UNIT 6: LEARNING (CONDITIONING)

I. PavlovJohn Watson

Classical Conditionin

g

B.F. SkinnerA. Bandura

Operant Conditionin

g

Observational

Learning

dog drool & bellBaby Albert

pigeon reward &

punishment

BoBo Dolllearning by watching

UNIT 6 OVERVIEW How Do We Learn?

objective 1

Classical Conditioning objectives 2-7

Operant Conditioning objectives 8-13

Learning by Observation objectives 14-15

7-9% of test

TEST: Tuesday Nov. 25th

FRQ #3

Operant ConditioningOBJ. 8-11 PGS. 228-235

OBJ. 12-13 PGS. 235-240

OPERANT CONDITIONING

OBJECTIVE 8 WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING & HOW IS IT DIFFERENT FROM CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Respondent behavior behavior that occurs as an

automatic response to some stimulus (no control)

Operant conditioning Associate own actions with

consequences

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTS

Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect 1874-1949 Rewarded behavior is

likely to recur Puzzle box

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) behavior control

Teach pigeons unpigeon-like behavior

SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTS

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTSSHAPING BEHAVIOR

Shaping reinforcers guide successive

approximations Discriminative stimulus

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement).

Teach pigeon to peck after seeing human face but not other images, pigeon learns to recognize faces…faces= discriminative stimulus

Which type of stimulus gets the reaction that is reinforced

OBJECTIVE 9WHAT ARE THE BASIC TYPES OF REINFORCERS?

Reinforcer Anything that strengthens the behavior it follows Positive reinforcement – adds a positive Negative reinforcement – removes a negative

Not punishment Removes a punishing event

1. Another term for negative reinforcement: correction, reprimand, punishment

2. When you supply negative reinforcement it usually results in: weakening a behavior / strengthening a behavior

3. Do people look forward to negative reinforcement: yes / no

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Taking aspirin to relieve headache Putting mittens on because it is cold Giving in to a whining child Fanning oneself to escape the heat Leaving a movie theater if the movie is

bad Smoking in order to relieve anxiety Feigning stomachache to avoid school Putting up umbrellas to escape the rain

SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTSTYPES OF REINFORCERS

Primary reinforcer Satisfies a biological need

Conditioned reinforcer Gains its reinforcing power through

its association w/ the primary reinforcer

Secondary Reinforcer

Immediate vs Delayed Reinforcers immediate best in animals Humans respond to delayed

Social competent & high-achieving

OBJECTIVE 10:WHAT ARE THE TWO REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES & HOW DO THEY EFFECT BEHAVIOR?

1. Continuous Reinforcment Learning occurs rapidly, but… Extinction occurs rapidly

2. Partial (intermittent) Reinforcment Slower to learn but more resistant to

extinction 4 types of partial schedules

slow/steadyra

te of responding

Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules

Ratio (2) dependent on the

behavior itself; a certain number of responses are needed before reinforcement will occur

FIXED –RATIO reinforce behavior after

set # of responses VARIABLE-RATIO

reinforce behavior after unpredictable # of responses…slot machine

Interval (2) involves a TIME element;

time must pass before reinforcement will occur

FIXED –INTERVAL reinforce 1st response

after set time…produces stop-start behavior (more as reward draws near)

VARIABLE-INTERVAL reinforce 1st response

after varying time intervals

high rate of

responding

Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules

Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules

Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules

slot machine

Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules

Reinforcement SchedulesInterval:

subject must be behaving at the right time to get reinforcement

OBJECTIVE 11:HOW DOES PUNISHMENT EFFECT BEAHVIOR?

Punishment Positive punishment Negative punishment

Negative Reinforcement encourages behavior.

When something unpleasant ceases, the behavior that caused it to stop is reinforced

Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment

Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment

Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment

Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment

Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment

SENSITIVITY TO PUNISHMENT & REWARD QUESTIONNAIRE

Are some of us more sensitive to punishment?

Are some of us more sensitive to reward?

Sensitivity to Punishment Assign 1 point for each yes answer for odd #s 0-24 range

Sensitivity to Reward Assign 1 point for each yes answer for even #s

High punish. Score vulnerable to anxiety. High reward score = impulsivity.

SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTSPUNISHMENT

Negatives of using punishment Punished behavior is suppressed not

forgotten Punishment teaches discrimination

did child learn not to curse or just not to curse in house?

Punishment can teach fear Physical punishment may increase

aggression

Punishment tells you what not to do; reinforcement tells you what to do

OBJECTIVE 12:DO COGNITIVE PROCESSES & BIOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS AFFECT OPERANT CONDITIONING?

Latent learning Cognitive map

Insight learning Intrinsic

motivation Extrinsic motivationoverjustification effect

EXTENDING SKINNER’S UNDERSTANDINGBIOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITIONS

Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive

Instinctive Drift

SKINNER’S LEGACYAPPLICATIONS OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

At school In sports At home For self- improvement

CONTRASTING CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING

Similarities between classical and operant conditioning

Differences between classical and operant conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning