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Alena Zavazanova, Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel Management UnitWaste and Environmental Safety Section (WES),Division of Radiation Transport and Waste Safety (NSRW)Department of Nuclear Safety and SecurityContact: [email protected], Tel. + 43(1)2600-22710, Fax: +43(1) 26007
Efforts of IAEA in ND&WM
9th edition of the International Summer School on Nuclear
Decommissioning and Waste Management,
11-15th September 2017, JRC Ispra, Italy
This lecture provides following overview of the IAEA
approach to education and training in ND & WM :
• Background of general IAEA approach to education and training
• Application of IAEA Safety Standards
• IAEA Strategic Approach to Education and Training in
Radiation, Transport and Waste Safety
• Examples of various ongoing and planned IAEA activities in
Nuclear Decommissioning and Waste Management
Outline of Lecture
2
Background
• Historically, the IAEA has placed education and training high within their objectives.
• The main driving force was the need to distribute as widely as possible in Member States, the knowledge related to the safety of the practices carried out in the area of nuclear, radiation, waste and transport safety.
• Dating back to 1992, General Conference Resolutions requested the Agency to intensify inter-alia postgraduate educational and specialized training courses, in appropriate official languages of the Agency; and to develop, in a systematic manner, syllabuses and training material for specific target groups.
• Since then, several General Conferences re-emphasized the importance of education and training in establishing and maintaining an adequate radiation protection and nuclear safety infrastructure, and noted the actions taken by the Secretariat towards developing strategies for education and training in nuclear, radiation and waste safety.
3
Application of IAEA Safety
Standards
The IAEA is required by its Statute to promote international cooperation.
Its Statute authorizes it to establish or adopt safety standards for the protection
of health and to minimize the danger to life and property.
The Agency develops such standards on the basis of an open and transparent
process for gathering, integrating and sharing the knowledge and experience
gained from the use of technologies and from the application of the Safety
Standards themselves.
The Safety Standards consists of three sets of publications: the Safety
Fundamentals, the Safety Requirements and the Safety Guides. While the
first one of these establishes the fundamental safety objective and principles of
protection and safety, the second set out the requirements that must be met to
ensure the protection of people and the environment, both now and in the
future. The Safety Guides provide recommendations and guidance on how to
comply with the requirements.
The users of safety standards in Member States differ depending on the
category of safety standards. The principal users are the regulatory bodies and
other relevant national authorities. The safety standards are also used by joint
sponsoring organizations, by organizations that design, manufacture and
operate nuclear facilities, as well as by organizations involved in the use of
radiation related technologies.
4
Education and Training
The IAEA offers a wide spectrum of education and training
activities These include face-to-face training courses and workshops, as well as online
learning, fellowship programmes and schools on various nuclear-related topics.
• Nuclear Safety Review 2017 - July 2017:
“Priorities for strengthening general safety areas
17. The Agency will:
- Strengthen the Agency’s safety standards using lessons arising from the
Fukushima Daiichi accident and other relevant sources, and taking into
account the principles of the Vienna Declaration on Nuclear Safety10;
- Strengthen the Agency’s peer review and advisory services;
- Assist Member States in the application of the Agency’s safety standards
through, inter alia, the peer review and advisory services;
- Strengthen the Agency’s activities to promote universal adherence to the
international safety conventions;
- Assist Member States in strengthening regulatory effectiveness;
- Assist Member States in strengthening leadership and management for the
safety of nuclear facilities and activities, and in fostering a strong safety
culture;
- Assist Member States in strengthening their processes for communicating
radiation risks to the public in planned and existing exposure
situations and during an emergency;
- Assist Member States in capacity building programmes, including
education and training in nuclear, radiation, waste and transport safety
as well as EPR; and
- Support research and development for safety and facilitate the exchange of
results.
• https://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC61/GC61InfDocuments/English/gc61inf-5_en.pdf
5
Strategic Approach to Education
and Training in Radiation,
Transport and Waste Safety
2011–2020
6
https://www-
ns.iaea.org/downl
oads/rw/training/s
trategic-
approach2011-
2020.pdf
Source:
IAEA adopted Strategic Approach to Education and Training in
Radiation, Transport and Waste Safety 2011–2020
(Continuation of the Strategic Approach 2001–2010)
“HThere is an increased use of, and need for, medical,
industrial and agricultural applications of radioactive sources.
Ensuring the safe manufacture, use, transport, storage and
disposal of radiation sources is highly dependent on Member
States having skilled users, a competent regulatory body, and
radiation protection professionals who have the appropriate
level of education and training to handle these sources.”
IAEA assistance to MS in
developing the key elements of
a national strategy for E & T
7
Types of various IAEA events
contributing to E & T
• Scientific and Technical Events
– Conference
– Technical Meeting
– Training Meetings
– Consultancy Meetings
– Research Coordination Meeting
– Technical Working Group
– Scientific and Topical Networks
8
Examples of conferences
• Agency organized the International Conference on Advancing the Global
Implementation of Decommissioning and Environmental Remediation
Programmes, in Madrid, Spain, in May 2016. The conference provided an
opportunity for sharing and reviewing challenges, achievements and lessons
related to decommissioning and environmental remediation programmes. In
particular, the conference participants discussed the importance of addressing
legacies from past activities, identified current priority needs and provided
recommendations on the strategies and approaches for current priority needs
and provided recommendations on the strategies and approaches for safety.
• Proceedings of the Madrid Conference 2016 have been published on the
Internet in July 2017:
http://www-pub.iaea.org/books/IAEABooks/11155/Advancing-the-Global-
Implementation-of-Decommissioning-and-Environmental-Remediation-
Programmes
9
Examples of conferences –
cont.
10
The IAEA in cooperation with the EC and
OECD/NEA organized the International
Conference on the Safety of Radioactive
Waste Management, in Vienna, Austria, in
November 2016. The conference facilitated
information exchange
on the management of all types of
radioactive waste, as well as on current
and future challenges.
The conference participants highlighted
the need for continued assistance to
Member States in building and
strengthening the capacities of both
regulators and operators.
Examples of conferences –
cont.
11
More than 270 participants from over 60
countries shared their views, knowledge
and experience during the International
Conference on the Safety of Radioactive
Waste Management, held 16 years after
the last comprehensive radioactive waste
conference on the topic in Cordoba,
Spain.
“We have noticed progress in the overall
management of all types of radioactive waste,” said
Gerard Bruno, Head of the Radioactive Waste and
Spent Fuel Management Unit at the IAEA. “While
recognizing that some technical questions still need
to be addressed, one can say that regulatory
authorities and waste management companies have
been able to demonstrate safety through the design,
operation and licensing of facilities.”
Source:
https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/managing-
radioactive-waste-safely-iaea-conference-addresses-
challenges-opportunities-and-solutions
The five-day conference discussed
national policies and strategies
regarding radioactive waste
management; waste processing;
storage; disposal of low, intermediate
and high-level waste, including spent
fuel, disposal of disused radioactive
sources and post-accident waste
management.
Meetings organized in
cooperation with the IAEA
12
Planned activities of RWSFM
Unit for 2017-18
Completed activities:
• First Plenary Technical Meeting of the International Project on Demonstration of the Operational and Long-Term Safety of Geological Disposal Facilities for Radioactive Waste , 22-26 May 2017, IAEA HQ, Vienna, Austria
• Japan Fukushima 9th Expert Mission under the Fukushima Comprehensive Project, 3Q2017
Planned activities:
• Technical Meeting on the Safety of Near Surface Disposal, 30 October – 3 November 2017, IAEA HQ, Vienna, Austria
• Workshop on Responsible and Safe Management of Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel, 25-29 September 2017, IAEA HQ, Vienna, Austria
• Technical Meeting on the Interaction and Roles of Regulators and Operators in the Licensing Process for the Development of Safe Geological Disposal Facilities, 6-11 November 2017, IAEA HQ, Vienna, Austria
• Workshop on Derivation of Specific Clearance Levels for Materials That Are Suitable for Disposal in Landfills, 27-29 November 2017, IAEA HQ, Vienna, Austria
• Technical Meeting on the Development of Reference Assessment Tools to Support the Implementation of IAEA Safety Standards for Disposal Facilities, Nuclear Installations and Other Applications, 11-15 December 2017, IAEA HQ, Vienna, Austria
13
Planned activities of RWSFM
Unit for 2017-18
• Technical Meeting to Establish a Working Group on the Use of Monitoring Programmes in the Safe Development of Geological Disposal Facilities for Radioactive Waste, 18-22 December 2017, IAEA HQ, Vienna, Austria
• WG on the consideration of human intrusion for disposal of radioactive waste, 3Q2018
• International Project on the demonstration of safety of near surface disposal of RW, 3Q2018
• International project on the demonstration of safety of geological disposal of RW, 3Q2018
• Agency Mission on ARTEMIS Preparatory Mission in 2018, 2Q2017
14
Planned activities of
Decommissioning
Remediation Unit for 2017-18• Consultancy Meeting on reviewing a draft TECDOC on graded approach for NORM
residues management, IAEA HQ, Vienna, Austria, 20-24 November 2017
• Consultancy Meeting on the review of the Training Course Material on Safe
Decommissioning and to discuss draft Lecture Plans for Specialized, 18-22 December
2017, IAEA HQ, Vienna, Austria
• Technical Meeting on the Establishment of a Regulatory Forum for Safety of Uranium
Production and Management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material Residues,
planned for 4Q2018
• Technical Meeting on Safety Assessment for Long Term Management of Radioactive
Residues from Uranium Production, planned for 2Q2018
• Workshop to Pilot Test Standardized Training Material for Decommissioning Planning,
planned for 2Q2018
• 2nd International Workshop on Nuclear Decommissioning for Aging Nuclear Power Plants
(organized in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency), Republic of Korea,
11-13 Sept. 2017
• Consultancy Meeting on the review of the Training Course Material on Safe
Decommissioning and to discuss draft Lecture Plans for Specialized Modules – done,
March 2017
15
Planned activities of
Decommissioning
Remediation Unit for 2017-18• Technical Meeting on Application of the Graded Approach to Safety for Management of
Naturally Occuring Radioactive Material Residues – completed, March 2017.
• Technical Meeting on the Planning and Implementation of Long Term Institutional Controls
and on the Release of Sites from Regulatory Control, planned for 21 Nov – 1 Dec 2012,
IAEA HQ, Vienna, Austria
• International Workshop on Managing the Decommissioning and Remediation of Damaged
and Legacy Nuclear Facilities, planned to held in UK, 26-20 Oct 2017
• 10th International Symposium on Release of Radioactive Material from Regulatory Control
Provisions for Clearance and Exemption (organized in cooperation with the International
Atomic Energy Agency), planned to be held in Germany, Berlin, 6-9 Nov 2017
16
Planned activities of
Decommissioning Remediation
Unit for 2017-18 – cont.
• Project to develop training materials on decommissioning
safety:
- Revise the existing basic module (one week course
from 2008)
- Develop advanced modules on characterization,
decommissioning planning, safety assessment,
management of decommissioning waste, completion of
decommissioning and release of sites, regulatory review
and inspections during decommissioning.
Ongoing, initiated in 2015
EB funding from Japan17
Examples of Research
Coordinating Meeting
The IAEA supports research under its programmes, sub-programmes and projects that are
listed in its approved Programme and Budget. These Coordinated Research Activities are
normally implemented through Coordinated Research Projects, which bring together research
institutes in both developing and developed Member States to collaborate on research topics
of common interest. Research, technical and doctoral contracts and research agreements are
awarded to institutes in Member States for their completion of research work under these
CRPs.
Each established CRP consists of a network of 10 to 15 research institutions that work in
coordination for between three to five years to acquire and disseminate new knowledge.
Research takes place at those participating institutions that have been identified in the CRP’s
research, technical and doctoral contracts and cost-free research agreements. For each
contract or agreement, one institute staff member is designated as the chief scientific
investigator responsible for the progress of the research work. The IAEA acts as the
sponsoring and coordinating body, with an IAEA staff member, the project officer, assigned to
lead each CRP.
The IAEA may also respond to proposals from institutes for participation in the research
activities under individual research contracts not related to a CRP. A small portion of available
funds is used to finance individual projects, which deal with topics covered by the IAEA’s
scientific programme.
18
Coordinating Research
Activities
The IAEA supports research under its programmes, sub-programmes and projects that are
listed in its approved Programme and Budget. These Coordinated Research Activities are
normally implemented through Coordinated Research Projects, which bring together research
institutes in both developing and developed Member States to collaborate on research topics
of common interest. Research, technical and doctoral contracts and research agreements are
awarded to institutes in Member States for their completion of research work under these
CRPs.
Each established CRP consists of a network of 10 to 15 research institutions that work in
coordination for between three to five years to acquire and disseminate new knowledge.
Research takes place at those participating institutions that have been identified in the CRP’s
research, technical and doctoral contracts and cost-free research agreements. For each
contract or agreement, one institute staff member is designated as the chief scientific
investigator responsible for the progress of the research work. The IAEA acts as the
sponsoring and coordinating body, with an IAEA staff member, the project officer, assigned to
lead each CRP.
The IAEA may also respond to proposals from institutes for participation in the research
activities under individual research contracts not related to a CRP. A small portion of available
funds is used to finance individual projects, which deal with topics covered by the IAEA’s
scientific programme.
19
IAEA Coordinated Research Projects for
Which Research May Be Supported in 2017
Most of the research supported by the IAEA is related to its CRPs developed in line with overall IAEA
goals. Only in exceptional cases will research contract funds be used to finance individual contract
proposals that, while not forming part of a CRP, deal with topics in the IAEA’s programme.
The following list includes CRPs under which the IAEA may consider support of research in 2017.
Additionally, the Coordinated Research Activities website: https://www.iaea.org/services/coordinatedresearch-activities
will list all CRPs open for proposals.
All proposals will be carefully considered. Enquiries concerning specific CRPs should be addressed to
the IAEA’s Research Contracts Administration Section, Email: [email protected].
List of IAEA Coordinated Research Activities That Are Open for Submission of Proposals in 2017 (by Major Programme, Programme and Project) https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/cra2017-nv.pdf
20
Types of various IAEA events
contributing to E & T – cont.
• Recurring Meetings:
– Standing Advisory Group
– Safety Standards and Security Guidance Committee
• Other:
– Meeting organised in Cooperation with the IAEA
– Conventions, Codes
21
Other:
Meeting organised in
Cooperation with the IAEA
22
Safety and Security
Conventions and Codes• The global safety regime promoted by the IAEA relies in part on various inter-governmental legal instruments.
These legal instruments, designed to promote high level safety and security worldwide, are different in nature. They include Conventions - which are legally-binding, to Codes of Conduct, which are non-legally binding, as well as Treaties and Agreements.
ConventionsSince 1986 five conventions were ratified in the areas of Nuclear, Radiation, Transport and Waste Safety:
• Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency - sets out an international framework for co-operation among Parties and with the IAEA to facilitate prompt assistance and support in the event of nuclear accidents or radiological emergencies
• Convention on Nuclear Safety to legally commit participating States operating land-based nuclear power plants to maintain a high level of safety by setting international benchmarks to which States would subscribe
• Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material obliges Contracting States to ensure during international nuclear transport the protection of nuclear material within their territory or on board their ships or aircraft
• Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident or Radiolocial Emergency - establishes a notification system for nuclear accidents that have the potential for international transboundary release that could be of radiological safety significance for another State
• Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management - is the first legally binding international treaty on safety in these areas. It represents a commitment by participating States to achieve and maintain a consistently high level of safety in the management of spent fuel and of radioactive waste as part of the global safety regime for ensuring the proper protection of people and the environment
23
Joint Convention on the Safety of
Spent Fuel Management and on
the Safety of Radioactive Waste
Management• This Convention was adopted in Vienna on 5 September 1997. It is the first legal
instrument to address the issue of spent fuel and radioactive waste management safety on a global scale. It does so by setting international benchmarks and creating a similar “peer review” process to the Convention on Nuclear Safety.
• The Convention applies to spent fuel resulting from the operation of civilian nuclear reactors and to radioactive waste resulting from civilian applications. It also applies to spent fuel and radioactive waste from military or defense programmes if such materials are transferred permanently to and managed within exclusively civilian programmes, or when declared as spent fuel or radioactive waste for the purpose of the Convention by the Contracting Party concerned. In addition, it covers planned and controlled releases into the environment of liquid or gaseous radioactive materials from regulated nuclear facilities.
• The Joint Convention entered into force on 18 June 2001.
24
Code of Conduct and Import /
Export Guidance
• Set of Principles, Objectives and
Guidance to ensure Safety and
Security of sources
• Focuses on high activity sources
(categorization safety guide RS-G 1.9)
• Approved by the Board and the
General Conference in 2003 & 2011
25
Code Objectives
1. to achieve and maintain a high level of safety and security
26
2. to prevent loss of control & malicious use
3. to mitigate or minimize the radiological
consequences of any accident or
malicious act
Achieved through a system of regulatory control of radioactive
sources, from the stage of initial production to their final disposal
Types of various IAEA events
contributing to E & T – cont.
Policy Making Organ Events:
The objectives of the Secretariat of the Policy-Making Organs is to enable the Policy-
Making Organs - the General Conference and the Board of Governors - to effectively
perform their statutory responsibilities and their other functions and to ensure that all
meetings of the Policy-Making Organs are conducted efficiently.
General Conference - the 61st GC will open on 18 Sept 2017, IAEA HQ, Vienna, Austria
Board of Governors - the Board generally meets five times per year: in March and June,
twice in September (before and after the General Conference) and in November.
Committees (Statutory Meetings)
27
Types of various IAEA events
contributing to E & T for ND &
WM – cont.
There will be following Side Events to the 61st GC related to the waste
management and decommissioning:
� O.2. 20th Anniversary of the Adoption of the Joint Convention on the Safety
of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste
Management
This event will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the adoption of the Joint
Convention, which took place on 5 September 1997.
28
Types of various IAEA events
contributing to E & T for ND &
WM – cont.� O.13 Decommissioning: Education and Training (Tuesday, 19 September
2017)
“HThere is likely to be a significant increase in the number of nuclear power plants
and other nuclear facilities will be shut down during the coming 1-2 decades, reflecting
changing costs of different energy sources, the age profile of the current fleet of reactors
and the cost of extending reactor lifetimes. Discussions at the 2016 Madrid Conference on
Decommissioning and Environmental Remediation suggest that ensuring the availability of
sufficient numbers of suitably trained and qualified personnel to implement the
decommissioning of these facilities is a significant challenge in essentially all countries
where such facilities are located.
The event will consider options for enhancing education, training and knowledge
management for decommissioning in IAEA Member States. Potential synergies exist
between these three elements; this event will include discussion of possibilities to take
advantage of these synergies. The outcomes will assist the orientation of future IAEA work
relating to this topic.
29
Types of various IAEA events
contributing to E & T – cont.
� P.2. Nuclear Waste Management – Pioneering Solutions from Finland
79. This event will present the approach Finland has taken in planning and
implementing nuclear waste management. This event is organized by Finland. The
event will be held on Monday,18 September 2017
30
On-line learning
Source:
http://elearning.iaea.org/m2/course/index.ph
p?categoryid=60
Source:
http://elearning.iaea.org/m2/course/index.php?cate
goryid=60
IAEA Networks - GNSSN Platform
“Countries Hmust be able to
transfer education and training
capacity together with the
technology they provide.”
As a worldwide gateway, GNSSN
assists countries in building capacity
in safety and security way via
international, regional and national
networks and portals.
IAEA Director General Yukiya
Amano
Global Networks
• Global networks or fora focus on specific aspects of nuclear safety and security, such as safety regulatory infrastructure (RegNet), technical support organizations (TSO Forum), safety assessment (GSAN), etc.
• They provide focused collaboration on a particular field of expertise, in support of global nuclear safety harmonization. Global networks support national and international actors in sharing of regulatory knowledge, practices and information and in fostering collaboration on nuclear safety and security matters.
Regional Networkks
• Regional networks/organizations
provide membership to regions around
the globe.
• They constitute a forum for the
exchange of regulatory experiences and
practices among the radiation and
nuclear regulatory bodies of a specific
region and help strengthen and
harmonize radiation protection and the
nuclear safety and security regulatory
infrastructure of their members.
� Arab Network of Nuclear Regulators
� Asian Nuclear Safety Network
� European Nuclear Safety Network
� Forum of Nuclear Regulatory Bodies in Africa
� European Technical Safety Organization Group
� Ibero-American Forum of Radiological and Nuclear Regulatory Agencies
� Ibero-American Platform for Operators in the Area of Nuclear Safety
� European and Central Asian Safety Network
National PlatformNational Nuclear Safety Knowledge Platforms
(National Platforms) are established under the Global
Nuclear Safety and Security Network (GNSSN) and
serve two purposes:
1. Information Area:
First, for sharing reference information about the
respective national nuclear safety infrastructure with
a wider global audience. This part of the National
Platforms has an agreed structure and content. It
should be made publicly available were possible.
The National Platforms can serve national, regional,
and global stakeholders as an authoritative source of
information, maintained directly by the respective
Member State. This Information Area contains
information on radiation and nuclear facilities and
activities, a Country Nuclear Regulatory Profile
(CNRP), general country and nuclear safety
infrastructure information, access to country related
national and international reports, projects,
databases, and legal references, etc.. The entire
content is provided on a voluntary basis by Member
States.
2. Collaboration Area:
Second, as platform for a wide range of national
collaboration and knowledge management
activities with respect to safety of facilities and
activities that give rise to radiation risks. This
part of the National Platforms has a flexible
architecture and contains knowledge built on by
communities of practice, coordinating or working
groups as well as training or e-learning groups.
The platform has shared workspaces for
projects, meetings or teams, document
management areas with controlled access rights
for topical communities and many more. The
detailed arrangements are made by the
respective Member State to best meet national
needs and priorities.
Thematic Networks
Most of the GNSSN member countries are facing several challenges related to health care; agricultural production, food security; the management of natural resources, and sustainable energy.
These challenges are often multidimensional originated by a very complex and divers nuclear safety and security infrastructure.
An effective global collaboration framework with the sufficient human resources and the IT technology will be a practical solution to tackle these challenges.
With this context, thematic networks contribution is
i) to foster the convergence of technical nuclear safety practices,
ii) to collaborate internationally with other regional or thematic networks;
and iii) to provide for an efficient forum for voluntary exchange of experiences and technical and scientific expertise.
Thank you!
half-life
Activity
content
VSLW
very short lived
waste
(decay storage)
HLW
high level waste
(deep geologic disposal)
ILW
intermediate level waste
(intermediate depth disposal)
LLW
low level waste
(near surface disposal)
VLLW
very low level waste
(landfill disposal)
EW
exempt waste
(exemption / clearance)
Current IAEA projects vs. Classification of
Radioactive Waste
38classification of radioactive waste
PRISMA
GEOSAF-III
HIDRACRAFT
WM
DISPOSALPREDISPOSAL
DPC WG
SFM
39
International and Harmonization
Activities – SF&RWM• NSARS / ISAM / ASAM / PRISM / PRISMA
– Safety assessment and safety case development
– Use of the safety case in the decision making process during the lifetime of
a near surface disposal facility.
• SADRWMS / CRAFT
– Development and application of SADRWMS methodology (GSG-3 ) &
SAFRAN Tool
– Illustrative examples to complement GSG-3
• HIDRA I / II
– Human intrusion for both near-surface & geological disposal facilities
– Relationship with siting/ designing/ waste acceptance criteria
• ILW
– Technical document on disposal of ILW
• GEOSAF I / II / III
– Safety of geological disposal
– Regulatory expectations throughout development and operation
– Integrated assessment of operational and post-closure periods
• Joint Working Group for the Dual Purpose Cask for Spent Nuclear Fuel
– Safety case covering both transportation & storage
– Extended periods of storage and meeting transport requirements 39