� Ç,�� >�]�� 8yk1� ¢ A�A�� �+� G":= R��8 I�� ®<��� !(¬ ;�C/$� Nfp2 ;:¥18 ?��%# �+ ��1\$��� ;�:�, Ey:6Y8 R��� F2� G;:-C/��� ;:+-$#P�� ;:0:Z�� �(A� GT�fZ� ;:-C/�� ?��%)� ¤�+� G q��r� �� �%:� �� E:6��C�

%��� N,��/$�� F��C� �&� ;:6��� Nf�3 %A >$��� !%#%��� F�()1( . -2 GNfp2 E*0�� K� I�� ;��/��� �q6��� �� e����+ >$��� �(A T'�� X M&,��� M-C/�� �� T¬ B�$�� ��� M��r��� N(80�� �� !f]� e��/� T'��

$��+� �o� � F2. � �(�� 9¥1$�� �Y�� Nf�3 ±�/� >$��� F� �� 1%$2��� �2(�� T0& �"$�

&$2 ­�S]�� E=��$+2 E=��$+P�) �y'�� �� (���� ( j# F# E=��$+�� &$2 %0�1)E=��$+P�()2(.

��%�+ �%r�� TC+ ��Q e&$2 F��C� �&P F� 1,6�� �2�8�) >*�R±6|�( �c���� ����� ��= >$�� �:�C8 %A� G) ��±��$�� 1�=� R±6.�\$������ .( ;<k{� ?:H�� �& ����� FZ�� G?:H�� @Y� ����� !�23

;<��© 1*�� . �� ���& �§��� �*+ �2� -2) �(�A �%H��� BC+ >$��� F�%�+ ,1� �� :

����� �%r� R±6|� >*� . �& �§��� �*+ 4/8 �� 45 f�Y�� �*/�� ¦:�689��'u� F��C� �& �-.()3(.

)1( : ¦��/$��–� 2. )2( :�y+�� : F��C� �& �§��� �*+–� 254. )3( : F��C� �&� EY���–� 8.

Page 52: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

40

��� ���ª F�, ?:H�� �&� �2� -2 G��1 �&P Nfp2 ?$2 �:�C8 � �23 ?$��� !(K)1( ���� F��C� �&�  F� BC+ ;�P��� _2 8�3 «�� �("= G

�&� fZY8 d� T#�$�� "6� F%<y=� EY��� �� e=�<� %H01� EY��� :�C8 9A ¬ �� I�� 86:�C8 (J�:k F%�$0� G;6�C� G��1 E6:�C$� E6

��1 �&�.

T0& e&$2 F��C� �&P ���& �§��� �*+ ¦:'��) ?�("$� RqZ�� MY�RqZ��( �� G>$��� �(A F��C� �&� �+ ?$2 �X �k� �2(� � �� �2���

��� � %A �� 45 ;=w{& G :�5 ?Z��"¦��/$��" �� ��Q >$2 �� P� G & ���� G¦���� �(A 45 *$2 F��C� �&P >$��� ;*Z�� N���� �^k Ec�

"��� : �$<%H° _y© BC+ ;k��r ,1� �� : �&� ;<%H°� GU�%H$�� ;<%H° ;k��r 1�� �� j�A F�� GF��C� �& �§��� �*+ ��c �� >$��� F� G@:C��

;&1]�� M-C+ z/& T"��� G :�5 >$��� ;*Z�� ) b�1c �-. �& �§� �*/�� %&��� &$2 G90Y" ����� N��+" -2 G90Y�� 1,��� �*+ �-. %&� !�23� G

&$2 G���Z�� �� �*+ %&� !�23�" �r��� R��� �"# " !�23 �:k>$��� �(A �� �/w%�)2(.

)2( : F��C� �&� EY���–� 9G10. )1( : ®&Z�� d#���–� 17 G18.

Page 53: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

41

U2T�� [��W��

)��= 7\)I�J��� + � ?�!(

l vT�� w�/�. l ]&��� )��2��. l ?� !�. l C8��.

l x�����.

l #�D�� )��6;.

l YTI#�K #�D�� y�F.

l Y'h� z#$ #�D�� )���{.

l #�D�� am�2� .

Page 54: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

42

l w�/� vT��:

z/*�� �¯)1( ���8 �X � BC+ �YC� �6$�� �� F��C� �&� ��+ �/��� �YC�� ;:' �� -�:k �/��) : Ó5� GU/�� P äY��� 9A Ó5 �p���� T���� ;+�r

/�� Rr� 9A� GK �d*8 U( )2( . �%2 �YC� 7��$�� Ó5� Gh�(2 ���� �:�� ;�C� %A �YC�& !�6�� �� G�/-C� ;:q��� N1%6�� %A� G�/-C� ;:C���� N1%6�� e�1��� ��1 ~��� ~�1 �� -:0P� G?ZV= ,�Y�� �YC�� ,�� P GFZC��

9A äY��� hC8 F� GFZC�� ;�C� jy$�� N1��w FZC�� BC+ ��W I�� �%�� G�q-�'�� eyr� ;�%��� U/��� G®H����) : ;�C� ��º �(�� �d��6�=

�p�:� G>�/�� �y2 �� Kp�� �Y£ äY��� K�º Ó5 �p���� T���� �y��� �� � C�$�� G���'�� ÚFZ� ;�C�� � ��$Z8 xk �Z� BC+ ��#� �-/$0�

� >�/�� R:# \��� �:�� Rp� ZY� ¤�Y�� C:# ":C+ �1 I�� ;-^/� h�3� GTtZ� T"�� ��k�� ��\2 f6� xk G¿�6�� "��C� -2 T"$]� ��C�� BC+ A1���$& "C:6ª ��º ®H��� E�C�� �� ;�C� FZC�� F� ���� ��

5 ®H���� FZC�� �(��� GR�6ª xk FZC�� 9"= U/�� ��� GäY��� %A Ó � "�� ��= R2 �%< � G�k�� R2 ��+ N,%#%� U/�= e'��� G�q-'�� [$|� %A "�+ N1*/C� �y��� ¦:�\8� ;+�r 45 [$º y= GBw��� M��

U/-C� ?���� ;&pà %A� !�C� -2 G;+�6C�()3(.

)1( : �F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'�� – �107G 108 .����� >H�� ������ /���� – �63. )2( : ;����� – � 448. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 448.

Page 55: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

43

BC+ FZC�� ;�C� �%6k F� �6�� %"= �Y£ æM��$&� T"$©y&� >�/�� ?:�0� -:= K-/$0� �� FZC�� BC+ A1���8 � ��� G>�/�� �y2 �� äY��� �p��

�� �(A �2�� �� G"Cr� � D/w� R2 ��+ U/�� �,%#� n�� ��� T"Y ;©:r� �y��� ¦:�\8 45 TC�$�� [$º "�+ f*/$C�� G��= R2 �%< � G�k��

*/�� �%�:= �p2� ��1 c«� �pà �p2� ;�y/�� !(A @w%�� G"*:2�8� N1) : -�= ¬ _�$]� I�� U����  F� _�6��� ;'Y��� ?A(�� ;:�Q "�� �V*�� �� M��

M�& NM%C-�� U���� N,%)� ¦C$Ñ� ZY� �k�� M��� _S��� [#S��� h�(2 M�� _y$�& P "Z�# _y$�& �-/$0P� "$©y&� ;]C�� N,%#

U/��� �r��� BC+ �:*H8 1*$+& Y:�\8 �y��� ;�*< _y$�& ¦C$¥ ;�C� B'$�� BC+ *:�0� � �y��� ¦:�\$& RA)� Ó5� G"ZY� N�k��

� �/��� ;&pà �Zº �� !,%6�� �+ N1*/�� ��k �35 FZC�� ¤%"��� ���� �(�H$Z� P� /: :C+ N1���� F���Y� ()1(.

�(�� P n�� e"*� e�8 e�f*2� �& ��1 ��1� �k)� �(�� n��  F�» U/�� �;k��H� Ú®�� H�� "¾=�/� �9-^+�� ���/��� ����*��� �������� ÏU���� ,-��5� �� ¾F\�� Ú;��5 GFc%�� Ú��:Ñ� G�Y C�� ;�%"0� G[���� �p2�N M�� , � ;�Vr Gd* H�� N,%#�

�Z��Gh* -��Å= ��/���� G�;+�r �>�w� �� G�Z���� ��#� �� ��%6�$��«)2(.

F� �%� �k)� R:'Y8 �YC� BC+ G�/�� F�� �YC�� %A �(�� ?Z�� �/�� $�P, !1%r� �Z£ 0 �* $+�r� Z�� ^ G!��%68� �:�� ���� h�(2 ��+ �&�

�GF��C F5� F2 ��*� !�o\8 �k)& ��� $01�� �X ¦C� �k)� ;����2 � �&

)1( : ;����� – � 448. )2( :F�%:u� – [3 � �132.

Page 56: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

44

�Y/# �(�� �%�� :»U/�� "ÏC2 �;w��/� C�G�+�� �� ÜF� �T C�$� "�� � �?k� G���oQ� �� f© F� ����ÂV�� :C+ ê�/� ����� ��y��� G := �35� D�2 U/�� �/��C� ;�Øà �,��N

;+%w%�� �/����� ":= N1%�6�2 -2 ���#%� ÒR2 l;+�r �� ��� P ��& ":= �� lM9� l�%w%� ¾R*�� fo\8 1%�6�� "�� :Rp� ?��� GN1^��C� ;�'Y��� G;©:�6C� BC+� �+���� –

�35 ���� ��� ê�/� �F2 �� =����;/ ���G;/�' =������ G;A�S����� Í(*��� G;+����� G~���� f©� h�3 �� U/�� GN�:-u� �� ;-:� (�� – ÜF� B�%$� ��%C*�� �� ��%^�$�� h�3 45 ;�]�� ;&%CH��«)1(.

P� �:& �&� � M# & %&� �yA ���Z/�� �(�� F2 e��A¯ �� �y� ��1 ;:'��� �!¾(-C$8 BC+ G�k)� %"= n�� ��» :�� ����F\ ,���5 GU/��  F� U/�� "=�/� ���/�� G�9-^/��� �������� G����*��� -��5� %A N,%# �Y C�� G 8Yr� G �Zk� q¬�

G $A�S�� G q��� N�p2� 8�y< G q�� d� ;�Vr h*�Z�� G?:2��$��� �%C��� �� ,�� T����� ¦:�\�$���« )2(À �'��= I�� 0"� 9A "�:+ �'��� I�� A«$+� �k)� 1:/� �/���

�(�� %A ��# �� G��%6$�� %A� h�(& �6º ��%6$�� �'�& R6$8 R���& eP68� Ge�f*2 ���� 1�� 45 N1%6�� �%w%� ;�&{� �+ ��k ;©y*�� �%�& :»¾;©y*��� R2 �

ÕC*8 & �/�� ?C� d�Z�� ��-$= ZY� $� ��- hZY� d� N1%r ;�%*�� ¤�/�� �Zk ,Ó5� �C/# �Zk¤�/�� �%*�� N1%6�� e<�� ;©y*��  F� �y��� �35 D�2 81*+ ;o1 w�/�� e�C� � �TZ� e]:C& F5� F2 �%"Y� �/�� �_%��� nS]��«) 3(.

)1( : ��� �/��� – �65G 66. )2( :�$+�6�� – �57�58. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– �10.

Page 57: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

45

����� U#�)� �ÕC& ;�]�� Y�%� �� 16�� �YC�� 16��� ��G�/ ¾�:k ,�1� TZk ;:'��� F�= h�3 F\& dw� 0�e0 ep�o %A GT���� ���� BH+� �YC� �k �/-C�� G �k F�, R:'Y8 ��k� BC+ G���� �� «$/� ��k� a�= GN1%6�� R& �&P ��

-"�cy8 �q6�= R2 �k�� 8�3 P d�68 GN1%6��» ��� T$� R'Y�� �y�C� P5 GT���& ��/& F� d��� ����Y�� (�� 1��� !��*� �K� $����� G;]C�� DZ:�� 9A e���k

�� GäY��� P� e�-$A� U/�& ;*��]�� GN1,��� R& ;]C�� E�y+ �& "¯Y�� P _�/8 P5 �*81& "'/& Gz/*& @w%$� � �AÒ(�� �� ®qy+ BC+ ;"# S����� P R����«)1(.

Â�/��� 45 R:p³ �&� F��C� ;�y/C� �& �YC�� G�/��� �:�Y$� T+S�� Rq��� F\& �&� F��C� � dCH� BC+ ,%"# U#�)�)2( �� �� �*0 �%k ;:'� �YC�� G�/��� M�%0 16$�P&

��k� BC+ G���� �� 9A-$�& G-"�:& M]�5� !(A G;:q�p�� F� �&� F��C� P ¼��� 16$�� �YC�� BC+ G�/�� ?Zk T"Y�� ������ G7���� Ó5� %A ¼��� ":= ;�\Z� Gn��� N1*/&� ;:�o :���� 45 ;:q�o �YC�� �/��� �� ;���c ;YC$° eJ:� G� %"= n�� F� BC+ ��

���� F� F%�� e-¯� �� e��o� �� >�/�� :C+ eP�� F� �%�� �Y£ äY�� >�/�� N,1�%�� T"�y2 R��:� ��oN ;�%]� ®CH�� "�� f*/$�� �+ G :�/� ��� �A @w%$� � !1�� ��

;:/*8 �/�� G�YC� P �� �:k R'Y�� R& �� �:k ;#k d�6�� G":�5 F� U/�� N��$Z�� �q-'�� G��Y��� P ��s F� �"�8 f]& G?�� "=9 �d*8 � G #$ª 9A� GäY��� äY��= [$ª 45 ;+�r -�:& U/�� P [$ª 45 G;+�r F�� äY��� �%/�

":C+ f*/$�� �+ U/�� F2 !S:2�8 BC+ N1��w G"-C/8 äY��= U���2 NM%C-�� M�& BC+ _y$�� G"Z�# X i/� F� �/�� �k�%�� «/� �+ ?:2��$& ;+%�$� E�Y$8 ��

)1( : ���� ��1\8 ;:&,�� N1%6��–� 62. )2( : � ;:&,�� �'�� F��C� �&� ;���� – �108.

Page 58: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

46

�:k N,%)� ;+�«��� ;-:���� E�Y$& N��p�� ;�%]C�� N,%#%�� n�� R2 Gd�r d�6�= �1*�� F%�8 $:�Q e*A3 R���� ;'= G�(�A� M��� �k�� �� �/�� G�k�� X f�� F�

,%6�� �&� F��C� äY��& ?:2�$�� GR�2 P ,�� �YC�� ,�Y�� R6Y��� �+ ;C-)� ;:&�/�� G;�$�� �(�� �%�� �<%� ��Q) :E�C� FZC�� N1*/C� �+ U/�� DZ:� ����&

45 E�,�Y�� Ó5� %A ����& 45 ?:2��$��()1(. �� @w%� �pà �y2 T$� � ,%6�- ��k �35 GFZC�� ;�C� B'$�� BC+ *:�0�� �y��� ¦:�\$& RA)� F5 �:k G�p2�

�� ,�Y�� �YC�� ,�� �6�� P �� �2�� X G�Zº � !,%6�� �+ N1*/�� ¦:�\8 �+ R6Y� "*:2�8 ?:�0�� N,�Y�� >�/�� äY�\& ;��1, BC+ d�6�� F%�� F� �6� Ó5� G�y��� P %"= P5� G�%]C�� >�/�� _�+ B'$�� BC+ "*0�� X Af© �&� "�:& ¦:�\$��� %"= G ZY� ;��$Z��� !��=� !f-w N��$Z�� :�/�� !�r�� �+ «/� F� d:H$Z�

h�(& ¾F%�� – F��C� �&� n�� -2 – ÚF���Y& �/:H$Z� P� ¤%"��� ���� �(�� �/��2 :C+ N1����.

�y� �� f�� G��Q dw%� �/��� �YC�� �& ;�y/C� ;C���� 8��� E�& ��� �%�� GU#�)� :�5 ?A3 � 45 ?��� ��Y�� ®-+ 45 ¤�/� �) : �y���

G>H��� N1*/�� %A �(�� �/�� N,=5 k�1� !�0 Ó5 . ey-"� F2 �35 ��� �N«+ P �(�� E�%�2 %"= �� D=�+ � BC+ ;©y*�� %A N,={� �-2� À &

��k ���+ A F%�%�� Tt� GF:*�� RA� : ;=�/�� G�u� B'$�� �y��� ;�&H� 9A $�� ;:�Y C�� ?:2���$�� ®&H8 ¬ I �� ��k��� ������ ;©y*�� �= %A G�u� B' .

E1r� >�/�� ;]� �� D���$0� ;�&H�� ?:2��$C� ��k��� ������ hC8����%��2 . G����Z�� �& ,�0{� �:Y8 "/w%& ?:2��$�= R# ��k�� ����&

;:&�/�� ���%�À k�� A ��% 8� Gf�\8� 7��8 �� ?:2��$�� !( ¦��/

)1( : ;����� – �431.

Page 59: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

47

�8� :�8� G1"¯5� 1-w5� Gf� �� ;Y�$��� ��k�� �:Y� GAf©� by<5� �: & ?<�$�� �k �*<�$�&� G,�0{� [1� � ���%� 9A ��k�� ���

;©y*�� F%�= �� U/�� TC+ �%-Z� G�Y� . ���%� h�(� ;:&�/�� ���%� [1��$= �0{& ;Y�$��� ��%kO� �,=5 �� MS# ,�0{� �,=5 F� U/�� TC+, . ��

���%� �� >��+{� ���%� RC� �u� B'$�� N,=5 �+ ?:2��$�� !(A �� �6� ,��+ %A �(�� R-"�& ®u� G�u� B'$�� ;�&H�� �+ e��r� F2 U/��

E�%��()1( .

�� �(A � �%C+ �� U/�� TC+ �y� �� U/��� äY��� �& a&�� �� 45 ?A(� R& G;©y*�� ?��� �(A� G��3 ;©y*�� 9A -"�:& ;Cru� ;�&H�� F�

;:q�p& �]��P� �� TA�� %A ��� GT���� �+ p��k U#�)� :�5 ?A3 X�/��� �YC��.

)1( : ;����� – �450G 451.

Page 60: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

48

l )��|2�� ]&k���:

(�� D��%� ��= G��^K� ��p�� F���� BC+ N���# ;/�6��� d*H�� ;:'� DZ:� s G �+ �:/& ��c ;:'��� !(A 45 1�� �� ��� �/� �(�� S$/�� �&� 45 �$

G����� 35 �+���� �%*H�� �+��& _�+� �%*H�� >,�� E�S:-� ¤�/8d�6$��.

 F� n�� �:k ;:'��� !(A �%k �2(�& N���# E¯%VC� ;*:$� �&P�) �� ±%� �(�� %A ¦C�$�= À�%*H��� ¦C�$�� M��/��� �p�& !�/� � �%H& V��� G_

�%�� 9/-r�� F2� G;J:Hu�� lfAS2 G����� �/& ����� := ,+�� G¼:$Y$�� : := �%*A(� �� G!%V�� Tt� G�/��� �:*+ M��/��� �� -"A*��� ;J:Hu�� �fAc

�%�� ;J:Hu� F2� G�+%*H�� ?A(� : ­%u� �/��� f� |� @���� h� . F2��q6� n«2 9-Z� �fAcE:�%u� !.

$:& 1�r j�1�� G �%��� BC+ 1�$��� �/��& @Ð �� M��/��� �� �%*H��� �35� GN��S]�� 9��� Gd*H�� ®��1 !�/� BC+ D�:*8� G $:=� $ª= � G!S^+

�kS$� �� Tp/C$� � �V$��()1(.

�%� d*H��� ;/�6�� ;:'� �%k G�-$/�� �& Ú��& �y2 �k)� ,1�� ���� �%�� G�/��) : h� @�-Z8 P� h��$/8 P� h:8�%8 P 4��� ¾;�Ø�� D�2 FÅ=

A1��� 45 �6�8 �� "�/�%� d�8 � ;�ÜYßC�� �W� GhYÏC�8 ��� � j���� ���� ��+ �� G¬6Ú� � AS2��  R¾ª � �;:=���� GK ;�%Z��� "�2�� �� "Ò�k 45�

2� G"C��& R6�$8 BC+ "ÂAÚ�Ü��8 y= G"/w%� �Ú� eN�=� Gt�� e;�C� D� �/±��� �¤�� ��/�$�8 � �35 h±�Å= Àt<�� f© Ú��Ø��� G�2��� >6$©�

)1( :�/��� M��/���� – [1 – �77.

Page 61: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

49

�D�� ÜFÅ= G�k� h�3 j�$& hÂ*Ú/�� � G1%p��� �y��� �1:$�� ¦ C�$8 �� GF�c%�� 8 �� -"$YßC�8 e-�V��P� e+%*H� e�3k �� �� h:C+ à e�f6& Gh�\��

D:C�$&� FÅ= Gh��%= ±�� h���, %A ��� n�1� G �� e*:+ ÏR�� D�� ��� �h�&+ G�h�� ÂZ8 �� G�;/�6�� B</$8� G��%��� �¦�C�$8 ßF\& H�� h� @�-Ò �±�� ��*

A�� :& � Â+�,� G�� Â'8 P� ÜR� /8 y= GN��Y�� ;�#5 ��Â/�& h:C+ B�r/8� G;C �¤ ;�&#{� ��/�8 P h��Å= Àh�& Ú���=� hÚ<�� ��+ !Â,Ú�+� GhÚ$C:� �,�%0� h�%� �d±�³ FÅ= GbÂ�+ BC+ ;+��6�� �� �DÂ���# �� G�;/:*< j�A D�2 F5 GN8�%��� F� ¾;p�ßp�� ¾;�Ø�= ��5 �%< f© ��� G�¤��Ú+ lR]� ,k f© �� h�3 ��/& h:C+

�� !(A �� ���%V$8 � h��Å= Àh:C+ "ßY��� Gh:�5 ÚE+�6�� B�"Â�� 45 ;+�6 F5� G ¾C2�� � 45 ßP5 ��Úº P ëM9±���� G?Z� -���:&� ßP5 :�5 Â�Úc�8 � "$�8

��� D�2 ��� F� ÀE�*< F%�8 �� ;C2 �d� t%��à ,%W P ��%Y-2 G;*ÂA±��� d� t�S�à Ú@-ÂZ�8 P� G;*Ü©±���;±*|�� N%"���� d� & ,%W ()1(.

%&�� �yA ���Z/�� @6�� �+��� �/& F� �%�� ;&$�& 8�:6� N1��'& ;/#��� N�:6��� _(VC� ���&{�� ?�("$��� G@:��$��� �%��) : �3Å= DC-+ N�:6��� ¬Ò("= G"VÒ��� M��Å& �  �© �� G�:&�  ¢1� G�31� 16$�P�� BC+ � �Zk GT�=� ���&Å& _�k "�� ��×& ,%#� G �� xk �%$Z8 A`�S#� �1'$8� "�,�%A Ac^+��()2(.

��= F��C� �&� ��S±:� �%�6�� N,%# ¦:2� G�%�6��� �y��� �� �%*H�� ¦C$Ñ ;�`1 ®=� G!1%6�� [�+ ��(�� ,���� :�5 �6� -+ �k*�� T"q�1Q BC+

�� ®CH�� �:k G;������ ;:'��� !(A �%�& !1��� �(�� ;©y*�� �%"Y� :

)1( : F:*�� �:*$��� – [1 – �135 . N�-/���–[ 1 –� 382. )2( : �$+�6�� – �145.

Page 62: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

50

) $/:*<� k�1� $:^0� ��/�� �y��� Rr� 9A ;©y*�=()1( �%"Y� �& a&f� G & i/� �(�� �%*H�� �y��� �%"Y�� ;©y*�� e:�= ) ��y��� �$/:*< ÂD�C�-2 �(��

�� ,%6��� �:� G>H�� N1*+ ��� G �� ,%6��� �%��� N,=5 �� �$:^0� a�= ®H��� . & ���� G;�8 N,=5 !f-w � /�0 �:Y� F� & �6�� TC�$�� R&

;�:o� ;�P, :C+ . >��w ;�r�& � I�� ;:^Z�� !(A �y��� ?:2��8 d*$� � ®:-�8 �� ;k6Y�� ®��1 ":H/8 t\2� N,={� �-2 �/& G��S$��� �ZV$�� ��

�� R§ �& ;�c�%��� G�^0�� ;�1%$��� ��k�� ;YC$��� �Z��& -:Z�8� �y� �& ��^$�� d�:� GE�,'$�� �& ;�&H��� G :�/� �� 9Y�� �+ j�$��� �YC�& N�q�c "C2 �m� N�yk� �Ð�� N(�� ®��1 �y�C� R6º GU/��� äY���

N,={� BC+()2( .

�6�& ,%6��� F� 45 ?A3 �� i/� �(A� �� �o��� �� T¯��� !,1%� � %A ;/ !�6+ F\& T"Y�� �(A �� ;�\Z-C� ���8 RC/�� G�%�/��� 9�YC�� d��*�� F�%�� N�A��� !(A F��C� �&� �r1 ��= �(�� Ge����� ;&$2 Gc:$�& d��*�� �6+ F2

�%�� �:k G;:CA)& ��*� 9¥18 1<5 ) : �� ;:CA)� �y2 d�� �(2�– � d��*�� �� �� �-/8 P� �6� f© �� e�%Y+ ��� . �/� d�� �5 ����

fAc()3( . �%�� 7���� FQ���� ;/�6�� !(A ,%#� �2�� �) : ;/�6�� !(A� Rp� ;C�/$� dw�%� S^/�� �y��� N,%#%� " : �35 1"���� B�]� �35 R:C���

BCW " Rp�� G " : u& b�r� B�8�� BH+� �� �\= �Z " T:Z�$�� ��Q 45 G;��� .�(2� " : :���� N:u� �oQ� B]< �� �\= " ;��� ��Q 45 . �(2� " : TAZº º Tt� F%* /�r F%�Z . " fp2 �p��� . N,={� �-2 �/& h�3�

�� R*� ?:2��$�� !(A Rr� ":= d��*�� �(A �%()4( . 45 R6� F� 45

)1( : ;����� – �451. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 451. )3( :&Z�� 1�6�� ®–� 451. )4( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 451.

Page 63: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

51

0{� �� �A¯� G�:�y �:�y0{� @CH6à �6�� P �� M��/��� MÐ� �y� ;:&,�� 1%6/C� 9¥1$�� T:Z�$�� �:k �� GN��*� �y0{� �/& ��`# �� F2 %� xk �y0{� �/& M# �� �%-+ & ,�1� R& G>,�� ,�� n�� _��/��

AMÐ� �23 ��(�� M��/��� R2 F2 F5� G!f© �� 90*/�� �6/�� 45 9-$�� T �%�� GUp��� ���� 90*/�� �6/�� 45 F%-$��) : e�%Y+ TK d�%= F%:�y0{� ����

?q^/�& �� �%8�� Ge��6�� . ��$V*��� ��� �& ?:*k $���< T�k� �� ���� ?^/�& "�� F%8\�� G;/�6�& �/�%� �%�2 ��= G�:�%�� �& TCZ�� . F5 R:��

�& �& 1�& ��/� 45 ?A3 �� ��� �"�$Z� �� ��Q �2� G;��A �&�� ,��/�& ��/�� FZC�� G . �:�%�� �& TCZ�� �f-��� 1%6��� �$/�� -"/*8� �

��%� %&�� . ��$V*��� ?:*k TA1oQ BC+ M#� . BC+ T$�= S$/�� �&� �"¯ �dm� ;+�6��� d��*��()1( .

0 �X !f]2 F��C� �&�� B8�� Ó5 ;/�6�� F� n�� �* ��S$C� ¬ V$��� ;/�6��� d*H�� �& ®:=%$�� ��s �\& n�� P� G®������ G�Z

�� �%� �y� �� h�3� G�/�) : �� ­�� �%*H�� �� ePp� �2(�����@�13 �& �:� �%� Rp� G;+�6 :

}~#�e s� ��; 4���&�� �k�� � y�Fe ��� � �qT��� y#-��� + ������ )2(

fp2 �%�� :

�K V�|_���� �;�����P�u������ �; ��kU��� ��#/���6k� )��;�'*�� ���'

k�}:�������|'� :���� ������� � |���&K�eU���J'� �P���; kS'��R� :)3(

)1( : ;�����–� 451. )2( : @�13 �& �:� F�%�,–� 122. )3( : NS+ fp2 F�%�,–� 81 G82.

Page 64: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

52

*:2�8 ;=�o� Y:�\8 ��k5 G;/�6�� �:�Y�� G�%*H�� �(A R�\$= . := EM# %C=e�Zk 8,�c Rr�� �(A �/& �� ;/�6��()1(.

�1 ��� �6/�� M��/� �� S$/�� �&�� ?:*k� 1�& ;�*< T"= �%*H�� �%�6�� ,� �%�� �:k G90*/��) : �& F�� �� fp�= �%�6�� ��� ?:*k � G1

�� �&� � G-"$�*<� �� � S$/- TA�/& F���\$�� n�# �(�� ;/�6TK�%�� BC+ �%^Z�� GTt��:�()2( .

-'�� �(A F��C� �&� ¼���� ;/�6�� [�1,5 �%k B������ ,���� _y$�� 1 [1��8 t� n�� �� T"�-= G;©y*�� Dª �kyHr�� ¬��� ¦C$�à ;:/��*�� n�� �� T"��� G��p�� F���� ,�� 45 h�(& f�� �\2� F���\$�� TA� G;©y*��

�%�� F%���$�� TA� ;©y*�� �+ ;#1� t�) : !(A _�r� E,�/8 ��� ;/�6�� ¬��� T�kyHr� DYC$��� G"CA� ��+À ;#1��� "C/Ä T"�� fp2�

®������ �ZV$�� 9H/8 9A t�� GN,={� ;C��, f© t� BC+ ;©y*�� . ��� ;©y*�� �+ ;#1� TA��+ 9"= Gd��*�� RA� �� F%���$�� . t��2(� h�(��

� P I�� ;:&,�� F%�Y�� � �%w%" . �1 �&� ��1 %A� N�-/�� >$2 ®:������ M&,�� G �()3( .

�-Z� TZ�� F��C� �&� ��+ �%�6���:

� �(A� G¢��$2� P� ¦C�8 f© �� ;/�6�� := d�8 �(�� �%*H�� �%�6�� ;/�6�� !(A ,%#%�� GF^"$0P� ?:+ �� := �y��� TCZ� ¦�6��

%�& F��C� �&� A�2� ���� F%C�� �(A �) : !(A �-/$0� ���23� �6�� � ¢��$2� P� ¦C�8 f© �� d�8 F� "�� Ge<��� ;/�6��

)1( : ;�����–� 451 G452. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452.

Page 65: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

53

"��G �� �y��� TC0 ¦C�$�� �� Dq�& �35 t� := �y2 y= %Y/�� ��� + F^"$0P� ?:G ...� �� ;oyo � �$:& F%�8 F�� "�� �y�{�

���1� �/��� ;��c 9Y�$= G�:6��� .� �&� �� G?:+ "�� 1p2{� !f©� ®:�1 . � I*Z�� ¦����� T0��� %&� ��:� F2���$ ��/�� FZC��

�%�� $�%� �����& : ?8�C� �� �+�C� D/�� �35 ;:/��*�� F%�Y�� !(A ;&pà 9"= G 8��S�� �y��� E�Z. �� t� G"�� �p�$Z� F� @*�:=

�k�%�& �Zº #%�� Fy:��A,��/$& @*��� G"�� ��oP�� ()1( . � ?Z�&� ��(� N,%6�� ;/�6�� := F%�8 �(�� %A� ¦C�$�� �%�6��

N3%*��� ;*:/� 9A� GNf*2) �+ ;CY]�� 45 f6� ��/�� "YC�8 F� ;©y*�& ?A(8� G"Cr� �� N,={& R�$= G�y�C� ;:Cr�� ?:2��$��

e0�1 . P5 �y��� B�*� P� E�:ZV$�� hC8 ()2( �&� ¦�r ��� G ¦�6�� �(A Dª !�6+ RA� F��C�G �%�� : ) BC+ �%:�� ?�]�� %A �(A�

�6/�� RA�()3( �(A #� 1*��� ;©y*�� RA� _%�� 45 1�� �� P5 G ��1 %A �%C/Y� � F� MP�A ��� P xk GN��& T":C+ 1��{�� 1:$��

�%�� G�y��� Rr�� ;©y*��) : �� F���Z� ;©y*�� b��3�� >Vr�� !�%0 �+ 1%6��� �� h�3 F��/�� GF%�Y�� !(¬ T"YC2 . ��:� D/Ð�

;º����� FZC�� �6*�� RA� �� F2� G9�:YC*�� E2«�� &� 3$0�� �%�� ��3 : Y� 9C+ k�$�8 � B"�� �� F5 z/& �A�� F� 9Z

d��*�� �(A F%�= RV$�� �� ���� p� �� -�� ��\& ?�%+ ��� G!��� �� G;&%�/ º G :C+ �,% � F� !(:�y8 h�(& 1( !(A �%</$

;©y*�� F%0�$�� G¬ F%YC�:= G;/�6��()4( .

)1( : ;�����–� 452. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 452. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452.

Page 66: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

54

1%H8 �rf� G�p��� ;/�6�� �¥ -:= n��� N�� 9¥1$�� 1<{� 45 �& ,%/�� 5 � G�y0{� 45 ;:CA)� �� �*�ZÚ�� A,%#�  F� nf= G!�6+ 4) 1%p��� �y���

�y0{�� ;:CA)� �«$/� ey0�� eP�� F2 ��& ;�c�%�� N�A� G *:2��8� Cm l;/�6& ¢��$2� P� d^0 ��S$�� f© �� G Cr�%Y& $�c�%�()1( . �p���  F� P5

�%& i& ?82 ��6�� �yA �& T:A��&5 ��+ B"$�� �%*H�� �%�6��– k ?Z ��1– �:k ) ?^/�& h�(& B8�� ;:Y�$��� ;/�6�� B</8G :C+ ���� >+�

;:�HCZ�� E*<��� h�(& YC2G �� 2%C� F2 � :C+ C§ Ó5� ;©y*�� b%Z� ;�Y��� ;=y�� ;�%r �+ �/*��� ;-^/��G !�/& ;+�6�� E��$�� �

R:0�$�� �"+ 9Z�� ����\$�� 1%p�� G �8� E:��%���� E:�HCZ�� D¬ E:�%Z�& E:&�/���G R-K& 9+��� aC$��� ()2( ;/�6�� �%:� �/� h�(& %A� G

– !3$0\2 – d:=��� �p�C� NM05� G�%C0�� �H½P�� �%�$�� �� e&�w 0� TA� �k� BC+ !�� d'�� Gd��*�� R0�$��� �� BC+ "+%:� >*

01X �p��� n%$Z� �H½�� G": ��u�� j%C�� ;-^+ %A� G¦CZ�� �p� �+ �+ ,/$&P� 45 >$���� �C0�$�� d=�8 TK ;&$���� j%C�� ���  F5 �:k j%C�� b��3�� ?0�$8 I�� ;+�6�� 45 G;C:C)� ?:�0��� ;/:=��� ;©y*�� ;01-��� >%C0�� h�3 BC+ N,/�� N�p2 d�� GT"$©y&� T"$k6= n%$Z��

:= E*<��� F��:� ����� �(A �2�� ��Q dw%� � GR:0�$�� ��"+ �9ÚZ�� F� nf= ;:�HCZ��) R0�$�� ;:�HCZ�� E*<��� ,%-|�G %A� 5 �y��� by<

�5 d:^Z8 f© �� �015 �� P 1,��� R�G ;�C�� C0�8 �:k� 5 eP01 f© �� � � ¦C�85 $�&H� �k �y��� MH+ � = �u� B'$�-Å �� F E��-

;YC$°G ��� R��� � �� 6¥ >%C05 � >�<5 cÄ� _(k �� �5 E*o� � @��68� �5 N1�� N1/$0�� ;��2 �G � � �5 �(A BC+ ;:�HCZ�� E*<��� M��#

)1( : ;�����–� 452. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 452.

Page 67: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

55

BC+ %A �(�� %V���� �%�(-= �/��� ?:�0G :C+ R§ �� � �6/�� RA5 P BC+ ;-^/�� My:$0��Z�T"$�G �+ h�(� TA1%6�� 5 �k �y��� MH+ �u� B'$�� $�&H�G �/*� R0��� �y��� �+ ��S^/= � y*�� !�� ~ZY��� ;©

%H�8 G ¬ �%/��� ( � Z�� �  YC� d�F%� �� � & ���6 BC+ �y��� ®:*H8 �� T",%6���G �u� B'$��� G �& ��S$�� �� 1���� h�(& ��«Ä� ��� �^0� >�

h�3 n%0 -+ F%CY]� � ;/��*��()1(.

±$2 F� F��C� �&� n��� := �%]�&� �Y�� �(¬ (�� �� �p2� TA b���� > >Zk BC+ F%�� �� & T"/�� N�� F� 45 1��� GT"�y2 M½� �q0

�%�� G���� h�(� ePp� b%Z� F� F�, G¦��6$��� >��+{�) :5 F%C�:� Tt{& ��� >��+ ¦��6$��� E-C5 �:�W TK DC�, �3� F/-$Ä P ;�&H� �

"/�G f= # �:�^$�� �� ¦�6�� h�3 F%VG {� F%+��� >��+G ;:�& F��ZY�� �:�^$�� _,68 AZ+ ;-C���()2(.

�� ��� 1 �pà ;:'��� !(A 45 F��C� �&� �r/� ��Y6�� ����� ~yr �� \H�� ��$�� �:k Z8 �(�� G¦��6$ ,���Å& �+��� �-$A� := ?*

?��� ��k� �:�/� E�3 ;-C��� R/Ä �(�� 9�YC�� j�$��� ����$0& G;�1%$�� �%� b�1%�� [��ZC� !��� %½ BC+ G,��� �:/& ����� ,��� f©:

}:���}� ������ ��P����� �>��� ����6�K �U���: �; �P��|�'� � }:���: �����

+ �)������ |������#}9 |������P}�� };�6���}: �P���; }:������ |'��� �P}��

)1( : ;�����–� 441. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 441.

Page 68: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

56

%A TZ�� �� R/Y�� F� ¦��6$�� ;Y�° /��� ;�1%$C� b�1%�� ����$0="$:Ð P "$-Ð)1(.

45 h�3 e-�$. �Y�6�� �& b�Y�� iY�� ��1 ��*� F��C� �&� F5 R&Gb�(�� Y� ��1 45 ;����� !(A �/& �C¥ %"= !,) N�/�& �%�6�� �y��� F�

T2u�� G;©y*�� Rr\& := ¢��$2P� ;C�� G�%*H�� �y��� �+ �r� G¦:C�$���b�(�� h�3 ()2(.

)1( : ����$0P�� ;�1%$�� #� �+ �$�� z=–� 214. )2( : ;�����–� 452.

Page 69: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

57

l ?� !� :

�YC� �%]C�� 9-^/�� �/�� ��& F5)>%C0�� ( e�Y8� ������ 9kyHrP� �/��� � Ú!Ú1(#� ~yHr� ��& bY8� ��\2 �®��H�� %A �>%C0�= G�%]ÏC�)1( %A� G

E�%$Z� ;+%-� �� BC+ :�5 ����� Gf*/$��� ;&$��� ;���< ~yHrP� : 9-^/� n%$Z�� G9C����� ���{�� ;:=���� Fc%�� BC+ R]$�� 9+��5 n%$Z� e�6$�� �p2�� %A� 9©y& n%$Z�� G;��/��� N1%6�� n%$Z� ;å� G�%]� ­P,

�/à G?8��� n�� >%C0�� d�6� �='$8 E�%$Z�� !(A R2� G>%C0�� ;]C�� �k*� R2 BC+ R-$�� F� ��s 35 G;+%�$� Cq0�� >%C0�� E��,�� P5 G,�^$�� Fc�%$� �"�� ®CH��� �(A �� >%C0�= G;�Z$� ;�c�%$� >,���

F� 1��5 ��s P ��) u� �6/�� ;:&�/�� ;©y*�� �V*�� a*8�� ��� 0�� �V*�&�%C()2( 0�� 45 F��C� �&� ��� ¦:2 ���� G >%C

?:^:0 � �(A ¨!�6+ ,�� �� ;&1]��� ;�1��� M�1Q �� ,Y$0� RA� ¨!�6+ $���� h�3 ��+ �y�� d*$$�� R:CV$�� �+.

�\& >%C0�� F��C� �&� _�+)�N1*+  �� ��%��� �+ �� �( Â��Z�� � := �?:2��$� � � �� �(�� ?����ÜY��¾� & G d#�� P� 5 1*$+& �y��� 45 8,=� %A �(�� �/�� Rr

{� ;Y:¯�>��+G � 1*$+& P5 �$�� ��%� �� �/�� �-2 8,=� %A �(�� ?:2 y*�� ;Y:¯� F:*��� ;©G � := >�/�� C-/$0� -2 Fc%�� 1*$+& PG %A �(��

¤��/�� ;Y:¯�G/�� !("= �%C �6�� !(A �+ ;#1� ;oyp��;��/��� ;+�()3(.

)1( : a:0%�� T^/��– N,� ?C0. )2( : F��C� �& �§��� �*+ ��+ !���� �/���–� 113. )3( : ;�����– � 443.

Page 70: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

58

!��/� ��5– k Z ;+��6�� !(A RA� ?– �� Z�� �(�� ���%�- := � �(A ;/:*< �� ��%��� �(A ;/:*< � Â���� G & ��Y� �(�� ?����� G?:2�$��

¨ $:A�� 8Yr�%�� !,��k �� ¨"�� ®CH�� I�� �0�� �� ¨?����.

 F5 ÜF� �+ Ú & n�\�:= GÚ?���� j�3� Ú��%��� �(A ;�:A� ÚF:& ����� �F��C� ��&� 45 �dÚ#�� �!��� Ó5� G¤���/��� F:*��� ;©y*��� >��+{� BC+ e��6$�� �F%��

)lN1%r Ú?:2��$C� ;:�A3 �� ?:2�8 BC+ "�*H�� 1*$+& ;-�$��� G hC8� �� �A(�� "+S$�� N1%6��� F:+ � ?:2��$��� � "r�� Af6� �:��

?���2� ��%��� �G {� 1*$+& >�/�� ��+ ;V:V6�� ?:2��$�� 9�$�� � >��+F:*���G �rf= �r1 ":= "e ��*�� C/Y� -2 ?���� MG � �Z��� � xk ��%��� [

�y��� ,%6�à ;:=�%�� ?:2��$�� �%6£ ?���� dZ$�G �� BC+ d��� N1%6�6���ZC�� ;�C� 1*$+& ;V:V���/�� F := ()1(.

>%C0�=– T"Y�� �(A BC+ – R�� ;66° ;:�A3 1%r ;+%-� �� ?2�$� 1%6�� !(K �"6�� 1��& �:�� �%�� �:£ G"�+ «/� ?:2�8 �� N��= �� ¦�%�

;©y& �� ":�5 1�� I�� �%C/�� hC8 �<\& � <�8 ?��%� "�� ®C�:� >��+5� FZC�� ;�C� dCH'8� G,%6�-C� e/Z$� ?���� F%�� �:£ G¤��+� F:&� >%C0�� h�3 F� S2f� ,%/� �� Ge'�� >%C0�� R:��8 f*2 1��& ��/��

0�� BC+ �y<P& F%�� Ó5 �� ?:� 8 I�� ;:&�/ eypX �= R�& �$� �%�� G"'/*�) :=Å F ì�= R�� �y��� �� �:�0 �8 ? �$��� & G BC+ := �#%8�

�½;YC$° M:

)1( : ;�����–� 443.

Page 71: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

59

1 :�%CH�� >HÆ F%�� �/��� �%CH�� ���Z=G �%�2 :

|�; ��� �I�)|-��� L����� ��)1(

2 :���Z��� _%�%C� ?V6�� M+�$0& F%���G �%�2 :

-� �T��1|��� ���|�� ��� e�9�P)2(

3 :�RCH�� BC+ ?V6�� M�*$0& �G �%�2 :

�&� �T����&F �#�� �; 1�; )3(

4 :� �&�<�� >�%)� �+ �"Y$0P�/� f© ?G �%�2 :

�e-K ��1��b�� }A� #�� ��)4(

5 :�& �%CH�� ;:ª Rp��"$:V$& �/� f© ?<�� ��G �%�2 :

y�Fy��� ���I�� ���r _�1)5(

6 :����� ��Z�& K M+:�G �%�2 :

e�����i 0J�� }P >e����.��9 8}�

�u#���� >P���� 4����}>����� )6(

)1( :U:&(�� ;]&�C� D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H� :�&�� ¦�0 ":C+ �<� E%�� . F�%����–� 32 . )2( :9+�S�� R*+�� D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H� : �%6�& A�"+ x�¨ÚE�%C6��� . F�%����–� 133. )3( :�:��� Û��P D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H� :R�%V= �%���� �& n%C�� a�Z& . F�%����–� 9. )4( :��0�� �\� �& ��-/� D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H�:Ú= BC+Â��8�[ H��� ÚRC7���� . >�/�� 1/�� �� ?CH�� B"$��–[ 8 –� 76 $���1� G)d&�8 ( ��&)�\Z8.( )5( :�:��� Û��P D:& �H� �(A .Up�� !�H� :9C�� "C�� Tqy� P 35 . F�%����–� 273. )6( :�³ �� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 2 –� 146.

Page 72: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

60

7 :�b«�� �� K :�Z�� ���0 �G �%�2 :

}C#�� ���I�]����i �5���; !��� C#

�F�� �L���F ��� ?�S-�� !� �}�I�)1( 8 :� Rp� ����� d^Y$Mo�M�*�� M+�$0& G �%�2 :

kUg�� �8� }�� � �� ¡��T� !� }#�;

}�8�� ��9\�; ¢�TI � s��� q��)2( 9 :� �%�2 ¢,u� ��/$0& �:

e�e !� 0�� ���G ��; :I �����

�������� £L���R ��&� ��� :Ie�e)3( 10 :��� BC+ R:^Z$�& �!��Y� ;*:6�& F�%2G �%�2 :

�:�� ��;�A���F 5 �D����� �Q�� 5

�#�� 0�;� Q��&�� ¤;#��� UI�� )4( 11 :�{& �� Y$� � �� BC+ 1��E�,-)� �� � dG;:#1�� �%�2 :

e ��; ����; �� �� � #g�$ �I ����

�� ��� ��I#i �� � 0�� Q_�� )5( 12 :�<� R�o �� ;Ck���& ���= ;J�"$& �\ �%�2 8:

e�¡���;#�� 0��J��)���� � }��� ��_���

e ����*/� ��JI#T ��#�� ��)6(()7(. >*0�� �k� F5 d:=��� >%C0O� ;/�6��� F��C� �&� ��1 � %A

:C/�� [3-��� Rp³ I�� ;:C��� ?��%��� R:��$� G>�/�� 1/�� ¤:81P� F� �2� � G;Cm h�3 �� �23 ��= G"/:m ?:2��$�� BC+ ®*H�8 I��� G;�/���

)1( :�³ �� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 1 –� 441. )2( :�³ �� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 2 –� 218. )3( :��C� D:*�� �(A9w��� ¦� . F�%����–[ 1 –� 425 .D��1� ��& D-C+� F�%���� ;���1�. )4( :9w��� ¦���C� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 1 –� 633. )5( :;:�*:��� ¦��< D�& BC:C� D:*�� �(A . ���Y�� ��/��–[ 3 –� 265. )6( :9w��� ¦���C� D:*�� �(A . F�%����–[ 1 –� 519 – ~yZ�� F�%���� ;���1� ~���� ��&. )7( : ;�����– � 443 G444.

Page 73: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

61

)� *A�(�� �y��� F%�= �q0 �� fp2 h�3 �p�G := ?:2��$�� T�$�8� R-)& R-)� f©�5 � ;:C/=� ;:Ð� ;�«�� ;:q��$Y � ;�%r%�� ;�%6Y� ;�Y$� f©� ;

� %A � BC+\ �� �� ;-C2 R2 F�� ��/�� �y��� ?:2��$�� F n������/¾=�h ¤:81P& !�:Y$Z8 � := � ,�²� 9C��� ?���� �� >�/�� 1/�

H�� I�� ;�:/�� ?:2��$�� �� �A(��"/:m BC+ ?���� h�3 ®*()1(.

�:k G & M=%��� q�,� �:k �� *kr� >%C0�� �& F��C� �&� a&��� BC+ ;&1���� GFZC�� ;�C� �� ��³� G 81��� ?Z£ ��Q� �+� �& E�Y$�

Gf*/$�� >�/�� ?:�0�)=Å ��*�2 %A �y��� ¦��� F M� �Z��� � N1%6��� [ ;�&H�� ;:�A(�� := �*� �(�� ?���2 ;�*H���� :C+ �Z�� �(�� ��%��� �G = Å F

q�& ?���� �+ [���e��0= F2 ^Z� ��%��� �+ �()2(.

�+���� BC+  F� n�� �Å= >%C0��� ;©y*�� �& ;�y/�� �+ �� ���%� ;=�/�;©y*�� DZ:� "���� G ;:=2 Ge:��1 e&%C0� hC$s ÜF� �3 � h F ) ;©y*�� ���%�

5 ;r�� "$J:A BC+ ?:2��$�� �-/$0� c�%# �:Y8 ;:0:� ;:-C+ �+�%� 9A �:��&G {� ���%��� �:� %A -2 ,�H� @:Vr 9-C+ �:� %A� ;:&��+G !(A�

�� M9� �:��� �� DZ:� A1��� �½ I�� ?:�0G 5 �0�8 ;J:A 9A Ó :2��$�� d*$8 �� �Y��� ? T�V$Z8 xk FZC�� BC+ t��) >�/�� �/�

�1%rG �� ?:2�8 R2 ¬ M�($kP�� Kp� BC+ R-/�� ¬ �:Y$Z:= /����()3(.

)1( : ;�����–� 444. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 444. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 444.

Page 74: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

62

>%C0�� ;:r� jy$�P ¢yo E�%H� �� �+�C� ��& P� :9A�:

1 :�A(�� t�S$��� G"�Yk� GTA�/� >�/�� ?:2��8 d*$8.

2 :C+ t��# �F����� 1���$�� �y� �� K-/$0� BC+ ��-$��� GFZC�� B.

3 : �u� �Z��� �� �C�$�� ���& ���� G¬ M�($kP�� K�%�� BC+ R-/�� ����)� �6/�� ~�1 d� B�-$� P� $�%:k >%C0�� ��Y� �(�� ��)� ��.

� 9A� G;:��� �� Nf*2 ;#1, BC+ ;:'� 45 f�� ,�6�� �(A � hC8 F ���%��� F:*��� ;:&�/�� �� ;:-C/�� � 45 ��� �k Ge&%C0� "�-C/$� ¾R�6º P

�� �?*Z��� GäY��� �� ?��%��� �� ?:2��$�� �� �-/$0� c%Ä) � R2 �:��@6� Ú�:� !%C-/$0� ;:-C/�� �:��%�� >�/�� �y2 G � 5 ���+ R-/$Z�� Ó �� TA h�3�íM½ �;=��/�  H� ÚC�d �[1��8 T"�y�� F%�=u� ":C+ �1%r Dª hC8

;:0:��� ���%���. = Å %V��� �(A BC+ >�/�� �/� ��� �3G �� !(¬� ?:�0 e���� F2 ?��%��2 f68 I�� ;:�A(�� :'$�� -:= P T"*:2��8 �� R-/$Z��

�:���()1(.

I�� ?��%��� !(A R:��$� BCp�� ;C:0%�= ":C+ i*� I �� ;/:=��� ?:�0�� 9A �� R-/$Z�� BC+ "q�%$kP GT"�y2� >�/�� 1/�� �Yk 9A G!�q6� �+��� "'/& 9Y$¥ I�� ;:0:��� ���%��� �Yk �� �f� �h�3 G���%��� hC8

G1��� �� �-/$0P�) �(K�5 F �6|� �A(�� ?��%��� !(K R5 �Yk %A Ó� 1/�T"�y2� >�/��()2(.

)1( : ;�����–� 444. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 444.

Page 75: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

63

t\& G>%C0�� >Z$2P T"�y2� >�/�� 1/�� �Yk BC+ !1��r5 �ZY�� 9C����� M�*�� T��� �r 1<5 BC+ Rrk R:6ª �%$ª G:C+ [3Ó BC+� GE�,�Y�� !(A �& E�y+ ®C� BC+ R-/� �%½ 1<5 BC+� GE�,�Y-C�

Z��� �/�� N,=5 BC+ R-/� 9©y& 1<5�^ Zª� 0*�5� G �: e&%o �%�� Ge*:��) :5 �%C/�� !(A ���%� N+��� F– ¤��/��� %V���� F:*��� ;©y*��

� = t��& T$� P := ���Å �$�� �y��� "C2 EY6�� !(A DC6ª �3 t%-Z� I�� ?��%��� !(A ¦:H� ����� �� �%�&� ?:�0G !�:Y� P� 5 �Yk P

-�� >�/�� �y2ee��p�� ()1(.

%+�� �5 R& G;:=�k N2. [3-��� !(A N2. 45 %+�� P ZY� D�%�� �d*�$��� G"C��� "�Y� F:Z� 45"k��& .

�p���� T���� i= !1%'k F%�� �:k G�Y��� >%C0�� �& ;�y+ T:�� !��� � �%�� GM�%0 �k BC+) : F%�8 �%���� F%�8 -2 ?��%��� !(A 1%p��� G = ŠF

#� ��Y�� y2 T"�y2 �%C-/$0� >�/��� ey6Y� & � �/��� 9Y= �+%��� N�:��� �%���� ;��c%�� dH��&G ;/H� R2 �y��� �y�$0�� G 1%p��� �

$��� ;�c�%�� F�«$/� e*�© dH��� �& &�G �& ���:�� ��� �^0G ��� �%C0��G � N�k�� R2� >�/�� FZ� ;=��/� !(A �G TA��+ "�� R-/$Z���

8 :C+ �y��� ¦��� i*� �(�� %A\ Y:�()2(.

F� 45� GF%�Y�� ?Zk ?:�0�� T:Z�8 45 ?A(� ����) �k�� R�� !(A �� F%�Y��� ��+ & �$Ñ ?:�0� CAG := R-/$Z8 P� G �$��� ?:Z��� Rp�

)1( : ;�����–� 444. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 444.

Page 76: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

64

�/��&G & �$��� M+���� �-u�� ?H�G E*<��& �$��� M+���� G � � �p�h�3G $�� R-/$0� ��� \ F���� 0 �/��� ?:�G N�p2 �� 1%p��� ��c�%�� ���^0G ;:Y�$�� ��S$��� G �� ��� �& ?:Z��� 7��8� ¤��©G � r 1%p��� �(A 15 8 �3\ �/��� >& �� $C� � �=G � � � ��$Y 5 �� P%FcG $�� �-$0�� \ � F��� �

;���H�� !(A BC+ >$���G Z�� E*<��� A%C-/$0�� ;:�HCG ���6�� P�0 BC+ C2 1%p��� �-/$ !%'81� �(�� �Y�� �(AG 0�� �%HC�� ?:� :=G �0��� ���^A� RG !%0�8� G er%6�� b���� RA� G E*<��� E1r�

(K ;:�HCZ��� �]�� >$��� ��+ �"/��  Y A BC+ ;�1# R �� �( �(�� >%C0� ���5 :�G ;©y*�� ;"# �� >�%r f© %A� G B'$�� BC+ �y��� ®:*H8 �ky� �

�� �u�� Ú<��� ��%k �<���� ??G BY��� 1%p��� �Y�� �(A� � $�� R�,\ F��� :=�0 �/��� ?:�G ?#%= � �8 F���S �+ ;:�HCZ�� E*<��� !G 5 3� �/��� ?:�0

%C�� ":=�8;:+3G {�� �SK& �)� aC�� >�< �� �� >�w� _r� �p� N1��w %+�8 P �:k E�1/$0P�� E":*�$�� N�p2�5 >H�� h�3 4

;:Y�$�� ��S$����e'���S$��� ;+3%C�� �� ()1(.

���� "'/& d� R���$8 �� I�� �'��� �� ;Cm �+ ¦��� ���� �(A F59C� � := �-C� F� ��s:

1 : ?:Z��� 7��8� ;:Y�$�2 G�p��� BC+ ?VZ�8 F� ��s P ?:�0� � �/��� _r��� >�<{�� G�SK& �)� aC�� ;:+3%C��� G¤��©�� ��� �&

E�1/$0P�� E":*�$�� N�p2� �p��� >�w�.

)1( : ;�����–� 440 G441.

Page 77: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

65

2 : �/��& ;r�� ?:�0�� !(A �%C-/$0� -�:k ����\$�� F5– �&� ���& F��C�– � ;*��� G�p��� �� ;:�HCZ�� E*<��� -:0 P� 1%�|� �%/�

F�� G;©y*�� ;"# �� ?:�0�� !(A 9'$�� P >H�� F� Rp-$8 >�%6�� �� ?:A�$��� ?:©�$�& j%C�� �+ 1%"-)� >H�� FHCZ��� hC�� �y#

��*�� h�3.

3 : e+%:� �p2�� %A� �k�� F%� �p��� �6k !�6+ ) E*<���;:�HCZ��( G?�<���� ?Ú<��� ���� ®Y$� P � �/��� ?:�0� �� "�+ BY�� G

�p�C� @C68 �/��� ?:�0� j�"= �%-/�� #� BC+ �� .

F� F��C� �&� ®=�%� ��� i/� P �(A�) � �/���� 1%p�-C� F%�8 P 6Ñ ?:�0 �(2�� � F%�8 P 1%p��� ?:�0�/�CG e�%��� �y��� �� F2 -= BC+ �:��

�� hC8e��/� F%�� y= ?:�0()1(.

���� F� BC+ ;:&,�� ;+�6�� !(A F��C� �&� Í%:� DC§ N����� !(A  F5 � F) � M9� �/��� �� %A �:� ��/��� ¿�$�� T�� BC+ ��Ä � -t� ?:�0

>�/�� :=()2( .A F��C� �&� ��& ��� �%:� :�5 ?A3 � e�=�%� T�u� �(.

�� :C+ �%H�� � 45 ;=w5 GR:���� !c%/� T�u� �(A  F� n�� �k*�� ���� �+ e#1� ��/��� ¿�$�� T�� R2 �:C= G?qr f© T�u� R/Ä T:-/8

0� �� � F2 F5� G>�/�� ?:� �p�� 45 ��$Y� [���� �(A �� :�5 1 2 F5� GRC|� �� T�u� �(A 1«� ��Q dw%� F 45 T"��$k& �%:

)1( :���� ;�–� 445. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 445.

Page 78: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

66

�%�� Gb�(��) : �� BC+ �Z��� ��/& ��/��� ¿�$�� �/� F%*:/� �%�2 ?:�0;:&�/��G e�y2 ��/� F�= e�%��� ePc� �/��� ;�*< �+ G %A h�(& T2u�� b�(��()1( ��(�� M��/��� ;�*< �� ���= &� R/Ä �(�� D�%�� G TA�/� �Yº

?��%��� R:��$� ;ur N,� !�/� ���= &� F� i/� �(A� �/��� ;�C� R:��$� :&�/�� ?:�0�� �� ;V:V6�� �k*�� �23 -2 R:�, 45 [$º �(A� G; P� G

!(A F� 45 ?A3 �� d� ®Y$� P� G���= �� ;�*< �� ��/��� ¿�$�� F� -:0 C� �&� R*� �� >%C0�� 45 N����� ��5 ":= �"�� F��)��� ;:6�

f*/$�� $���<� G & ��� /&<� !f�Y8 ��� R�C= G>%C0�� ��%�8"���$k� �pk*2 �½ �:C+ ?Ä I��� ;&$����()2( .

�� F��C� �&P ?Zº --= Ú Ú����$0� ¾;:�Q� G>%C0�� �(A ÚRÏ��8 ¾;:�Q ��� Y8 �:k Z ��= GAf �(�� �+ �� $�=k FS$�� >�/�� 1/

­$�� %V��� BC+ R-/�� >%C0�� �(A ��� R��$� GT"�y2�) : �A3 ,�^$� ;:6���� ;�:/�� ?��%��� �� �(k �(º ®CH� 9C2 ?��! $�� \ �(º -2 ¦:�

��%��� BC+ [Z���� ?���� BC+ M�*��G 8 �� F2 �("C= \ e�,�Y�� �y��� ¦:� �+ V��� ���9w��/��� U:*��� �%()3(.

)1( : ;�����–� 446. )2( : F��C� �& �§��� �*+ ��+ !���� �/���–� 120. )3( : ;�����–� 444.

Page 79: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

67

l C�k8��:

�/� �(A @CH6�� �� ;"#%�� ;:�Y�� �� Rq��� EVCH6�� ;�:6C�� ;:C-/�& ;������ �� ;2�u& ;������ G4��� ��� �1%� (�� ��c �:/& F�, F� �2(�

G;k��r �� R*� >Vr� T�u� G;:CA)� �:k F2 ;]&��� U:&(�� !�-$/� e0:�� �:�� & b%Y8 �+� BC+ G�+� � _�+ -:= �/& eVCH6� ey�$Z� R��& G@��r R& �5 ���+ n�� ,����� �:+*H�P� �T��u� BC+ ;-:��� ;:�Y�� >,O�.

b�(C�� �*81� �%]� T/H�& $�×&� %A� GFZC�� X :H/� e��/& e�%'+ �2� :C+ �&� F��C� ZY� p��k �+ Cr� ]C���% �:k �%��) : Ú;�C�� !(K f/�$0��

%A Ó5� GF:*�� ;+�r ¾RA� :C+ �@C�Hr� �(�� b� (�� �T0� ���$Z8 � ���0�8 ���+ C�� !(A ÏR. F2 �-�� ��� G�%/H�� j�1,{ �%w%� � �:k �� FZC�� ;

%"= e'��� Ð� K f/�$0� �%/H�� j�1,{ îR. %A -2 �y��& ®H��� U��#� � R:�= � ;0%Z. �%/H�� F� -2 FZC�� :�bÂ��3()1(.

�%��= �� FZC�� %A R. j�1,5 �%/H�� R.� G®H��� �(A� � >�� �-/$0� @CH6�� �(¬ �/�� iY�� G � ��$��� �� !�/� 9Zu� ���� �(��) i/� 1*$�� M:��� FZC�& ���V$� G"-/< 45 1*$�� :���M �Y��& ���V$� "6q6� ;C:-)� �� ;V:*��� �-^2 F�%��� "�0�8� ®��1� äY��� "$©y&� �Zk� �]��� "�^Z��� ��+� Gh�3 �� @*r� �%"Y� b�(�� ���$� R2 ���

)1( : ;����� – �437G 438.

Page 80: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

68

92�1,5 R6� FZ�{� N��*� M9��& j1��� M�%0 F2� e2�1,5 e:Z� �� e:q�� �� e:/Ð()1( .

�/�� � @CH6� b�(�� fZY8 �%k ;����� F��C� �&� !��+ �(�� F�% �6k� GT^/�� �� �&�/$Z-C� R6º P �� F:&� !�/� ®:�ª� F:*�� RA�

�\& =�+ GF:*�� F%�Y& ��$/�& �y2 ;���& K���8) : ;©y*�� ;�C� �%6k FZC�� ;©y*�� fZY8 �� ��� � �y��� ;�&H� t�� A%#� d:m �� �/-C�

h�3 N,=5 ?:2��$C� d�8 ��%Æ()2( . ;�C�� !(A �%6k ��� �� P5�& 0� BC+ ��-$ �� �A3 ;H�°� G>�/�� ?:� �(A ,�,�8� GT"�y

�%�� G � �-Z�� ¾R*� ��� GFZC�� :C+ F�-$:� G�y���) : FZC& TC�$�= = Õ:C*��� G>�/�� � : � ;J:K� n��V$ 0� BC+ h�(� N�:Y� M½�� >�/�� ?:�

;H��à 8��� DC68� �3Å= !�"# #%�� h�3 BC+ �y��� T���� GT�*<° ��� :C+ R"0� #%�� h�3 BC+ �y��� T�� ;�C�� � DC6k >�/�� �y2 e*:2�8 dÐ F5� >�/C� I�� ;©y*�� BV�� f© %V�� ,�� P xk ?:2�$��

+ 1# f© à P5 G��= f]&� R& G��= Ç,\& �/Ð �+ *� � � BV��� h�3 BC;�C�� !(A �%6k �� ,Y$0�()3( .

�Ð 45 $#k� >�/�� �y�& $�y+� b�(�� ;/:*H� T"Y�� �(A R:º ��� �:k �%C/�� *<*< �&� :�5 ?A3 � 45 ¬/:$0� �/& "�"C$0�� T":*�0� �� 2�

 F� �;�Vr d* H�� b� (��� i]8 �+ ;�/$0P� G¤��/�&  F�� �,Z= d* H�� b� (��� P

)1( : �&� F��C� e���� – �114. )2( : ;����� – �437. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – �437.

Page 81: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

69

i]8 �+ $=�/� G¤��/�& �%��) :�-= �@r �/*< ¾��3� � Â�$º 45 ;�/$0P� BC+ T�� �/��� ¤��/�& I �� 9A G ��S:� ��� >�Hw� :C+ bÂ� (�� � �]$Z� �� V:V68 s%�8� ;=�/à /��¤�� b(u�� G & xk «$/8 $=�/� N,Y$Z��

d*H�2 �(�� P ¦C�8 /�()1(.

?���� �� �(A T"Y�� F2 T"= �&� F�0 9#Y�� ;�y/C� �& b�(�� GT����� %"= n�� F� �+��� 45 ?�# $#k 45 ;=�/� �;Z-�� ���+ e���ÂV�& I�� A�23

R:C�� �& G�§� �� c%Ä ":= �� _kS��G P ?W :C+) ¾;=�/�� ¬ T��:�� -C/& FÅ= T���� i*� BC+ b�(�� %�� T�� d:H�$& R:+=�� M# !�/� eYC�$� f©

G9w�� Ó5� ��1� � ;=�/� � 8�23 �� G¤��/��  F� b�(�� %*�� �+ z/& GE=kS�� %A� Sq# ¤��/�� ��� ,1� >�/C� Cp� P%C= TC+ ¤��/�� �

b�Y� �& � c%Ä �� h�3 �&� � P c%Ä()2(.

_�6�� �� %V��� ;:r� �� Ge���� e-C+ ¤��/�� ;:r� hC$�� �� �� � e�fp2� + f*/$�� �:Ä !�� P � G;oyp�� "�%C/& ;©y*�� ��- �� 1�=� �� �A3 ï¥

� �2��� Gi<*�� �� ��A��� Z£ Z-C� �� �:0k� �� ZY� ��y� �& �%�& N��Y�� !(A F��C�) : �y2 ;01-à ¾R6ª Ó5 ���8 -2 ;�C�� !(A�

;=�/à ¾R6ª DZ:�� G *:2��8 ���%� �HY$��� d-Z�� BC+ !1��8� >�/�� Ó5 ���%��� !(A FÅ= FZC�� ;+�r RA� "H*�$0� I�� h�3 ;�:-C/�� ���%���

�%6k �:Y8 P� GFZC�� h�(& e-C+ �:Y8"C. R/Y�& ;�C�� ()3(.

)1( : 1:+ /���� – �32. )2( :�0 ;k6Y�� – �76. )3( : ;����� – �437.

Page 82: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

70

-":$C2 F5 �:k �� e&��+5� ;©y& >�/�� ;]�� ;�C�� hC8 �& �c�%� %A� xk �Y��� D�-/8� D�01 t� d*H�2 E�"¯ 9A Ó5� Ge/*< DZ:�

�%�� GE�C�� R2 F\� t\� e/*< E1r) : E��$0� �35 E�C�� FÅ= (� ;C*#� ;/:*< t\2 E�"¯ D�01� �CY]�� �� fp2 ��� h�(�� GR|� h�

9/:*< ��� e;©y&� e&��+5 T"$]� >�/C� >�%6�� F� E�C�� F\� _�/� � �X T�� ;:�Z� ;�C� 9A Ó5� h�(2 �:�� d*H�& ®H�8 >�/�� D�2 �%���

d*<� ;C*# t� ����� Û,& E�"�= D�01� D��³ �y���()1( . h�3 � F\& 1���5 F� b�(�� �(K RY�8 n%$Z�� ;:�+ ;*Z$�� ;=�p& �<�� F� b�(�� BC+

��³� �%01 N��� G;C*#� ;/:*< �\2 eY:6k e���� e��3 ��]� .

#%8 I�� ;Cr%*�� "C/^:� "��³ �/& b�(�� ;�C� F\� �� F��C� �&� d=��� Z�� !W �+��� º F� ��1 %� xk G>�/�� �y2 �� ;V:V6�� R* � �: �%�� G $+�<) : ,%#� 45 Õ:C*�� ��� FZC�� ;©y*�� ;�C-= h�3 1��8 �35�

��1 %�� T"�y2 T��� T"$]� >�/�� ?:2��$� ®=�%�� ?:2�$�� �Zk� T���� 1�� � ;r%6��� ?:2��$��� ;�:/�� R*Z�� !(A �+ e��:k ;�C�� !(A ?kr

� P �� �Z� :C+ �=�� P� :C+!��+ ;�0���� $�C� :�5 ��� P� !,$/()2(.

� ;=�/� �R6Y�� �T�u� M�%0 ì�k BC+ M��/����� , ����� n�� A�/� �� -2 �& !�#�� �(�� b�Y��� GT"�� "��³ ��� T"$©y&� >�/�� >%C0� ¦�¥

BC+ F%��$Z� ;:©y*��� ;�%V��� ���%��� RA� �� ,����  F� �Y�6�� �+ [���� F%^s T"= M��/���� ��� GM���$0P� ;C:6k �� T"��� à T"$©y&� >�/�� ?:�0�

)1( : ;����� – � 437. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 437.

Page 83: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

71

�%�� G�P�$0P�� R:C/$�� BC+ N1��� F�, ��Z�� hC8 ¦�¥ �) : ¤��+ �35� 0� �+ e��qk �y��� :C+ ¤�+� T"�y2 T�� T"$©y&� >�/�� >%C

�� �y2 �� �:� �� TC+� �� G �+ �+ S^/� Ã1� GT"�y2 �1� ��(�� >�/ à �P�$0� h�3 FÅ= ;:�:*��� ;�%V��� ���%��� RA� d�68 -2 h�(� [^$kP� �y2 ;01-à Rrk U��#� ��� �(A� GM���$0P& N,Y�� ���%��� �� R6k �1� \�� Tt:*r �� e:*r �w�= %� �p�� GT"�� �k�%2 f6� xk >�/��

C:# BC+ ­%$Z� xk ":= ;©y*��� >��+{� F\� T�º� T"$]� TC/$� �Å= T" �Z� ;�C�� !(A �%6£ %A Ó5� GM9� U%���� TC/�� �� �:�� G"$�©

�H��()1( .

BC+ ,����� �+��� �/8 I�� �0��� �+�%��� ;Cm 45 F��C� �&� ¦:'�� ;�C�� hC8 R:6ª– ���� TC/$�� 9A� ,:$+P�� ;01-��� F����� ;&1� ��Yu�

�%�� Gh�3 BC+ �;������� GT"*H�� TA1/��� >�/�� �y��) : R6ª h�(2� ;������� GT"*H�� TA1/��� T"�y2 �Y£ R:)� h�3 �/& �� ;�C�� !(A �& �1� GT"C:# \�� �X �k�%2 f6�� G;�C�� R�6º �:£ h�3 BC+

���� GTK:#� �(A �+ �S/à ���%()2( . �� Nf�3 45 ;kg �+��� F� �/à ����� -:0 P� M��/��� �� �*0 �� 1/�� F%) �� R:��8 ä%Y|� ;:��C � ;

;:�Y�� !�& R:��8 ;�q�(�� !(A �+ [�¥ xk GiY�� b�(�� ;�C�� ;��/��� F:*�� RA� �� �*0 �� 1��© BC+()3( . ��$�� F2 F5� ;=�/� ,���� BC+

dw%� n�� �5 R& GM��/��� BC+ h�3 ��$�� TC= Gh�3 ?�# 45 ���%���

)1( : ;����� – � 437. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 437. )3( : >H�� ������ ��/�� – �43.

Page 84: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

72

�� ;:©y*�� �+�%���� ;:�H��� �'���� ;:-:C/$�� �q6��� �� M��� ä%Y. F� ��QÕ:C*$�� BC+ N1���� �+ ?^º �� G�/��� ©%*� F�, �%º.

+��� ¬ �%�� I�� �Yu� ;:C-+ F5 T"Z8� �+��� ��+ ��/��� 1<{� R��8 ���� #$�5 K R:p�� ®:�V$& N,%)� T"Z8� 1<{� h�3 N1%C*& N�p���.

T"��� F%�8 F� �� ��/�� FZC�� BC+ ��< �X T#+�� F��C� �&� �p$0� ��� F� G"q�&� n�� "�%01 ;�0�1 ;�C�� !(A) FZC�� �C����� T#+��

�/�� j�$��� ������ ��Y�2 CA� ;H��� & ®H��� 45 ���H'�� :C+ �q1H�� � !(A T"�k 1%6�� b�(�� �(A TK R6º P �Å= G>�]�& �&«�2� Gb���& 9A� GFZC�� 45 n��� ;�C� Ú®*0� G�-/�� �� ;Yq< �/& TA�16� F� G;�C��

:& �6� RA� ����$� à �%�$/� F� T�]� � ?2��� ,�Y� �� N1�|� T"�� �3 �� :�5 F��H' ���/&� G16��� RA� D*A3 �� ;�C�� !(A� Gh

��� ;&%CH�� FZC�� ;�C� 9A DZ:�� Gn��� ;�C� h�3 TK Ó5� G"�+ ;�C�� R:6ª �� �:C= ?$��� N�HZ�� ���%��� �� ;�C�� hC8 _�+

2 "��k� R6k Ó5 GM9� ;01-�& ;�C�� !(A R6ª Ó5� GD=�+ ->�/�� �y�� 1��$��� ,:$+P& ,:$+P��()1( .

� T#+�� ���= Â��= 01-�� �� ;�C�� !(A R:6ª ��� ,:$+P�� ; ;�C�� !(A �� ��³ �� >�/�� F'k� �& �1 �� F�, �%�2 �(�� G1���$���

T#+�� z/& �%Cw �� G�]6�� (�� %V��� BC+ !�ZY� �Å= >�/�� ?:�0�v��) : TKp��� ���°S��� 901Y��� �%*:0 F� �� /-Z8 � h� ¤�+ FÅ=

)1( : ;����� – � 438.

Page 85: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

73

�%��� hJ��� F� TC+= G;�C�� !(A �%6k d� e�^+� �%�2 �y��� F0�= �� D��= N\����� Ô��� ��� Ga�= T"*Z� e-^+ �%�2 Ó5 T"�+ d-Z8 ��(��

A RA� �& �y��� �� h�(& �%�%$0= GT"�� "-C/8 ��� >�/�� �� ;�C�� !( ����� ��(�� >�/�� �� T�\�� ��� Tt\2� GAM�1� M9� P ;�© BC+ e-^+ �%�2 F5� T"= G"CA� �� ��1r� ;]C�� �2 �%21,� xk TK:#�

;C�� �%21,� Tt� G�y���� ;]C�� �^+\& �%Z:C= ?Z��� ;]C��� t�%Y�+ ;01-�� BC+ �%Y�+ � 16��� RA� �� P� G;�C�� 1oQ ?A(8 �� G¬*�

$�© BC+ �%�%$0� xk >�/�� �y�� ;01�����()1( .

�1 �� ]C& � ��/�� FZC�� RA� BC+ T#+�� �� Û1H�� ÕC*� �C= h�(�� F� G>�/�� �� �k�� �\2� $©y&� :*�0� BC+ P �:& à R6ª Ó5 ;�C�� hC8

�+�%��� �Y£ �� A�k� ;01���& . ;:'��� !(A F:& F��C� �&� �%�� :) �Ä � Ï��\= 16��& ��/�� FZC�� RA� a�� �35 T^/�� �� �k�%�� �%:���

T¬ ;r�� T"$�C� �Ä� G1o�� ;:V$X ��/�� FZC�� �� N,%6��� ;�C�� hC8 ;�C� ;01-�� BC+ R*�� �� �w�= �35 � G��/�� FZC�� ;�C� ;Y�° n���

� � R6º F�  R�= G"C:6ª �:Y$Z� �Yu�� ;01���& TA1/��� >�/�� �y�� ;���° ;6�� P5 ¾R�6ª y= R|� n��� ;�C� "$�*0 �35 ;�C�� F� �� ����

° �� T:C0 ?Z��� e:-^+� �w�= F5� ?A3� ;:C��& 9-^/�� FZC�� ;H� BY¥ P �:£ 1����� �� ��� h�3 � R6º Ã�= ;01���& ;�C�� !(A TC/8 45 �(A �%6k ;:�:*�� ���%��� !(A ���� �X �fp2 9+�� Ã1� G1��8 à h:C+

)1( : ;����� – � 438.

Page 86: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

74

hC8 DC6k F5 ;�C�� � DC6k Ó5� G;H�]� �� aC© %A � ¬ � b�(��%���M9� N1*/�� ;�C� �� DZ:�� ;:�:*�� ���()1(.

R�6Y� ~�1 �5 xk fp��� F��C� �&� �-$A� �� ;:�ZC�� ;�C�� !(A E(�� ��� � b�Y�� c��&5 � G":C+ �%6u� b�< ��*�� �& "C:6ª n%$Z

 F� n�1 �:k G�'u��) !(A R:6ª F��r� by<{� BC+ 16��� RA��� F2 ��/�� FZC�� �+ ��/&� T"�� F2 ��� GT:C/$�& ,Y$Z8 I�� ;:�ZC�� ;�C

�%6k �� TC/$�� 45 ®*Z� � h�3 ?*Z��� G�Z+�� ?/r� � K%6k 8,=� �(�� ��'u� FZC�� �� :�5 ®*0 à ;&%CH�� ;�C-C� ;:=�� ;�C�

5 4��� $�C� �+ ¾FZC�� ¬ ��S� xk G;-^/�� �'u� ;]� 9A n��� ;�C� 4 �"/�� �(K()2( . �:k G;�C�� !(A BC+ 9J:*��� 9+-$#P� �o�� 45 f�� �A�

?6�� �'u� ;J:& F� -�= G"ZY� ;]C�� BC+ �o�� �(�� 1���& ":C+ �o�� I�� b�(�� ;�C� BC+ ?VZ�� ���� FÅ= G��*�� ;J:& �� ;]C�� �VC�� �%:��

;-^/�� "$H����*�� ;J:& �� �p2� �'u� ;J:& .

�-C/�� F� 9A� G;:'��� !(¬ ;H*8�� ;�:�k F��C� �&� �2�� b:Z�� �(A � ��$/� -2 DZ:� !(A T"$�&Z� Ó5 GFZC�� F���%�� T:C/8 45 F%�&Z$� ��(��

�� NV���) !(A T:C/$& 9A Ó5� Gh�(2 �:�� GT"$+�6& ;�&Z�� !(A F� à ;�C�� ;H�° 45 >��� %V��� ;+�r T/� À>�/�� �y2� FZC�� ;H��

h�3()3(.

)1( : ;����� – �438. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 439. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 439.

Page 87: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

75

�%6k E�%$Z� �� ��%$Z� �& b�Y� $C/# ;6VY$�� ;:-:C�{� N����� !(A� G;"# �� N��*�� n��� ;:k� �� 16��� RA� n�� G;�C�� !(A) ;:���=5 RA\=

�+ ��/&�� ;-^�/�� �b�+� �%�2 �-�� >�]��� �8 1%6� TK F2 ����� FZ C�� T:C/$�& $�C� R:6ª ()1( . RA� �� ?82 ;+�6� ePp� F��C� �&� b%Z� �

�%�� G;©y*��� >%C0�� ;22��� := ��*8 GF��f���) : ®:=��� �&� R�� ���� � ?kr 45 ?$2 F��f��� >$2 z/& F�" : !��= D��+ P ��� 9�� �

%&� i-C+� �%:�� ��+� v\8 ��(�� d� F%�8 h�� �E�23 D�2 h�� e�y2 �:/0 �(A �%&(2 ��= G�Â:���� ��� �� >y��� �Ø�� RA� �� � G[���� �� \:"$� TC=

:� ey<& �� �� � h:�5 �$2� e��k�� e=�k �(A �� � M� F5 h:�5 b$��" :*� ��'�� FZC�� T"$�C� D�2 �(�A� G TA1/�� h�(2� ��23 Ã

�"/�� �(K h�(2 �S8 �� ;�*H�� �+ ;�c� ;�C�� �+ N�:/& D�2()2( . �S/�� �%�� G?*Z�� �(A 45 ;:���=5 M��/��� �� fA��� ;C�) : ;:���=Å& F2 � �(K�

_�� �&� � ®:�1 �&� P5 M��/��� fA�� ��()3( fA��� �� TAf© �� G �%�2 ��(�� �%�2 ��= �"/�� h�3 ":=) T"$�*< �S8 �� ":C+ �q1<

!(A R:6ª 45 T"�� >��� ������ RA�� 1%6��� 45 ;Cq� F�� xk ;©y*�� T":= F2� Ge��p�� e-�� ;�%]C�� E¯%Y|� �� T"qy$��� T��/� N�p�& ;�C��

� ;�C�� !(A ;+�6�� RA� ��5 Í1��� F:k �&� �*+ �&�� G":= TK ;����� d=�1 FZC�� 1£ ":= E��c � ¦q�%H�� j%C� M��/� �� TKp��� G9CHZ���� &1

)1( : ;����� – � 439. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 439. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 439.

Page 88: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

76

��Z�� �� �J� T":= h�3 ����8� >,���( )1( F��C� �&� M6�$0� c«�� G 9¥1$��– := ®*Z�� ?6� � F2 �(�� Í1��� %"= – �%V$�� ��S� !�r1

C�� !(K ¦/'��� E�p2 I�� N�$Y�� ;C:< �%� BC+ ;�=. DC¯ t� n�� %"= ;� e��p�� e-�� ;�%]C�� T�¯%Y. EO$��� G �%C+� ��/�� FZC� T��/� ":=) xk

����8� h�3 TC/8 �+ �%¾CÚ]��� ;:���6��� ?C]8 ��� My)�� ¤'��P� ���� �� E�6�= G"C2 dq�6�� F\� h�(� ���$= F��-/�� xk t\� �+ T":= ;�C

(:�y8 �� R#�� �& h��� ¦��� �& àr TA��Q �� F2� Gz:'u� D]C& ������ D���� GK�� �§�� �&� ;��, >$2� G;$*Z& �:C:*�{2 ;�*H�� ;$*0 45 ;�:C:*�{� N��/� N��/�� 45 My)� 45 ;�C�� hC8 RA� �� A,*2� 3y=�

������ 9��� ��� ��0 dH���� ¤����� �%w���� F5 45 �%p*C� �� ;:���=5 45 T"$�Z�� [%/& T":C+ "$&%/r� K N�Â��/�� �%*� �Z/� ;+�6�� !(A T"-:C/8

!�C� � ;:=�� 9A� ;��&«�� ;:-^/�� T"�%01�()2( ;:��S�� N�$Y�� ;�t !(A G K �®Ò��k �(�� A�%$Z� �+ ;�C�� !(A D�S� I�� ":�5 1�� I�� �0�� R'Y&

G p��k ��� e�&0) D�2 -2 ������ 45 h�3 �/& �� ;�C�� E,+ � 9CkZ�� T:A��&5 � T"$�*<� >�:Ú)� �&�� �&# �&�� ��f0 ��&� ¬ T� ��� ;�/Z& e��:"� �"/�� �(K h�K� TA�/& �� ?:H�� �&� TAY�� G $�*<� 9º�ÏH��

G q��+��!¾(:-C8 �!��o� �d*�8� � �j�1Â��8 P �;�C� FZC�� � F2� ()3( .

0� �� ,1%� &P 9C:6Y$�� ~�� �� !(A ;:=��]# �%k F��C� � �C ; �%�� G"$:¥18�) : à R"0�� �Z�� "-:C/8� �p2� �����& ;�C�� !(A F\�=

)1(: ;����� –� 439 )2(: ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 439. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 439.

Page 89: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

77

ZC�� �%C+ N�/� �� !���� -2 �"/�� �(K :C+ ":= TK ":C+ T"$�=.� F �ZY8 ��(�� 9-^/�� FZC�� RA� F�� G"-:C/8 ��0� >,�� �%C+ BC+� �&«��� ������ RA� ;]C� eyr� T"$-^+ DZ:�� T":C+ F%q1< TA Ó5 T"$�C� ":= TA� Ga�= 16��� P5 tZ� TtZ�� "CA� TA� N��/�� !(A

�� T"$�<1� T"$-^+ �£ F%Z-]�� ;�C�� R:6ª T":C+ ?/6:= G;��&«������ RA� _yÆ T:C/$�& ;:�ZC��()1( .

;�%��� �$����� �6+ ;�C�� !(A 1%'k c«:� ��S�� ey:C� d#�� � T#+�� �+ TA�/& %A� G"�� T"��-$� 9+���� ?*Z�� F:& d� G;:0*/���

�%�� GT"$H�°�) : ���� RA� �£ h�3 «$+�� ;:0*/��� ;�%��� ;����� �"/� b �"/�� h�(� TA�/*� �,#5� ;�C�� !(A �³ ������ RA� F\� Tt\� F�= �%�� �"/�� h�3 ;�C�� hC8 ��� F�= GR:C� P5 T"$H�°� T#+�� �+

b���& T"q�&�� >�/�� �=%$� �=�� >$���� M��/��� �%V=�()2( ePp� b%Z� � G�+ �/� e �� !(A �%6u e:/��� ey:�, !�C Rp³ �:k G���� R:)� �(A n�� ;

�%�� GT"��� ;�C�� hC8 n%$Z� BC+ R:�, f� U"Yr�� A,1�� I�� 1/��� :) %A >$��� h�3 FÅ= TA�p�� T"-�� �� U©�� >$2 :C+ R-$�� � �����

���� TA1*��� T"$]� :=� Tt�%�,� >�/�� >$2 T":*� f0� ;:&�/�� T"$C�� T" �q0� TA`�©� TA1/��� T"2%C�� T"qYC� 1oQ� GTC0� :C+ �� BCr e-�V$Z� ;�C�� !(A ��� 9�&� >�/�� ��%k� �� �?+�� �>$2 y= G � T":�]�

�$����� b���� ()3( BC+ �$����� �8A �/� 7��8 ��1 45 f�� �A� G

)1( : ;�����–� 439. )2( : 1�6��®&Z�� – � 439G 440. )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 440.

Page 90: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

78

CA)� �/� �%�� G;©y*�� �:k �� ;:) : �X TA�%0 �X ÕC&� T":= D�2 Ã1� ��/& !�2(� -2 ;:CA)� F2()1( l�+ n%$Z� BC+ ey6. b�(�� ��� 9�&� G

) TA��� B'���� T"�y2 �Z=� T"$]� D01,� G>�/�� ��� B�y8 xk h�3� TK ?C]$��� T"���� hC��� T#+O� ���� 1r� T"$��,� ;��,

FZC�� �+ ���/& xk �w�%u�� 16��� RA� �%H��� ;:�%^CZ��� TC���� "C:6ª �+ e��6�� T"�� "-C/$� 1r� $�C�� ��/��G ��� h�3 BC+� TtZ�

(K�� �%���� i= �"/�� 1%p���G �� ���p�� �%�2 F5� ()2(.

y�& N���# �'� 45 �H= F��C� �&� F� �� �(¬� �¥ -:= G������ ;�k G>�+ TA� T"��� D��³ ��(�� �& e��Y� Gb�(�� ;�C� �� ��-$�� E�%$Z� �&� G;:k� �� G�p���� T���� �+�%�� ;©y*�� ���%� ;=�/� :C+ ?C© �� �&� G�y��� T"C*0� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ ;:&�+ ;:�� ;J:& �%&1 ��(�� T#+��

��`�< ��(�� T#+��� E�Y8 ;:¥18 Rk��� �& b�= -2 G;:&�/�� N:u� BC+ M�1� F2 �(�� �o�� �%-+ e/*$� Gn���� ;Ck�� �& ":= ;�C�� !(A 1%'k f]& ;�<���� �VC�� �%:� 45 n,� X ;-^/�� �%:� %A� G;�C�� hC8 d#��8

& %�� E�,�Y-2 ;]C�� 45 f�� �� i/� X G�y��� �� @:V6�� � G���� ;���b�(�� ;�C� �ZY$= GR�2 ?:2�$�� 45 �VC�� R�$��.

)1( : ;����� – � 440. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– � 440.

Page 91: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

79

l ¥x��|���:

@�$8 ;:-Z$�� F� -:0 P� GF�%�/�� �(A �%w%à ®C/$� � %A N��Y�� 1%'k F5;o��u&)1( ����� xk ~yHry� � ����$0y� E�1%H8� E���& K� G

E�1%H8� E���& K F� -2 G 8�3 ���u�7���� ��/�� ����� ;�`��� .

����� @CH6�� �(A E+�Y8 �V*� F� F�%�/�� �(A _��A� �� �:� w%�& h�3 �*81� ��/� G���u�% N��Y�� F� %A T"� � ���� Geyr� �

9CA)� �6/�� (�� "�+ ���*/� 9A Ó5� Ge����# e�1�$&� DZ:� A,%#� Rr� ?/2� N�$�+ FZ� BC+ �%p£� !(A (��� ;:C-/� ,���� �H= � ��� GfAc �&

E'���� �� E��Z�� �� G;©y*�� �%C/& DH*81� ;+%�$� E:-Z� Dª ":= Ew1/�� �� G�<�$�� �� N,1�%��)2( � ?A�(� ":= �%*A3� G ���� �& x

®:�1 �&P :�5 �J-H� e��1 ,�6�� �(A b%Z� F� ��� G®=%�� 1«�� := f�� �%�:= "C��\8 �� ?�# 45� G;:'��� !(A f�/� z/& 45) : ���� ,1�%��¾N ��=

A+,� �%� D:& Û��� �:��� G;=�<� P� �¯� �(A X �@6�À  F� ;=�< F�c ��-+ �& ��A >� �%k G����/�� F2� ��� �:��� F�c 1(��� «2�� ey"2 Ð�� !�/�� �"�� �� À�-��� ¦:�= F%�� �(A N,1�%� P5 Tt� ���23 F� ;=�< � D*p� � GD:*�� xk ¦CV$0� �� � /-Z� a� G¦CV= �35� @r �(A F2 GN,1�%� F5� � �%�� G�6+ RJ0� %&� ��-+ �& My/��:

D��1� ���+��� F�Y$� �/�� F�,1�%$�� �YC�� � ®C� �k�� -"�� *kr �� Z�d- ¨!�/� ��: hC8 �%�+ �#1 D=�%8 BC+ G"$�Z�� RJ0� %&� ?:H�� �+ Rp� h�3 ��=: �/��� GN,# Ã1� d�� �=u� BC+ dw%� �=u�()3(.

)1( : N�r/�� EPP��& "$�y+� ;������ !(K ;:&�/�� �%r�� d0%$C� G�,�� ����� 1*Z�� ����–� 127A�/& �� . )2( :+ �y<y� G?q]�� ���� ���� ��$�& "$�y+� E:-Z$�� !(A EPP, BC–� 57A�/& �� . )3( : N�-/��–[ 2 –� 1052.

Page 92: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

80

®=�� ;/Z& 9k%8 U/�� b�< j��$�P� ;:'� 45 ;:&Ä{� N����� !(A� �$�� ;:C-+ D�2 F5� G®:�1 �&� & d$-$� F2 �(�� ������ ��+ ¦�8 P �

�%�/� ���Ñ� G;:&,�� ;��Z�� N��= �� �y� ":= ���� G,��u� !(A;/:=1 [3Ó D�2 F5 -:0P� G[3-��� hC8 Rp� �%6u.

��1 BC+ ���/$�� 45 ?A(� ;:+%� ;C��&� ?kr 9�2���� hC�� �*+ �&� � �(�� F��C� �&� �r/�� ;C-�$��� R�(�� >$2 45 := ���k 1� ,1�%8

t%-'� D¬�8 lE:&� BC+ ® C+ ��= G;���Z�& ��P� �+ e��/$*� G�<�%�� �%�& ���+� �& G�/-C� ;�/�� N1%6�� � "¯Y�� z/&�) : �� !(A

es�� h�3 d�� ��� GN�V$�� U/�� BC+ G�<�%�� ,1�%8 ;*��]�� ÚE8Y$�P� �� M��/��� �� fp�� ep��k� ���� y= G & F%8\� -:= b�r �+ F%/=�� P ��(

Cp�()1(.

@CH6� BC+ !S:2�8  F� 45 �%�$�� �� �& P �����) �<�%�� ,1�%8 ( �/�� bY8P f�8 I�� GE:&�� ;6� b:0 !1«� � � (��� �� ;��Z�� 45 N1�{� F�,

!(K $/� ":C+ �-$+� I�� f�/�� z/& 45 Af]& P �<�%�� ,1�%$& N�A��� ��+ ;6��� "�+ DV6=� I�� f�/�� !(A ��� G(��� z¥ -:= E%/��� ��

� R��� G���+��� �68� �� ,%#�� G��ð� ��k� �/ ��c ���+� ��%�� �� Af©� �*$�P�� �-'$�� >& h�3 R���� P X G�k��

�� � �&� "�:& b�=� G��$ !f�/�� =��¯ �VCH6�� �� R�� 35 ;��Z�":C+ ���� I�� Z:���� .

T$"� � �(�� ¦:6u� RC|� d�%� %"= ;�\Z�� !(A �� F��C� �&� d�%� �� h�3� GK%6k b�<� "o��k ;:�×& �-$A� 1��& ¬��� ,�Z& P� "$Cp�� �2(&

)1( :;C-�$��� R�(�� –[ 1 – � 300 G301.

Page 93: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

81

�� <���� �/��� R-+ ;:Y:2 �+ p��k b:0 ����� F�= G $/�r ��k �� �/� BC+ (-C$$�� %A ���� ?:�0��� ��/�� FZC�� �%�C� �X ��&Z

�%�� G�+��� n�� ��/���� ���Y��� �p�� F�S��� R��$:� G;/:=���) : TC+� F� � �/��� R-/�� e<��� $+�r ��k: � K�u� Z�# �� �YG �� ��# ��

>�/�� �/�G ��8 xk \ �� K�%�� BC+ �Z�� ;�C� �Y�G �� ä%Y|� f�$�� �� fp��� 9���� �u�?:�0G 1$��� ä%Y|� �(A � � �+� �/� := 9Y�� � R�

{� �%VY�� ���:�y0: �&� Rp� � � ���#� ;���� �3� fp2� ;/:&1 �� ��%� �� 9w���� ��$V*��� ?:*k�����= �G ...;:CA)� �/� �� 1$����()1(.

��� ®C� ;���& 9A ;:C-/�� !(A� N,P� N%H� ���� G�A(�� �%6��� � �+��� ��= G 8%&� ¦�2� G� ,%/8 MP�A ?:�0� BC+ Ô�8 �(�&� �8�%

n%$Z� e�fp2 ä%Y|� �(A BC+ �%/� F��C� �&� F� -:0P� GTA1/�� 45 !f© BC+ �%Y8� M��/��� �& $�*< ���ª� �+��� �� n�1 ��= �(�� G ) ��

e:�� F2 M�,1 �r� -��= ä%Y|� �� G N�yu�� ®����� :H/� P� 5 N�p2 Pä%Y|�G  R� �-= �Yk � ��/� � ��� � ��+ �G � 5 �a�0 T�� %A Ó >�$#�� �/����ä%Y. � ��� � �à 4�()2(.

N1���� e�C$X ��]� �+��� F� F��C� �&� n�1 ��� �A3 O$�� � �35 T���� BC+ �%�� Gä%Y|� ��) : ���� (V�� �Yu� �� My$�P� �/& �º ��%��� BC+ �Z�C� ;

T���� BC+ R*��G {&� �0�8� $�C� T�V$Z8 �� 1p2()1(. F� 45 f�� X��� F�, �� �/��� d:H$Z� P� G�Y6�� ;H�� �� ®CH�� F� ��s P �+

)1( : ;�����–� 445. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 445. )3( : ;�����–� 445.

Page 94: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

82

�� ,%#� P� Gä%Y. d#�� N%&� �� � �& P �$�� � R2 F5 35 GM�1(+ ;-C E-Z�� ;�\Z�� !(A �+ p��k F��C� �&� R-"� P R&��� � G":�5 �/��� R-+ ���� �� R/# �� G;�,�Y�� b��Y��� ;:8�(�� E�1����� ;:6����

h�(2) $� ä%Y|� h�3 F:Z�- N�A��� ;:=�u� �%01 BVG 5 �+ N1,r 9A 3� "�:/& K-/$0G = Å �� ¼�$�� ¬ �Y��� DY:�8 ��� ":Z� �3 2 ":= >%C0\ �

��%��G�� Â���¾(& :C+ �Z��& \ E-C2 �� Kp��N1��w n��()2(. ;:=�u� »%���� BZ�8� ?:�0�� �"6�8� ?��%��� �Z�$8 ;:C-/�� !(¬�

j�V$� 1<Å2 G�/�� 9C��� >%C0�� B�*�� G;�:/�� E:/w%��� C��, ��� E�fo\$&� G ZY� E*C�$&� G;:8�(�� ;�,�Y�� 6q6Æ !1/�� �Z��� G�+

?Z$�� h�(&� GEÐ� @�y� �� $:6��& a:º � R�&� G���)� ¦�%�� �A� G *82 E�3� ��c ~�1 �+ «/�� $�r�� $�$� BC+ �=º� $:8�3 �/���

Y:H� e�:=%8 ������ �& F��C� �&� ®=%� ey�� ��8 � !(A ��$�� ;:C-/= Ge d� ��8 %A R& G $�%A �/� �-H�� �+�C� ;�,�Y�� E-Z�� 9]C� e:=�k �&� N%+, �ZY� � �(A� G�+�C� j��$-= v�(�� ���&{� �� G�%r��� ?:�0�� 923 ~��$�� %A� G�/��� T�� ?©1 �� ä%Y|� �/��� F:Z� 45 F��C�

�c �� �C�$C� $:=�£ Nf*2 E:-�& ä%Y|� �(A M�& F� G��$�� ;*Z� N, ��3 ;��/��� >1^$C� N,+5 �� ;s���� ;��/��� ;�`�C� ��/�� 45 �,�� _%0 �/��� ?��%� ;:=�k *� ;*�%� 45 ­$�&� G;=%���� ;Vw�� Nf*2 ;*Z�&

���^$�� 45 N%+, e�35 9"= G���W ;��. F�, Gä%Y|� �+ byH�P�� ;���*�� ;H�� R��� ä%Y|� F5 R& Gä%Y|� ,��k ��+ ¦�� P ?:k1 ��/�

)1( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 445 G446.

Page 95: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

83

��0�� ��� GM�,�� �� e:�+ ên%$Z� �+ ��%$�� �/�C� �-'�� GbyH�P����$� ��0� %A� G :C+ �*�� �( ��.

6� �-'� �� G;:+%��� �:k �� ä%Y|� 1�, BC+ F��C� �&� S2��� er% 1(k ,�6�� �(A � GMH/��� ;w={� ;º��C� �-'�� Gn%$Z�� ;/:=1 ;��:�%8 z/*� ;:-C/�� ���%��� �Yk :C+ ?C]� F� e+%*H� e��+� F%�� F� ,�1� �� !(A �o� c«� -�:k h�3 �� �/&� ?A(� �5 R& GAf©� ®H���� ;©y*�2 �%C/��

��k �(�� %A� GE�(�& :C+ ;:C-/�� eyC/� :�5 � _�6� � ���� �/��� �%�& h�3 ) :�E�2�3 e�%� �*kr � �& j%C�� ��c� ?:H�� �& �� �*+ & ���� �� i& �� F2 � �§���61 � DC�= ;&$���� �/��� ����� : � e&/6$0� �#

& ��6& d� $�1 x� �/��� T�� 9C+G ���� �� �y��� �� �:^C� 9�Yk� Q F >�/�� �y2 �� F%�=� ���u��G 5� F F2 ey:C� 9¯%Y.G �� � D:8� ���

TC+�� �� �� 9�Yk R6k � R*� �� ;:Y:�\$�� ���%���� ;:-C/�� 1/�G UÅ= E�M����� n�]6��� n«��� ¿<��� v�:6� D�YkG �&� �$2 D01��8 �

�Y�� ?#u�G� ���%rG� 9�%�� Rm� ®H�� G >$2 z/&�Z$��R:"G e�fp2� �²� T:C/$�� ���%� �� �G �= O$ � �� 9¯%YVh�3G � �����» � #� 0� I�� ;�C�� ���� �� �:)� ä%Y|& K E,�/$Q F

���u��G 2� ©%C& �+ ;º���� b/8 >�/�� �yG ���= 5 e*^/� ;+0 ­G �� � : ��D�! �(A �%�� RA� 5Cp� Ph()1(.

)1( : ;�����– � 449.

Page 96: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

84

� G�+�%���� �%r��� ���%���� ;:-C/�� �q6��� �� ���� a-��� �Yk ®*0 ��� �< BC+ -t� -:0 P� G+c�8� GF¯%Y|� R���$= Ge:�8 �/��� ä%Y. M#

z:��– F��C� �&� �1%r -2 – �&� �A3 BC+ ���� a-��� �o� F� F�= � R��8 �� d��� F��C�;�C� ;C���� �� Up�� a-��� "C��� F� 9]*�� I��

�%� !1%6�� F��C� �&� �� F:*�� �(A �/&� Ge�³ "]C� � ���� Gä%Y|� �/��� F��C� �&� 1%6� 1�& �� d� ®Y$� F� ��s P G � iY�� C:C/8� �/���

F\&) $+'& TA� ��� � �/��= G;�`��� !(A 45 n,� ;0:Z�� ®£ �]��� I�� G �%�� �X fp��� F\� F2 -2 GT"$��, ¬ ��¥� Gj%C�� 45 ¬ �6�� F2

�/���()2( .

l #�yD�� )��6;:

�/��� ;��� �+ p��k F��C� �&� ��*� N,�/$�� $:��� C*� ,���� & ��& à n�� �:k  F�)������/ e��%�, F2 Ú>�/C� ��%C+ := � T"� �1*� � TAk�-� T"G

)2( : ��/�� ������ >H��–� 59.

Page 97: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

85

��Z=�� >�/�� M0`1 F2� := G Úb%Z& F%Y�� �%�2� �+ { ä� Ú,��Ú!G ¤�+� T"�� �k�� R2 $#*�,G Ú�%V= BC+ ���� \ÚFG � � ÚRA �*�� �6Ú� �k S::-$� Â% Ú�Ú G xk

�%"$��5 Ü�� 4�-�©��ÚN ®:C/8 � & TA1/�\ D:&� T"^k dw%� ���u� D:*�� F215 �yZ�� :C+ T:A��&G -2 �^k �& �:��� `��� R/= )1( U:&(�� ;]&���� )2( fAc�

� �& B-C0 �)3( ,��� �& N�$�+� )4( �*/�� �& ;=�<� )5( N�*+ �& ;-�C+� )6( ���B�+)1(G � TAf©� � � d*Z�� E�C/�� >VrG = Å � Ó5 �r%$� F2 R 45

)1( :`��� �:��� �& �^k �& ¢1u� ������ .)497 � 544 � (�+� G9CA# �"�� M��/� >�/�� BC+ Gby<{� Us GRr�� !��%� G�^�&

F2 !%&� hC� �0� FYH©� ��� D�� R"C"�� �+���. �� �/��� %A� G�y© !"�= !%&� TC= G $�� !�/&\= 45 GE%��'k � R/# >�H� �S]�� G%"C�� 45 F� 1o %�& �0� BC+ :&� G!%C$�= ]C*= h�3 %A� ��# >���C� ��=: i/:w e�f]r iC§� �, e�f*2 ...zt� �� !�© TC= �S� xk

1\o :&� �� i& G�0� ��6� ¢1u� �& �� �Þ UZ]�� 9�� �/$Z� ����& BC+ ��Y�� !fZ= ¢1u� 54 �6:� ���� � ;:�:H�HZ��� C<-= 45 8,%+ ®��< �N���� E�"¯ -Z# G~��� ��\= ":= 45 F� E�. �y+�� –[ 1 –� 11.

)2( :,�c �& ;��/� �& >*w U:&(�� UYH]�� G��'�� %&� ;��� .) ?� 604 � .(�+� 9CA# �� ;�*H�� G4��� �� RA� Gc^u� D�2 >�'8 � ;*� �� �C# �§� b%Z& ä�+ !�6�$= M��/��� ¤�/$= :C+ A1/�� .F2� B�+�� FZk� MZ���� �X ¤�/� !�/� BC+ ;]&���.

F2 e:�k ��+ F-/��� �& G1(��� xk ?*� N�:6� � N,�^$�&) ;#�c F-/��� (?']= �� GF-/��� �Y= ;]&��� �=�� BC+ �:�Z]�� G���& ©�> e��c .� 9w1 �+ F-/��� ,/= :�5. !�/� fp2 F2� �Zk� M��/� >�/�� ;#*�, .»+ e��-+ ey�%<. �y+�� –[ 3 –� 54 G55. )3( :f�A�c �& �� B�-C�0 �'� �� US�� ~&1 �& ) . ?� 13 b .A / ?� 609 � .(T:�k M��/��� ;:CA)�. F2 !%&� Ge��+� ���

Ge��+� $��� B-C0 GN�+� !�&�� ?/2 fg� G���+� $��� MZ��� N�+�. ��� ,y& ;���S�� 9k�%�& ;����� F2� T:�� �#u�) �� 1�, ��(G �-$0�� !%�& := �/& �y0{�. F2 T��� N�:6��� �"� "V���� ¬("�� ;�0 D��= !�q6� B±-Z8) E:�%u�(G �"�� !�/� $�C/� I�� "/CH�: ��� �� Ý�� ;��, � TC�8. �y+�� –[ 3 –� 52. )4( :N���$��+ �& �& ,�±��� ��-+ �& ;��/� �& ,��� 9Z*/��.) ?� 601 � (�"�� F0�= >�/�� ;:CA)� ��� M��/� ;�*H�� 4��� .�� RA� �� .

�� ;:�*k "Ð� G;*:&c n�0 :�5 ,�%Z�� "�� .F2� �� �Zk� �>�/� ;-:� ��� TAS+� GeZY� ¦r%� TCu& BC+ N�� G �H& � !�/� ;�1 ;&�(+�. F2 e��]� ;�&& -+ ;C*+ R�= F� %CÑ � N�:6� �� A�23 .d-$#� &*� Û��& �:��� G�+��� �"�� >�k �k�, GM�«]��� »+� Gey�%< C$�� �0�� �:A��� �� 1*# �& ��-+ 9qH��.�y+�� �[ 5 –� 91.

)5( :;�=���< �& �& �*�/�� F:Y0 �& G�/0 %&� G��-+ ���*�� 9Cq�%��.) 539 � 564 � .(�+� 9CA# �� ;�*H�� G4��� F2 e�M^A f© ¼k= G�%��� z:Y8 ;-�u� BC+ G �Z� ��� ;�,& ���V*�� R��8� ��& ��. R68� hC�& ��-+ �& ��A C/^= G q��� � 1� C0 >$�& 45 «/��� C�+ BC+ ���V*��G F-�+� !��\� := G C$�& E:&� ÕC& hC�� F� ;=�< !^A G¬ C$�= «/��� e&�. �y+�� –[ 3 –� 225.

)6( :;-�C+ �& N�*�+ �& N��� �& G�:� �� i& T:³. Ú;�-���C+ RV�Y��) . ?� 603 � .(�+� 9CA# �� ;�*H�� G4��� F2 e��r/� Û��P �:��� �� /� Ey#Z�. �0�� ¢1u� �&� �� �Þ UZ]�� e�� G � dY�= & ;-�C+ ~��� ¢1u� E:&\& �C<\=. �y+�� –[ 4 –� 247. )1( :B�+��) ?� 628 � .(F%-:� �& �:� �& ���# �� i& �:� �& ;*C/o G9Cq�%�� %&� Gf6& _��/�� B�+\& G�:� ���� � �B�+ ��& �&

Rq�� B�+��� f*���. �� M��/� ;�*H�� 4��� ;:CA)� �k�� >Vr� E�C/��. F2 fp2 ,%=%�� BC+ j%C�� �� >�/�� E�p�= ��Y��� äY��� ;:01Y�� !�/�.G ��S© G�/��� hCZ� :=  R2 GhCZ� �:�� ��k� �X _�+ C*� �p2� e��/� ��. F2� 9±�]�� !�/�& ±-Z=9) ;#�r >�/��.( »+ e��-+ ey�%< j1,�� �y0{� �� GTCZ� ?��� B�+�& ¦/'� G!�6& 9-+� ����� !�-+. !��%� 8=�� ;���) ;k%Y�� (

;�-:�& >�� ;���� ¤���� ":=� !1�, ¬� !«�. �y+�� –[ 7 –� 341 .

Page 98: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

86

�� ¬ �/��� ®:C/8 �N1�� � F2 �%�& h�3 BC+ G �$:*6+� ����� ���'�� Ú?*0 R:� � BC+"$:-Z8 E� C/�� ()2(.

 F� n�� ��Q dw%� �)��= �� � F2 �y��� �& �� �/� eY�� ��+ >�/��G �� C/# h�( �F�%�, !% � T"�%C+ � �� TA1*� T¬�%r �A

T"JH��G � �eyr F%/#�� 5 T"-�k� T"�%C+ �� fp��� :�G $�C� D�2� T":= ;-�V$Z��\�� F"C2 E�C()3(.

�%k ,���� �� ������ M�1Q hC= 1��8 t� �� ;�`��� !(A ��+ _%�%�&� n�� �(�� 9V-)� �y0 �&� �%� 45 R:º A`�*-= >�/�� n�� �/��� ;���

F2 �/���  F�) ;:CA)� ��+ >�/�� �F�%�, T"-C+ B"$��� GT"-�k & GF�(�\� :�5� F�f6�()4(. R�� -2 �&� �y0 �%� �-+ �& >H��:) F2

��/��� �TC+ l�%� � ��� TK �TC+ �@r� ��()5(.

;��� BC+ ey:�, ;*/��� F21\& d*�Z�� E�C/�� �®:C/8 F��C� ��&� �R/# ��� � ®:C/$�� �(A F� 45 e�f�� G;:CA)� >�/�� ��+ ;/:=��� $�Ø�� �/���

º � 35 G 8©%Z� "��  R/� l>*0� �,%/� Ó5� G;=,6�� �z. �� Ge<*$+� ¢� F��C� �&� ��� ) �+��� C$º �(�� 3%Y��� n��� G;:+-$#P� �+��� ;���

F� �+�C� �& y= Gn���� Rq*��� �& TA�\� �Y81�� G �%� N1��� G �%� {& 9C*���� 9+-$#P� ��Z��� F%���� N%�& d$-$� �:����� EYr�%�� 45 ;=w

)2( : ;�����–� 453. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6��–� 442. )4( : M��/��� �%V= E�*<–� 22 . )5( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 22.

Page 99: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

87

M��/��� �� !f© �� !�/� S:³ I�� �q6��� ;:�Y��()1( �&� ��*� �k G � �� ���� � �%k �y2 ��Q e�Yª F��C� !(A ®:C/$� E©%Z

�(¬ ÂD:Ð E�C/�� F� 1*$+� BC+ >*0�� !(A  F� �YV$�� �(A ,Y�� G�q6��� D�C+ t� T0P� n��� eyC+ j�A  F� 45 @-C� ��\2� G;*/��� F21\& E�C/�& "$:-Z$�.

�� �+ ���u� �%k ,���� �� ������ hC= F��C� �&� B�*� 1�r �/��%=�6�� >�/��  F� n�� �:k N%+��� ;���& Y/w ;C+ F:& � G�y0{� ) h�3 �+

���� { �� T"C]� à �y0� T"��, ��9k%��� N%*����G �� � �� T"�A,����� >%C0Q F= -��� T:�/��¾\h�3 �+ �%0��G���� ¤%�� �+ �%$�0� Te��c �p��� � G���$0� �

� h�3�;C�� �� ����� ���Gs�ª 9k%�� �Ø� �� !��k� G :C+ �� BCr ¿��� /Ð� � TC0�� :C+ >oGl(J�:k �%/#�= 5 �� Tt��, 4()2(. 9V-)� �y0 �&� �� ��=

�y0{� 1�r �/��� 1Z½� R:C/8)=M^ G�y0{� DC©�$= �+ G>�/�� %C©�8�� ,")& �S©� �1= G������ ��D" �+ ���/� $���1� .-C= �p2 0{�G�y EM#� G~%$Y�� D�\-<�� >�/�� G16��& %/#�1 �;���1 G�/��� TC= �%���� 45 F�%�,

F��� P� >$2 G>%$�� �%Y��� h�3 ��� hCA �� >�/�� �� hCA E%�& GR$���� �%�YV= R�� Gh�3 ?A3� T":C+ �� fp2()3( �/��� F��C� �&� M�1� F� @:Vr G

F��C� �&� ���� ������ !f�Y$� 1,6�� ;s�� ;���� E:/#�� !1,6� �� ¦�� �� R�& TCZ�� ¦�%� ;:©y*��� ;������ ��= G������ ��S:� 45 "/'¥ F� F�, M�1Q �� ":=

;�:/� ;:'� ,���� �"�� e��1 9]C� �� ��/� �� ®=�%� . �&� F2 ��= h�3 R2 45 ;=w5

)1( : ��/�� ������ >H��–� 21. )2( : ;�����–� 453. )3( : M��/��� �%V= E�*<–� 22.

Page 100: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

88

� F��C�Z��� a&��8 Nfp2 �'� ���8 BC+ ;�q= N1�� hC$- 1%68 ®=�� ��f*2 �^:Vw�� �"���6& j�$� ÜF� h�(& �H$0�� G� �,�� ����� ;2�k 1%H8 BC+ ;Vw�%�� 8-

�� V�s �� e�f]r e��A P5 �,�� ����� a/� � �� T©�& G!�/&� ��^K� ��p�� F���� �y��� !�"#fp��� M9� . ����� "k�< I�� ;CJ0�� TA� ��C� F� �H$0� ��= h�3 T©�&�

�� �'��� z/*� $���� �y� �� G7���� ��/��;:©y*��� ;����.

�6��� Ge¯%Y. F2 �(�� 9CA)� �/��� ;���1 ;:'� BC+ S2�� �y0 �&= �:'� e**0 h�3 F2� G,")�� ~%$Y�& G �Yk� $���1 �+ R©�$�� R©�$�& ;&$2 1Z½� ?*0 F:& @w�� 81�5 D�2 ��= F��C� �&� �� G �� TZ�

1 ,�� P �y0{� 1�r �/��� ����� �(A F2 F5� Ge�&0 [%Z��� �/��� ;����o�|�� B������ ,���� �� w1/� �� �� �=�%� �� �.

�y2 R/Ä !��� �y0{�� ;:CA)� �& �/��� ;��� �+ p��k ¤�/� � �%�� G1%p���� �%���� ;:CA)� �y2 �� ;�*< BC+� �:�y0{�) : �y2

{� /�� �� �:�y0 >�� � ;©y*�� ;�*< BC+� "���3 ;:CA)� �y2 �� T"�%���� TA1%p��G = Å � �� � Zk �/ D&o �& FG �& �-+� � �

;/:&1G ��� ;���� �3 Fy:©� ?:6�� b,c�Y��� ���#� ;J:Hu�� � 1�&� �%k �� ;����� >�/�� �� ¦CZ�� �y2 ;�%�G e�1�r � ;:0*/�� ;����� ��

*H� 0�8� T" j%C-C� T��1�.� T"C:� � �� ;©y*�� �� ;�*< d=1 �/&���;]G �%pC2 �&�� N�$�+� G �*+ �& ;-�C+� fAc� GN �� � �*/�� �& ;=�<�

T��1�.� TA1%p�� ;:CA)� �y2()1( e�^"$Z� T�u� �(A ��*� ��� G

)1( : ;�����–� 450.

Page 101: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

89

���� G���� ;���&� 0 F��C� �& �� �y2 & ���� � b ?A3 � & RC/ hC8 T�u� %A ,���� n�� @:V6�� b�(��� T:CZ�� d*H�� R/# �� BC+ G :�5

�%�� G;:'���) : h�(& F��A� @:V6�� b�(��� T:CZ�� d*H���� f6*�� ���C;©y*�&G h�3 ?*Z��� � ��(�� MP�A F� {� �%21, /�� ;�*H�� �%/Ð �y0� ;:

���� �y��� ��QFG �u�� {� �+ ��*�� S^+ ��(C�� �� t%�� -"Cpà F:8 T¬%C� D)�G ��� \ BC+ E� T"+*< D'"�= T"0%Y� ?:�0G D�81��

y*�� BC+ E�C�� T��C� �� ;©Â� � � �X ;:CA)� T"C*� !(A d-Z;�*H��G �� P� \ 2 F�= ":C+ y TA�p�� T"-�� T"�� � ;#*�, �Zk� BYre���1 �� �hJ��G � � � �*� ¦r1� eY:�p8 ��+ ­/�� �y��� �� !�,Y$0� Ã

��H;�*G 8� \ h��3 & h� �"�� h�3 R�� �� D�2 F� �6*��� b�(�� RA;©y*���()2( �+��� F� �� F��C� �&� :�5 ?A3 � d� ®=�%$� R:C/$�� �(A� G

%"= G ZY�� �A3 &%C0� ¼�$�� �(�� G ¯%Y. N,%g -�� F%�� BC+ ?$�� ;:�/�� $©y& BC+ �%&�8� FQ���� �%Y�o �(�� �:�y0{� R/# � �(A� G ��%��

k ��(�� �:CA)� �� ;©y*�� ;�*< d=1� ��Z$� �� GN,��. ?:�0� ���6 � /�� FQ���� ;©y& BC+ �y<P� T" ;�*< �+ T"$�*< DH½= G;:�

0{� 5 R^Z:� F��C� �&� 9's� G�:�y [$�$0P� �(¬ �:� >^+ �%�� GR:C/$��� ����$���) : 0 ����\ e�%� D� ¦����� ��:� � 9w� T0��� &

�©� ��"/� ;<G ;+�6�� �:� F2� � $*Z& (�; $�:�� �� ;+m �+ " �� ���� (:�y8¾C�&%)1(G $0�� V* �� TC+ �C := ;�]�� M�1� �� M#� FZG Z= \ $�

)2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 450. )1( :�� �-+ �& �-. �& �-+ 9C+ %&� %V��� ��5 ;�y/�� 3$0�� G�&%C��& ?�C�� �%V��� 9Z����� 9C:*�{� �,c ;]� �&%C����

�:Z����� : G����� z:&�� %A G;:C*�Å& ;q-ZÎ� �$0� �$�o� ;�0 !��%� �� dÐ�)� �& ��& �� GF%�1c �& �� �*+ ��� G �& �-. ���

Page 102: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

90

e�%�: �& � ���/ � >{ �:�y0� �:CA)� �� ;©y*�� ;�*< BC+G ��� �� ey�%< D�Z= ��(& h�3 ���$Z:�G ­ �� � : � ��� ��1,G DC�= : � ¤�+

eJ:� h:C+ h�3 ­ �"¯ G �� C/� � Z*? := . � �(�� �(A � E�23D*$2G = e*^/� D�ZG ­ �� � : � y2 �(A :�= � �k �� � ?$�� FA(�&?G � F2� & � � A�/ 9C. �o�G �� �:6� � T:C/$�� � 45­%�G�%C/�� ;A*��& ­ �"��� ()2(.

f*2 !�+ ��� Ge-q�, ;/:&1 �� �& �-/& �:�y0{� ��*� F��C� �&� F� ��*�� �Ð� G�y0{� 1�r �/��& �%��� ;k&5 �/& M# �� ��\2 !,1��� G¼���

o5� � ¿��� �%�� G :C+ $&) : �& �-/� F2�� �"/�� h�(� ¼��� f*2 ;/:&1 � ;/Y8�� ;�*<� ;:�+ := E���G F2� 2e�fp �*+ �&� BC+ !�/� ¤�/� �

e*^/� +-$0P ¦�:= & ()3(. !�%$Z� �%*A� �/�C� 9¥18 RZCZ$& 9's� *�� �<yZ��� j%C-C� ~��� ey+# G $��� d� ,��<& iY�� & @$= �(�� >

�%�� G_Y0{� �� �/���) : >��8� NS�S/�� ;������ hC�� h�3 �/& �� M# �5 >�/�� T":�� & MYC�� T"�S� Tt%k�$s TA1/�\ ;*Z� BC+ Sq�%)� T�+

N,%)��TA1/�G 2� \ T"�%� �� TtG M��"$0� BC+ F%r�º� � TA1/� H� �� BC+ "�� F%/C ��� 1o 1*� FZC�� _��� ;]C��� G F%*�H� >�/���

"�Y£ TA���G ��� �(A �S� �� \ F� i& ��� ;:�G e�1�r� i& ;��, ��

�%& G9C:"Z�� ��c ��� G��Y�� �& T/��� �*+�;Yq<� G. � �$��)� �&&!�^k �1� G ; e�,� F2 !&� F��)� �&P F2� Gfp2 �Ð �� G 0�� ÊY�� b*<{ M���{� j�8 !�-+ ����� � G;�0 �$0 "q���{ 1�68 Gn1Ä P� !1*© ®�� P ;:&�/�� e��5 8 �� G��/�� My:$ ¦:�6

N�:Y�.P �+ �+ (�� G;&$��� ®:�� F2� ;q-$0� �/&1�� �Î ;�0 �Yr %8 F%6º . My*��� �y+� f0 –[ 23 –� 207 G208. )2( : ;�����–� 450. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 453.

Page 103: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

91

�*/��()1(. 8,%#� $-:�& e�Y$. ��S� � ;Ck��� !(A xk �/��� ���� $*8�� �+ �/��& �H½� %"= h�3 �/& -:= �� G;�/��� j%C�� n�� $����

�%�� 4���:) �� TtZ� FZC�� ��� � TA�/& �� ®C� M# �� ;-^/�� R# FZC�& Af6�8�G � 5 & �%k�� � ;+�r !%-C/8 Ó\ TA1/�� �(�� T^/�� M���

�:�FZC�� �� �� h�3 n%0 P a�= T"=��/� �*�< TK ¤��©G �= -2 �/ �C� ¡�A �&�� ¿�$��� ��$V*��� ?:*kG TA�/& ��� G �TCA� ��# e�G ¤�© 16=

?�]�� �/���5 � M��^$0P�� >(��� %A Ó>A( �� := D�2 I�� d=�O����G.... �� h�(� �� ¦�� $�� �� ?8����� T-K� RA\����G 8� :] �

�u�G� �� ;�(�� ;0q��� ;�^A :</8 @*rNf*��� ?r��� RA()2(.

H�� �/��� n%$Zà 9¥1$�� [1�$�� �(A F5 -�k F2 F5� G�/� �k 45 9� ��$V*��� �³ �\2 Up�� 90*/�� �6/�� ��`# �X �/��� �<0� z/& BC+ �y$��� ;-^/�� �%:� �� T©��� BC+ GM9��� z/& e��q# ��%� ��� ¿�$��� >(��� �%-/�� BC+ T"��� �/��� ¤�© ��� � MP�A F� P5 G?:�0��

M��^$0P�� .

l ��FyD�� #��TI#�K Y:

)1( : ;�����–� 450. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 450.

Page 104: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

92

����O� �E���� ��*8 ;¬�$� z/& "*��%# ;YC$°� "'/& ���� �%k �k

G�/��� ��*8 ;����& �& �Y/# �(�� �/� �� ���� �� dw� e�1<5 e�+ �/�C� G��/�� F5�

F2 ��*� ��� �&� F��C� e��r� �+ ;<k{� ;/:*H& G�/��� ��= ��� ~�� �(A

u�� BC+ %V��� ­$��: ) �5 �%� F�c%� BY�� Ï��� BC+ �/�. ��%�=: �%�: ��, BC+

Rr� �y��� �(�� %A ;�Øà ��)� �/�C�. ��%��: F�c%�: C6Y� X �:� GF�c%à 35

F2 �� �%��� F�c%� f©� F�c%�. ��%��: BY��: R6= �& �� �� �y��� F�c%��

G_�%� �&� � P �%� � P� d<��. ��%��: ��� BC+ ê�/�: R6Y� � n�# ��

�%��� BC+ �;:= Fc�� d� ;�P, BC+ �/� X n�# BC+ h�3 �� f© ;�P, BC+

�/�G �Å= %� ,�1� ���� F� R-/� �� h�3 eJ:� e�fp2 BC+ !(A ;")� ���� �� 1(/8

:C+()1(.

S:s �(A �!��k  F� ;���� ��$+� �k 9Y= X �/��� �:� l�/�&G ì�k �ÕC&� ���� ��� :�5 ?A3 � := ¦�¥ �/�C� e���k F��C� ��&� ������ G;�P���� �³ �d� !�S#���

���V$�� �(A 45 ®*Z� � ��� n�� ��5 R& G;���� . R:6Y$�& �u� �(A ;����� �C� �&P ;Y�Z�� ;������ M�1�� z/*� ¤��/$0� �� �&P n�� �� 45 n��� F�

���V$�� �(A 45 Ú Ú�Â*0 �%k $�%�� b�68 .

�/-C� e:#1� e�1<5 -"C/Ä� Fc%��� ;:=��& !�º ®&Z�� !�k ;����  F5 D:*�� ®�V$� xk ;oyp�� ®�ª �� ��& P� G;�8 ;�P, �,�� �(�� ��/���

�k F:& ®:�1 �&� ®CH�� T"Y�� �(A ��� G��/��� º�68 d� G $:�&� �/��� �%�� G�/��� �YC�� �& b�Y�� N1��w 45 �� N1�5 G�%��& P �YC�&) : �/���

)1( : �/��� ���–� 64.

Page 105: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

93

�%�� �/& ;:��� �� ;/&1� GM:�� 9A� :G�YC�� GFc%��� G�/��� G;:=���� �("= %A �k ��À�/� F� �� �y��� e��c%� BY�� :��� �&À�/ ��/� �6���

G;:���� M:�\2 �D�S8 �� GFQ���� ��� �y2 ¿��� BCr �� :C+ GTC0� f©� h�3 X � ®CH� :C+ �� �/�()1(.

���� ��S�� M]C&  F� -:0P� G��/��� R-/�� ;:��� ;:'�& �-$AP� ��*� �A� 0 Ã1 Z� BC+ �y��� ®:  Y��� e��c%� Tt ���� GB :�5 ���6�� � T"

/Ä � �(A� Ge��6� �(A ;���� N��� �+ N��)& @�$8 ®:�1 �&� N��� R �(A �� �_�K�  F� Gi�, ��*� �� ®CH�8 N����� !(A D�2 F5� GE�(�& ?�)� ÜF5� Ge��/� F%�� ÜF� �� �%*��� ���u�� ����� �y��� �SÂ�8 %A ���$�P�

��� Fc%�2 G,���� ":C+ _1/8 I�� �/��� �,��k := ÂD��ª � � �(A� G;:=�i���� �%-'� �� Y��/8 ���=� �� G;���� :�5 Â��� .

�� v\� ��&� F�0 9#Y�� �1��:� hC= �� �*0 �%�:=: )���� ��k �/��� %"= �y2 F�c%� BY�� ��� BC+ �/� �C��: �y2 ��:� BC+ Z�#. �C��: F�c%� b�Y�� �:&

�&� �y��� 1%p��� �(�� �:� F�c%à �C��: BY�� b�Y�� �:& �&� ¦���� F�c%�� �(�� P �%� �. �C��: ��� BC+ �/� c�$V�� �� ¦���� �%��& F�c%�� �(�� P ��� BC+

�/�()2(. ¬Vr� D/�� G;:w��+ ,��k t\& ,��u� !(A R2 T0� ��= F��C� �&� ��

��� � T"�� e��k� F� d� G�:w��/�& �%�� G;-C��� !(K ®:���� �/�& e:w��+ :) !�k �:w��/�� �%��� ì�£ �:� BY��� F�c%�� �y��� � �(�� �/��� �(K

�6& �½, lT01 P� ! � G "$+�r� T Ó5 �/��� ���8 8:&� �bY8� �:k ��

)1( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 245. )2( : ;k6Y�� �0–� 67.

Page 106: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

94

��� E2�V$�� ,�+ ��� E:&� ¤��+ ;CoX� G­�%$�� BC+ �2�%Z �/� e��k F%�� F� ?0�= G"$�P,� äY��� �+ ,�� Fc� ��� h�3� G¬�'

�/��� ���� �A �½� GTA��+ �� := � 1*$+& >��+{� ;©y*��� � Fc%��;r�� ?��%����G ��# y=  F���k ¾C6� P h�3 TA�@���+ � �()1(.

�*0 �� n�� �/��� �k �+ F��C� �&� �y2 �w�+ %�� �(�� T"�y2 BC+ ��k ���+ �%Y�� � T"��� G?�)� ¾;��,k� �N������ !(A  F� ��#%� Ge�&0 �23 "$�P,� äY��� �%�p$Z� �� G,��u� !(A �� �2 F5� Ga�= ;:Y�$��� ¤��/��

�$�� ��/��� �/�� BC+– F��C� �&� 1�� -2 – �� e�fp2 F� �� T©��� BC+ 8�,"�$0� f"��� &$�&� G®:�1 Ú�&& )N�-/�� ( ���� G����� ��� �� 45 f�8

�%���.

�� �k� :C+ ¦�� � �$�:�k �T�"ÜY�8 & �/��C� lT01 �� ì�k BC+ ¦�� �� n�1 � �%�� G����$��) : �!��/& �2(�C= >%C0�� �/� 1��8 �35� ��ke� � eÐ1 � & �/�C�

r BC+ $�:�k T"Y8 ¤�]�� �(A ;&%/G = Å�� ¦�� � � :C+ l�k ���$�� �� -:= ��1�!��...G ��& y= l¦��/8 �� ;:p:u� !(A �� $�:�k �:H/� ()2(À �� �Ï2\�$C��

�� �C*� �� �k� G�/�C� !�k �& ;�1�� ��+ �� �&P ;�%��� !(A b�r Z$�� z=�8 ;:+%w%�= G;Y0yY��� ,����� �:©y*�� z/& !,1�� �(�� ®CH�� T:C

�pk*�� F��C� �&� .

eyq� �/��� F��C� �&� _�/��) : N1/$0P� BC+ i*�� Õ:C*�� �y��� %A �/������_r�G & R6Y�� #\ ��� Fc%�� ;�Y$� M�S���G ÏR2 R�$Z� "�� MS#

)1( : ;�����–� 445. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 445.

Page 107: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

95

!�/&� C*� -+ !�6��� w�©G BC+ �1)� � 0 �� >�/�� ?:� ;r%6�- &G ��%�= : ��# Õ:C*�� �y��� G � N1/$0P� BC+ i*�� ��%�� �� -+ R6= _r�

= !(A �� %C¥Å �/�& �:� ?�]�� FG & R6Y�� ��%�� \ ������ Fc%�� ;�Y$� q�S# R��� ��+ �/�& �:� �(�� 1%p��� �y��� �+ � R6=G MS# R2 R�$Z� ��%��

& !�/&� C*� -+ !�6��� w�© "�� � ;�:�VC� F: F%�8 P �/��� F� 8:&5 h�(2 PGM9� & R6Y� �� G �� BC+ �1)� ��%�� & ;r%6��� ?:�0

BC+ �� �Ä � -+ � R6=� 0 = ;=��/�� >�/�� ?:�Å F%�� P (J�:k ��e��/G 5�%��� �y2 %A Ó()1(.

9C� � ¦��/$�� �ky� F� ��s�: � ��� ;���< d*8� �5 F:&� U/�� R:6Y8 � Gd�# ¦��/8 �2(& ���

�&�� ;���� R/= � 1��© BC+ G¦��/$�� ,1� �Y� R2 �� �r���®:�1.

� GiY�� n%$Z�� �:k �� �,/�� �y���� �/��� �& ;���*�� (�� b�= �5 �� d�s P �(A F2 F5� G�,/�� �y��� �+ � e�S::³ GÕ:C& �y2 �/��=

2��$��n��� F%�= d� ;:©y*�� ;-Z�& . � -¬ a:º F2 M����� �k F� !1��r5 d� G;:=���� Fc%�� �p$Z� � �5

¦:�= G!���+ Ú�/�C� �@C6� P �(A TA�k  F� e�&0 1�� �� d� Ga�= %A !�º -�:k eur @*6� .! F%�= �� !f© �� �/�C� S::³ �u� �(A�

;YC$��� �p���. � �k R/# �5 N1/$0P� F� ���W h�3 � G_r���� N1/$0P� ���� !

G7��$�& ;��/��� �r�+ 4�� �� _r���� ;�`��� !(A D�2 F5�

)1( : ;�����– 445.

Page 108: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

96

�ck ��+ N,%#%�)1( �(��� ��/��� R:�$�� ;:#%�%�:0 �%"Y� s��8 �+��� �%�� �:k G;:ZY��� T�0�1, ;Y0yY�� T"= �� e'�� >�$��

8 ;:C-/& �%�� � ��� G 8�2�3 ;��S��� �/�� 1%6� R�\8� l��� S:2� G 8�2�3 D�S� I�� f© N���# e�1%r ?2f� N�+*$�� M�S#�� ?���$& � j�1,{ ;�ky�� N��� ;���� �� f*2 1��& �+��� d$-$� F� i/� �(A�

� P � �+�C� nM��$� ��= GD&�� �� E�/& Eyr �� M:��� �& nM��$ �ck ":-Z� N%��� !(A� G"'/*& M:��� a&�� �k �,/�� FZ�ô� �:�� �/à ¬ dCH'8 I�� ;Y:¯%�� �:k �� ;":*� 9A� GN�+��� N%���

[,��%2 ��+)2( ;Y:p2� ;Vw�� M:��� !(A �& ?Z��� F%�8 � 1��&� G F� h�3� G9�C$�� Afo\8 N1%6�� ¢�ª � 1��&» F1�8 �%Y�C�

e���ª A��� n�# �� E�,'$��� E¬�$��� "/=�8� Eyo-$�� ��ZV$Z�� �Zu� �r�8 F� �y��� B'$�� 45 �/Y�P& e+y�5� M9� h�3 ~%�0 �� e/�%� �Y��� �� ���� �¬�$��� �Co-$��

�k��« )3(. ��#5 ;:���5� N1/$0P� �� y� -= BC+ �/�& �:� "qN1/$0P� BC+ i*� �/��� F� ?�]��.

� 8 N1��w ��:& �5 w�© �k�%�� D:*C� ;�%'/�� N�k%�� ®�V i/� P �(A� G!�/& �(��� C*� �(�� D:*�� �+ �6Y��� G!�6��� N1��'� c��&5 %A R6Y�� h�3 F� GN�:6��� h�Y$�� �%:� N1��'�&

��/��� D:*�� �-$�� M# ¦:r%$�� �(A F� -:0 P� G �21� BC+ ;�%'/�� N�k%�� ��5 45 N%+, h�3 �:�� G�/��� �k F:& b:0 �� ®CH�8 N�:6��� N�k� F� GD:*�� N�k� BC+ S:2�$��� GR�2 N�:6���

)1( : M]C*�� ["��–� 107. )2( : [,��%2 �C:8 R:q%-r) .1772 – 1834�( TA� �� ;������ 8&$2 �/8� G;:Z������ ;*�u� ;�S:C�{� ;=�p�� !%#� c�&�� ���� �+� G

r %A� G%H01� �/& ?$2 ��:�� ;���� ?k. )3( : M]C*�� ["��–� 44 G45.

Page 109: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

97

f© n�� �:+ �-. 1%$2��� F2 F5� G":C+ i*8� G;���*�� D:*�� N�k� 45 ?A3 ��= Gh�3 �u� �(¬ �/�C� !���ª F� ) N�:# f© N��= %A�

���� !�k _y� BC+� ;��Y� M�S#� ;+%-� N�:6��� F� A'$�� 35 F%�� F� �� >�©�� G?��© �(A� GD:& R2 ?Z£ �r���� ¤��©��

dw%� �� �p2� F��C� �&� !1��� F�� �/��� ¦��/8 �:��� �(A... G DV$= "ZY� N��Y�� !(A� C+ �wu� ��6+ �-^"$-C� e/0�� e&& B

5 �%��& G7���� ��/�� �/��� GU/�� �o�$� G�r��� h�Y� �/� � �u� �/��� >Vr� e���$Z� "ZY� N��Y�� !(A D�2 R& GN�k%�� �%H.

;:C2 BY��� F�c%�� �/��� ;m"� ey:*0� G :Cq��()1( . d� ®Y$� �Z�� -. 1%$2��� D:*�� F� �6�� � F��C� �&� F� �(A C:Cª �:+ �

;:�& �+ !�6��� ��/��� w�© ey6Y�� F%�� F� ?Ä ��/��� �/�& N�:6��� E:&�M�S#�� ;��Y� N�:6��� R/Ä �(��.

� �y���� G>�/C� ;r%6��� ?:�0�� BC+ �1)� �/��� �& b�= �5 !(A BC+ ��Ä P �(�� �%���� �u� �(A �6�� � ���� G?:�0��� %A�

;:&�/�� ?:�0�� BC+ �/��� F��#– ":C+ �1)� �/��� �& ®��Y$�� �,�� n�# �35 d:=1 n%$Z� 45 B��� P �/��� F� 45 �6� Ó5� G��/�� f© �/���� M%w � Gn���� ;��/��� �r�+ �� y� �%��� �y2 ,�� B�*�� GAf© BC+

�%�� G�p��� T"*:�0�� �/��� >�/�� ?:�0� �& S::-$�� F2 h�3) : �/��� �� 1%p�-C� F%�8 P 6Ñ ?:�0G �(2� � �/�C� F%�8 P 1%p��� ?:�0G F2 -=

e�%��� �y��� ��G �� hC8 BC+ �:�� e��/� F%�� y= ?:�0 � 1*$+P� �(¬ � ��%:� �� !�:�� �X fp��� F2 �� ;+�6�� !(A F��� ;:&,� ¿�$�� T�� F

� M9� �/��� �� %A �:� ��/��� BC+ ��Ä � -t� >�/�� ?:�0 ��%�� >�/�� f© �/� �+ � R6= >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ �1)� �u� �� �� ��+ T� ��

)1( : F��C� �&� ��� ;:�ZC�� ;�C��–� 51 G52.

Page 110: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

98

n��� TAf©� >�/C� �#%� �/��� FG n�� ��� � [$º y= TAf]� �#%� P �5 4h�3G�� BC+ �1)� ��� �%��� ;r%6��� ?:�0( )1(.

�/��� ;:&�/�� ?:�0�� F:& ��+ ¦�%$�� 9]*�� �A�– �&� ���ª ?Zk F��C�– ��� �/��� N�q�, �� �%#�� xk M��/��� 1*2 ¬ �S$C� � I���

Q dw%� 9Y= Gh�3 BC+ ;:�-w ;�=�%� R-º %A� GF��C� �&� N(80� 1�� �� ��S$��� G¤��©�� ��� �& ?:Z��� 7��8 �/��� ?:�0� �� F� 45 F��C� �&�

;:Y�$��)2( >�w� G_r��� >�<{�� G�SK& �)� aC�� G;:+3%C��� G >����� �^0�& ��S$��� GE�1/$0P�� E":*�$�� N�p2� G�p���

;:/��*��)3(. � e��%�+ F��C� �&� ��+ h�3 R*�� �/��� �� G>�/�� �y2 i= �& b�Y�� F:*

�%�� G-"�� R2 �k eVw%� G�p���� �%����) : F�c%�� �y��� %A �%���� �/���BY���G ;:=��� %A� �k�� ��1 BC+ "C2 ��c�� F%�8 �(�� !�/�� ()4( . �A�

1 C*� �� BC+ ���$0� �� d� a�= ;:=���� Fc%�� �k BC+ !S:2�8 ��*� T"$� �k F:& �6�� � �A �\& 1(/�� � �-$C� ��� GA��+ T"=%��� !(A ;:w��/��

�� Fc%�� 9A� � NS:� TA� G�p��� �&� �:& ®��Y$�& �-$A� 1��& �/� -"�:& e��A%# e��= h�3 �$/� � h�3 �� T©��� BC+� G;:=����. ��– F� �/&�

�\& �p��� _�+) %�� f© �y���F�c()5( – �= R2 ?A�(� [3Ó ���� ~�1 �%�� �y��� ) : �y��� ?A�(�� F%�= BC+ R-$�� ��Y�� �� �k�� R2� .

Mo���� M^K�� ~��� �-= �/��� �\= . e/H� & B8�� �(�� d^Z�� �-= �p��� ��� ���ÜC�$�S�� := G e/^0 B-Z� N�k�� ;:=� �� �$-C2 R2 �� . �� ��� %A� R0�

)1( : ;�����–� 445. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 442. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 443. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 440. )5( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 440.

Page 111: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

99

e�y<5 �y��� := ®CH� �(��G eP015 R0�� R& M�S#� dH�� P� �::�8 f© �� Af© P� ;:=�& .T"*:A�8� 1%"-)� ?:©�8� M+���� ?H�� 9� R-/$Z��()1(.

�6� �:k G��ð� ��Y�� �k� ?:�0� R-/$Z8 F� !�2 ���) �� �k�� R�� CA� ��+ & �$Ñ ?:�0� F%�Y�� !(AG ���� �YC� @C68 P�G := R-/$Z8 P�

Rp�: �$��� M+���� ?H�& �$��� M+���� �-u�� �/��& �$��� ?:Z��� E*<��&G h�3 �p��� . �� �/��� ?:�0� F���\$�� R-/$0� �� � ��c�%

�^0�� N�p2 �� 1%p���G ;:Y�$�� ��S$��� G ¤��©�� ��� �& ?:Z��� 7��8� . A 1r� �=� �/��� >& �� $C�\8 �35 1%p��� �(G Fc%�� P5 ��$Y� �� . �-$0��

;:�HCZ�� E*<��� A%C-/$0�� ;���H�� !(A BC+ >$��� �� F���\$�� �Y�� �(A BC+ C2 1%p��� �-/$0P� ���6��G... ;"# �� >�%r f© %A�

;©y*��()2( . m d'� F� ���s ®&Z�� ���� � �"�8 I�� E�ky�� �� ;C9A� G�p���� �/��� ��k �& R6Y�� N1��w �%k F��C� �&P ������ 9+%��:

� R6Y�� �(A� G�/�C� �p��� ?:�0�� G�p�C� �/��� ?:�0� ;:kyr ��+HC$¥ P xk ��Y�� �& ey6= T:�8 I�� E�1��'�� �� N1��w.

� �0� �& T"HC� ����\$�� BC+ !1��5 45 aC�� �(A Rr� xk ��Y�� ?:��Y�� y�� NM05 �(A � GFc%�� P5 F�S:-$� P ;#1,.

� �(�� F��:�� 45 R��� �� GaC�� �(A ¢��u ?*Z��� 9+���� 45 81�5 Û1< ���# F%�� 4��� ;#1��& ��p� F��:� %A� GaC�� �(A := ¢�k

%:�� �6/�� !'$�� ;:�p�� ;#1��& ;:�HCZ�� E*8��� %A� G;-^/�� � ?:�0� BC+ /w�� >%C0�� N,#Å& "*82 \*/� �/� TC= G;:��%���� Rq0���� 7��8� "$:Y�8� "/:^Z$& e/�%� F2 � 1��& G�p��� ;r%6��� >�/��

�/��& �$¥ X h�3 f©� "��� �& ?:Z���.

)1( :;�����–� 440. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 440 G441.

Page 112: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

100

'=1 n�# F��C� �&� F� F:C+ �Zk n��� ¦C�$�� d^ZC� ) �"�� BC+ �^"$0� ��= Ge�ZV$0�� G ��� eP%*� T"Y��%�� TA`�1Q D�P I��� G �%:� %� �³ �(�� Gi���� E2«�� %&� ;rÆ� G!����$0�� d��*�� �� 1p2{� �%:� F�� E&%�/�� ��� G�/��� � e&%C0� d��*�� RV$�� ®£ (�$8 ;����� F�

f"�$C� w�/8()1( ;rÆ� ¦C�$��� �%�6�� ��1 45 ��:/8 N��Y�� !(A� G;:�HCZ�� Ey0���� .

lY'h� z#$ #�yD�� )���{ .

)1( : ;������� 345 . ��/�� ������ >H�� �����–� 35 G36.

Page 113: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

101

��/����  F� BC+ ;���*�� (�� F��C� �&� �2��) E]C�� �q0 �#%�()1( F�� G) FZ� R�����ke y*�� 6Ñ ;©()2(G 5 45 ?A(� � FZ� 6q6� c��&

�� nf= G;:w��/�� 8VCH6� ��+ _%�%��� G>�/��) S�S+ ;+Ø�� ?��©BV���G 5 ��y2 %A 3 Ú� R6Y� e/H e/H� e;��Z$� Fc%�� G�$� ��VeN _�u�

�� ;/H� R2 �� f�G ;/H� ÏR2 B-Z8� e$:& TA��+ E/H��� !(A ��G B-Z�� �� _�u� := ®Y$8 �(�� f� e��1 ;:=�� G �y��� ;Cm B-Z�� 5 4Q N�:6� !��

;-C2�()3( ���ª 45 B/Z�� G�/�C� ;:C�� �q6� 45 F��C� �&� f�� �A� G P� Ge:�o R�2 N�:6��&� eP�� ��/��� D:*�& ®C/$8 I�� ;:w��/�� EVCH6��

C� e����ª �(A �/� F� ��s /�C� !���ª F� G � eY��/8 P� �/� �%��� B'� � ���� G �*0 �X !��+ ¦�� �� F�,� R& G¤��/�� �k ��+ := ¦�� � %A� G :=

%A� >*�� �(A �A =�A) -C/8 #�� �/��� ;+�r ( D:*�& ,%6��� F:& %A ;/H� �+ ¦C$¥ e��/� e$:& F%�:� := "��ª ?#�%�� ������� Ge�,�Y�� ��/���

� <��� �� F�= G;��p� ®&Z�� �% : �y�$0� ":�5 ¦:'� � G;:=���� GFc%�� �%�� G!�/& -+� C*� -+ *:2��8 N,={& �/��) : ÏR2 ,�Y��� �� D:&

&Å 2 xk *:2��8 8,=\ !�k� �y2 �G !�/& �� C*� -+ R�$Z� G � 5 �3¾� Ú�=�, e�8 F2 ~�� && � ?:*�8 �� Mo1 �G +��� ��V:= BC+ �5 h�3 MH+

� � D:*��Z R�$5 8,=G � � Z$\ �� D:*�� ¦� e�y2 �� Q ��h�(2G �= �� [���C� ,�H$Z�� 5 �= 4G ,%6�� ��� 5 ,%6�� 4G & \ ¡<%� F

�� ,%6��� �:�/�� �� 5 4� 0�8 F �� ? Up�� ,%6�-G ��y��� �/*�� �+

)1( : ;�����–� 442. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 442. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 442.

Page 114: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

102

�=�$��G Z� -2 $�� �� ,�H$ ?:*�5� B �%CH��� M��:*�� ¦r� ��� ~���5 r� 4 >2��� ¦� R:�� �� ¦:H�� �G ~��-�� ¦r� ��� 5 ¦r� 4 �%�

!�2Z+�G Mo��� M�S/��� d^Y$�� ��� G 5 $�� 4\�oG � � h�3 �p�G := 9+��� � e�1(k �k�%�� Fc%�� "C2 N�:6��� bY8� �� � �� [���� d*H�� RAZ$� F

Fc�5 �� Fc� 4 �� h�3 BY¥ ��= &1� ���� �� fp2 BC+ ;&1��� R#G !(K � � ���� ��c�%��� ¤��/�� TC+ "�-'8 ��kG d*H�� ®Y$� Fc� R2 �:��

Â$C-/$0� �Y�� �(A >�/�� G � 5 9A Ó� ":-Z8 ;r%6° F�c�� ;+�6�� hC8 RA1%V*��G e��£ ��+ ;ZÎ A��6k ��� G �/à � ��Ä � Tt Af© >�/C� �

e-�� ;:/:*H�� ��c�%�� ��()1(.

;+�6& ;r�� ;������ �'��� �� ;Cm BC+ ¦�� R�%H�� ������ ���� �(A � P 35 G�y��� $ª [1��� �(�� F�%�/�& a*8�� �%�� � F� :*�$�� d� G�/���

� ¤1/8 BC+ �/�� P5� GF�%�/�� �(A [1� �y��� R��\8 9]*�� �&� M�1Q ���9A �'��� !(A� GF��C�:

1 : �/�� N,=5 � "V�³ I�� ;:�y�$0P� hC8 GR�$Z�� ��/��� D:*�� �%"Y� �/� 45 �6� �+ e��r� �� e6�� �/�� dH��� F%�� P �:£ G *:2��8

Z� !,��=5 �k �³� �/�� �-2 D:*�� @�³ ;:�y�$0P� !(A� GR�$ � $#k F�, ¤�]�� h�3 n,� Mo1 �� ?:Z� �� ~�� !�k� R:� %C= G && t� BC+ �:+ �-. 1%$2��� R*� �� ;:�y�$0P� !(A D-"= ��� G C*� � �� !�/&

R�2 N�:6�C� ;�%'/�� N�k%C� T:Hª)1( Gh�(2 ���� �:�� G F��C� �&� F�

)1( : ;�����–� 442. )1( : F��C� �&� ��+ ;:�ZC�� ;�C�� ����–� 51 G52.

Page 115: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

103

¦C0 � �6� D:*�� ;:�y�$0� �+ p��k F� G ;���< �+ p��k b:0 v\8 �+��� ¦�\$Z� F� n�� �� R:��& GT����� D:*�� MH+5 BC+ r�k �/&

8,=5 R�$Z� � ��/���– �H��P� F� i/� X G��Q e�y2 ���� D:*�� �& _�J$0P� F� G�:+ 1%$2��� :�5 ?A3 �(�� �/�& Rrk f© E:&�� �&

� P E:&�� ;�%�/� a&��1 j�A F� i/� �(A� Ge�Y� R& �/� "�:& �H��P� i/ �� -:0P� GE:&�� �& ���� ,%6��� ¡<%� F� �+��� BC+ e'�� �2��

45 ���� P %"= G�=�$�� �+ �y��� �/*�� Up�� ,%6��� ?0�8 F� 45 :�/�� R& G?�)� ;�,k� N��� ;��/��� ;:�Y�� ;/�6�� ;r�� ;�%'/�� N�k%�� ®�ª ,�1�

��� Ge:�o N�:6��� R2 BC+ N�$-�� ;�%'/�� N�k%�� ®�ª � GeP�� ,�Y�� D:*�& F��C� �&� �+)�� �?/r �y2 �& �� �/� �� \ >Z$2� ���� �� BC+ (�

$�� �� ;+�6�& $�C�\����G 0P & R2 �y�$ & �� D:\ �8 �y2 �!,%6��G ¾C6�� �@ � !�%0 � F�, ,�Y�� FG �� [$V:= � h�3 R#5 ¦HC8 �%� 4

�� xk ;�C�� hC8 ���Y ��� h�3 � D=�+ I�� *��%� ��/��� �y��� V B >�/�� �/� ��G� !c«�� ey�$ZY�& � � Z\& v :* DQ h�(2 ��G D:*& �

!,%6�à ;:=�%�� F%�Y�� R-�$Z��G � E%:*�� �& ?0�� � d� "'/& NP�%z/&G N�:6��� I�� F%�Y�� _y$�� ?Z£ G �= ;&��©� !V�� ;&%/6�� G F2

Ú��V �e N,^$0� @q���C� � �� (V�� *:�0 Â�8 1�= *��%� �y��� R�SG P� {� BC+ ��/�� �y��� ;�C� := 9Y�� by<G r%6Æ [$º R& 5 ¦HC8 4

�� ;�+1 ;��.�0 K-/$0� � ¬ >�/�� $6$�� I�� ?:�()1( . ;:C-/�� !("= *��%� ��/��� �y��� ���=5 45 D:& R2 [$ª� G;C"0 ;:C-+ DZ:� ;:�Y��

)1( :;����� –� 442 G443.

Page 116: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

104

� G>%C0��� ��/��� D:*�� N�k� �& H&1 i/� X G>�/�� �/� �� � I�� %�� ;:C-+ v\8� N%H� �+��& fZ� %"= GE:&�� �& NP ;:C-/�� N%H�

�/�C� $+�r � ;:�Y�� ;:+��&{�.

2 : ?:Z��� �� �+��� ,�H$Z� F� ��s �:k GN�k�%�� N�:6��� F%�Y�� �%�8 ~��� 45– �/��& ;r%6��� >�/�� ?:�0� �� �(A e�&0 �+ ��� – ���

¦r� ��� G¦:H�� �� R:�� �� >2��� ¦r� 45 �%CH��� M��:*�� ¦r����o\$�� 45 Mo��� M�S/��� d^Y$�� ��� G!�2Z+� �%� ¦r� 45 ~��- .

3 : ¤�]�� �:�� ��$�P� �(A F� �ky�� �-= G�= 45 �= �� ��$�P� ;:�Q F� -2 G>�/�� N,+ �� %A X G@���� BC+ ?:Z��� 7��8 ;:'� P5 G ZY�

P� �Zk� �:"-$�� ;:�Q BC+ �%�� ��$�P� �(A X� G,��H$0P� ®��< �+ ��$� �+��� F� %A F��C� �&� :�5 1�� �(�� ?0�$��� �`y$�� �(A ®�ª �-'� 45 ;$:�� �r�/�� ¦r� �� R�$�� ¦r%�� 9Y= G � 9Z:q��� ¤�]�� hC= B�*� ;/:*H�� �r�+ R2 �y� �� «/8 �Z# N:u�� E%�� �&� G;:u� �r�/�� ¦r�

�& ;H:|� h�3 � G!�2Z+� �%� 45 ~��-�� ~�� �� R�$�� ~��� � G�+� M�S/��� d^Y$�� �� R�$�� Mo��� � G ZY� ¤�]�� �/�� 45 ��� �� ��$�� �2�� h�3 R2 %A� G;YC$��� ��%��� Mo��� E#1, �& R��8 �(A� G�o\$�� 45

� �= 45 �= �� [���C� �+��� ,��H$0� F&5 F� BC+ ,%6�� 45 ,%6�� �� �+ �y��� �/*�� Up�� ,%6��� ?0�8 F� 45 :�/�� ���� ,%6��� ¡<%�

;�+ N�:6�C� ;�%'/�� N�k%�� ®�º X G�=���.

Page 117: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

105

3 : F5 �:k GN,�/$�� ¤��©�� E�3 N�:6��� �k�� 9�:0%� �V*& ��S$�P� -:0 P� G�V*�� _y$�� @:*� P ¤�]�� _y$�� �& a&�� e�%�/� eH:� F�

;��/��� 1%V*�& �:�$�� N1��w 45 1�� -2 G"*:2��8� �:&�� N�:6��� M�S#� ;+�6� i-w 1��5 N%+��� !(A � Ge��£ ��+ ;Z-Æ E�6k I�� ;r%6���

*$�� F�c�� BC+ �� ���# �£ BC+ �/��� G7�� �:� �(A� G�£ �� �p2� �� ;Z[��� z/& :C+ ;:A$/�� �\2 M��/��.

"�+ ���u� ��� ��= F��C� �&� ��+ $/�r ��k5� �/��� T�� ���� �� BC+ ������ !(A ?81 ��� G96��� q�& R:��8� �/��� ;+�r �� ©��= �/&

­$�� %V���:

�5e:  F� n�� %"= G>�/�� �/� ��# �� �Yu� ) � �/��� R-/�� $+�r ��ke<���: �K� �Yu� >�/�� �/� ��# �� �� Z�# �� G ��8 xk \ �Y��� �� ;�C� K�%�� BC+ �Z()1( �� N,%)� R�+ BC+ �2� �� P5 G � �/

�%�� Gä%Y|� : )����$���:�� �� fp��� 9���� �u� �� ä%Y|� ?:�0G ä%Y|� �(A� 1$���� � := 9Y�� � R� � �/ {� �%VY�� �� �+ y0 �&� Rp� �:�� �

;/:&1G �:p2� � ���#� ;���� �3� �� � 9w���� ��$V*��� ?:*k� ��%� �� ����=G � � $2 �/� !�p2 �� >U©G � � dm � �/� {� ;�*H�� RA 0 ;:�y C2G � �� 1$���� ;:CA)� �/G e:�� F2 ��� �r� -��= ä%Y|� ��

M�,1G N�yu�� ®����� :H/� P� 5P ä%Y|� N�p2 G �Yk R� �-= � �+ �Ú��� �

)1( : ;�����–� 445.

Page 118: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

106

� �/� � ���5 �/��� >�$#�� a�0 T�� %A Ó� ä%Y. � ��� � �à 4�G � �Yu� �� My$�P� �/&G �� ���� (V º;G �C� ��%��� BC+ �ZG BC+ R*��

T����G{&� �0�8 � $�C� T�V$Z8 �� 1p2()1( .

Ó5 F��C� �&� F� ��fp�C� ��*�� �+ p��k ;º����� ;*A%�� 1�, B]�� ���� P T���� ���� �+ ¢�V$� �A �� Gh�(2 ���� �:�� GT���� ���� T¯��� "��ª ?#�%�� ������ �� 9A Ó5 ;:8�%�� ;º����� ;*A%�= GT¯��� GF��C� �&� "�:& -2 �/�C� F%�8 I�� �����& ;*A%�� !(A R�68 � G ZY�

� !(A ��V$0P� ;º���� (V�� 9A Ó5 ;:C-/�� !(A F� 45 e'�� %A 1�� �� �� j�A F5 35 G�+� d�6� 9Y�� !�k� �Yu� F\& R�� �� G"�%01� ;�C�� ;&$2 �:Ä P� �+� �� �� �p2� ;:�+ N�2�3 �3 %A� e�Yk fp��� �/��� ����

/�� >,�� ��18 fA��� N����2 G�/��� ,§� �§�� ¦C� �p�� �� ��TAf©� �16��� ��c %&�� 9/-r��� ¿'�� R'Y��� ;������ .

�Yk N1��w �%k N�-/�� ,1� X ,=� �� F��C� �&� F� h� �� �:�� F� ?Ä �+��� F� _�H& TC+ R2 �� (��� R& GT���� ,�1� �� eP�� �/���

:�1 �&� �%�� G;=�p�� 9+%0%� F%��®) : ������+ 3%�\� R�& GTC+ >%CH�

R�& À;���� �Z8P �/��� �-$k�� R2 � R§: �� G%½ G;]�� G �=� «��

G>Zk� G;'��=� [:$k�� �p2� !(A �%C/�� 45 G 8,"� ... (�\:�� ZY� �Y£

�/��� G«��� ;=�/�� G?Z��� ���� À>�/�� R-/$Z:� z/& h�3 -:= !���� ��

�23 o��G1 >�w� G�p��� ®C/:�� Y�& Z z/& 0Y��T" n%��� N%�&

)1( : ;�����–� 445.

Page 119: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

107

GT"+*< ��= ��#� �+��� �� �+%*H�� ����$�� R'Y� &Vr� ;����&

��G�/� ;=�/�� G1*��� N(-C$��� �à �%= �� GM��/��� F%�%�:=: Fy= �+�

G;���1 F����� �� �35 F2 ;���1 _�+ G�r��� R"0� :C+ (�\� � G�y�� ��

®'� & G?A(�� �35� F2 e+%*H� P TC+ � P� ;���1  Rw n�$A�� �� �:k P GTC/� Ã1� ?C< �/�� TC= R6� :�5 %A� Ro� �& À ��� ¦/'� $�Q: �/��2 �Ä

ZY� N%��� BC+ ¤%"��� y= �:/8 ;���. ��� RJ0 ;&`1 �& [^/�� �+ RVY��

�� GM��/��� ��=: A% G;������ ���� �� �35 n�1 RVY$0�. �� ��%� �& ?:*k: Ó5� h�3 �� d-Ä 45 �:# !�/� ;=�/� �:# G!f© y= R-º ZY� P5 BC+

GNf6& ��� 9/-r��: P f6� �+��� z��� �/��� eyV= xk ���� 1/��

G>�/�� d-Z�� G1*��� _�/�� GU/�� 1��8� /�Z� äY���. ���� h�3 ��

TC/� À¤��/�� F%�:� e��S:� � BC+ À �%� À%V���� @C6:� & �Z� T:�:�� &

À &��+5 ����?Z ���� À���� Z:��/$ h�(& BC+ ;=�/� ?���� ?�p���

A�23� ~�à �� �3. ��� F2 b,c�Y�� BC+ C'= !(A ;+�6�� ����

VC�;J:H Ge�fp2 F2� ;J:Hu� ���1; GfAc F2� fAc ;���1 ��� �& �^k

R:Y<� �%�]�� Ge/:m F2� `��� �:��� ;���1 �� ,�`, �,�{�G F2� fp2 ;���1

R:m ey'Y�� �()1(.

�-= GN,%)� �:k �� �%����� ä%Y|� �& ;�y/�� BC+ F��C� �&� �2� ��� ePc� ¯%Y. F2 ��� Ge��:# -�� F2 e��:# ¯%Y. F2 ����$�� ;�*< �+

�%�� G¦/'�� �� ;#1��� hC8 BC+ !�/� F2) : ä%Y|� N,%# 1�� BC+� Z�# $�*<�G Ú8�p2� Ú Ú$C� �� Ú �=VC� �+ ;Cru� ;�C�� N,%# F%�8 G �-=

)1( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 361A�/& �� G.

Page 120: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

108

¯%Y. F2���/ ?:*k � Ú/�� � �$� S$/�� �&� �� ¡�A �&� �� 9w��� ¦����� �� dY��� �&� Rq01 ��� F�1A �& R"0 � E�S�� �&� �� d��*�� �� F%�8 ¡&6�� �

$�C�� � ,%#�+C e��� B y*�� ;*81� $�� �� R"0 �&� �/� �Yº �X ;©\ ����� :*��� �&� � � G UZ:*�� R0�8 �� �� ,-/�� � U"*rG �+ MP�A ;�*< ��Ø� �hJ��G f6*C� h�3 �"�� � b�(�� ?kr ����G %# 1���� BC+� ä%Y|� N,� �

F%�8 �%-Z�� !�/& �� �-/$0P� N,%#G � 5 ��/& �� ;�C�� N,#G M�81*= � ;Cru� ;�C�� 9�8�8 �y��� �� $�*< ä%Y|� d*H�� F5 Z�� Ó� BC+

K�%��G "$�(]$& ;�C�� n%� %-�8� G h�3� � � �Y��� F5 N�k�� "$C*# D�2 F �� ¦C$Ñ 9"= �%��& ��*& {� ¦/'��� N%�� E2�1,G "=y$��� 5 %A Ó

{� �� ":C+ ,�� � _y$�& E2�1,G E�C��� G �� � � �� "Y:�8 I�� F�%[1�G A,%#� T$� !("*= G ... ��8 ;��/��� ;�C�=\ �/��� �Y£ ()1(. ���

_y$�� 45 ¦/'��� N%��� �& j�1,{� ��*�� _y$�� F��C� �&� d#1� � 45 ��� �� G[1�� �� "Y:�8 I�� F�%���� E�C��� E2�1,{� �� ":C+ ,�� X N,Y$0P� 1�� � G�Yº � ;&^$0P� 1�� F%8�Y$� T"ZY�� ��=u� F� ;:�/�� 4��� Ú;�*H�� ��/� ¾ %Y. F2 �� R2 F%�� F� N1��'�& �:C= G�Yº

�%��� "ZY� N,%)& .

�����o : �%�� Gä%Y|� h�3 F:Z�) :5 B-V$� ä%Y|� h�3 F:Z� <�� �� F N�A��� ;:=�u� �%01G 5 "�:/& K-/$0� �+ N1,r 9A 3G = Å ":Z� �3G ���

�� ¼�$�� ¬ �Y��� DY:�8 2 ":= >%C0\ ��%�� �G & :C+ �Z��& (��� \ Kp�

)1( : ;�����–� 448 G449.

Page 121: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

109

E-C2 ��� eN1��w n��()1( . 45 N%+��� !(A� � �/��� �� ä%Y|� F:Z� �6�/�� c��& 45 f�� F� F��C� �&� ,�1� ��= Ge:�= A1«� � K T���& M�*�� Gä%Y|� ��# �� ��� ,�%�� (�� �\2� G�+�C� v�(�� ?�)�� 96���� �Zº F� ;*A%�� �3 �+��� BC+� G��� ,�%�� !(A N,%)� �6�+ �-w�

Y� �+ f*/$�� � �� G��� ,�%�� hC$& e�:/$Z� N:u� E+%w%� �� ���� -+� Z �� _�K�� GN�+��� �Y��& D��$�� I�� ��%���� ?:�0�& F��C� �&� !Ð ;VZY�� ���� GT"*:2��8 �� T"$]� �� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ �+��� [�¥ P� h�3

C8 8%+,� G�+�� �� )¥ -+ «/:� Nf*2 ��� ��$�� T¯��� d�� yJ� h ;:8�(��� ;:�y�$0P� !�/�� RY�� X GTK �Yk �-+ �u� (��� �� ��*�� ��%� �\& �§�� ¦C� ;�y+ �+ ��1 � 45 �C:ª ;�`��� hC8 R/�� GN�)��

�� �%�& � �@-Z� P F2 �:k � xk �/� 1/�� �� ;ur ;Cm �YV ��%� %&� F2� G>�/�� ?CH� ¦C� F2 G & Y C2 � �Yk �+ �C+� -C2

¡���� �+��� �(A d�� P xk GT:C/$�� F�%�� �� d:=1 F%� �(A � G �:Z� :�5 �%� ��%� �� �+ S$/�� �&� R�� ��� G����$�� M��/��� �� �*0 �� ;�&1 :

) �� �� N���� �$0 �����, n�1 xk �/��� R�� � R#�& T��¯ � �"�� G>�/MZ��� G:��;:C:��� BC¨�#��& T��¯ -= G()2(.

��W��o : G;&$��& M�*��� G1%^. F�� �Y��� �*k N%C�& �6�� P� GN%C�� ;��6*�� Ew�|� := �p�8 G�+�C� Tqy� F�� 1:$�� N%C�& �+ Ó5�

�%�� G;:/-Z���) : �� �� := 1%���� F��� N,^$0�� N%C�� �� � �& P � !:���1AcG "+-^$0& ;º���� N1�$0P �%-Z�� �(2� G 3yà "H:��8�

)1( : ;�����–� 445 G446. )2( : M��/��� E�*<–� 194.

Page 122: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

110

1��Z��()1( . 7��8 �� G;#(-��� 1<5 R��8 Ó5 F��� ;/:*H� ���V$�� �(A� "$2�k� "C�� ;�:/� ;:�m �r�+ ,%#� �:k �� GN%C�� F�� G[3%-���

"H:��8� ;º���� N1p$0� 45 �,�8 �%r� �+� R�� F� �(A �� (��� ���� G ���Y�� ¦�%�� ;/:*H� h�(2 dw� �/��� F� -2 G & ��� ��/��� �+

�$�� ;�VC�� _����� k �� N�:6�C� ;:C:� : iA(��� 9Y</�� n%$Z�� � _����� ?Z£ :C+ �:��� ��s e#3%Ó� �/� F��C� �&� ���ª ���� G�+�C�

��S��� ¦�%��� .

0 ��� �2��� [3-�� e���� M��/��� ��+ N%C�� �+ ���u� 45 ®:�1 �&� ®* ��1 �+ 1*��� �� ;Cm b0� GF��C� �&� "��� I�� f© N%C�� �� n���

�%�� GN%C�� M��/��� z/&) :RJ0 �3 ;����: ¦:2 R-/8 �35 RY��� h��, ¨�/��� ��=: ¦:2 RY��� U�, ���+� ¨ k$Y� R:� �: �+� Gj��\0 � %A

��: N%C�� �2(& G>*k�� �("= �� G®�+ ��-/�� �5 �35 @$Y�� �/�C� ?:Z� N�:6��� ��= ï� �� G>*�� dw�� C#1 >2��� G ... R:�� fp��: ¦:2

d�68 �35 �Z+ h:C+ �� ¨�/� ��: _%<� �&��� ��À;C:V ¤����� G;*�/�� R"Z:= 9C+ ��r1�� G ��Z�� ­5 ��Zk� . ��� 9/-r��: � 9+�$0�

�,1� Rpà ÚM�� G�1)� _����� G­/�� F���� ­��G R:�� : G­u� i/� ¤����G ...�F2 ���# �35 ,�1� F� �&�� N�:6� "/�r ey:� : R/�� #��0 G�S$/�� Ã1� y+ @HZ�� !�k�G d^Hw= BH©� 0�1 ;*©1 N%C��

Y�&Z ...1��� F� b,c�Y�� F2 �35 D*/r :C+ ¾;/�r ����/ ?21

)1( : ;�����–� 446.

Page 123: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

111

G $�� _<� e:�� e�,�Y�� ��k�! >/� �*)�G F%H&� ;�,���G �2���� ;&��� G;:��� :H/:= �y��� !,:�()1(.

��� �� : F��C� �&� �%�� G������ ;k����) : <��= C2 �(A d� �� F%�� F �# BC+�-l� ���� G �(= h��dm � G � � ;º��C� a��� 8 F\ ��%��� h�3 Rpà v

�Yk �(��()2( . \�8� �� �/��� T�� ���� �� fp2 F��C� �&� F� ��*�� �+ �y2 �-w h�(& ~�r �� -:0P� GN�-/�� ®:�1 �&� !,1�� � BC+

��� hC8���)3( "qH+5� ;+�6�� !(¬ !,�Y8 R'Y�� :�5 ?Z� ��� R& G �%�� G"�k) : �3 �23h N�-/�� >$2 ®:�1 �&� G ,�Y�� �(�� >$��� %A�

� ;+�6�� !(¬5"�k MH+G ":= ?$�� �� � C*� �kG Cp� !�/& P� ()4(.

RJ0 �� ��%� �� �+ ��1 � ®:�1 �&� ,1�� R/Y�&�) : �k hC-+ ¦:2 �� ¨�/��� d�68 :>��� xk �35 �D�2 �?:<� � F%2� Y�eZ �& 9k6��

F���Z���G D/�r ��� iC��, �����G i8SA� ;:º1��()5(.

����� �(A Rp� �-$/�� �& ��& ;Y:Vr � G �%�� ) : FÅ= D�� D:C$&� F\& ¦C�$8 �%��� B</$8� G;/�6�� �� 8 @-Z h� À�*H�� y= GR^/8 P�

)1( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 374A�/& �� . )2( : ;�����–� 446. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446. )5( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 376.

Page 124: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

112

G�^'8 +,� ¤:& h�%� �� 0,�% GhC:� !,�+� ��+ � h<� =���� Àh�& h�Å= P ��/8 ;&#{� N8�%��� F5 D�2 j�A ;/:*<()1(.

��-;�� : �%�� GT��C� ?0��� D�%�� 1:$��) :� �� f� h�(� E��� ��*�� E�� �%��� �� >%*K� ��+G N�/�� ���=� G ��Y�� ���� G ÚMP�A � Ü�� � �-��()2( .

®C/$8 E��� A1$�� I�� E���� F� @w��� *�$��� G�+�C� ��Z)� ?�)& N�/�� ���=� G;C���� ;��:�� �:k �� �+�C� 9V6�� ��Z)� ?�)� �(A 45 ®*0 ;*:$� �&P F2 ��= GF��C� �&� ���# �� �:� ��Y�� ��� �-'� X

�%�� GM��/��� N%C� ;:'�� �/��� E��� �+ ���u�) : �/�C�� �E��� ��Z� ":= G :8� @-Z�� ":= :&� ."�� ��� R:C�� R*� B�]8 Gn���� "��� 1�r 1"��� R*� GM��]�� "��� �%� >�� GM����� "��� N%C�� �*u� fZ���. !(K� RC/��

¦C$Ñ 1/�� �+���()3( .

�%�� G�/��� �%�� E���� hC8 1:$�� eyC/� h�3 R6Y� ®:�1 �&� F� -2 :) @$Y� �:��Y��R �<�%�� Rp� N�2*� R-/�� 0�& 1V ��+ >%*K� ��

À�%��� F%�� �Y��� ;/-$� � b�Y$� "Zk >*0� %"C�� �� ;�:/�� �� f© h�3 X G"::/� 35� 9A ;º�$Z� N���# Ó\2 DJ��� N\�� Àn��� F�� �VZ��

¦H�� æM�%A b1�� e-:Z� G ��+�� e��S:� �& R:C�� G1"���� Ó5� � ��� 9�/�� �VZ�2 %A� C��+ a0%$�� �& �< R:C�� 1"���� �%��� ;-C��� := BC+

)1( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 384. )2( : ;�����–� 446. )3( : M��/���� �/���–[ 1 –� 81 .

Page 125: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

113

M:'�� �'& �%�, M:'�� �VZ�� BC+ G;-C��� F�� �Y��� := ;�2 ;'��� �� ?/8 1"��� "=�68� G := ;#$.� 45 �%� �� �%��� ;�%�$� À!%½ �VZ�=

�Zk� �� ,�1� F� Gd�6� ��� �� 1�,� �Yu� 0�1����; �� �� * h�3 GR:C�= �� �� 4/8 %A� b�r� �Cq���: "F5 ;J�� R:C�� 9A ��� e\<� �%���

y:� "�(A� �y��� �(�� P �/H� G := P� ¤��$+�()1(.

�� �� : �%�� GM�$�P�� ®�/��) : F5 �3 �23 M�$�P�� ®�/�� p+�%& ��h �&� N�-/�� >$2 ®:�1()2( �/8 I�� Ew�|� N�q�, ����� �(A R���� G

F��C� �&� ���� GR/$�$= �Y��� ~��� ,�c ¦<�%/�= G�/��� �%� BC+ �+��� �� ;H:£ �/��� T¯� ¬ �k� I�� ��%k��� �w���� ������ !(A �� [��

/& :C+ ?/6$0� F5 �+��� +, F� F�= G�/��� T�� !(A R2 Y/Z8 P� � F� C2 �(A) 2�$�5 D�� 4Q��G :C+ ZY� !��� P� ()3(.

�� �p2� �/��� T�� ;:�×& R6$8 n��� e<��� ;�&Z�� ������ ;Cm 45 _'��9A� G ��%k�� -�� _���& K68�:

1 : �%�� G��/��� D:*�� �Z� R*� ���� ���� ;:=��� dw� : M�& ��:�� �� ;:=��� BC+ D:*����� Z�� ©%r �'/& ^"G ":C+ �y��� i*�� 5 4

Q!��G � �5 Ã�= "C. "/w� :C+ ?/r ;:=��� BC+ D:*�� M�& �+ RY© F

)1( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 377. )2( : ;�����–� 446. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446.

Page 126: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

114

;�C� N�=� M9W()1( �³ %&� "�*H� F2 N��Y�� !(A F� 45 ®:�1 �&� 1�� ��� G � BC+ �%�� G!�/) :F2� %&� �³ �6���? ;:=��� ÀD:*C� ®C/:� � c^+�

G1��6�& h�3� %A ���6$�� G�/��� P� v\� & e�fp2 P5 �+� d�6$� ?:*V2 G q����� >�%6��� F� P d�6� �+��� e$:& P _�/� $:=�()2(G ����

�%�� C/= �� ZY� �p$0= ����� �(A c�$k�) : f© U� P �#� h�3 9/*< G;Cm P� 1��� G :C+ R& d�r� Z���T: ���� BC+ � G!��1� � �-$�� 9ZY� � ®:C� & �� �%��� �/& Gh�3 i&\= :C+ T:Z��� Up�� : R/=� h�3 := -2 R/Y� �� i*� D:*�� C2 BC+ G;:=��� �� 1� h�3 V��ÏR �9C+G P� iºS� �+ G�,��� P� f]� 9C+ eJ:� �� �Y� T:Z��� G���� P5 N1���� I�� P �$/� ¬ �� BC+ ;"# @:��$�� ��Y��()3( .

2 : ®�ª N1��w BC+ �:2\8 �(A � G!��+ � ?0�� P �(�� D:*�� ,/*$0� b:0 45 �:0 d� ?0�$� P � �/*$Z� �:k GE:&�� �& ;�%'/�� N�k%��

�%�� GN�:6��� M�S#� �`y$� ?Z��� & ®:��) :�5 D:*�& �<�� @Ð �3G �� �� 2�$:C= !��+ �(�� ?05 �� /w%� 4 & ®:� G=Å �� ZY�& R�$Z� D:& R2 F

®*85 ;*0��� PG M�� -2 ":= f�$:C= ( E:&�� �& ;�My�� ®:�ª FÅ= �(�A� G �:+ %A ;�My�� !(A ®�º � fÑ BC+ R-/��� C#� D-:�� �(�� ¤�]���

N�:6�C� ;�%'/�� N�k%�� .

)1( : ;�����–� 446. )2( : N�-/��–[ 1 – � 378 )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–[ 1 –� 378 G379.

Page 127: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

115

3 : ��� ;/#��� �%�� G $&$2 �� ���Y�� �/& �/) : �/& !�/� d#�f�� �� �y�� ������ @:��$�&G j�$�� BC+ & �'� P� 5 {� ÕC*� � �3 = N,#Å {� F F%$Y� FZ�

!�/�&5 ���$��� !��= E*� %A 3� $º�()1(G @:��$��� ;/#���� �q$� n�k5 ��� n%$Z� B��8 P ;Y:/w E:&� ��+ _%�%�� ������ �� Af© n%$Z� �� ¤�]��

���� �(A F2 F5� G"2�8 ,,�$� P� �+��� BC/= Gn���� N�:6��� E:&� �� T^�� �� �(�� RC�� �� N�:6��� 9�� 35 GdY��� � n�#� ���� G :C+ e*/r

e:�= n%$Z�� ;/:=1 N�:6� �-w ¦:/w D:& ,%#�.

4 : ,/$&P�� G?:2��$�� �� @6=�� �-/$0� I�� N��%�� äY��� ����$0� �+ �� ;-C��� >��+5 f:]8 �� N1��'�� >�81� �+ ,/$&P�� F���%�� "���$0�

�%�� G�/��� N1��'� ;:=�6�� "$:�&) : �y��� �� := R-/$Z� P�5 �� P �� @6=?:2��$��G = A�^":C= ;:�ZC�� E�1��'�� �� ����� Å �+ �y��& �Ø8 t

;�*<;©y*��G �k ��� ���� � FZC�� ;-q BC+ �%�� � �� N1��'�� >�81�5 %A 3 "�+ ���/�& "�� ;/05;�C�� �� BCp�� ;���H�� 4()2(.

5 : �y� �� ;:'��� !(A 45 ®:�1 �&� 1�� ��� G?:2��$�� �� ��/�� >�$#� ":= �%�� I�� G�-$/�� �& ��& ;Y:V6� w�+) : j�5 +%$���G� FÅ= �+%$��

h-CZ� 45 G�:�/$�� �:�/$��� %A �(�� hC"$Z� Gh:�/� ���� Gh¯Y�� ��� �1�, �/� es�2 �-$C:C= � e�Y� Àes�2 FÅ= ®k �/�� ���¦�� �YC��

G¦����� ��� -"�k F� -t%6� -+ ��ZY� -"�^"��()3(.

)1( : ;�����–� 446. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446. )3( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 383.

Page 128: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

116

�%�:= �F��C� ��&� ��� ) : ?�$Ä��e'� � ��/�� !�"# ?:2��$�� �G� 5 �6�� Ó ®&Z8 :�/� D�2 � "��� ¯Y�5 T"Y�� 4( �� ��fp��� M�1� ��# �(A� G

;�%"Z�� 45 R:��� �:�/$�� �+ ,/$&P� N1��w �%k �:©y*��� B������ ,����U/�� ���8 .

6 :�� ��� ;w���- �%�� GN,�/-) :�5 �� 1(/8 �3 C2 �(A �/& �/�ÜC=Âw��f G Â,�/�� !G = Å F �;º���� M��$�P& 1�� ��'�� Rp� G j�$�& ¦Ä�

{����()1(.

�/��� ;+�r �%k ;������ M�1�� �� ;Cm b0 F� �/& F��C� �&P �-º� �� -C/8 !%#�� �1 �&� 45 �� � d#1� �� -�� ��� >$2 ®:

%�� À :�5 ,�S$�� ,�1� �� �k�� GN�-/�� F��C� �&� �) : ;+�6�� !("= ;C-)&� ?Z£ ��'k � "�� ��23 ��� ®:�1 �&P N�-/�� >$2 Ý%$Z� "-C/8�

�")�G ��� � h�3 �� ;:]*�� :Y= >$��� h�(& :C/= h�3 MY:$0� ,�1G !(A� ;:=2 N(*�()2( . �k*�� ,+ ���� +� N�-/�� 45 ����$Z� E�1��� z/& �� Ã

� �� F��C� �& À �(A F��C� �&� "�0 I�� ;-:��� 1�=�� @:w%$� h�3��²�.

)1( :;�����–� 446. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446.

Page 129: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

117

l #�D�� am�2�:

I�� �'��� 8,/2 �/��� �q6� := �2(� er� e&& F��C� �&� ��/� � >�%&�� �� fp2 �/��� �q6� �%k !M�1Q �p� ���� G!��+ D��%�

�YC��� �/��� ;+�6� N,%�/�� ��V:0� GAf©� b�(��� ;/�6��� d*H��� �/��� d'�� GE��Y$�� !(A d-^$Z� F� �k*�� �� ��/8� G;-¯� ����+ K

� �q6�"��� GF��C� �&� ���& �/��:

�5e :)��P-�� :

xk �+��� BC/= G�:�/$�� >�$#�� G?:2��$�� ;�%"Z�� 45 F��C� �&� +, F� e��:# !�/� F%��) � "�� �6�� Ó5� G!�"# ?:2��$�� �� ��/�� ?�$Ä

T"Y�� 45 ¯Y�� ®&Z8 :�/� D�2()1( � %A ?:2��$��� äY��� �� 1$��= G �%�� G ��� A1:/�� ;�%"Z�� ��� %A �(A� GT"Y�� BC+ ey"0 F2) : P�

�A(�� 45 ¯Y�� ®&Z8 :�/� D�2 �35 P5 ey"0 �/��� F%��()2(. �� �:�� �%�� �:k ®:�1 �&� n�� N�-/�� EM# ;s�� N%+��� !(A F� h� :

)Ü��Â�-$C: � �� �y��� � �"0�RG ��� �6��� � �+����G ��� �/�� � F2 eVw�� e:C# G���_�/ �&Ú���Ge ��= �� z/& ����$��: �� �/��� � �0ÚJ�R �+

!�/�()3(.

)1( :;�����–� 446. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 446. )3( :-/�� N�–[ 1 –� 367.

Page 130: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

118

�����o :)F�2T��:

�, -2 �SÂ�8 t� ;:�ZC�� E�1��'�� ?�W� G�/���� ;�k�6�Y�� Ú��S$�� 45 �+ P� ;k6Y�& !�/� TZ� xk �+��� BC+ F� i/� X G;©y*�� ;�*< �+ �y��& ;�%]C��� ;�%V��� E�1��'�� d�� P F�� G;V:6Y�� f© äY��� ���$Z�

��*� F��C� �&� F5 R& GAf©� G;:=�6��� 8 Z� !,�� ;k6= ;�\ �� ����� ?:2��$�� �� @6=�� ���$Z� F� �+��� �� ���� �:k G�y��� %A à ;/0�� ;��1, BC+ F%�� F� 9]*�� �+��� F� i/� X G;:�ZC�� E�1��'��

�%�� G@6=� %A �� @:6=) : �� @6=�� P5 �y��� �� := R-/$Z� P� 1��'�� �� ����� ?:2��$�� �+ �y��& �Ø8 tÅ= GA�^":C= ;:�ZC�� E�

;©y*�� ;�*<( )1( ��u� FZC�� ;-q� �� ��,��$�� E%r 45 8%r T'�� G �%�� GN1��'�� >�81� �� ��%�� BC+) : �� ��%�� BC+ FZC�� ;-q� ��k ���

0 %A 35 N1��'�� >�81� �� BCp�� ;���H�� 45 "�+ ���/�& "�� ;/�;�C�( )2( $�C� D��ª �-= GT¯��� n�� ;�C�� ®�ª� ;k6Y�� �& a&�� �A� G

�+ :�]8 ;k6= �3 F2 G�/��� ;r%6��� ;:&�/�� ?:�0�� BC+ ;&1��& ��-$8 � �� �& P E�1��'�� 45 \^C� �� F� i/� �(A� GE�1��'�� 45 M%^C��

"�+ :�]� � ��� �:� 35 G;�C�� ���.

)1( :;�����– �446. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 446.

Page 131: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

119

��W��o :¡�R���:

äY���� U/��� G�¬{�� ¤%-]�� �+ ,/$&P& P5 ®�V$8 P ;:r�� !(A F5 !(¬ TA�/� �%-Z� F� 45 M��/��� F��C� �&� +, ��� GN�/��� ;*��]�� ;:�%u�

�%�� G;-Z��) : ��6���� äY��� �� 9�%u� �+��� ?�^$:��()1( �YC�= G , �%º ?��]�� e��=�� e�C� F2 �H� e*��© �YC�� F2 �35� G�6��� T"= F�

?:2�$�� �Ð �� d�Z�� n�� N(C�� >:© 45 �,�� X ?:2�$�� ;Cm �+ #%& ;��/��& R¥ ?:+ �("= �/�� �%C& �+ e��6�� �YC�� F2 �35 �� GR�2

+��� BC/= Ge6�� F%�� j�1,{�� d:'8 �r��� F� G�+ �� !�/� F%6� ÜF� �K ;+%w%�� U/�� �%C& �+ N�6��� äY��� .

��� �� :¦�T�!� �; ���-�� 18�&/� �� ��&��.

�+ �y��& �SÂ�� 9�%u� F� -�= �+ ¬ �Ø� �($*��� 9�%Z�� FÅ= ;©y*�� ;�*< �� Ge'�� ;©y*�� ;�*<) TK%�2 GN�qY�� ��+ �� >��� : N1k 1��� M-Z���

;©y*�� ;*81 �+ �/*� N�qY�� ��+ ;�*< �� >��� � 1���Ã� G��%=()2( F���=� G N,#{� R:C� C/# ;:r�� !(K E�%*���� E:�&��� �/�– �&� ��1 ?Zk

F��C�– !(A := �%��k� �%VY�� -�� � �/��� �� �%��� �(A �� �p$Z� ��� �($*�� �+ & ���/$&�� G;:r�� U/� F� G;+��& h�3 �+ ��� GN�p�& ���$Z��

N,#Å& "^Z� R/Ä� G;�($*� "C/Ä X 1%"-)� �& ;����$� E+%w%�� hC8�%VY�� BC+ �,#5 �6� �(�� G;*/r e;-"� .

)1( : ;�����–� 446. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 446.

Page 132: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

120

��-;�� :w�/� u���� ]&��� �J§ j�6��� �� ��&��:

A��+ ¦�� I�� �q6�� R#� �� ;:r�� !(A F5 45 +, �:k GF��C� �&� h�(& i/� %A� Ge+%*H� �y��� F%�� F� N1��w) $/:*< DC-2 �(�� �y���

�� ,%6��� �:� >H�� N1*+ �� G �� ,%6��� �%��� N,=5 �� $:^0� & ���� G;�8 N,=5 !f-w � /�0 �:Y� F� & �6�� TC�$�� R& Ga�= ®H���

;�:o� ;�P, BC+()1( B'$�� �y��� ;�&H� i/8 I�� ;©y*�� �%"Y� �:+ �(A� G !�/� ;:r�� !(A � ®�V$8 xk �+��� BC/= �(�� G�u�) ������ ¾;=�/�

�u� B'$�� ;:�YC�� ?:2��$�� ®&H8 ¬ I�� ��k��� ... �� D���$0� I��� ���%��2 E1r� >�/�� ;]�()2( . %�� ��k� h�(& �+ ��� U/�� TC+ ���

��%k� �� & a:º �� ,�0{� F%�� ®=� :�5 ��Z�& ��Z�� ;�y+ T�ª I�� G�u� B'$�� �:Y8 F� ;��/��� ?:2��$C� �-'8 G��k��) !(A �� �6� ��

U/�� TC+ ���%� �� >��+{� ���%� RC� �u� B'$�� N,=5 �+ ?:2��$�� ;�&H�� �+ e��r� F2 ,��+ %A �(�� R-"�& ®u� �u� B'$��

E�%��()3( . �/��� ;��� �� aº X 8�p2� d��*�& d�%�� F��C� �&� �+ ��� ¦�p� ¦:�\$�� T�. d��*�� �� �� ��:p�� e��/� ~�$�� -�:& G;©y*�� ;�*< �+

,%#� ���$Z� � R&��� ���� Ge+%*H� !�+� ;/�6C� ��= ?:2�$�� d��*�� Ge�Zk 8,�c Rr�� �(A �/& ;/�6�� := EM# %� �/��� �(A F� �2� ��= e�CH�

G���$Z�� %"= ":= ¦C�$�� ��) �+ ;CY]�� 45 f6� ��/�� "YC�8 F�

)1( : ;�����–� 451. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 450. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 451.

Page 133: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

121

P� Ge0�1 ;©y*�& ?A(8� "Cr� �� N,={& R�$= �y�C� ;:Cr�� ?:2��$���:ZV$�� hC8 P5 �y��� B�*�E()1( .

�� �� :sI_��� s-S��� )I��¨� : N,={� ®�ª �o5 A,1�� F��C� �&� F� G"$�&0 Tk1 �� [�Ñ ;:r� 9A� "��ª F��� G;:k� �� K ;/&8 "C/#� G;:k� �� ¦C�8 F�, �u� B'$��

1�� � P5 G�/� "�� %C¥ ,�� P ;:r�� !(A� G;:k� �� "$�&0 ®�V$& F� G e�,/&� ?:2��$�� 9H/� �(A� G�/� R2 Rr� N1%6��� �/��� d*�� �:��

F��C� �&� �%�� G;:=�k �� ;:-^/� f© n���) : B'$�� N,={� !(A d*$� � ��� ?:2�$�� F� GEPP��� _�r\& U/�� �& ?:2��$�� ��$�� ��Y$�� �u�

45 �A(�� R�$�� � G�/� BC+ dw%�& ":= F%�:= G "*� �� ��SC� �� �cP e�c� : /w%� 1��� %A -2 ;��2 �� N1/$0& �5()2( F��C� �&� 1�� ��� G

�%�:= G�/��� ;:r�� !(A ®�ª o�º �(�� �o�� 45) : h�(& ��YC� R6º� ��� N,={� R6ª -2 N(� ��$�P� �� �%���& �Y¯ "/:m F� G�

, N(C�� >*0� �� �Y���� G C:�()3( �� ?�# 45� G �r�+ BC+ �/��� �-$ F%�8 �:£ G;�%�/�� ;:�Y� ;��c ,%#� N1��w BC+ F��C� �&� �2� G;:�:&

�%�� G[%^-�� ¦C�$�� P %Y/�� ,��k) : ;:^Z�� !(A �y��� ?:2��8 d*$� � �/& G��S$��� �ZV$�� �� >��w ;�r�& � I�� N,={� �-2 G ":H/8 t\2�

�8 �� ;k6Y�� ®��1 �& ;�c�%��� G�^0�� ®:-m �y��� RG �Z��& -:Z�8� ��k�� ;YC$���G �& ;�&H��� G :�/� �� 9Y�� �+ j�$��� �YC�& ;�1%$���

GU/��� äY��� �& ��^$�� d�:� GE�,'$��� N(�� ®��1 �y�C� R6ºÐ��N,={� BC+ N�q�c "C2 �m� N�yk� �()4( .

)1( :;����� –� 452. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6��–� 451. )3( :� 1�6��®&Z� –� 451. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 451.

Page 134: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

122

��� � :V��/� + ��2��5�: D:& �+��� S#%� F� �ZV$Z�� �� �:C= G�k�%�� D:*�� �Ñ ;:r�� !(A� �%�� G�+��� �� ,����� 9�:�u� T"Y�� F�, �%º h�3 F� GNfp2 U/� �k�� :

)=Å F ��%� := l�:�/8 T"Y�� BC+ G � 5Ó D�2 � �� 1$��� � e�*< ¯Y� BC+ :�/�G � ��Ý�G = Å e�%�k F2 Nfp2 U/�� D�2 FG �%]�& �A(�� R-/$0�� ":C+G y*�� �� 21�� MY:$0� �+ b�(�� d�-= ;©()1( ¯Y�� D�=�%8 F5 D:*�= G

d� ®=�%$�& #Y� �&� BC+ F��C� �&� >+ ��� G,%#� F2 :�/� d�8(80� �A(�� �2 45 "�k,c� �,�:= G�k�%�� D:*�� Nfp��� U/�� ��º ��

�%�� G�r��� 1"�$0� �%]���: ) ��%:� F2 �(K� �/� F%*:/� �� T"§1 �� �� �+� ;#Y� �& ��& � :�/� N�p�� ����G D:*�� "�k,c��

�k�%��()2(. ���;�o :?� !� + ��J��� :

� ,�1� ?:�0�� BC+ �Z��� BC+ �N1���� hC$s F� �+� R�� F��C� �& hC8 �0�8� ,:$+P�� ;&1���� F���� �y� �� �/��� >�/C� ;r%6��� -2 G4��� ;�*H�� �/� �� ;/:=��� ;*8��� E�3 Nfp��� 1/��� �Y£ ?:�0��

4��� ;�*H�� RA� BC+ �Y£ (-C$$� �� F� 45 1�� �� N,%g F%�:0 -�� FÅ= �/� ?:6� �� � 45 N1�5 �(A � GRrk h�(2 ��/��� G;�*H�� hC8 T�� ÍZ�$0� 9A ;-"C$Z�� ?:�0�� F� G>%C0�� -:0 P� G�:C�$�� �� �=u�

– e:=�k ��� � F5� – P GN,��. ?:�0� ,%#� i/� X G;¯%Y|� 1/�O� "�+ [���� �=VC� ��s.

)1( : ;�����–� 446. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 446.

Page 135: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

123

��� �K :)�K�8�� �I�g��� :

xk� 8+%w%�� :�/� e��C�� �+��� F%�� F� �6�� F��C� �&� ��� � � ,�1� R& G��%6$��� f*/$�� ;���< F� e6�� e=�r e:&�+ e&%C0�� eP�%�� R���

�� GlF/� �� ,�1� � �%�� F� ;��u� R2 � � G;©y&� e=�r� e�%½� ;]� hC8 BC+ !�r�� �� ®*H�� à T���& ��*�� G �Yk � BZ�� F� � ��$��

�%�� G¬%C0� ¼�$��� "�%01 D:Z� I�� Nf�(��) :5 h�3 F:Z� <�� �� F N�A��� ;:=�u� �%01 B-V$� ä%Y|�G 5 0� �+ N1,r 9A 3 "�:/& K-/$G

=Å ":Z� �3G �� ¼�$�� ¬ �Y��� DY:�8 ��� = >%C0 2 ":\ ��%�� �G (��� & :C+ �Z��&\ E-C2 �� Kp�� eN1��w n��()1( �q6� �� F� i/� �(A� G

��%6$��� f*/$�� ;:8�(��� ���^$�� �y2 E:< ":�5 1�� I�� �/���;©:6���.

��#$�� ::�&�� u�F:

F� BC+ F��C� �&� �2� ) ZY�& R�$Z� D:& R2()2( �$0P� !(A �/�� G ;:�y � ���$0� � �35 !�k� e*:2�8 �� R/W 8,=5 �:Y� �/� BC+ �%$º F� /w%

w�© � e:Y� !�/& �� C*� à D:*�� ;�y+ ¦�� � ZY� D�%�� ���� G G�/� P e�Y� dH��� %A _�J$0P� F� �%C/�� G_�J$0P& /H� ,�1� R& Ge/<�

BC+ n%�� ;�%�/�� N�k%��� h�3 � G;:�YC�� N�k%�� �� N�:6��� M�S#� a&1 �%��) :M�� -2 ":= f�$:C= ;*0��� P5 ®*8 ��()3(.

)1( : ;�����–� 445 G446. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 446. )3( :��®&Z�� 1�6–� 446.

Page 136: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

124

] �#�� U2T��

) 7\��=^#��� ��-�� A�� + )I�J���(

l );�J;.

l �S��� >�. l )*�� >�. l ���&�� >�. l ?�!� >�. l �J|��� + 7#oe.

Page 137: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

125

l );�J; :

1 F��C� �&� ��*� e�M�& ��/�� FZC�� �%C/� *:8�8 �%k FA«�� BC+ Tq��� �� M-C/�� ,�� ��� G>,�� TC+ � F:*�� TC+ � ;]C�� TC+ � %V��� TC/&� ��(��

A%�å� ;������ F��C� �&� ,%"# BC+ �%/C<�� @CH6� �-/$0� BC+ 81��& )FZC�� ( BC+ >�/�� ;�� ;�%]C�� N��p�� BC+ ;�P�C� ;�� ;��� G�%6�� #�

��%� �:-u� �*+ 1%$2��� �%�� G�%-/�� #� BC+) : (�� F��C� �&� F2 ��� ��� �%"Y�& ;�%]C�� ;C:6u� BC+ ;�P�C� FZC�� �-/$0� �� b,� F���

T��� �� ;��� ... ;:8%6�� [1��� %A ��� �%"Y�� �(¬ ;]C�� Rr��  F� I�� ;*2��� A1��r5 �"# T�+\& FZC�� �%�� ... P ;*2��� [1��� !(A�

E%6�� ;/:*H& e'�� �%�8 Ó5� A1��rÅ& P� "Y:�\8 ,�^à P� G��(& �%�8 /&$8 ;�k� !1�����()1( �%C/�� !(A  F� n�� F��C� �&= G) ;�1��w "$=�/�

�� "C2 ;:+���� ��k�� (�\� 35 ;/����� RA� BC+ ;]C& 9A� ;�Z��� >$��� �& y= T�]� �� �y��� ~��� >�+ �/&$��� ;&V6�� �� "$C��� >�/��

;/����� TC+ ,�1� �� FZC�� �(¬ ;�C/$�� �%C/�� ;=�/� ��G � 8 �:2\$�� E�Y$ e�= ":C+ �y��� �*$� -*Zk �y��� ,%6�à ;:=%$�� "*8��� E�Y$&

e�=()2( �� G n��� e+��= F� Ga�= �%C+ ;/&1� BC+ A�6�� C/# � �(A R/ �%C/& �yHwP� ,�1� �� T� P �����C���� U#�)� A�23 FZC�� �%C/�

Rp� G;/����� : ¤��� E*2���� b�$�P�� a��� �%���� ¤��/��� d��*�� �%C/�� !(A �+ M�]$0P� ��s P e/*< �+��� F2 F5� G�/��� I�� ;/&1��

)1( : �,�� ���C� ;:�Y�� �0��–� 117. )2( : ;�����–� 424.

Page 138: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

126

T$"� �(�� �V*�� �-w K��8 �%Z� � �(A R/�� GF��C� �&� ¬ BY$2� $���� �+ R6Y�8 P �%C/�� !(A !M�1Q F� Ge���� F��C� �&& 4��� ;#1��& d'8� �/��� T�ª ;-¯� ���%� 45 eP%r� ;���*�� (�� K ¾R�r��� I�� ;������

�C� e�,��k� � e�,��kh�(2 �p.

A�+ �� �/à G;:��, ��� ;"#� �� �%C/�� !(A ;:�� 45 ���� F��C� �&� F5 �%C+ 9"= ;C:0%�� �� ;/����� TC+ 9A ;�]�= G;:+���� �%C/�� ;��� ;C:0� ;/����& �%C/�� !(A �*81� N1��w �%k �¦C�$�� �� F2 F5� G��/�� FZC��

G;:�y0{�) ]$��� �� ®��= nf= à6� ��� � �*81P� �(A F� �%C/�� !(¬ �C �� N,={�� 1A,cP�� @$Y$�� ;��k K j�$� � 35 Gby<{� BC+ �%C/�� !(A

�%C/�� hC8 EP� ���8 �� 8c�k� �� ;p��u� E0�1��� . ®��= n�� -�:& �& "<*81� P5 K ;�r� P �� �%C/�� !(¬ �C]$��� �� ��Q ;:�y0{� ;/���

$��� 9A� q,*�� r%6� ��� G �� P5 A,%#� �-$Z8 P 9"= G������ e�f��� eP��()1( hC8 8��� F��C� �&� 16�� �� Up�� ®��Y�� F� @w�%��� À

eyp-$� ��1 F2 F5� G;:�y0{� ;/����& "$�y+� ��/�� FZC�� �%C+ 4545 ;/����� RA� 8%+�&;/����� 45 9A "$#k �*� F� F�, "$=�/� N1��w .

�R/# ��� �%C/�� !(A �+ p��k ;����� F��C� ��&� !�1���� �-Ú�  R/��) �TA�� ����� ��*$8 & 35 %V��� %A "�� � ;�P��& �r��� �%r� G �:= ��/�_ ¾R+Y�� ��

�%/Y��G «�� �� ��$*��� G �� !P%�� �Ú"�R ¾Rr� N,={� G �®k �� F2� ;]C�� TC+ ���$����G  F� P%� ��p2� ���� >��+{� _yÆ f]$8 � �+%w%� ;:�& �w��� ��

)1( ::�ZC�� ;�C�� F��C� �&� ��� ;–� 122.

Page 139: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

127

:�5 ��Z��� ,�0{� BC+G �f]8 �Å= ;C-)& G �®*� �� ��o� � G TC+ F2 h�(C= �TA� %V��� ;]C�� �� G C"# 35 e;Cm TAY$�& �y�{� G ÂDZ:�� h�(2

;]C��()1( . �&� F� �� R:C/$�� �(K ;6VY$� NM���&�� BC+ %V��� TC+ ��� F��C�**Z� ;]C�� TC+:

1!� : dw�%8 -+ f]$8 � !�6+ xk ;]C�� �w�� F5 �:k G9¥18 ?*0 ;�y+ T�º �(�� %V��� �� G�PP,� E�,�Y�� �:/r BC+ GF%�&Z�� :C+

"'/*& E-C��� n�� �� 45 �1�� �Z�� G�o� � ®*� �� G;C-)& f]8 �� ,��k �%*�� �k ;�� BC+ �%Z�� �(A ���� G;�%*�� ;]�*�� !(A F%�8

��� �(�� 9¥1$�� _� ;]C��� %V��� �& ;�y/�� D�2 �35 -:0 P� & <k� �:k G;V:6Y�� ;]C�� n%$Z� BC+) � %A ;�u� !(A %V��� ��]� F%���

>��+{� N��= 45 e�,�$0� �/�� EP-$kP a&'�� �:k%��()2( .

V�W�� : �� >��+{& R")� i/� %V��& R")� F� 1��� �5 �:k G9-C+ ?*0 TAY$�� �%6k F�, �%º X GE�,�Y�� �& ;H&'�� ���%���� ;-¯��� E�y/�&

= G,%6��� �/�& R¥� G�*<�$�� �& -�:& �/� �-'�� �%�� Rq��� F%�� �� �&� !�+ �(�� M9��� %A �(A� G��Q �/� 1��8 ;�,�0{� ��y+ ;Cm ?2�� ;-q� t� Gh�(2 ":= ���� �:C= ;]C�� �� G;Cm TAY$�& �y�{& F��C�

G;�,�0{� ;C-)� bH� [1� G �%��à ����� ;�y+ �%k dw�%8 BC+) �(A R/�� ��=|� �� ;]C�� ��� BC+ �-q��� FA3� BC+ e��H:Z� ��S� � �(�� %A �/��

0�1, 1�%# 45 T'�8� ;]C�� TC+ ;0�1, ��S�$= G���:C�$��� %V��� E

)1( : ;�����–� 424. )2( : F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'���–� 67.

Page 140: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

128

e�1%H8� ;&k1 �p2� EP� ���u� T"Y�& ;]C�� TC/� @*r� �� d� G_�6���e:�1�()1( . K EY��/8 F��C� ��&� �dw� ��� A,��1 45 1��� G�%C/�� !(

�& ;C6�� c��&5 45 B/Z� %A� Gh�3 R2 i�S�� ?:8�$�� e:+��� G�Y�6�� d&�$�� ;/:=��� [3-��� BC+� %A FQ���� ¦r%& G;:�y0{� ;/������ �%C/�� !(A �%C/�� !(A R2 BC+ e��S� F2 �(�� G"C2 E�%$Z�� BC+ ¦����� ���u� d�

F%�8 F� ;�]�� %A F%��� G $��� Rq0%�� !(A R2 ":�5 B/Z8 I��.

)1( : F��C� �&� ��� ;:�ZC�� ;�C��–� 121.

Page 141: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

129

1l �S��� >�:

F��C� ��&� ����– ¦C0 -2 – G>,��� F:*��� ;]C�� TC+ BC+ %V��� �TC+ d-$²� ;/:*H& ?:8�$�� �(A �o\8 F��C� �&� F� ��*�� G?:8�$��� ;:���

�& �VC�� := �= �(�� �1]�� � ?*Z& E^"C�� := E�p2� GN�p �%: hC8 ;:�/�� 45 R:��� BV6Y�� ;]C�� �+ ,/$&P� 45 n,� X G;-^/��

�� �& ;-q��� E�y/�� �1�� %V��� TC+ F� Ã� GE^"C�� E�,�Y-�� _%�%C� R/= N,�2 4��� ;#1���& & �-$AP� 4��� F2 �Å= G;C-^

%�� hC8 #� ����k X Ge��:/& �r��& D*A3 I�� ;:�/�� E^"C� ;YC$��� E# "��\& Ú_1/$�� ;]C�� ¦��/$& %V��� TC+ �+ p��k ��*� ÜF� &) ¾N1*+ ÚTC�$��

,%6�� �+!()1(G �6Y� ~�1 � $�� �(A R  8 ;:+%� �2(& ¦��/ hC�� �%�� G"$�Q� GN1*/) : UZ� R/= N1*/�� hC8�G 68 F� �& y= f �C� ;

K R+Y�� %'/�� N1��$�G FZC�� %A� ( BC+ >�/�� ��+ ;�C�� hC8 d=�� � G GTA��+ A,%#%& !1���5 d� Gn���� T��� n�� E�C�� �� Af© ) %A�

T�kyHr� ?Z£ ;�� R2G �Zk� h�3 �� >�/C� ;Cru� ;�C�� D�2� E�C��G �� �+ ;�&5 "Vw��� �r�G �� fp2 BC+ ":= E-C��� f© ;�P�� U/�� �%/Y�� �� R+Y�� �/8 I�� E2�u� Rp� _'�� i+� 1��²� ��G Rp��

 �� _��u� n��� äY�� ¦C�8 f© �� E��(�� 45 �/=�& 9'Y8 IG �:�� >�/�� ;]� P5 h�3 �#%�G���� P �k �� �/� R�= E]C�� �� Af© � �&

�6Ñ äY�� �� ���& P;�G X �%<� T�*<° �� T^/�� �y2 �� h�(�� �8 1��! >�/�� �y�&G 0� :C+ �� BCr �%� �/� %A �(A� TC: " :8���D �d��%#

)1( : ;�����–� 425.

Page 142: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

130

TC���G �$��� 16$�� �y��� ­ �6e�"G �16= Ú_��VC� E2�u�� T"$]� �P��� 1*$+� �w��� �� EJ:K�� ;+�6� := �YC�$� f© ,%6��� BC+ ;

"�� h�3 F��:Y$Z�G ���� �+ ���� A(�\� T"$�Z�� ;�C� 9A Ó5 G -2 �8]� �"/�� �(K ��:*r (�\8G hC�� ?CH� c^u� �%�1=� �y0{� M# -C=

������ T��� ���� F2 �(��G ��� à ;�C�� hC8 Ef]8 T^/�� �%H��� B 5:� �� " �d-Z  �� EY���� �� �&�/$Z-C� IG Z��� �d- �C�� %&� E

C��;:�ZGd-Z�� ,:$+& :�5 "k%�) A��]� X ":�5 9��� à E�ZY= ()1(.

��+ BC+ ���� �(A _%�%�� ��s�"�� �'� N:

1 :5 E�C�� �Zk� >�/�� ��+ ;]C�� ;�C� 1*$+P ey:C/8 ��� F��C� �&� F �� fp2 BC+ ��8 F� E-C��� f]� ��s �:k G�r��� �+ ;�&5 "Vw��� �� K F%�� �:£ G;:-^/�� "¯Y�� ,�+ ��+ N1%6. �PP, DZ:C= GU/�� �*�� �r��� @w%� F� ��s � ":= R& GE�,�Y� �� "��� � 1�� U/��

h�3 ;Cp�� ��� GEPP��� : � ;:&��+{� E2�u� F%�0� N�Z2� ;-w� ;V$= � S:-$�� 1��²�� �%/Y��� R+Y�� ,�V$� "*= G;:+�Y�� E�y/�� �� Af©� �/=�� U/à 9'Y8 I�� _��u� h�(2� G�r��� _�/$= G���� �� TA�k�

�� _��V2 E��(�� 45 T��� n�� ;]C�� ;�C� :�5 ��$Y8 � �(A� G�^� >�/�� ;]� S:s X Gn����Af© �.

2 :5 R�= GE-C��� f]& �r��� �%C& �+ 1%6��& n���� E]C�� D/� � � �/� �+ TAf*/8 R/Ä X G;�P��& 6Ñ äY�� �� � �& P �k �� �/�

)1( : ;�����–� 425.

Page 143: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

131

F2 F5� G>�/�� ;]C& 8�3 f*/$�� 45 �:� � �35 E-C��� ,�+ �:k �� �%<�z/*�� F� n��) %6�& F��C� �&� ,�$+� f]& ;�P��� n���� E]C�� 1

>�%6�� �� fp��� !c%/� ,�$+� %A äY���()1(.

3 :5 BC+� GcÄ{& "=68�� >�/�� ;]� N,%#%�� ;:r�� !(A �& a&1 � 0 �:� �� P5 ��X a&��� �(A F� �� T©��� ;]C�� _68P e��:k� e**

�{& u�� ��6Ú�C� 1*$+� j�A F� Gc^ �� �(�� _( ?��%# TA� �� �/�{� �%� ÚEJ:K& �6�� F2 �35 P5 Gc^) : T"$]� _��VC� 16=

,%6��� BC+ ;�P��� 1*$+� �w��� �� EJ:K�� E2�u��()2( ��� G :C+ �� BCr �%� %A �%*� ���£ 8��= BC+ �"�$0� TC0�) : �D:Ú8�¾� �dÚ���%�#

GÚTÚC��Ü�� �$Â������Ú6 �9Ú� ��y��Ü�� e�1�6Ú$Â��()3( �:� z/*�� !��� ,"�$0P� �(A ���� G G /w%� ) 45 e0:� !cÄ5� �%*��� ���u� ;©y& BC+ R:��$�� /w%� F�

T#+�� �� !f© 45 e0:� �:�� GTAcÄ5� �-C�$�� �� !f© ;©y&()4( .

4 :5 C/8 ;�%]C�� ;�:CZ�� 45 1�� � ,%6��� BC+ ;�P�C� ;�C�� !(A T ¦C�8 f© �� ���� �+ ���� A(�\� �:k GEJ:K�� E2�u�� _��u&

����$�& B���$Z�8 ;:�%� ;01X 9A Ó5� GTC/8 P�.

5 :5 0�� "=��¯� ;�C�� !(A f]8 ;:¥18 �r1 � �/& E��& ��= G¬* �� ;�1Y� �/& ���V$�&� G�y0{� �-CZ F2 �(�� hC�� ?CH� c^VC�

)1( : F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'���–� 68. )2( : ;�����–� 425. )3( : ;:�-p�� �:�Z�� ?�H& ;:�/�� ?�H��–[ 15 –� 635. )4( : F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'���–� 68 .;����� ®�. ?A3 h�3 45�.

Page 144: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

132

N�p2� >�/C� T^/�� ;H�° �-�$= f]$�� �(A >*0� ��� GT��� �����Y��� ;��$��� ;�C�� »�Ñ I�� ;�%]C�� EY��-C� �-Z��.

6 :5 ;�%]C�� ;�C�� f]8 Nf*2 ;:�� ;�%]C�� EY��-C� �-Z�� 4�� �-�Z��  F5 �:k G;-:CZ����:]$8 &� ¾\��8 �+� & Â�� G;:�ZC�� ÚE�C�� %&� �� .

I�� R/Y�� N,1 q�1Q ¤�+ 9�H��� [1�$�& R^Z:� F��C� �&� 9's � �&�/$Z�� �� ":�5 9��� à Af]8� ;�C�� !(K ,ZY�� �%:� M��# D�2

��= GT#+���) ÜF� T"�� �%C/�� RA� 9�� e0�1 ;�C�� hC8 �ZY8 G �%H�� �%"Y�� BC+ ���u�� FQ���� ®C]�:= ¬ �"/��()1(.

��/�� FZC�� �%C/& �-$AP� �& F��C� �&� a&1 �3� �T"Y� ÜF� ���s �A� ¨;:�y0{� ;/������

���u�� FQ���� by]�� �� �;:��� �*�*0 F2 %V��� TC/� dw%�� �Rr�  F5 BC+ T"Y�� = ?*Z& G �C�� !(A ,Z ��� ��k��� �r��� �:w i/� X G; G;:+�

i�, "/=�, /w�� %V��� ;+�6= G3�(���� R��\$��� \H��� aC�� N�p2� ;/������ ��/�� FZC�� �%C+ �& ;�y/�� n�� C/# � �(A R/�� G���� ���&

� �6+ P� G��%k�� �� �£ R6Y�8 F� ��s P ;:-$k ;�y+ ;:�y0{� � := �%C/�� RA� n�� ;:��� hC8 �+ \��$0 ��c �� R6Y�� F� G1%6/��.

G�+ R��& �%C/�� RA� �� �%��� MP�A ":C+ n�# I�� ;:��� �*� ~�1 � �%�� G;+�6�� !(A EVCH6� N\���) : ���%� T"�y2 �1� �� �%H*�$0=

)1( : ;�����– 425.

Page 145: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

133

*� N,�H� ;�C�� hC$�� + F%Z:�� �+�%���� E:C��� �y��� ��%�� �q0 ":C !*��& !*��� F%�VC��G �%=�� R+Y�� F� Rp� G ��$*��� >%6�� �%/Y���

�%=��G E-C��� !(A E2�k f]$& ;�P��� f]8 ���1 � G BC+ �%VCHr= :-Z8 $ e&��+5 G ey�+ f]$�� h�(� ?#%�� ;:-Z8� G h�3 �p��� G "C2 E1r�

��:�= T¬ ;r� EkyHr� >$��& AG ;r%6° TK ;+�r A%C/#� %V��� TC/& "$:-Z8 BC+ �%VCHr��()1(.

I�� ���%��� �*�$0�� >�/�� �y2 �1� d*$8 9"= ":C+ ��10 I�� ;:��� �� ��� Gh�3 BC+ �:���� !*��& !*��� bu5 �y� �� G�y��� h�3 T�ª

C� ?6���� G��$*��� R+YC� d=��� h�3��/�� FZC�� ��� ;:��� hC$&� G�%/Y-.

E-C��� E2�k f]8 ;:-Z8 Rp-$= ;+�6�� !(K EVCH6�� N\�� ��� ;+�6��� ;-¯��� ���%��� !(A ;:-Z8� Gey�+ f]$�� �(K ?#%�� ;:-Z8� Ge&��+5

%V��� �TC+.

E�"� I�� ErA1{�� %V��� N\�� ��1\8 ���� �(A F� @:Vr (�� � FZC�� ¬ ��� I�� ;:�ð� ®:�, R:6Y8 R2 BC+ R-$�� P� GS#%� õ�� G;���*�� E�1�{� !(A ���� G%V��� TC/� D/w� I�� EVCH6�� R2 BC+ �� G��/��

;:=2– F��C� �&� ��� R��� BC+ – BC+ G%V��� TC+ Rr� ;=�/à ,�S$C� �� ;6��� RY]� � ��� �2 I�� Nf" �� ;&pà D � I�� N1���� 1��� E��

9C+ d� ­`��� ,%0�� �� ;6� 9A� G��/�� FZC� �+�%� dw� N��= GN��Y��� ?�< �� �& �+ �� 9w1 �/�� dw� ,%"# �� h�3 ��/& �R� �0 � � G

)1( : ;�����– 425.

Page 146: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

134

%"= À!�6+ xk := R:� �� G%V��� ;-q� R*� �� TC/�� �(K ;:C6Y��� ;�:Z:q��� i�S�� !f0 a�� G%V��� TC+ 1%H8 Rk��� �+ e�S#%� ���� ey�%< ��*� ì�� ;/:*H& F���� 9¥18 RZCZ$& G!�6+ xk �:��8 ;���& (�� F��C� �&� !�r��

Rk���� !(A c�= ��s� Gn���� ;Ck�� �& TC/�� �(A d� R�/$��– 45 e�,�$0� ���� �(A–­$�� %V��� BC+ :

!� )F#/�t : �&� �%�� G­`��� ,%0�� �� d� E��& I��� G�:0\$�� ;Ck��F��C�) :Ï���� ;��2 i& �� ­���� ,%0�� %&� ":= ?$2 �� G ���� N1�Å&

�+ �� 9w1 9C+G ;�C�� f]8 n�1 �� G "�Y£ :C+ 1�\= G 45 �SY= "H*w $Z�� N�wu� ���%��&�N��()1( ;:�*0� 1��� %"= À �$�:��� R^Z�� ,%0�� ��

�%r� �01���� �& ��c (�� h�3 �%k �q�, _y�� F� BC+ G%V��� ;&$2%V���)2(.

)���W�� )F#/�: � G;�'u� ;Ck�� � ;k�5 p��k E:< �& ":�5 1�� I� �(A ?$2 �X ì�� 45 ��� � �5 �:k À¤%-]�� �� M9�& "<k� ;/��0

TC/�� �%�� GR:C��� ,%0�� �� �& ;CrY�� N�$Y�� hC8 ) : ���� ":= ?$2 � ��:A��Y�� �§� �& R:C�� 45 ÂD"$�� ÜF� 45 G!�/& ��( 1%$2��� R6= ��� G

¦:w 9�%�)3( &$2 ) ;�%V��� �1���� ( !(A �y� D�(& I�� ,%")� �� D*$2 I�� EY���� z/& 45 1�� -2 GN�$Y�� �p�� �� My#� M-C+ R*�

MP�K d#��� G9Y�p�� �-+ �& BZ:+ !(:-C8� G9��'u� ®V05 �� �& �� �*+

)1( : ;�����–� 425. )2( : ;�%V��� �1���� ����–� 13*/�� �6/��� GA�/& �� ���� 90–� 121. )3( : ;�%V��� �1����–� 22A�/& �� .

Page 147: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

135

N�$Y�� !(A �$³� G!�+�%�� -:AY�� %V��� >�%&� �� fp��� dw� R'Y�� ;:=2 f© t� ;�'k ;Ck�� �/8 t� P5 GF�� ¦6�& 1��8 ;:��c ;kZ� BC+

) �+�%��� !(A �'�� ,%"# BC+ \�8� �& P 9��'u� F5� G"�%01� T:AY��� N�$= T:AY�� !(¬ �-$"�� �� !f© �� ­`��� �]$�� �-$k� R/Ä X ;�&0

e-q� e���� N��*�()1( .

)W��W�� )F#/�: I�� ErA1{� !(A �/& EM# ��� GM�%$0P�� �'��� ;Ck�� 0�� �� �/& GA��23 + G,% !(:-C8� ��:A��Y�� �§� �& R:C�� �� BC

0 �%�� À �%*:) : ��:A��Y�� �§� �& R:C�� 45 ÂD"$�� � �:���� ���G F2� >�/�� �� ;�C�� hC8 >A(� ":�5 [%k� ����G "=  ( �;+�6�� >G �-2� R

¬�%&�G �+ A(��� G �%*:0�-�= "/�1Y8 RG0�� "$�,� �� �p�$��A�A�%G �� &$2 ":= dw��� e��5 1r �(�� 1%" ¾2 � R�� Ú$�?

!�/& �� ":=()2( �-25� G;+�6�� !(K ?�("$�� R:C�� ,%"# Rp-$8� À �� 1p2{�� Gd�1Y$�� BC+ S:2�$�� Rp-$$= �%*:0 !(:-C8 ,%"# ��� G¬�%&�

$��& B-Z�� &$2 !�"# ;ry� dw�� ;�,��� �A�%��� �� @w��� G> BC+ ey�2 e^'� �'� TC/�� �(A F� �%*:0� R:C�� �� R2 R-+ ¦r� �y�

�A�%��� �p2�� ��= �%*:0� GR-2�� >(A R:C�= G���.

)� �#�� )F#/�: ,%"# BC+ NS�8�� ;Ck��� !(A D�2 ��� G16$�P� ;Ck�� $2 A�p� I�� �+�%���� ���%��� D6� �:k G �%*:0 !(¬ dCHw� ��� G &

01Y�� 9C+ %&� ;-"�� � �2 -t� P5 G[#S�� T0��� %&�� 9 F��(V

)1( : F��C� �&� ;���� ;:&,�� �'���–� 71. )2( : ;�����–� 425.

Page 148: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

136

�%�� G!�(k) : N�6$° e*$2 [#S�� T0��� %&�� 901Y�� 9C+ %&� dw� � &$2 ��{� �(k ":= F�(º G�-C/$-C�()1(.

)-;� � )F#/�: R�%H$�� h�3 G_y��� R�%H�$�� ;Ck�� M�& �+ ¡���� �%�� GR��\$��� R:CV$��� ,"�$0P�� RqZ�� R:6Y$�� B'$�� X _y��) : �

;+�6�� !(A �y��� �<G CA� �& _y�� ¢�k� " N�6*��� ;=%��� >�/C� �s���� ���6��G T"�:& [^u�� ;�,�� E�p2� G b�H�� D��*8�

T:C/$��G ��+5 _y$�P� �p2� hC8 T"=y$�& FQ���� �Q �� fp2 > �-C/$�� BC+ h�3 �<� �+�%���()2( ;=%��� I01�� _y�� �(A Rp³ ��� G

�� Rru� �c\$�� n�� �"�� e���%68 ;Ck��� !(A F��C� �&� 1%6�� GN�6*��� b�H� F%/'¥ ��(�� �-C/$�� BC+ !1��& ��/�� �(��� G_y$�P� h�3

�1Q� N,�/$� -2 Ge:*C0 �o�� F�= G;C&�$� �^k� ;w1/$� ;�,�� ;��*$� M �(A� G_y$�P� := �p2 ��= GFQ���� �Q �� fp��� >��+5 BC+ !1��& ��/�� e:=�/� ey�k� GTC/�� �(K e:Z:q1 e���:� F2 7���� FQ����  F� BC+ ����

���%��� hC8 �:V-$� .

) ��-�� )F#/�: 6$�� ;Ck�� �(A R-/�& dCHw� ��� GF%$��� _y�� 1 �%�� GNV��� �� F���\$�� 1<{�) : 16$�P� T"*A�(à F���\$�� M#�

fp2 ���6$�=e� �%H�� h�3 �� G C/= -2 R�� � d:-) T¬/:$0� d� h�� �&� C/= -2 �-C/$-C� Û,*�� BC+ TA16$�� �� G �p��� GR:"Z$�� >$2 �&� Rp� -�� h�3 �%-�� Ã1� � ;����� ?#u� �&�� R6Y�� ���°S��

)1( : ;�����–� 425. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 425.

Page 149: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

137

n«��� �8c%#1�� h�� /� �&�� n�]6���H ;:Y��� Nc%#1�� 9()1( ��= À M��# Rru� R�%H$�� �/& N���# 16$�� ;Ck�� 45 TC/�� �(¬ �u� E,+

p³ ��� G�:=%���� ���6*�� �& _y$�P� h�� �&& ;2�u� !(A DC°S��� Z��& %V��� TC+ Û,*� BC+ C6Y� �6$�� �(�� ��� ;*

F%$� �+�%��� !(A T�� ;Ck�� �"�8 � G?#u� �&� R/= h�(2� G�-C/$-C� 9H/� �&�� h�� �&� �� BC+ . EY���� N�p2 45 N�$Y�� !(A �/& f���

"-:C/8 b�< _y$��� _y$�& G%V��� �%�� G;�%V��� �1����) : $�=\ ¦:� F� �� �p2� �Y�� �(Aº := T:C/$�� b�<� & �º �� B6 ����$�� ;���H= ;YC$°

;YC$° F%:Z������ F%�,��]*��� F%��6*��� F%:=%���� ����\$�� ;���H� N��]�h�(2 T"��<()2(.

)� �-�� )F#/� : �C� �&� ����8 BC+ 9A� G,%2��� ;Ck�� �&� �/& A1*$+& F� ��c �� G��p�� F���� dCH�� G��^K� d&Z�� F���� ����� �6ª h��

�%�� G%A) : �q0 ����� �� ���1 � >A(�& F3�8 ;+�6�� !(A E,2 ��� F��-/�� ���$& dq�6��� �%C/��()3( F� 45 1�� �� BC+ G >r� �� ,%2��� �(A

�6��� �%C/�� �q0 ;�t ���� GF��-/�� ���8 %A ?*Z��� G;*�u� hC8 dq ;r� GNf��� ;Ck��� �/& ��A �&� ,%"g �:�� %V��� TC+ �+ p��k

&$2) ?�1+�� ?$2 �+ ?:*C�� i]�( �%�� F� ���� �\2� G : ��A �&� F5 � I�� ,%2��� ;�k �� ;+�6�� !(A �C�:� e-:�+ e�,%"� �(& �� �/à G"$&r

�%�� GF��C� �&� N,"�& h�3 � F2� G��%� 9:|�� K (���� 1��& dCHw� :

)1( : ;�����–� 425 G426. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 426. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 426.

Page 150: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

138

) �& ����� �m 45 >%Z�� �6� �� F�%�, 1%6/�� !(A >�]�& �:�5 Rr�� BC+ TC�8� ;C6Y�� ;C-� >��+{� ��k� := Ý%$0� "q-C+ �� ��A

� _(k� R-)�� E�,�Y��� _��u� 1��$�� �� ;+�6�� �p2� ¬�%&� !Ð� >�%&\& "H*w� "C2 FQ���� >��+5 D�� 45 1��� >��+{� i]�&

A�q0 T�$�� �+�%�� �%6=�G !(A !1�� %C/& �"�� T# TC+ BC+ �� �Y�%= "�� $+'& 1%=�� ;+�6��G �� �\2� V �� $���< %� �V�N �(�� Rr%�� RA� �

�� �%Y$���o�� �Ú�& i# G �@CH6� �%/*8�� -:C/8 G ö��, ?:^+ M9�& h�3 �� B8\= $�C� N%� BC+ +yÒ<��()1(.

)1( : ;�����–� 426.

Page 151: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

139

2l )*�� >�:

TC/�� �(A �_��/�� G;�C� P l;+�r� lTC/� �b��H$� >*�� �(A Dª F��C� ��&� F5 �%�&) : %A ;�%]C�� E+%w%�� F:&()1( �6�� %A� G U/� ;�%]C�� E+%w%�&

�%�� G := ¦:�\$��� GTC/�� �(A dw� ?*0 BC+ ¦�� � GE-C���) : �� h�3� = � C�� ;�C� E�Z ��/�� FZ %V��� RA� ��+ N-Z�� E2�u� {&>��+G !�C� -2 "�Yu ���%��� DH*�$0�� G ;Z&yà ,ZY�� h�3 �-$0� �

T"$H�°� T^/��G n,\8 xk äY��� E+%w%� 45 ,ZY�� G �� fp2 R-/$0= ey:� TA��+ +%w%� f© >�/�� �y2 /$Z�� ;�^A d� �&� T�kyHr�

;:&�/�� @��6� ;Y����G ����$��� >$��& ;�%]C�� E+%w%�� �Yk 45 �:$k= ��1��� ;:��G ���u�� FQ���& R")� �� �+ \��� �� ()2( �(�� ?*Z�= 
FZC�� ���8 45 d=, �(�� ?*Z�� �:+ %A ;�%]C�� E+%w%�� �Yk 45 d=, äY��� z/& E(�� �:k G;-^/�� �%:� %A� G>��+{�� %V��� �+�%�& T�kyHr� �&�/$Z�� ;�^A d� ¦:�$�� ?*Z& "+%w%� f© R-/$Z8

�6�� �2�:� �A �F��C� ��&� �,%/�� G;:&�/�� @��6� ;Y���� �%C/�� !(A ��& ;C �"Ú�'k� N\����� ¾R/Ä � ��5 ÜR& G���u�� ÚFQ���& e;Cp-$� ;:�y0{� ;/������

Ú���u�� ÚFQ���� Ú;��� e;C:0� R/Y�& ��%C/�� hC8 �@*6$Ú� G"C#�� .

TA,%"#� by�� TA1�,� ;-"�� !(¬ ��%]C�� �yHw& �:�� ~�1 � �����*�= T�Y���� ¤�+� GF��:�� �(A �*Z& ,��� G�/�� &$2� GR:C�&

�%�� G���$�� $���H�) :�-�= h�(� FZC�� ;-q� �� fp2 �G := �%C���

)1( : ;�����–� 426. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 426.

Page 152: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

140

��:A��Y�� �§� �& R:C�� h�3 ;*Cu� ®&0 F2� ��������G >$2 ":= ¦��  2�� := �6V= �/�� p��� 9q�p�� �� "C2 T^/�� _��k E* 9+&���� 9oy

90-���G "$�� � ;�© %A� 9 �?:2�$�� :�5 ���/�� FZC�� G �8\8� ��6k � B l!%#%& h�3N�wk N���+ ()1(.

BY¥ ��:�� G -^/� R:C�� R-+ ;���< F��C� �&� R6= ���� �y� �� R:6Y$�� �(A F� �Z�� �?6� � R/# ��� R:C�& ?^/� F��C� �&� xk Ú®Â*

��s h�(&� Gt:&� "k�� >"0{� 45 & ��k X G -^/� /w� ;���< >$2 N1*# e�,%"# D6� F��:�� �(A "C��& ;Ck�� R:C�� 1*$+�

�/��.

)������ )F#/� �;e C+ "CpX �-$+� �:k R:C�� ;Ck�� ���8 ;Ck�� 9"= G B � �/�� >$2 �:�C8 �&� �%�� GR:C�C F��C�) : ��:&S�� ��& %&� M#�G

;/&���� ;q�� �����& ����� ��K ?$2�G BC+ ;�=|� d� !�6$�= >/:$0P�G C2 R-"�� �� _(k� G R-/$Z�� �A�%� �� fp2� G 6��

�:�C8 �Zk� �YVC�()2(. h�3 �/& F��:�� �(A ,%")� D�$8 �) = ¦�\ � >$2 ;�1��� �� ��A%)�� �� BC+ ~V6 _��u _1/$�� ?:8�$

T^/��G �& "�� M��*�� R/^= NS-"G _�u� BC+ _��u& ;m�$�� R/#� P ;-C��� �� f��� M��$�� ;]C�� �6k� TC��� ����� 45 �p2�� ���� 1��Hw

R:C�� �6£G !�:0 �&� �:Z����� �� ":= ¦�� � .. �>$2 h�3 BC+ T�|� �� BV��� >/:$0P� G �/�� >$2 ?:8�8 %½ BC+� G ¤�/$�� := ,�c�

)1( : ;�����–� 426 G427. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 427.

Page 153: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

141

TC��� E��$�PG "Y�168� G �������� �Zk� �� M^= G �� �& �-. 6�� �Zu�..G TC��� ����� 1*$+� ~V6�� >$2 ?:8�8 45 *:8�8 ?C�� G

&� %8 ��= ":C+ T#��$�� M�M Tk1 9�G N%&� 9C:C0� ;-q� �� ������ À ;]C�� �A�S�� >$2 �1*��� �&P� N�"-)� >$2 ��1, �&P� �^��� >$2()1(.

9A� ;]C�� TC+ ¦:�\$�� N���# ;Ck�� BC+ F��C� �&� [�/� � )�F#; 4���¨� �� [S&�� �%�� G) : e'�� ;+%w%�� ?$��� ��� >$2 ;]C��

>�/�� & Ec%W � R2 := �& c²� ���°S�� & Ec%W -:=� äY��� �� EP%���� ��GN,={� ¦��� >$2 %A� ()2(.

)1( : ;�����–� 427. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 427.

Page 154: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

142

3l���&�� >� :

F%�= R2 R-�� �:k eP�� �/�� !�/à F:*�� TC/� 92�Z�� ¦:�68 45 F��C� �&� R:s F��C� �&� �%�� G;������ N1/$0P� R-�� �(�� ��� !�/Ã� G;©y*��)C/�� �(A R-$�� T

E����� ��%k��� EJ:"C� I�� ;�P��� !(A �+ �V*�� BC+ F:*�& B-Z��GC/#� " _�r� ;oyo BC+: �YC�& ®&H8 I�� ��%k��� EJ:K� !(A �+ := �V*� ���� ¦�6��

�u� E:'$�� d:mG;©y*�� TC+ B-Z�� G BC+ ;�P��� �+ := �V*� Up�� ¦�6��� C�� 9�YC�� �cy��;������ N1/$0P� 9A� ��S GF:*�� TC+ B-Z��GeY�r -¬ �%�u��

�:�W �� C6Y� d^Z& �5 ®:-�$�� �� �%�& �:Zª� �y��� ��S8 ����� %A� ��Q �� BY�� �/� �"�Å& ,%6��� �/�� �+ ;�1%8 �� dH�� d:r�8 �� ¯Y�� �& &��

h�3 �p��� -"�:& �YC�� j��$�PG ��d��*�� TC+ TA��+ B-ZG _�r�� BC+ ®C<�� �o�|� ��+ ;oyp���T0 �� F� Up�� ¦�6�� T0� %A� � := �%-C�8 �� ��� ����

n��� �/& N�k�� �Y�� RqZ� D�ky8()1( . I�� �'��� �� fp��� BC+ �%$º ���� �(A"C2 ;©y*�� F%�Y� _,��� F:*�� TC/= GA��+ _%�%�� 1�Ä �(¬� G!��+ – f�� -2�

%A � ;=,��� ;©y*��� G92�Z�� -:0 P� ������ NM*+ �+ �(A Y:�68 [�¥ � ��SC�� 9�YC�� �cy�� BC+ ;�P��� i/� e'�� F:*��� G;©y*�� F%�= �& �� U/�� TC/�

i/� !��+ F:*�� TC+ FÅ= 1*$+P� �(A BC+� G;������ N1/$0P� 9A� : F:*��� ;©y*��d��*���.

T0� �:+ %A d��*��� F:*��� ;©y*�� R-$�� �(�� TC/�� �(A T0� F� 45 f�� � �� GR��� BC+ MS)� T0� by<5 >& �� �(A R/�� GF:*�� %A� GUp�� ¦�6�� �%-C�8 �� ��� ������ F� 9"= G ��� !f© F�, E�(�& MS)� �(A 1:$�� ;C+

:=.

)1( : ;�����–� 429.

Page 155: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

143

� �k)�� ̺ �& �Y/g ��$*� GTC/�� �(A ��&Z�� M� �23 45 9's CqZ� >(A� 8�&c �. �� !��� �(�� 92�Z�& e:"$��� �Y/# �& ;�����

�%�� G &�%&� ?81�) : TKp��� ����� �k)�� ̺ �& �Y/# ":= ?$2� ":= ;:=�� f© E�My�5G R-�8 �Y�� RqZ� �S8 � � eJ:� eJ:�= �� F� 45 �V �

8�&c 92�Z��G CqZ� >(A� G eY�Q !��23 � %½ BC+ &�%&� ?81� �� ?:8�$��G �(A R/^= F:*��� ¦��6$��� %V��� ~$Y�& B-Z�� &$2 ¦���

9A E"�� �� �%6�� &$2 �� F���\$�� !(��� q�S#� z/& �� �Y�� /= -2 �"/�� �(K ;����$�� >$2 h�� �&�� F:*$�� >$2 92�Z�� C

-^k �]r� %A �:�C$��� ~'�{� >$2 i��S��� ����� �y#� ~*6�� �p2� �� T:C/$��� ~���� b���� RA� ��+ �"/�� �(K & ;��/��� ~'�{� ��

!f© ��()1(.

&� F� F:*�� TC/� d��Z�� ��1\$�� �(A ����� DYC� X� 92�Z�� �/� F��C� � �� (�� �+� G =%�r� ��%��� TC/�� �(A RqZ� DC-$2� & �(�� ��/�� ;H0�� TK F2� TC/�� �(K ���68 �X ��fp��� ®£ _V#5 := T�k �(A� G!�/& M# F� �� T©��� BC+ GU#�)� ;©y*�� ��5 T"0�1 BC+� G := ®*Z�� ?6�

GTC/�� �(A �0�� %A U#�)� ®*0� G;*:^+ ;:©y& �'� F:& := ®*0 ��� 92�Z�� F� �� T©��� BC+� G;/:=��� M�1�� �� fp��� 45– U#�^C� e=y�

– �� ) ���%� 9"= GTC+ ;-C�� U/�� b,\& TC+ 45 6:�C8 ;©y*�� D�%ª ^A��� �%r\& ®H��� ":C+ aC0 35 G�Y��� d$s � R2 �� %CÑ �+�%�� �-^C� �� G�m �� �%º P �(�� ¬%C0�� "�Y� xk GN,u�

)1( : ;�����–� 429.

Page 156: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

144

¨92�Z��� ! 9A� G!�+�%�� %V��� ���%�2 ���%�� �+�%� dw� ,�6& �5 _Y)� F%�� � ��� ;=# ;:�H�� ?��%� h*Z8 ���%�� �+�%�()1( BC+� À � F��C� �&� !�+ 92�Z�� �� BC+ ;©y*C� :#%$�� h�3 �� T©��� TC+ dw�

̺ �& �Y/g ;Cp-$� �:0\$�� ;Ck�� G�$Ck�� �& ;Ck�� C/# �� -2 ÀF:*��C$�� ;Ck��� G;����� �k)��i��S���� h�� �&& ;Cp-$� �:�.

N��%$�� �%C/�� �� TC/�� �(A R/# F��C� �&� F� n�� M�1%�� 45 N%H� N,%/�&� C��� %V��� TC+ �+ F2 � �� �/à G;] �%�� G�-C/�� ��(A P%� �#%:� :

) �(A�� ;]C��� ;:&�/�� TC+ �/& ;C�� ¢,k TC/()2( �%C/�� �� Y�6�� ÀC�� ��� %A ?*Z�� R/�� G;:�Z) äY��& ®C/$�G !�:Y8 �� G ��� �6��� ¾;�P��� ¬

U/�� �� :C+G Ú6�� I�� 1%��� F� h�3� �� �TC�$�� �N,=5 ¬ �� d�Z�� �y2 �8 E�,�Y� 1%68 �5 9A��Z�� ��� ��Z�� ":�5 G z/& 45 "'/& 9'Y�� G BC+ ;������

_��u�� �/=��� MÐ�� �� E�,�Y�� 9A !(AG ��5� ��Z�� �� E���Z�� S::³ E-C��� ;:�&�� >��+{� �� E2�u� f]$& ":C+ ���� ;��c��� ":�5G !(A�

B�*� %V��� ;+�r 9A "C2 ¾��%k� ;�P�C� ;#$|� E/��%�& ;Y�$��� 1%��� �� �C+Y�� �� �*<�$��G � �� R/Y�� �k :'$�G �� %A� �� 45 [$V ;�P�

:C+G N,={� �³ �� �� G k �35� �C& ��= TC�$-C� DC6�Õ �;�© N,={� �y2GÜR-$�� � �35� >�/�� �y2 ��# �� �:C= "�� M9� BC+ ()3(.

)1( : ��18� 1%H8 ;©y*��–� 288A�/& �� .e�fw [S�� �(A n�� P �� j�A� . ��/�� R�/�� ��%�8 ����–� 128. )2( : ;�����–� 428. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 428.

Page 157: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

145

?Zk N,={� ;�© R& N,={� �³ �� !�/� X >�/�� ?:�0� Rps ~�1� �%�� G�u� B'$��) : d0�� T"�y2 F5G ��� R TA��+ ��� ��� �/& & �$¥

�&{�� >��+{� �-2G; TK%� F� n�8 P� : R*� �� ��c UM# TK%�� UM# ��c TC�$�� ��+ TA�� %A -"�� ���$�� F� F� ,=� ��c UM# �� �-= � �-$A

����& �-$A� F� ,=� UM# ��c �� ��� :�5 ��Z�� ����� R*� M9²& R*� ��Z�� M9²�G �� �%r%� �� ���� ?0�� à ;C-)� M�S#� �+ f*/$�� �(2�

;=�/� �� T"*�G TK%�2 ;C-)� BC+ ,�0{� �:2\8 �(2� : ��c F5� Tq� ��c e� � ��c F5� Tqe� Tq�� G ;�P��� "C2 N��]$� G �< �� E%$0� F5� � ®

+{�>��G �A(�� ­�� �:Y� Ó5 �:2\$�� �+ �1/�� ���� FÅ= G �2��� Up��� & )F5( ,,�$�� �:Y� G ;YC$° 9"= ����� �:Y� ��p��� G �%�8 h�(2� : UM#

R#���G �:/& ��� �%�8 � : �R#1 UM# G 35 -:�/8 f��$�� h�(& E�6� �G ���� �R#1 ��k� �,/� P �#��� �� G I�� 9A� ;�«� F%�8 ;�,�0{� ;C-)� �

Â�� �&H8 [1� K PG �:q��5; K [1� P I�� 9A� G �� � +�%��� ?CH�2 �:= >��+{� �� R. ;:�pC� F2 �35 �$C-)� �& ¦</�� j�8 �/$�����j h�(&

¾;�Ø� e$/� ,�Y�� d&$�� e��:2%8� eP�&� ¦H/�� �/$� �� ¦H+ y& G ��� � �35 �y��� ,1%:= cÄ{�� >�<{� R|� 9'$�� � >��+{� �� R. ;:�pC�

-":C+()1(.

�& F:*�& �-$AP� E�Y8 �%k 8��#� ��1 3Y�& �"�8 N1�5 F��C� �&P� hC8 ;�1���� ;&1]�� F� n�� %"= G;*�u� ) �� �%�� �Y�� �(A BC+ ;�1���

�#%8 ;:�-��� dq�6��� G;:�ZC�� �%C/�� ­-2 �� **0� G;&1]��

)1( : ;�����–� 428 G429.

Page 158: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

146

>�]�� �� e���-+ �=�� b����� GF��-/��... G �����ÜR: T�/� TA� T^/�� ;��/� ���°S�� fZY$2 b���� RA�G %A� �Y�� �(A BC+ i*� C2 %A� Cr� G Ó5�

>,�� �%C+ ;Cm �� !%C/#� G;r� d��*�� TC+ =�r� �� >�]�� RA\& �$�� A%6k� Tt� �%-+c� Ge+�%�� �%+%�� Ge&�%&� ��,�+� Ge&��� � �%+�=� G;��/��� d��*�� TC+ F�� GäY��� ��S$& �%�%�� h�3 BC+ T"C§ Ó5� G>�/�� FZ� ��

:C+ D*/r� G(�\�� R"0 ¤%-©� A1��� ;��� GF:*��� ;©y*�� (�×� T""�+ �%=^$= ":�/�()1(.

,%#�� F��-/�� �& a&1 �� "�� GN,�/$� ;���� e��k� ���� �(A �-'$� ;©y*�� �%C+ �& �� d��*�� TC/& ;&1]�� �-$A� �6k� G;:�-��� dq�6��

y� �� ��*8 I�� �-$AP� �(A �A�� �&� G>,��� ���/8� � >���� d��Y8 � Tt�� G(�\�� R"0 d��*�� TC+ F\& �-$AP� �(A RC+ � G��%��� d�%�8� >�%&�� A1��� ;��� GT":C+ ;*/r F:*��� ;©y*�� �%C+ F�� GäY��� ��S$& F%/�%�

":�/� ¤%-©� .

�� ��� �1 �&� ,%"g , �:� N�-/�� &$2 ;:���=� RA� �� ®: F� �%�� Gd��*��) : � N�-/�� >$2� ®:�1 �&� ;:���=� RA� �� d��*�� ¦�� �X�

!V�� BC+ ������� ;:���=� RA� �� fp2 n�#� 1%"��()2( F� @w�%�� ��� G + dC<� �� X Rps F��C� �&� !,-$+� h�3 �2�� �� G :C @��r R��&� e�fp2

��� �%C/�� ~$Y�� ®:�1 �&P N�-/�� BC+ ���� R/Ä �(A� G92�ZC� �:�C$

)1( : ;�����–� 429. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��–� 429 G430.

Page 159: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

147

��Z$� � �\& ;YC$° ��,:� e��o� TK �2(� � �� ,%"# BC+ �y<P� � e�%� �f©� � e��r/� ��Y6��� es�� U#�)2 .

���# �� %A "= GFQ���� �%C+� TC/�� �& a&�� ��/�� FZC�� �%C+ 8,/2� :*�� TC+ f�Z8 N1��w �C/� �%�� GFQ���� c^+5 T"Y� F) : �(A N�å F� TC+��

FQ���� �� c^+{� T"= 9A Ó5 �Y��G d:-g �� ;�P��� M=� !c^+5 F� -:= �-��� d� �y��� ?8��� BC+� 9A ;�%"Y�� ;�%H�� ��%k�� E:'$��

���$��� "q�$�� äY��& G "*:2�8� "Yr1 N,%#� G ^+{� %A �(A� �(�� c 2�1,5 �+ �"=�� �6�8À �� Ó5� Â�Ú1�j�z/& �� M9��� �� ;H��à b�3 � F2

��3 1�� BC+ !c^+5 �� j1�:= $�C� �%6k� ��/�� FZC��G D�2 �("C= �� �� !%/Ð ��(�� >�/�� j1���*ÒC] e��� BC+� h�3 G �y��� F0�= Tt�

8(&"#�G\& ,%#%� TA��+ b�(��� F%�� � �=�G Vr�� ( )1(.

�X h�3 e��� BC+� !c^+5 j1,�� FQ���� dÐ �� ;�*< F� �2�:� �A ,%/�� F� i/� X T"21��� 45 R& ?ZV= T"$©y& 45 P �A f�� ���� G"�*0 R:r�� d*��& TA,���5 45 ;=w5 M��/��� j1��� d:0%8 e�1�, ;:�Q���� ;©y*C�

O� 6��� �(A 45 ���ZY�� ;#k 45 ?A(� �5 R& G;/:=��� ;:�y��� ?:�0 �%�� GTAf© �� �p2� TC/��) : �(A 45 F%�� � [%k�� F��ZY��()2(G R/��

%A FQ���� fZY8 ;��� !��0 �� F��:�� �(A ?r �ZY� �"# ��� �%�� G_���� ���°S��) :� ¾© ����$�� f0Y8 �p2�¾Y�R �+ xk 1# �"¯

���°S�� ��G fZY$�� &$2 dw�� G à �Y�� �(A ��k\& FQ���� �Q d*$8�

)1( :;�����–� 430. )2( : ®&Z�� 1�6��– �430.

Page 160: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

148

!c^+5 �� z/*�� ��*�G ���� �� P%� f0Y$�� d:m BC+ R'Y�� �(¬ ,�Y�= ;©y*�� !%#%& FQ���� �� "0*$�� ��+ ��*�� RA� �q�+G !�V$� �(A R#��

�� RA� �� fp2Z =� d� ;� ;©y*�� �� $+'& 1%G �q�+ T�k� �-= ��;�ZG �� :C+ ,��� BC+ 1�$�� xk ;21��� z/& �Y�� �(A j1��

;+�& �� TC/� �� �y2 ��#G !��$/� �'8 P� "�+ ¤�/:= G :C+ �/$� �Å= ��*�� �� ;�yZ�� d� c^+{� �� M9�& �Y�C� >$��� �(A �����

M�%A���()1( .%"= h�3 C'=� �*0� ���°S�� ,%"g 8,�5 �� T©��� BC+ P� 8�:�+ �� ��-$� � �� 1(º �� P5 F��:�� �(A ?q^+ �� & B8� �� 8M��� :C+ �/$:= �%� ;+�*�� S::³ �H$0� �� �� G!���� F� ��*�� F�%�� TC/�

� h�(& �6�� %A� Gc^+{� �� := à �Y�� xk M�1Q �� _���� �� %A� F��C� �&� �& ¿A(�� _y$�P= Ge:�S$/� ���°S�� ¦r%& ;�S$/-C� R'= �� &$2 � 45 �%�$�� �� /�s � ­S$/� %A� ���°S�� �&� ��/�� @w�� ���� �(A� GM�%A�� ��& �� := ,�� �� X !��(ª d� �� N,Y$0P� ��s

�&� M�1Q ;:���6� EY:�68 BC+ T�u� $:+%w%�� F��C� �%C/�� >Vr� T":�5 f�� ��(��.

)1( :;����� –� 430.

Page 161: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

149

4l !� >�?�:

!(K F��C� �&� �H= ��� G��/�� FZC�� �%C/& � ;Cr P �� TC/�� �(A �A¯ F� :�5 Rr%8 � F�= G-"�:& ;C6�� #� �*� F� ��V= G;:'���)� �� ,%6��

� 8�å FZC�� RA� ��+ %���� i= N,#{� 9A� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ 1%p���� T":k���()1( TC+ %A �:k �� >,�� TC+ �� G) E*o5 ���� � �%w%� P

":Y� �� w1�%+()2(G %A Ó5�) >�/�� �y2 .. d^0� ;�*H�� ­+ �/� �� o%p*� %V���� ;]C�� �� RqZ�� N,#{� �Z$�; $Z� ;��Y$� h�3 M�o� ���

& T"Y� >�/�� ��� �� z/& �23 d� >�/�� ���%� T�/� ?�]�� �¯��� "�� "�� TA1/�� d�� �G 1*���� Nf"��� >Z��� �� T"�� �23 h�(2�

>�/�� �y2 �� M9� := �¯��� BC+ BY¥ P F� C2 h�(& ,%6���� ;�/�� VY68 �35 T"$©y& 9k��� T"*:�0��()3(.

A� F��C� �&� ,%/� � F� 9A� P� G"�+ ���u� �p2� �� F2 N��= �:2\8 45 C�� ;�C� GT"�y2 �� N�$Z�� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ ��-$�& P5 F%�$8 P FZ

�%��) : -"= �/& P5 �Yk �� ;�C�� R6ª P ��G � d:m 7��8 45 [$V:= -"= :C+ ¦�%$�()4(.

�k F��C� �&� R��� � �%�:= G������ ��+ �"$�� � BC+ >,�� ) : �35 Tt5 � �%�� �Y�� �(A �k ��,�1�: A1*��� >�/�� 1/�� �Yk %A >,�� G �� (����

)1( :;����� –� 430. )2( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 430. )3( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 430. )4( :®&Z�� 1�6�� –� 430.

Page 162: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

150

a�= t%$� �:k �� ;:+���� �%C/�� �� FZC�� �%C+ �� F����� _�H& TC+ R2 ���u�� FQ���� 9A�G /�� �y2 �%C/�� �� h�3 f]� R��� P 35 � P5 >�

���+ F���\$�� :�5 ?A3 T"C0�8� TA1/�� ;�1%$�� �� d��*�� ;+�6& T"YC2 ;:-C/�� EkyHrP&G $k= [ EkyHr� ;=�/� 45 (J�:k �Y�� �(A ?kr

e-q� F%�:� �%C/�� "-"= BC+ ()1( . �/& �3 F2 M����� n�� >,�� F2 F5�*r� F� 45 �%"Y� 1%H8 � G9�y��1%p���� �%���� R-�� @)2(.

9H/� �:k G;:&,�� !�6+ RA� ;=�p� e�,��k F��C� �&� d'� h�3 �/&� EY�6� ����$�� �y� �� h�3� �,%#� ;=�p�� hC8 n%$Z� �+ ;�+ N1%r

d� ;�+ ;Y6& >,�� � �%�� Gn��� �%C+ �� �%$ª ) : ��%:� �� �/Ð� A �%r� F� T:C/$�� ��� �Y�� �( �21�� >$��� >,� 9A� �����, ;/&1�

�k^C� �:*$��� F:*�� >$2� ,«-C� R���� >$2� ;*:$� �&PG � �� 1,�%��� �,��]*�� ­��� 9C+G �d*$= ;/&1�� !(A n%0 �� ����=� K "�+ G ?$2�

Nfp2 h�3 �o�|�()3( � ;:&,�� ;=�p�� hC8 F� �y2 �� @w�%�= G ¦�p8 I� !�6+ RA� ":=� T"�:& �� %A� � ;/&1�� ?$��� !(A BC+ a�= S�8�8 �

!(A ES�81� ��� G":C+ �y<P� Ö Nfp2 ���Y� �%r� 9A Ó5� G?ZV= -+ EwY$0� �� e����# ��/� P ��= R2 ���� G�%r�� hC8 BC+ ���Y��

C+ �o�|� ?$2 F� 45 1�� �� -:0 P� G®*0 D�2 F5� GNfp2 >,�� T�$�o� �8S:à S:-$8 �%r�� ?$��� hC8 :

)1( : ;�����–� 430. )2( : 9CA)� �6/�� ����–� 7A�/& �� .E�1%H$��� ;���*�� (�� >,�� �%"Y� ¦:w 9�%� 1%$2��� ¤�+ �:k E��< I�� ;�%�/��� ;�%]C��

��S�� 1��� d� :C+. )3( : ;�����–� 430.

Page 163: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

151

t!� :5 45 ;:&,�� ;:&%C0�� ;:�:&� ;:©y& Nfp2 �'� R-�8 ;:+%0%� ?$2 t;:�/�� ;-:��� E�3 1*���� 1/���� Nf*��� ;�%]C�� N��p�� ?�# .

)���W�� :5 N1%r 9H/� X ;�1�� �Y��� ,%/8 t ;:&,�� ;=�p�� ;/:*< �+ ;=�o ;:&,�� >�]�� RA� ;=�o  F� �/à GF��C� �&� T"0�1 BC+� ;&1]-C� �&� �o\8 �� ��= G�$=�p�� �& ��S� ,%#� ��/� P �2 F5� Gc:$�& ;:���� >,�� Nfp��� M�1�� N�-/�� &$2 �� (���� e�fp2 ®:�1 �&& F��C�

©y*��� ������Af©� ;.

45 f�:� G�/��� %A� G���� 45 >,�� TC+ �/�� �� F��C� ��&� ¾R�$��� GM�]�& $�y+) � �Y�� �(A M�S#� �� ���� 1�6�� M�]�� F2� %A �d&8

��C��/G 35 � �:VC8 %A Ó5 M�]�()1( �&� 1�� ��� G�/��� �VC8 %A M�]�= À 45 N�-/�� ®:�1C� #%� M�]�� F� ;+�r BC+ �+��� & �/$Z� �/�

�%�� G�/���) :,%�� �/��� M�]�� G & �23� �+ �� ?:H�� F� ���$�e= ���8_ :C+ %A� d�6� 8�:6� I�� K��: �C#ey -2 � ÜC= �:�h �@�«$��. %A� �]$�

Gd�6�� �3Å= ¦�%8 z/& ¦�%$�� �#1d ,��{& �� ��� N�:6��� 45 �:k B"$�� "��()2(. C/Ä F� F��C� �&& ��k �(�� ?*Z�� %A �(A F%�� Ã1�

My'Y��� >$��� ����$0� ,1�� �� -2 G�Y�� �(A M�S#� �� ���� 1�6�� 45 � N���# ;Y:¯� �"�8 �A� G�/��� ?:�0� R:6ª ;:]& M�]C� ;:0*/�� �����

� R:6ª 9A� ®:�1 �&� !�23 � �%�� G �%�=� �/��� ?:�0) : >$��� F2� er�k & T"ZY�� F�(�\� ;:0*/�� ;����� ��%�� �� My'Y��� R:6ª BC+

)1( : ;�����–� 431. )2( : N�-/��–[ 1 –� 381.

Page 164: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

152

�%�=� �/��� ?:�0�G ek,� �V$�� ��� TC= NM����� ;���/�� ()1( R:����� À ���/�� ek�� M�]�& (��� 1*$+� ��/� e��:2\8 F��C� �&� �0 �(�� NM����� ;

&$2 ¬ BÐ� U"Yr�� A,1�� E%r ;q� F%�]�� � 1$�� �:���� F�1A F� TA1/��� TK�,� T"���� T¬Z��� >�/�� 1*�� �� fp��� ,�1� d� GU©��

�%�� G :=) : := dm U©�� &$2 U"*r�� [�Y�� %&� 9w��� ¦�� ��� >�/�� 1*��TA1/��� ¬Z��� M�]�� BC+ !�*� R/#� TK�,� T"���� T

e8%r ;q�� !=��� >/:$0� � h�3 := ?+%$0\= �:��C� F%�]�� A1$�� I�� ��-/�� �� �= R2 TK DYC0 I�� �0|� E$�� d�#� >�/�� F�%�, �5

= h�3 >$2 & ��/� P� ��%k��� �q0� M�]��� ��1$��� �/��� F%�= -: -C/�G ?�,�� ":�5 %-Z� I�� ;�]�� %A� G �¦��� A��+ G ���� � � B ¬ ¨()2( .

>$2 �2(� � �� @:Vr)U©��( ;:=�p�� Nf�(�� D�%2 I�� ?$��� ;Cm ;:&,�� ��� &,�� ��Y�� R��� �� F�%�, !�+ �� P5 F��C� �&� �6+ 9

¬ %Ð I�� ?�,�� ;�©� G>�/��A��+ ¦���.

)1( : ;�����–� 431. )2( :��®&Z�� 1�6 –� 431.

Page 165: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

153

l 7#oe�J��� + :

F���� Rq���� ��p�� F���� �y� ������ �,�� ����� ;2�k BC+ �dCH�� F5 �� M9� 45 E�1�5 �� E�1(� F%�8 F� ��/8 P t� �Ä ��^K� d0$��

F��C� �&� ¦�%� M�p$0& ������ �����)1( ?A3 ��� R& G FZk5 1%$2��� 5 �%��� 45 �*+ F) ���S� � �� T©1 �6/�� �(A ��� T�+� F2 F��C� �&�

fp��� M9��� !�"# �� V�s �� G�,�� �����()2( �+ ���u� ®*0 ��� G F��C� �&� �o� c«� � S#%� F� ��s ��� P5 R:6Y$�& F��C� �&� ,%"#

��� F��:� ;Vw�� E-6& � D�2 ��= G!�6+ ;������ ;2�u� Rp-$�� G��"�� N�+ ��� �o�� h�3:

1 : G>�/�� ��+ �,�� ����� ��18 S:-$� ¦�%� �+ «/� �/��� ;:A� !���ª ;����& ���o\$�� ;r�� GM����� �:w��/��� ,����  F� @��r R��& ��� %"=

:= � 1*$+& �/��� 45 F����� �%�2 G�f©� ®:�1 �&�� 9³u2 >��+{� �� �� GBY���� F�c%�� �y��� �\& �/�C� ;���� ¦��/8 z=�� h�(�� GFc%��� ;©y*��� N�:6��� ;:�& ���:k%�� ���6�/�� ;:=���� Fc%�� F%�� F� z=�� %A R��� BC+

G;:&�/�� ,���� z/& ,%"# BC+ �-$+� �� � !���ª� �/�C� Y��/8 F2 F5� ���� ;r�� GRq���� 9��c���� U#�)� 9w���� ������ G�/�C� Y��/8 ZY� ;

��/�� �/��� ,%-+ �+ T"p��k )3( GM�1�� hC8 ?+%$Z� F� �H$0� ����� À DC$k� I�� ;��/��� N1%6�� BC+ !S:2�8 ;r�� G!�6+ �N��� ":�5 ������ G"�����

�2 F� ��/& �/��� ;:A� ���ª 4��� ;*8��� ;*8��� hC$& B�ª �/��� B�:0%� DM����� >�/�� ,���� �� fp2 ��+ .

)1( : >�/�� ��+ �,�� ����� ��18–� 615. )2( : ®&Z�� d#���–� 616. )3( :& ;<0%�� �%6�� ¿�$�� �� � 31 G32.

Page 166: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

154

2 : e�%½ 8�(& ey�$Z� D:*�� �F%�� F� N1��w ®:�1 �&�� ?C/o d� �Y8� T©�& �� h�3  F� À�k�%�� D:*�� U/�� ¦:p�8 c%Ä P �� n�� ��Å= Ge:*:2�8� e:�P,�

$�P�� T"Y�� �:�/8 �\� ��/��� D:*�� ;��/� �� �� . ;-:��� �� RC�� !��� �(K��k�%�� D:*�� "�k,c�� :�/� N�p�� ;#Y� �&� �/�� ;:�Y��.

3 : ;H*8��� �'��� �� fp2 M����� ,���� M�1Q �� F��C� �&� N,Y$0� T©�&� P5 G -C/8 !%#�� �/��� ;+�r �%w%� ;������� F:Z���� �Yu& F� �H$0� ��

�/��� ;+�r ���� ���ª �y� �� ��/��� ���&{� ;:C-/� e^w� e�1%68 �0��;YC$���.

4 : %½ ¾R:s ����� Ge����= h�3 ��� �� Gb�(�� F��C� �&� ��+ �/��� ��� 1:/� ��� À1%6/�� «+ ,���� "H*�$0� I�� ;:�Y�� �+�%��� BC+ �-$/�� 9+%w%�� T�u� a&

F� n�� �� h�3 G���� �+ ��k� R6Y�� y= ®:o� �&�& b�(��� ;=�p�� �& �-)� ����$� M��� d� ®C¥ 9/:*< ,��/$0� �� ;��H= ;-:� �:� iY�� b�(��

& �$-$0P��e&Z$2� ?Z$�� Ó5� G 82.�.

5 : �/��� �YC�� ;:'� ï/�G ���� ;�%���� ;*Z� �y� �� h�3� G;:�Y�� ;©:6C� ;: [$ª P� �k�� R2 ���$� 9"= G�k� BC+ e���k DZ:� U/�� F� n�1 �:k �� N1%6�� !(A ?���$�� G;+�r� N1"�� �= 45 [$ª "$©:r ���� G;+�r 45

F��C� �&� F1�� Û1��� �A3 ?A(�2 ÀE+�6�� z/& F�85� ;:�Y�� ;©:6�� �& S��� _S��� ;'Y���[# . _y$�& M�& NM%C-�� U���� N,%)� ¦C$Ñ -�=

"$©y&� �,%^= ;]C�� 45 ;*Z��& ���� h�(2 M�� _y$�& P "�Zk �r��� BC+ $�P, 1*$+& Y:�\8 �y��� E�*< _y$�& ¦C$Ñ �-/$0P�

F��C� �&� 1%68 U/�= À"ZY� N�k�� U/��� GK ;-:� P e:�= "$©:r R*�

Page 167: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

155

;+%w%�� N,�� ;�Øà �/�C� U/�� F� 45 1�� �(�� ;���� ¦�%� d� T^Z�� �(A� �%w%� M9� �� ":= �&P �� �� G;+�r R2 �#%� -2 N1%6�2 ":= �/����

;©:6C� ;'Y��� N1^�C� ?��� Rp� G"�� 1%6�� fo\8 R*��)1(.

5 : �y+ R6= E:�&��� �/� R::�$�� F� 45 1��� G�/��& ����� ; �� �:�� N��*�� ;����$� U/�� F� 45 ;=w5 G��/�� �� 1��� �� R�� E�%*���� �� �A �0� A1�$=� %A ?*Z��� GN��*� f© ��]$� e:�= 9���� ;�%"Z��

]&��� ;6� 45 ��:/� �(A� GR::�$�� %A� P� ;��/��� �0� �%01 d� ��/)� ; �%� :C+ ���� -�:k TC0� :C+ �� BCr �� :

}:���K�e �1��} �� H� ��� �L��. ������� ���*�� �L�'|-��� ������g�; ��}��}��}.

��������I ����� ��� u|#�g�/����� ��#���y��� ���|�� ���}.�#��� �C������ ����� �#���P�h�;

��= �%01 �� CrB �� :C+ TC0�" :45 ��� &� BC:�"¨! ��= :45 G;�)� ��= �%01 �� BCr �� :C+ TC0�" :F5 M� ��")1( ��Zk ;]&��� �� ��� � %C= G

�� BCr ¿��� �,1 �F�� M-Z�� b%= Ú;�Ø��� Ú�"��� ÚM#1 �/� �� ,�1� �-Ú� ì�CÑ �%� �cS/� �(A� GeYC$° TC0� :C+ ;w��Y� e�,%:� j�A F� �� F��C� �&� ¦

?�)� -:0 P� G":HÑ 9]*�� P e�,��k� GE:�&���� E�%*��� �/� BC+ ����� F��:� F��C� �&� E+��& �� ;$YC�� !(A �/� F� ��s� G9C::�$�� ;���& �/��� ¦/w ;:'� 45 �1�� �� U&c���� 9/-r�� F2 FÅ= G�,��

%+��� �%-+ BC+ T�u� �(A ®CH� � F��C� �&� F� P5 f�� >& �%��� N ��= U&c���� 9/-r�2 �*0 �� �� GE:�&���� E�%*��� 6� R& �/���

)1( : �/��� ���–� 65. )2( : M��/���� �/���–[ 1 –� 289.

Page 168: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

156

R�, �35 ¦/w �� ¤��©�� x� �%-+ BC+ �/��� ?:6� � 45 �1�� � �%�� Ga�= FZk Mo1 BC+ ¦/'�� ��6k R& Gf�� >& 9/-r�) : �/���

���� && G���� �3Å= R�, f�� G¦/w �(A FZk �& lD&o �RV= �� �%V= G;:CA)� -C= M# �y0{� a�0 !�/�()1( �%��� �(A ~�� ��= U&c��� �� G

DZ:� � �35 ;Y:/w �� ;�:� t� BC+ �y0{� FZk 9o��� 45 1�� ��= ¤��©{� ;:�& �%VY�� �/�& 9/-r�� �y2 ek1� �%�� G;��/��� ) : ®��<

��� y+ F2 D&o �& FZk F� n�8 P� GFP f�� >& $C�,� �35 �/ f�� >& !�/� R�, -C= �y0{�� ;:CA)�� ¿��� 9o��� �� )� ( NS§�

TAf©� -":C+ �� F�%w1 �Y/#�� !�/� FP G �/� ®��< %A �/��� ®��<�%VY�� M^K�� Rk���� 1���� EYr �� G;]&���� fAc� �:��� Û��� Rp� �

$C�,� �3Å= G1�$=P�� >��u�� R:��� �-u� ;Yr� MZ��& ?:*�$��� @����� P f�� >& F()2( . ,%/8 �/��& ����� ;�y+ �%k Nfp2 M�1Q B������ ,��C��

My/�� �& ��-+ �� 45)3( :*� �/� ��1� ?+%$0� F��C� �&� F� i/� X G� ¦/'�� := F%�� �(�� ¤�]�� BC+ !S:2�8 d� "$ryÆ M#� M�1�� !(A R2 ��/��� ¤�]�� �(A ���&{� ;:���{ ek%$Y� >*�� j�8 �� -2 GiY��

�� 45 & �%r%��� ���)� BC+ !�6� �� F2 F5� >%CH�� iY�� n%$Z ��$� P �(A� G�%VY�� �� ;©y*�� ;�*< BC+� �:�y0{� �y2 !1*$+� d� z

;:�/�� ;©y*��� ;�C�� R��8 ;:Y:2 45 ^$� ?A(�� �(A F� �:CA)� �y2 45 ^$� ?A(�� j�3 -�:& G7���� FQ���� �� N�-$Z�� ;/:=��� ?:�0�& N�o\$��

)1( : M��/���� �/���–[ 1 –� 311. )2( : M��/��� BC+ M-C/�� (�×� @�%��–� 85 G90 )3( : ®&Z�� 1�6�� – � 6 . :&� �+ U#�)� d=�, �:k �%6�� ¿�$�� �& ;<0%�� ����� -�� �� z/*�� F2 ¿�$-C� E

8�:�+� ��, ,Z= "C#�–� 64.

Page 169: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

157

�� �%w%�� ;/:*< �1 �%w%� %A� ~��H- ;�:w !,��k 9k := �:����:��.

6 : f�� � e/� ������ T���� �� Ge/� 1%p���� �%���� i= N,#{� F:& � ?��%# M6�$0� N���= N1��& ¡�%� R:Cª� G®:-+ ����� i= ��� �/& 45 �-$�� ?$�� �:k GFZC�� ;�C�� R��8 ;/:*< 45 h�3 �:/� %"= G�'���

� ;Cru� ;�C-C� n��� ;�C� E��< %� �� i/� �(A� G4��� N��Y�� BC+ dq*HC d�$= GK ;+c�� D�2 -2 G�%*��� ;+�0 �+ K ;�q+ 4��� ;�C�� D�2 �& P 35 G�$�C� �-$�� R6º F� ��s P �� �/à GK �-$�� 1(/$�� N=���

F6���& 4���� G-"�� N�k�� F6���� ��$/� F� 4��� F� ;:�p�� ;�C�� 9A b0 ��� GFZC�� ;k0 AS:k E(��� G;C*#� ;/:*< E1r xk D��³ FZC�� BC+ ­%$Z� P ;:01Y�� ;]C�� � D�*0 �(�� 9-^+�� F� eyp� h�(� F� Gdq�6�� ���� h�(2� G - C+� -C/8 F5� xk := e��r� B�*�� ��/��

dq�6�2 E�C�� �:Ä F� R� � ;+�r N,#{� D�*0 �3Å= Tk,S8 P "$�© 45 ":= R6� �� "ZY� ;#1��& n��� ;+�r "*kr)1(.

0� ��= �(�A� Y8 b%Y$� F� F��C� �&� �H$ Z N�A��� !(A f ~�< ��&�� Gd��� ®H��� 9C�+ >%C0\& "�� Y�%� ���ª� G"C:Cª�

� E�C�� 1��� �%"Y� �Y�C� EYr t�� G;:�Z�{� �Y��� dq*HC� K%6k !��r/� P� M����� !��+ ¦�� � � %A� GN�k�� ;/=, Tk,S8 P F�%��� �A�%�& T:CZ$�� Ô\8 I�� G��*�� _%ZC:Y�� ;:C�/& F��C� �&� R/= -2 ���ZY�

)1( : ;����� ����–� 441 G442.

Page 170: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

158

e:C� F2 F��C� �&� F� �2�� X Gd��� 9-C+ R:C/8 F�, M:��� !(A R:C/8 N�A���)1(.

7 : \��8 ;�C�� F� �2�� hY�� P %"= G��/��� 1<{� N��= BC+ !�:2\8 ;�*H�� ��3 �� ������ 1/�� BC+ ��³ �-= G>�/�� ?:�0� BC+ ��-$�& F2 GT"�:& »+ �\2� := ;�C�� DC]C]8 xk "�Yk� G!�p�� -�� ;/:=���

�(A� G"ZY� N,%)& -�� F� 45 1�� �� -:0 P� GF��C� �&P e�*0 �/� X ����\& ,�º e:�= 1%p��� �� �%���� n%$Z� : F\� %C+� ä%Y|� N,%# ����

t%C�� ;�C�� R��� �(�� %A �� ä%Y|� �� ®&Z�� Up��� G;�*H�� &Vr� <{� R��$� ���u� ��(A �-w� GiY�� "*A(�� AfZ� ,�º� ��/��� 1

T¯�C�.

R:ª ?��%� DV*r� I�� ?:�0�� ��%�� BC+ �Z���� F:Z���� �Yu� N��= F5 �V*�� %A �/�� !�/à �� G���u� ����� ":C+ @CHr� I�� ��$�� N��= 45 �%�� �(�� ��:-/�� T"��� Ge'�� M����� !� 2� � �(A� G��$��� ������ N�%&� �+ :

) �@-C8� h*Z�� d� :�&0 1/�� fp��� �Yu� �1oQ D:-��� �/� �Zu�()2(.

|���m��|��� ©4��{�:

)1( : U��C�� >H�� >,�� �%"Y�–� 180 G181 . e����� e*�,� F��C� �&� �����–� 93 G94. )2( : ¿�$�� E��0 �+ ;�&{�–� 214.

Page 171: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

159

G!�6+ ;������ F��C� �&� ,%"# BC+ M%'�� DHC0 �� ;0�1��� !(A F� à �& y= ;=��H��� ���^$�� ?��%# Ec�&��� F�8 F%� �/� BC+ DY�� ��

�� ;-6*�� ;Vw�% F��C� �&P �(A F��:��G f*2 1��& dCHw� �(�� %A� 9C� � 45 ;0�1��� !(A D"$�� ��� G��1$��� �-$#P2 n��� ��,:�:

• 5 F ;-:� ;���� íM�1Q � D�2 F��C� �&� &� T©� �� ��� ���S� � fp��� M9��� !�"# �� V�s �� G�,�� �����.

• 5 C� e��k dw� �� �:k �/ �/��� N1%6�� R/# Fc%�� R*� ���� ���� ;�;:=����.

• 5 M��/��� z/& ®k ;������ ��k�� �� ���/�� ������ 0��� �� BH+� � ;#Y� �&�� ��/��� ¿�$�2 . D:*�� U/�� ¦:p�8 �¥ -:= -:0 P�

;:&�/�� ?:�0�� ��%�� BC+ fZ�� �¥ -:=� �k�%��. • 5 ,Y$0� � � ,���� M�1Q �� F:Z���� �Yu& ;H*8��� �'��� �� fp2 M����

-C/8 !%#�� �/��� ;+�r �%w%� ;�������.

• 5 ���ª �y� �� ��/��� ���&{� ;:C-/� e^w� e�1%68 �0�� F� �H$0� �;YC$��� �/��� ;+�r ����.

• 5 e���� e�1:/� b�(�� �� (Ñ� � � � �&�& b�(��� ;=�p�� �& a&1 R6Y�� y= ®:o G���� �+ ��k�� iY�� b�(�� F� n�� Ñ ;��H= ;-:� �:� M��� d� ®C Ó5� G

8e&Z$2� ?Z$�.

• 5 � :�&���� E�%*��& f�� �/� ;���� �6k >& !f© T-+ -�:& GEf��.

Page 172: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

160

• �� FHC0 N�A¯ �r1 b%Y8 �5C � Ò(�� BC+ 4��� ; ;&%/r� G�,�� �A ��³ 4��� Í%01 �/& n��� ;�C� �� FZC�� !«� X h�3 e��:Y$Z� G

®H���� ;YZCY�� .

• 5 ?�# BC+ S21 � G��/��� 1<{� � !��+ ��o� �00� BC+ Tq��� >�/�� ?:�0� BC+ ��-$��� ;/:=��� ;�*H�� �+ �Yu�.

• 5 N1��w BC+ !�:2\8 �y� �� >� �� �$�� �� R�� F� 45 1�� � 9/-)� R�/�� R��8 ;:�Q 45 f�� �\2� ��%�� BC+ �Z��� � ä%Y|� F:Z�

���� ,��#�� ¢��$� ;�S��� ;:/-)� N�2�(���.

�{�K) ����� 789 �I �ª:

Page 173: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

161

• ����� F��C� �&� f��8 �& iY�� ®&H$�� n�� ;0�1�� ;:-C+ ¢%£ �6Ñ F� ;=�/�� G�/��� F��:� �:*H8� ®&H$�� �(A @�y�� �� h�3 � G $:r%6�

�� G®:*H$��� f��$�� �& N,�.� ;-��� �<� ��+ F��C� �&� ;:C�+ E*p� S�S/8��u� �& N%^Y�� ?��%# ¦���.

• !y8 �� �� �*0 �� ,%"#� ����� F��C� �&� ,%"# �& ;�1�� ;0�1, n�W F� G;"# �� ;=��H��� N�)� ?��%# c��&{ ,%")� �+ f6�$�� ?��%# BC+ �:�� dw%��

":C+ R�%/$��� ;�&Z��;�ky�� ,%")� .

• F� � ;�1���� ;&1]�� �� ��r/� ,%"# d� ;������ F��C� �&� ,%"# �r�8F=�H�� :C+ R6ª �(�� R'Y�� F:& �� h�3.

• &� ;:6�� n��� ?��%# BC+ _�/$�� T$� F� F��C� � �:k � � �� xk T$ F "�+ >���� ¦�2 ;�1�� ;:�Y�� ".y� �r1� ;:¥1$�� ;6��� �= +%C'2

N�r/�� ;6�C� ;:�Y�� �r�/�&.

Page 174: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

162

].�#/� ���2/� O#P�

1 � ���– �§� ),.E (– An� M� 0S�R – ;/*H��10 – E�f& – 1�, ��/�� >$���.

2 � ��� �&�– ?:*k : �³ %&�)1998� (– � ���I��� – ?:H�� k�� �S�«$��– �Ð�� 9#�1 01"=� ���%A dw�� � ��� – ;p�p�� ;/*H��

– E�f& –��/�� >$��� 1�, .

3 � ���&– �§��� �*+ )1962� (– 4��T�p; ���� �� � – �6�– 1�, _1/��.

4 � I�*�$��– ��& �� �& ,%-. �& �-. )1329 A (– R:� 0�� ~�P�� 5�I��� �;�9�98/� ~�& –4��� ;/*H�� – �6�– ;/*H� N,/Z��.

5 � ��&)�– �&+ �-. )2002� (– #���� U�J��� �I�6K – ;��p�� ;/*H�� –E�f& –;:&�/�� N�k%�� E0�1, S2�� .

6 � �k)�– �-+ � �£ �& – s�&��� ���&�� � ®:�ª : F�1A �yZ�� �*+– �4 –E�f& –��Y�� 1�, .

Page 175: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

163

7 � �k)�– �-+� �£ �& )1966� (– ����3� – F�1A �yZ�� �*+ ®:�ª –�6� –BYH6� ;/*H� !,P��� ¿Cu� �*�� .

8 � F+�#– 9-"= )2010� (– ��#��� )I#h� : ^#���� #�6T�� + ���� � �[I�3� – 4��� ;/*H�� – F,1�� –F-+ – ;=�p�� N1�c�.

9 � U#�)�– S�S/�� �*+ ),.E( – i� ��� Y;�2�� «���/� s ) – T�A ®:�ª ­3���– �6�– 1�, ;:&�/�� ?$��� M:k5.

10� �Y/# �&�– ;���� ),.E (– #�D��� ��J� – ®:�ª : T/��� �*+ �-.9#Y�– E�f& –;:-C/�� ?$��� 1�, .

11� 9V-)�– �y0 �& �-. )1998� (– L�#�D��� 1��S� 4��J&i – ��%0 �-. ®:�ª–4��� ;/*H�� –E�f& – �%C/�� M:k5 1�,.

12� ;/m– �Zk )2003� (– �!� ��J��� + ��&-�/� – � 1 – ®��, – >�/�� >$��� ,ª�.

13� �Zk– < )2006� (– )����'�.5� ��� � � )T-� : ��J� U��§ – ;m�8 : F�+ �� �*+ �-.– ���68 : >�+ �&r �-.– ;:�p�� ;/*H�� –N�A��� –?$��� 1�, ;:�%��� ®qo%��� .

14� �Zk– 1%� ��,�= )2000� (– ��#���$ ���� �� � – �6� – 1�,��/�� ��Y��.

Page 176: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

164

15� ��6u�– d<0 )1961� (– ���� �� � )�;�J; ��� 4�� ��� – �6� – 9��� ;*$��.

16� ?:H�� �&�– ����� FZ� )1975� (– )�i��#� ���&�e + )�i�FM� – :��%k� $���� dw�� ��k : *+ �-. F�+ �� �– 4��� ;/*H�� –

N�A���–9��� ;*$�� .

17� F��C� �&�– �§��� �*+ )1951� (– Y��F� ���� � �� ��I#���� �� #� ���#$– 9^�H�� D��8 �& �-. 9�:ª – N�A��� – ;�) ;/*H�

������ ;m�$��� ¦:�\$��.

18� F��C� �&�– �§��� �*+ )1968� (– ���&/� ����I� ����� + �� � e ���!� ���-��� �� ��; >9#�{�� �; # ��� >g��� ?#��� A�Ie –

F�*�–U�*C�� >$��� 1�, E�1%��� .

19� F��C� �&�– �§��� �*+ )1997� (– )�;�J/� – 4��� ;/*H�� – E�f&–��/�� ��Y�� 1�, .

20� U:&(��– ;]&��� )2003� (– ���I���� – k��� & �$+� : ��§ �-<–4��� ;/*H�� – E�f& –F�*� –;=�/�� 1�, .

21� @�13 �&�– �:� )2003� (– ���I��� – �§��� �*+ k��� & �$+� ��H6��– 4��� ;/*H�� – E�f& – F�*� –;=�/�� 1�, .

22� ¿A(��– F-p+ �& �§� �& �-. )2001� (– Ln&���� An��e ,� – N�A��� –;�0��� ;Z0�� .

Page 177: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

165

23� U��f��� ®:�1 �&�– �Zu� 9C+ %&� ��{� )1988� (– + u��'��� Y ��= #�D�� � �( – ®:�ª : F�S��� �-. 1%$2���– 4��� ;/*H�� –

E�f&– F�*� –;=�/�� 1�, .

24� 9w���– ¦����� )1999� (– ���I��� – H*w� :C+ ®C+� k�� ��yk BYH6� ,%-. 1%$2��� � ����– *H�� 4��� ;/ – E�f& –

1�,T�1�� �� �& T�1��.

25� 9C21S��– ����� f� )2002� (– An���!� –� 15 – E�f& – F�*� –��y-C� TC/�� 1�, .

26� � E�S��BYH6� ��*+ 1,��� �1^��� – �§� 5� T:A��&� ��k� �-. 9C+ )2004� (– B� ��� >g�/� – ®:�ª: d-� ;]C�� ;:&�/�� – ;/*H��

�;/&��� – �6� –N�A��� – ;:����� b����� ;*$��.

27� F���c� 9#1%#)1983� (– )�� #��� )�*�� ?��= ¬I��K – ;*$�� 1�,N:u�.

28� v+Z��� �Zk ;:�0 )2006� (� ���� � � u��I�. uL�#�� �����&;Q�'�.5� >� + YgP�; 7#6T� –N�A��� –;=�pC� BC+�� �C²� .

29� ���Z��� �Þ �§��� �*+ �& �-. �����)1354 A (– L�����] ���� �#J�� U9! ];n�� –N�A��� –90���� ;*$�� .

30� 92�Z��– 9C+ �& �-. ��& �� �& ¦0%� ),.E( – A����� ¡���T; – –� 4��� ;/*H�–�6� – ;/*H��;:&,��.

Page 178: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

166

31� 9#Y�� F�0 �&�– �-. �& �� �*+ )1982� (– )F�2�T�� #� – f&E� –;:-C/�� ?$��� 1�, .

32� U2%���– 9C+ �& �-. )1348A (– ]������ ���&�� – 4��� ;/*H�� – �6� –N,/Z�� ;/*H� .

33� @*r– 9C+ 9C+ ) ,.E( – ��J� ¬I���K )�� �!� u��2��� –– BZ:+ !2��� ¿Cu� �*�� – �6�– 1�, ;:-C/�� ?$��� M:k5.

34� ��Y6��– ����� ~yr h*�� �& R:C� )1979� (– ¢�� ��� A��� � A��b� 5� )I����� Y. – ���u� S�S/�� �*+ ��-|� ®:�ª� ;0�1, –

4��� ;/*H��–N�A��� –;��-|� ;+*H�� 1�, .

35� ¦:w– 9�%� )1965� (– ¬I���K ����K )��n&�� – _1/�� 1�, – �6�.

36� ¦:w– 9�%� ),.E (– �9��%� #2���– /*H�� ;/&Z�� ; – �6� –�,_1/�� 1.

37� ¦:w– 9�%� ),.E (– 1!� �� �&��� #2���� – ;��p�� ;/*H�� – �6�–_1/�� 1�, .

38� ¦:w– 9�%� )1960� (– #���� #�D��� + Y�&9�8; �T�� – ;/*H�� ;/&����–N�A��� – _1/�� 1�,.

Page 179: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

167

39� ¦:w– 9�%� ),.E (– )I�S��� O���/� – ;/&Z�� ;/*H�� – �6� – _1/�� 1�,.

40� � �%C/�� *<*< �&– �§� �& �-. �Zu� %&� )1985� (– ����� #�D��– ®:�ª : d��� �r� �& S�S/�� �*+– >�,�� ;:C2 – hC�� ;/�# ,%/0� �%C/�� 1�, –¤���� .

41� ;�*<– ���& )1972� (– ^#����� �����&�� –� 5 –E�f& – 1�, N,%/��.

42� 9r+– �Zk )1992� (– ��� ­�p�; �_�I#J/� + )�;n� M� 1�#2; –E�f& –;:-C/�� ?$��� 1�, .

43� �*+– FZk5 )1981� 1983� (– ����� ^�!� ���J��� ¬I����K?#��� –;/&����� ;p�p�� ;/*H�� – E�f& –F�*� –;=�p�� 1�, .

44� ®��� �*+– FZ© )1994�( – V�� � ?��� � + ?�!� A��PT; –4��� ;/*H�� –F-+ –� ;H&�1 �:�,1�� >$��.

45� &1 �*+ �&�– 9Z����� �-. �& �§� )1999� (– ��I#T�� ��J��� – ,%*A ¦0%� E2�& ®:C/8� ®:�ª– 4��� ;/*H�� – E�f& – F�*� –

T�1�� �� �& T�1�� 1�,.

46� �§��� �*+ �&�– NS+ fp2 )1995� (– ���I���� – %�� �1�� ~�� –4��� ;/*H�� – E�f& –�*� F–R:)� 1�, .

Page 180: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

168

47� !�&�+ �&��) 1285A (– ���'�K ���&�e + ��J/� �m�g� – ;/*H�� 4���–N�A��� –R:��� �,�� ;/*H� .

48� ��S+– �-. )2001� (– ��m�*�� a���� – ®��, – >$��� ,ª� >�/��.

49� Uy�Z/��– �^k �&� )1998� (� �����; )������� ��m�_ ����-�/� )���'W�� – ®:�ª �*+ �� �& �*+ �Z|� �& �§� ��Ä%$��– 4��� ;/*H�� – ;�C-�� ;:&�/�� ;�,%/Z�� – ;-r/��� :]���.

50� ���Z/��– �yA %&� )1998� (– s����2��� ?���� – 9C+ ®:�ª T:A��&5 R'Y�� %&� �-.� G��^*�� �-.– ��:r – E�f& – ;*$���

;��6/��.

51� F:C+– �Zk )2008� (– ?��� � #���� ���J��� – F-+ – 1�, ��P��.

52� 9C+ �&�– 9+�S�� R*+, )1972� (– ���I��� – ��k� � ���� /m 9C:#��� F��-+ ?k6�� �*+– ;:�p�� ;/*H�� – F�*� – >$��� 1�,

U�*C�� .

53� ��:-/��– �§� �& �-. �:/0 %&� ),.E (– 4��#� ��� )��� M�«��/�–0��� T:A��&5 ®:�ª 9�%–;:�p�� ;/*H�� –N�A��� –_1/�� 1�, .

54� F�+– �� �*+ �& �-. )1933� (– ���� �� � – 4��� ;/*H�� – N�A��� –;��6�� ?$��� 1�, ;/*H� .

Page 181: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

169

55� �:+– �-. ),.E (– ���� �� � #�h� + )���-��� )�6/� – �+ ?$���–;:&�/�� ;=�p�� 1�, –N�A��� .

56� ;*:$� �&�)2003� (– L�#�D��� #�D�� � ~��� ®:�ª : �-. �§� �2�– N�A��� –���u� 1�, .

57� i#<����– �ck ) 1966� ( – L�� �!� ~�#� L��*&�� ~�P��; – ®:�ª :;#%�� �& ?:*u� �-. – ��%8 –1�, ;:����� ?$���.

58� (Y�� �&�– �§� ?:H�� �& 9C+ �& �Zk �&)1968� (– )�� ��T��

��&; + )�2T3� )���� ® – �:²� �*+� �Y:��� ­3��� �-. 7��8� ®:�ª 92�$��–� 1 – ��%8 –���C� ;:Z�%$�� 1���� .

59� �:���– `��� )2008� (– ���I��� – ���%)� ¼��1, ®:�ª – ;/*H�� 4��� – E�f& –��:r –;��6/�� ;*$��� .

60� fp2 �&�– �-+ �& R:+Ð5 )1988� (– )�I��&�� )�I�P��� � ��k :��%k ®C+� �%r� ®�,� : �f� 9C+– 4��� ;/*H�� – E�f& – 1�,

��/�� ¢��$�� M:k5.

61� j1*�� �&�– F%-:� �& j1*�� �& �-. )1999� (– ��; ����� 0P���; ?#��� ���$e – 9Y��< R:*� �-. ~��� ®:�ª – 4��� ;/*H�� –

E�f&– F�*� –1,r 1�, .

Page 182: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

170

62� 9�2���� – hC�� �*+ �&� )1965� (– ^����6� )��'6��� UI8���� )2�� 1�{�/� – �*+ FZk5� ;Y����& �-. ®:�ª – 4��� ;/*H��

– E�f& – ;=�p�� 1�, .

63� U&c���– F��-+ �& �-. �� �*+ %&� ) ,.E( – 8��¯; + ¤�$�/� L�#�D�� 0� L�'��� – ��^*�� 9C+ ®:�ª – � 1 – N�A��� – ;'t 1�,

�6�.

64� 9Yr���– �Zk )1292A( – )�� �!� )� ��� – �1 – �6� – ;/*H� ;:�C�� �1����.

65� S$/�� �&�– R2%$�� �& �� �*+ ),.E (– L�#�D��� 4�J&i – �*+ ®:�ª [��= 1$Z��– ;/&���� ;/*H�� – N�A��� –_1/�� 1�, .

66� ����� UZ-C$��� -. �& �§� ����� >"� �) 1939�( – ���9�e °��� ��&�e + °�I#�� – ®:�ª ;+%-²�– ;:&�]�� _���� N1�c� ;/*< –

N�A��� – ������ ¦:�\$�� ;�).

67� UZ-C$�� ������ �-. �& �§� ����� >"� )1968� (� ¤�T������ ��*+ FZk5 ®:�ª – �1 – E�f& –1,r 1�, .

68� 1����– �-. ) 1997�( – ��J��� �#�{��/� ���J��� – 4��� ;/*H�� – N�A��� – ;/*H� �6� ;'t .

Page 183: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

171

69� 9-:/���– �-. �& 1,��� �*+ ) 1990�( – O����/� ¬I���K + O������ – ����� �Þ T:A��&5 01"= �+� – 4��� ;/*H�� – E�f& – F�*� –

;:-C/�� ?$��� 1�,.

70� ��– �k�%�� �*+ 9C+ )1975 (– An�!� : #��� ��&� ���� �� �G – �1 – �6� – ;J:K� >$�C� ;��6�� ;�/��.

71� ��%�– �:-u� �*+ )1966�( – �!� ��J�� )���T�� q !� – ;/*H�� ;:�p�� –N�A��� –;=�/�� 1�, .

)��;�%� Um� #��:

72� ;H=HY��– R:+Ð5 FZ© )1989�( – �� � )�;�J; + )�� �!� �I���J����� – f$Z#� ;�01 ;+%*H�–;:�,1�� ;/�)� .

73� �����– ;�:C� )1999�( – �� �G#��� ��&� ���� 7��J� #�D������ – !�1%$2, ;�01 – ���� �-. ;/�# –�&��� .

4�I����:

74� �fAS��– 9C+ �& àr – 2007 �� u_��'�; )�� #� )�I#J&� – ;C� ;:=�p�� N��S)�– ,�+ 210.

75� �:��� �&�– ����� �m G1977� – #�D��� )��9�; ���� �� � – F��C� �&� N��� �-+�–���«= ,�+ .

Page 184: Ibn khaldoun as a Ibn khaldoun as a CCCCriticritic · 2017. 12. 12. · Ibn Khaldun’s family, life, death, tutors, students, culture, books in order to reach for the cultural and

172

76� 1-+– �Z& G1995� – ������� ���&I�e ���� � � – ¢��$�� ;C� ��/��– >�/�� >$��� ,ª� – ®��, – ,�+ 60 .

77� 9C+ ,�2– �-. ) 1929�( – ��/�� 9-C/�� d-²� ;C� – ®��,– �C²�d0$��.

78� ­²�– # ,")2009� (– ������� ��� � � – ;]C�� ;:�,1�� ;C²� ¬�,Q� ;:&�/��– �C²� )5 (– ,�/�� )1 .(