Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of Open Cast Coal Mines Less than 5 million cu.m. (OB+Coal) of Western

Coalfields Ltd. Based on Satellite Data for the Year 2012

I Inder UG to OC

Kamptee UG to OC

Submitted to

Western Coalfields Limited

CMPDI

Job No 561410027/(WCL) i

Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of Open Cast Coal Mines Less than 5 million cu.m. (OB+Coal) of Western Coalfields

Ltd. Based on Satellite Data for the Year 2012

March-2013

Remote Sensing Cell Geomatics Division

CMPDI, Ranchi

CMPDI

Job No 561410027/(WCL) ii

Document Control Sheet

(1) Job No. RSC/561410027

(2) Publication Date March 2013

(3) Number of Pages 30

(4) Number of Figures 14

(5) Number of Tables 02

(6) Number of Plates 12

(7) Title of Report Land Reclamation/Restoration monitoring of open cast coal mine less than 5 million cu.m.(OB+Coal).

(8) Aim of the Report To prepare land use/cover map of leasehold area of 12 opencast mine on 1:10000 scale based on high resolution satellite data (IRSR2-L4MX) of the year 2012 using digital image processing technique.

To analyze land use/cover pattern within the leasehold area of Ballarpur UG mine.

(9) Executing Unit Remote Sensing Cell,

Geomatics Division,

Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited,

Gondwana Place, Kanke Road,

Ranchi 834008

(10) User Agency Western Coalfields Limited (WCL), Nagpur, Maharashtra

(11) Authors B.K.Choudhary Sr.Mgr(E&M)) Mr. N.P. Singh,G.M(Geomatics)

(12) Security Restriction Restricted Circulation

(13) No. of Copies 5

(14) Distribution Statement Official

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Job No 561410027/(WCL) iii

CONTENTS

V-Vii

1.0 1-2

2.0 2

3.0 Methology 2

5.0 6

6.0 6-7

Executive Summary

Background

Objective

Workplan

LandReclamation in Western Coalfields Ltd

Table -1 VI

Table-2 6-7

Plate -1 9

Plate -2 10

Plate -3 11

Plate -4 12

Plate -5 13

Plate -6 14

Plate -7 15

Plate -8 16

Plate -9 17

Plate -10 18

Plate -11 19

Plate -12 20

List of Table

Projectwise Land Reclamation Status

Area Statistics of Land Use classes in OC mine

List of Plates

Land use Map of Ambara OC Mine

Land use Map of Inder UG to OC

Land use Map of Kamptee UG to OC

Land use Map of Navin Kunada OC Mine

Land use Map of Shivpuri OC Mine

Land use Map of Pauni Expn OC Mine

Land use Map of HLOCM OC Mine

Land use Map of Ghorawari OC Mine

Land use Map of Dhorwasa OC Mine

Land use Map of Damua OC Mine

Land use Map of Barkui OC Mine

Land use Map of MKD-1 OC Mine

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Job No 561410027/(WCL) iv

List of figure

Figure -1 Vi

Figure -2 3

Figure -3 21

Figure -4 21

Figure -5 22

Figure -6 22

Figure -7 23

Figure -8 23

Figure -9 24

Figure -10 24

Figure -11 25

Figure -12 25

Figure -13 26

Figure -14 26

Bar Chart of Project wise Land Reclamation Status

Methology of Land Reclamation Monitoring

Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Indr UG to OC

Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Kamptee UG to OC

Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Damua OCP

Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Barkui OCP

Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of MKD-1 OCP

Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Ambara OCP

Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Navin Kunada OCP

Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Shivpuri OCP

Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Pauni Exp OCP

Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of HLOCM OCP

Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Ghorawari OCP

Barchart of Land Reclamation Status of Dhorwasa OCP

List of Photo

Photo -1 27

Photo -2 27

Photo -3 28

Photo -4 28

Photo -5 29

Photo -6 29

Plantation on External OB dump in Inder UG to OC

Plantation on External OB dump in Ghorawari OC

Plantation on External OB dump in Dhorwasa OC

Plantation on External OB dump in Pauni expn OC

Plantation on External OB dump in Navin-Kunada OC

Plantation on External OB dump in Navin-Kunada OC

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Job No 561410027/(WCL) v

Executive Summary

1.0 Project Land restoration / reclamation monitoring of 12

opencast coal mines of Western Coalfields Ltd. (WCL)producing less than 5 million cu.m. (Coal+OB) per year based on satellite data on regular basis at an interval of three years.

2.0 Objective Objective of the land restoration / reclamation

monitoring is to assess the area of backfilled, plantation, social forestry, active mining area, water bodies, and distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest in the leasehold area of the project. This will help in assessing the progressive status of mined land reclamation and to take up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental protection.

3.0 Salient Findings

Out of the total mine leasehold area of 6425.52 Ha. of the 12 opencast projects of WCL viz. Inder UG to OC ,Kamptee UG to OC ,Navin Kunada, Shivpuri Pauni Expn OC ,HLOCM, Ghorawari,Dhorwasa, Damua, Barkui, MKD-1 and Ambara considered for monitoring during 2012-13; total excavated area is 1906.56Ha (29.67%) of which 663.02 Ha. area (34.78%)has been planted, 750.78Ha. area (39.38%) is under backfilling and 492.76Ha. area (25.85%) is under active mining.

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Job No 561410027/(WCL) vi

Table-5.1 Projectwise Land Reclamation Status in

Opencast Projects of WCL based on Satellite Data of the Year 2012 (% age calculated in terms of excavated area)

Plantation/

Vegetation

Under

backfi l l ing

Active

Mining

Total Excavated

area

Total Reclamed

area

i i i i i i i+i i+i i i i+i i i

64.26 94.41 124.52 158.67

22.69% 33.34% 43.97% 56.03%

80.32 58.90 67.18 139.22

38.91% 28.54% 32.55% 67.45%

93.74 135.28 82.80 229.02

30.06% 43.38% 26.55% 73.45%

33.75 53.77 34.78 87.52

27.60% 43.97% 28.44% 71.56%

25.89 97.36 36.97 123.25

16.16% 60.77% 23.07% 76.93%

92.54 91.60 33.27 184.14

42.56% 42.13% 15.30% 84.70%

26.39 56.91 14.34 83.30

27.03% 58.29% 14.69% 85.31%

42.80 100.95 49.27 143.75

22.17% 52.30% 25.53% 74.47%

130.86 27.36 0.00 158.22

82.71% 17.29% 0.00% 100.00

7.21 13.94 9.01 21.15

23.91% 46.22% 29.87% 70.13%

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00

12 65.26 20.30 40.62 85.56

51.72% 16.09% 32.19% 67.81%

663.02 750.78 492.76 1906.56 1413.80

34.78% 39.38% 25.85% 29.67% 74.15%

158.22

30.16

6425.52

0.00

126.18

206.40

311.82

217.41

97.64

283.19

Ambara

Total (WCL)

462.63

775.51.

4 Shivpuri 336.29

HLOCM

Ghorawari

Dhorwasa

Damua

6

7

8

9

10 Barkui

11

122.30

5 Pauni Expn OC 255.00 160.22

311.66

1175.11

229.56

1080.92

193.02

Makardhokra-1

237.50

660.70

NameLeasehold

(in Hectare)

Sl. No.

Project

Area in Hectare

3 Navin Kunada 373.00

1 Inder UG to OC 527.65

2 Kamptee UG to

oc

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Job No 561410027/(WCL) vii

Fig.1: Land reclamation status in OC projects of WCLin the year-2012

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1.0 Background

1.1 Land is the most important natural resource which embodies soil, water, flora and fauna and

total ecosystem. All human activities are based on the land which is most scarce natural

resource in our country. Mining is a site specific industry and it could not be shifted anywhere

else from the location where mineral occurs. It is a fact that surface mining activities do effect

the land environment due to ground breaking. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reclaim

and restore the mined out land for its productive use for sustainable development of mining.

This will not only mitigate environmental degradation, but would also help in creating a more

congenial environment for land acquisition by coal companies in future.

1.2 Keeping above in view, Coal India Ltd. (CIL) issued a work order vide letter no.

CIL/WBP/Env/2009/2428 dated 29.12.2009 to Central Mine Planning & Design Institute

(CMPDI), Ranchi, which has well a equipped remote sensing facility and capability to monitor

the status of land reclamation for all the opencast coal mines having production of more than

5 million cu. m. per annum (coal + OB taken together) based on remote sensing satellite data,

regularly on annual basis for sustainable development of mining operation within command

area of CIL and its subsidiaries. Further, the opencast coal mining project of less than 5

million cu.m per annum capacity (Coal +OB) is also under satellite monitoring from the year

2011 at interval of three years. As per work order no CIL/WBP/Env/2009/2428 dated

29.12.2009 of CIL ,the result of land reclamation status of all such mines to be put on the

website of CIL, (www.coalindia.in), CMPDI (www.cmpdi.co.in) and the concerned coal

companies in public domain. Detail report to be submitted to Coal India and respective

subsidiaries.

1.3 Land reclamation monitoring of all opencast coal mining projects would also comply the

statutory requirements of Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF).Such monitoring would

not only facilitate in taking timely mitigation measures against environmental degradation, but

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Job No 561410027/(WCL) 2

would also enable coal companies to utilize the reclaimed land for larger socio-economic

benefits in a planned way.

1.4 Present report is embodying the finding of the study based on satellite data of the year 2012

carried out of 12 OC projects producing less than 5 million cu.m. of (coal+OB) for Western

Coalfields Ltd.

2.0 Objective

Objective of the land reclamation/restoration monitoring is to assess the area of backfilled,

plantation, OB dumps, social forestry, active mining area, settlements and water bodies,

distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest land in the leasehold area of the project.

This is an important step taken up for assessing the progressive status of mined land

reclamation and for taking up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental

protection.

3.0 Methodology

There are number of steps involved between raw satellite data procurement and preparation

of final map. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Hyderabad, being the nodal agency

for satellite data supply in India, provides only raw digital satellite data, which needs further

digital image processing for extracting the information and map preparation before uploading

the same in the website. Methodology for land reclamation monitoring is given in given in Fig

2. Following steps are involved in land reclamation /restoration monitoring:

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Job No 561410027/(WCL) 3

Figure: 2 Methodology for Land Reclamation Monitoring

3.1 Data Procurement: After browsing the data quality and date of pass on internet, supply

order for data is placed to NRSC. Secondary data like leasehold boundary, topo sheets are

procured for creation of vector database.

3.2 Satellite Data Processing: Satellite data are processed using PCI GEOMATICA / ERDAS

IMAGINE 2013digital image processing s/w. Methodology involves the following major steps:

Rectification & Geo-referencing: Inaccuracies in digital imagery may occur due to

‘systematic errors’ attributed to earth curvature and rotation as well as ‘non-systematic

errors’ attributed to satellite receiving station itself. Raw digital images contain

geometric distortions, which make them unusable as maps. Therefore, geo-

referencing is required for correction of image data using ground control points (GCP)

to make it compatible to SoI topo sheet.

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Image enhancement:

To improve the interpretability of the raw data, image enhancement is necessary.

Local operations modify the value of each pixel based on brightness value of

neighbouring pixels using PCI Geomatica / ERDAS IMAGINE 2013s/w. and enhance

the image quality for interpretation.

Training set selection

Training set requires to be selected, so that software can classify the image data

accurately. The image data are analysed based on the interpretation keys. These

keys are evolved from certain fundamental image-elements such as tone/colour, size,

shape, texture, pattern, location, association and shadow. Based on the image-

elements and other geo-technical elements like land form, drainage pattern and

physiography; training sets were selected/identified for each land use/cover class.

Field survey was carried out by taking selective traverses in order to collect the

ground information (or reference data) so that training sets are selected accurately in

the image. This was intended to serve as an aid for classification.

Classification and Accuracy assessment

Image classification is carried out using the maximum likelihood algorithm. The

classification proceeds through the following steps: (a) calculation of statistics [i.e.

signature generation] for the identified training areas, and (b) the decision boundary of

maximum probability based on the mean vector, variance, covariance and correlation

matrix of the pixels. After evaluating the statistical parameters of the training sets,

reliability test of training sets is conducted by measuring the statistical separation

between the classes that resulted from computing divergence matrix. The overall

accuracy of the classification was finally assessed with reference to ground truth data.

Area calculation

The area of each land use class in the leasehold is determined using PCI Geomatica

v10.1 / ERDAS IMAGINE v. 2013 software.

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Overlay of Vector data base

Vector data base created based on secondary data. Vector layer like drainage,

railway line, leasehold boundary, forest boundary etc. are superimposed on the image

as vector layer in the Arc GIS database.

Pre-field map preparation

Pre-field map is prepared for validation of the classification result

3.3 Ground Truthing:

Selective ground verification of the land use classes are carried out in the field and necessary

corrections if required, are incorporated before map finalization.

3.4 Land reclamation database on GIS:

Land reclamation database is created on GIS platform to identify the temporal changes

identified from satellite data of different cut-of dates.

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Job No 561410027/(WCL) 6

4.0 Work Plan

4.1 Twelve opencast projects of WCL producing less than 5 million cubic m. (Coal + OB

together) during the year 2012 which have been taken up for land restoration / reclamation

monitoring based on the RESOURCESAT-2(L-IV) satellite data using PCI Geomatics /

ERDAS Imaging digital image processing s/w on GIS platform. Land reclamation monitoring

will be carried out regularly on annual basis to assess the progressive status of land

restoration / reclamation in the above opencast mines. The report of this study has been

uploaded on the website of CMPDI & CIL in public domain.

5.0 Land Reclamation Status in Western coalfields Ltd.

5.1 Following 12 opencast projects of WCL producing less than 5 million cubic m. (coal+OB)

together, were taken up for land reclamation monitoring during the year 2012.

Inder UG to OC

Kamptee UG to OC

Navin Kunada OC

Shivpuri OC

Pauni Exp OC

HLOCM

Ghorawari OC

Dhorwasa OC

Damua OC

Barkui OC

Makardhokra-1 OC

Ambara OC

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5.2 Area statistics of different land use class present in the mine leasehold of the above projects

for the year 2012 are shown in the Table - 5.2. Land use maps derived from satellite data are

shown in Plate 5.1 – 5.12. Different land use classes based on satellite data are depicted in

Bar Charts in Fig.5.1 - 5.12

5.3 Study reveals that out of total 6425.52Ha. mining area; 1413.80 Ha. area (74.15%) has

already been reclaimed out of which 663.02Ha. (34.78%) area has been revegitated and

750.78Ha. (39.38%) area are under backfilling.

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Plate 5.1

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Plate 5.2

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Plate 5.3

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Plate 5.4

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Plate 5.5

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Plate 5.6

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Plate 5.7

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Plate 5.8

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Plate 5.9

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Plate 5.10

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Plate -5.11

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Plate -5.12

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Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

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Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

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Figure 5.5

Figure -5.6

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Figure-5.7

Figure-5.8

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Figure-5.9

Figure -5.10

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Figure- 5.11

Figure-5.

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Photo -1 Plantation on External OB dump in Kamptee UG to OC mine

Photo-2 Plantation on External OB dump in Pauni expn OCP

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Photo -3 Plantation on External OB dump at Ghorawari OCP

Photo-4 Plantation on External OB Dump in Dhowasa OCP

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Photo-5 Plantation on External OB Dump in Navin Kunada

OCM

Photo-6 Plantation on External OB dump in HLOCM