Hybrid Rice in India

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HYBRID RICE IN INDIAHYBRID RICE IN INDIA

M. Ilyas Ahmed

M.S. Ramesha

&

B.C. Viraktamath


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Published by :

B.C. ViraktamathProject Director

Directorate of Rice Research

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030. INDIA

Tel : 040-2401 5120; 2401 5036-39

Fax : 040-2401 5308

e-mail : [email protected]

website : www.drricar.org

Printed by :

Suneetha Offset Printers# 4-5-416/3, Kutbiguda, Koti,

Hyderabad - 500 027.

Tel # 040-24657269.

DRR Technical Bulletin No. 22/ 2007

Correct Citation

M. Ilyas Ahmed, M.S. Rameshaand B.C. Viraktamath, (2007)

Hybrid Rice in India

Directorate of Rice Research

Hyderabad

Type Setting by :

B. Ramesh

Designed by :

S. Nagaraju


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CONTENTS

Executive Summary 1

I Introduction 3

II Development of Hybrids 4

III Large Scale Cultivation of Hybrids 12

IV Hybrid Seed Production 14

V Technology Transfer 19

VI Impact of Hybrid Rice Technology 22

VII Major Challenges 23

VIII Future Outlook 24

Appendix-I 25Appendix-II 26

Appendix-III 28


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The major mandate of the "National Food Security Mission" to be launched shortly is to enhance

the annual rice production by an additional 10 million tons by the end of XI Five Year Plan (i.e.) by

2011-12. Among the innovative genetic options available for enhancing the rice production in shortterm, hybrid rice is one of the technologies at present, which is practically feasible and readily adoptable.

This technology has been developed, extensively tested across the country and has been adopted in a

limited area of about 1.1 million hectares at present. Of the targeted 10.0 million tons of additional

annual rice production envisaged during next five years, hybrid rice may contribute easily up to 2 to 3

million tons of additional production, if adopted in 2-3 million hectares during the next five years. For

this to happen and become a reality, concerted efforts are needed by all the stakeholders; hybrid rice

researchers, seed producers both in public and private sectors and above all the technology transfer

personnel. The role of very focused, well planned and effective transfer of technology efforts on

massive scale for the desired large scale adoption of hybrid rice in 2 to 3 million hectares during the

next five years to achieve the targeted goal, cannot be over emphasized.

Recognizing the potential of this innovative technology to enhance the productivity and production

of rice in the country, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) with a visionary approach, initiated

a goal oriented project on hybrid rice in December 1989 itself. Technical support from the International

Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines and the FAO, Rome and additional financial support from

the UNDP, NATP and Barwale Foundation in initial stages, and implementation of the project in a

mission mode through a national network approach, were the major contributing factors for the

remarkable success of this project. The status of hybrid rice in the country at present, the major

challenges ahead and the future outlook for this technology are briefly given in this bulletin.

u Twenty-nine hybrids, 23 from public sector and 6 from private sector have been released for

commercial cultivation.

uuuuu Hybrids being cultivated on large scale are 6444, PHB-71, KRH-2, Sahyadri, NSD-2, Pusa

R.H.-10, and DRRH-1. In addition 35-40 unreleased but truthfully labelled hybrids from

private sector are also being cultivated.

uuuuu Pusa RH-10, the first aromatic, super fine grained hybrid is becoming popular in basmati

growing areas.

uuuuu Based on the hybrid seed sold, it is estimated that an area of around 1.1 million hectares is

under hybrid rice cultivation during 2007 in the country.

uuuuu Hybrid rice is cultivated predominantly in eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand,

Chhattisgarh, Punjab and Haryana.

uuuuu By adopting the package of practices developed for cultivation of hybrids farmers are getting

an yield advantage of 1.0 to 2.0 t/ha and a net profit of Rs. 3000 to Rs. 6000 per hectare.


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uuuuu The seed production package developed is adopted by the seed growers and average hybrid

seed yields of 1.5 to 2.0 t/ha are being obtained on large scale. The net profit by undertaking

seed production is Rs. 35,000 to 50,000 per hectare.

uuuuu The major area for hybrid rice seed production in the country is in Karimnagar, Warangal and

Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh. Hybrid rice seed production is also taken up in Maharashtra

and Karnataka states on a limited scale.

uuuuu More than 97% of the hybrid rice seed production is by the private seed sector. The leading

companies are Hybrid Rice International (Bayer Bio Science), PHI Seeds Ltd., Mahyco, Shriram

Bioseed, Nath Biogene Ltd, Advanta India Ltd., J.K. Agri-Genetics, Dhanya Seeds Ltd., Seeds

works India Ltd., Syngenta India Ltd. etc. Totally more than 50 private sector seed companies

are engaged in large scale hybrid rice seed production.

uuuuu A molecular method for testing genetic purity of parental lines and hybrids has been developed.

This method is quicker and cheaper than the traditional Grow Out Test (GOT).

uuuuu More than 6000 compact block frontline demonstrations conducted on hybrid rice cultivation

have created the awareness and have convinced the rice farmers about the advantages of

hybrid rice cultivation.

uuuuu Extensive training programs conducted on hybrid rice cultivation and seed production have

been useful in disseminating the requisite knowledge and skills to various clientele.

uuuuu Impact assessment studies conducted by two independent agencies revealed the potential of

hybrid rice in enhancing productivity, increasing profitability, generating additional employment,

particularly for rural women and providing sustainability for rice production system.

uuuuu Future research thrusts for overcoming the present major challenges include; improving grain

quality, enhancing magnitude of heterosis, incorporating resistance to major pests and diseases,

increasing the seed yields, development of long duration hybrids for coastal regions and shallow

lowlands, development of hybrids with tolerance to salilnity/ alkalinity and for aerobic

cultivation.

uuuuu Future outlook for large scale adoption of hybrid rice in India appears to be bright. It is

expected that by 2010, two million hectares and by 2015, five million hectares will be under

hybrid rice cultivation in the country. If there is a favourable policy support from the government

under the "National Food Security Mission" then the area coverage under hybrid rice may bemuch more than the anticipated.


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Fig.1 - Hybrid Rice Research Network

HYBRID RICE IN INDIA

I. INTRODUCTION

Hybrid rice is a field reality in Indian agriculture now. During the year 2007, around 1.1

million hectares were estimated to be planted to hybrid rice. It is one of the viable and proventechnologies available at present to enhance the rice productivity and production in the country.

The "National Food Security Mission" to be launched shortly envisages increasing of annual rice

production by 10 million tons by end of XI plan by 2011-12. Hybrid rice is likely to play a very

pivotal role in achieving the targeted production increase.

The successful experience of hybrid rice in China for enhancing the rice production and

productivity, has been the impetus for the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to

initiate a national program for development and large scale adoption of hybrid rice in the country

in December 1989. The project was conceived as a National Network comprising research,

seed production and extension networks. The hybrid rice research network consisted of 12

research centres across the country (Fig.-1). The seed production network consisted of public

sector national and state seed production agencies such as National Seed Corporation, State

Farms Corporation of India, and the State Seed Development Corporations in addition to all the

interested private sector seed companies. The extension network consisted of state departments

of Agriculture, extension wings of the SAUs, Krishi Vignan Kendras (Farm science centres) and

the NGOs. Effective linkages were established within the different sub-components of the

network. The entire project was co-ordinated and implemented by the Directorate of Rice

Research (DRR), Hyderabad.


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In the initial stages, in addition to support from the ICAR, this project received generousfinancial support from the UNDP and the technical support from IRRI and the FAO. SubsequentlyBarwale Foundation came forward with partial financial support to fill the critical gaps and thesupport of the ICAR continued under the NATP project.

Private seed sector was involved right from the beginning of the project as an active partnerand this paid good dividends in large scale seed production and popularization of hybrids in thecountry.

The visionary approach of the policy makers and research managers, generous fundingfrom the ICAR and other donors and effective and efficient implementation of the program by

the project personnel, helped India to achieve the distinction of becoming the second country inthe world after china to develop and commercialize hybrid rice. This innovative and promisingtechnology is expected to contribute significantly towards the food security of the nation in thedecades ahead. The present status of hybrid rice in the country, the major challenges ahead and

the future outlook for this innovative technology are briefly given in this bulletin.

2. DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRIDS

2.1 Hybrids released

In the hybrid rice network system, the experimental hybrids developed by the network

centers, and those contributed by IRRI and private seed companies are pooled together based

on duration and are evaluated in Initial Hybrid Rice Trials (IHRT) at 25 to 30 locations. Generally

three IHRTs for early (


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Table - 1 : Rice Hybrids released in India

S.

No.

Name of Hybrid/

Year of Release

Duration

(days)

Yield (t/ha)

Hybrid Check

Yield

adv.over

check

(%)

Released forthe state of

1. APHR-1 (1994) 130-135 7.14 5.27 (Chaitanya) 35.4 Andhra Pradesh

2. APHR-2 (1994) 120-125 7.52 5.21 (Chaitanya) 44.2 Andhra Pradesh

3. MGR-1 (1994) 110-115 6.08 5.23 (IR 50) 16.2 Tamil Nadu

4. KRH-1 (1994) 120-125 6.02 4.58 (Mangala) 31.4 Karnataka

5. CNRH-3 (1995) 125-130 7.49 5.45 (Khitish) 37.4 West Bengal

6. DRRH-1 (1996) 125-130 7.30 5.50 (Tellahamsa) 32.7 Andhra Pradesh

7. KRH-2 + (1996) 130-135 7.40 6.10 (Jaya) 21.3 A.P., Karnataka,

TN, Tripura,

Maharashtra,

Haryana, Uttaranchal

and Rajasthan

8. Pant Sankar Dhan -1 115-120 6.80 6.20 (Pant Dhan-4) 9.7 Uttar Pradesh

(1997)

9. CORH-2 (1998) 120-125 6.25 5.20 (ADT 39) 20.2 Tamil Nadu

10. ADTRH-1 (1998) 115-120 7.10 4.90 (ASD-18) 44.9 Tamil Nadu

11. Sahyadri (1998) 125-130 6.64 4.89 (Jaya) 35.8 Maharashtra

12. Narendra Sankar 125-130 6.15 4.94 (Sarjoo-52) 24.5 Uttar Pradesh

Dhan-2 (1998)

13. PHB 71 (1997)* + 130-135 7.86 6.14 (PR 106) 28.0 Haryana, UP, TN

14. PA 6201 (2000)* + 125-130 6.18 5.03 (Jaya) 22.9 Eastern states, A.P.,

Karnataka and TN.

15. 6444 (2001)* + 135-140 6.11 4.91 (Jaya) 24.40 UP, Bihar, Tripura,

Orissa, AP, Karnataka,

Maharashtra

16. Pusa RH-10 (2001)+ 120-125 4.35 3.11 (Pusa Bas.1) 39.90 Haryana, Punjab,

Delhi, Western UP,

17. RH-204* (2003) + 120-126 6.89 5.62 (Jaya) 22.6 South (AP, Karnataka,

TN) North West

(Haryana, Uttaranchal)

and Rajasthan


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S.No.

Name of Hybrid/Year of Release

Duration(days)

Yield (t/ha)

Hybrid Check

Yield

adv.overcheck

(%)

Released for

the state of

18. Suruchi 5401* 130-135 5.94 4.97 (Jaya) 19.5 Haryana,(2004) + Andhra Pradesh,

Karnataka and

Mahrashtra.

19. Pant Sankar 125-130 6.12 4.99 22.6 Uttaranchal

Dhan-3 (2004) (Pant Dhan-12)

20. Narendra Usar 130-135 5.15 3.86 33.41 Saline and alkaline

Sankar Dhan-3 (Narendra Usar areas of U.P.

(2004) Dhan)

21. DRRH-2 (2005) + 112-116 5.35 4.28 (PSD-1) 24.9 Haryana, Uttarnachal,

West Bengal and

Tamil Nadu.

22. Rajlakshmi (CRHR-5) 130-135 5.71 4.47 (Tapaswini) 27.9 Irrigated areas of Orissa

(2005)

23. Ajay (CRHR-7) 130-135 6.07 4.47 (Tapaswini) 35.9 Irrigated areas of Orissa

(2005)

24. Sahyadri-2 (2006) 115-118 6.5 5.2 25.0 Maharashtra

25. Sahyadri-3 (2006) 123-126 7.5 6.4 17.0 Maharashtra26. HKRH-1 (2006) 135-139 9.41 8.17 (HKR126) 15.2 H a r y a n a

(Haryana Sankar Dhan-1)

27. CORH-3 (2006) 130-135 6.15 4.90 (ADT-39) 25.5 Tamil Nadu

28. Indira Sona (2006) 125-128 6.80 5.45 (Jaya) 24.7 Chhattisgarh

29 JK RH - 2000 130-135 6.9 5.7 (Jaya) 21 West Bengal, Orissa

(2007) + and Bihar

* Private hybrids; + Hybrids released by CVRC

Out of the twenty-nine hybrids, Twenty have been released by the State Variety Release

Committees, while the nine viz., PHB-71, 6201, 6444, RH-204, Pusa RH-10, KRH-2, Suruchi-

5401, JKRH-2000 and DRRH-2 have been released by the Central Sub Committee on Crop

Standards, Notification and Release of Varieties. Six of these are from the private sector.

Among the centrally released public bred hybrids, Pusa RH-10 is the first super fine grained,

aromatic hybrid released for cultivation in basmati region of north western India. KRH-2 is a high

yielding and widely adapted hybrid. DRRH-2 is an early hybrid with high yield potential.


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DRRH-2 : An early maturing hybrid

2.2 Multilocational Evaluation of Hybrids

Eleven hybrids released prior to 1999, were extensively evaluated in multilocational trials

during three seasons viz. kharif-1999 (64 locations), rabi 1999-2000 (15 locations) and kharif-

2000 (46 locations).

KRH-2 hybrid topped in both the kharif (wet) seasons, whereas Sahyadri hybrid was found

to be better during rabi (dry) season. On the overall basis, the hybrids KRH-2, PHB-71, Sahyadri,

6201, NSD-2 and DRRH-1 were found promising and widely adapted. During Kharif 2006 seasona separate multilocational trial for the hybrids released after the year 2000 was conducted at 34

locations through out the country. On the overall mean basis, the hybrids viz., DRRH-2 and PSD-

3 were found promising in the early maturity group. In the southern region two medium maturity

hybrids viz., JKRH-2000 and PA-6444 were found promising.

Although twenty-nine hybrids have been released so far, not all of them are under cultivation,

either due to their poor performance or due to lack of proper agency to take up their large scale

seed production. The hybrids under cultivation are PA-6444, PHB-71, PA-6201, KRH-2 , Sahyadri,

NSD-2, and DRRH-1.The recently released hybrids such as Pusa RH-10, PA-6444 , Suruchi, PSD-3, JKRH-2000

and DRRH-2 etc., are being popularized with the farmers now.

2.3 Grain quality considerations

Grain quality characteristics are very important parameters for determining consumer

acceptance for any variety/hybrid. Grain quality preferences vary from region to region and

most popular variety of a region may not be preferred at all in another region. Hence it is difficult

Out of the 23 public bred hybrids, seed production of only seven hybrids viz., KRH-2,

Sahyadri, NDRH-2, PSD-1, CORH-2, DRRH-2 and Pusa RH-10 is being taken up on a much

smaller scale by public sector seed agencies.

Pusa RH-10 : super fine grained, aromatic hybrid


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to satisfy specific consumer preferences of a large region or a group, especially during the initial

period.

Grain quality characteristics of all the released hybrids have been systematically analysed

(Table-2). It is found that grain quality of hybrids is on par with most of the common varieties

such as IR-64, Jaya, Sarjoo-52 etc. However grain quality of hybrids is not comparable to that of

premier quality varieties such as Sona Mahsuri, White Ponni, BPT-5204 etc. It is reported that

lower head rice recovery, stickiness and mild aroma in some hybrids are the negative factors

affecting the grain quality of the hybrids. Present problems of grain quality of rice hybrids is

primarily due to narrow genetic base of CMS lines being used. Efforts are underway to develop

well adapted indigenous non-aromatic CMS lines, with medium slender grains having higher

head rice recovery and intermediate amylose content. By choosing appropriate parental lines, it

is possible to develop hybrids of desirable grain quality in near future.

Physical grain quality features of hybrids and checks


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DRRH-2 LS 73 63 26 7.0 70

PSD-1 LS 68 52 19 7.0 65

KJTRH-2 LS 70 52 24 7.0 58

JKRH-2000 LB 72 67 23.2 5.0 49

CRHR-7 (Ajay) LS 75 68 24.9 4.0 55

KRH-2 LS 74 56 23.5 5.0 60

Narendra Usar MB 71 59 - - -Rice Hybrid-3

PA-6444 LS 74 64 - 4.5 -

PSD-3 LS 70 63 20.0 6.5 -

Sahyadri-3 LS 74 60 24.8 - -

Sahyadri-2 LS 70 56 22.7 6.0 66

Suruchi 5401 MS 72 68 23.6 5.3 44

Rajalaxmi LS 69 60 24.3 5.0 -

DRRH-1 LS 68 59 24 4.3 65

CNRH-3 LB 69 58 26.5 3.9 60

MGR-1 MS 64 57 25.6 4.5 62

CORH-2 MB 66 60 26.3 4.5 60

ADTRH-1 LS 70 62 24.7 4.6 55

APHR-2 LS 69 60 26.8 3.6 62

Sahyadri-1 LS 68 59 26.2 4.9 58

PA-6201 LS 70 60 24.0 4.3 58

PHB-71 LS 66 60 24.2 3.8 60

Samba Mahsuri MS 69 65 23.8 4.6 45

Sasyasree LB 70 62 26.3 4.5 62

IR 64 LS 68 59 24.2 5.0 60

Annada MB 69 54 25.4 7.0 50

Jaya MB 73 62 25.6 7.0 36

Tulasi MS 69 56 25.7 7.0 40

Hybrid

Table 2 : Grain quality characteristics of released hybrids and inbred variety checks

Grain Type Milling (%) HRR (%) AC (%) ASV GC (mm)

HRR = Head Rice Recovery, AC = Amylose Content,

ASV = Alkali spreading value and GC = Gel consistency.


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Table 3 : Resistance/tolerance of some released hybrids to major pests and diseases

Hybrid Resistant Tolerant

DRRH-1 Leaf blast -

KRH-2 Leaf blast Sheath rot

NSD-2 Leaf blast BLB, Sheath rot

Sahyadri - BLB

PHB-71 - Leaf Blast, BLB, BPH

PA-6201 Leaf blast BPH

PA 6444 Neck blast, RTD BLB, Sheathrot, BPH, WBPH

Pusa RH-10 - BLB, BPH

RH-204 - BPH, WBPH

DRRH-2 Leaf blast, Neck blast RTD, Brown spot, WBPH, Sheath rot

JKRH-2000 - Leaf blast, RTD

KJTRH-2 Neck blast Leaf blast, RTD

Narendra Usar - WBPH, BPH

Sankar Dhan-3

PSD-3 Neck blast Leaf blast, RTD, Brown spot

Sahyadri-3 Neck blast Leaf blast

Sahyadri-2 Neck blast Sheath Rot, WBPH

Suruchi-5401 - Leaf and neck blast, RTD, Brown spot

Rajalaxmi - Blast, WBPH

Ajay - Blast, WBPH

HKRH-1 - Neck blast, WBPH

2.4 Resistance to major pests and diseases

For the stable performance of hybrids across locations/seasons, it is necessary that the

hybrids should possess resistance/tolerance to some of the major pests and diseases. Hence

hybrids under development are regularly being screened for resistance to major pests such as

stem borer, BPH, WBPH and gall midge and diseases such as blast, bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and

sheath rot. There is no resistance even among the high yielding varieties to stem borer, leaf

folder and sheath blight. Resistance to BLB is also limited to few varieties. Level of resistance in

hybrids is similar to that in the high yielding varieties which have not been specifically bred for the

resistace.

Among the released hybrids, resistance/tolerance to some of the major pests and diseases

is given in the table-3.


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Hybrids released earlier, were not resistant/tolerant to many of the pests and diseases for

which they were screened. Hybrids released recently show either resistance or tolerance to

some of these pests and diseases. For example hybrid PA-6444 released in 2001, has got resistance

to blast and tolerance to WBPH, Sheath rot, BPH and gall midge. Now increasing emphasis is

being given to incorporate resistance to major pests and diseases in parental lines and hybrids.

Table 4 : Package for cultivation of hybrid rice

Activity Requirement

Seed rate : 15 kg/ha

Seeding density (in nursery) : 15-20 g/m2

Spacing : 15 x 15 or 20 x 15 cm

Seedling/hill : One or two

Nitrogen level : 120-150 kg/ha (based on soil fertility)

to be given in three splits

Phosphorus & Potassium : 60:60 kg/ha. Potash to be given in two splits.

Plant protection : Need based

Screening for WBPH resistance in greenhouseScreening for blast resistance in the nursery

The package for cultivation of hybrids is more or less similar to that of high yielding varieties

except the nursery management and planting density in main field. Since the cost of hybrid seed

is higher, there is a need to economize on seed quantity used for sowing. Hence only 15-20 gm

2.5 Optimization of cultivation package

Extensive agronomical trials were conducted over the locations and seasons to optimize

the cultivation package to exploit full potential of hybrids. Trials were conducted on seeding

dates, seed rate, nursery management, plant population, method of planting, nutrient and water

management and other related aspects. Based on the results obtained from these trials, a

generalized package has been developed. (Table - 4).


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of seed per square meter is to be spread uniformly while sowing in the nursery bed. Sparse

sowing is very important and it helps to obtain healthy vigorous seedlings with 3-4 tillers within

20-25 days for planting.

Another way to economize on seed rate is to plant only one or at the most two seedlings

per hill as against 4-6 seedlings per hill planted in case of high yielding varieties. Due to sparse

seeding, the seedlings are healthy, vigorous and multi-tillered and hence even with one or two

seedlings, field establishment of the crop is very good. By adopting sparse seeding and planting

of one or two seedlings per hill, it is possible to adequately cover an area of one hectare with only

12-15 kg of hybrid seed. Split application of nitrogen and potash is also very important to obtain

a good hybrid rice crop. Recently SRI method of cultivation, in which 5 Kg. seed is needed per

hector is being encouraged for cultivation of hybrids.

2.6 Economics of cultivation of hybrid rice

With good management, yield advantage of 1.0 - 1.5 t/ha can be obtained by cultivation ofhybrids as compared to the high yielding varieties under the same set of growing conditions.

Hybrid seed cost is the only additional expenditure incurred in cultivation of hybrids. The hybrid

seed from the private sector is sold generally at the rate of around Rs. 175-200 per kg. Hence

Rs. 2400-2600 are spent towards seed cost for one hectare. In case of high yielding varieties,

farmers use 40-50 kg seed per hectare obtained at the rate of Rs. 12-15 per kg. Hence additional

seed cost for hybrids works out to be about Rs. 1800-2000 per hectare.

Additional yield obtained through cultivation of hybrids is 1.0 - 1.5 ton per hectare. At the

market price of Rs. 5000 per ton of paddy, additional income obtained is Rs. 5000 - 7500 per

hectare. Hence after deducting the additional cost towards seed of Rs. 2000 the net profit by

cultivation of hybrid rice is Rs. 3000 - 5500 per hectare.

3. LARGE SCALE CULTIVATION OF HYBRIDS

It is more than a decade now since hybrid rice was developed and released for commercial

cultivation in India in 1994. Thirteen years after the first release of hybrids for commercial

cultivation, in the year 2007, it is estimated that hybrids have been grown in area of around

eleven lakhs hectares. Area under hybrid rice in India, year-wise for the last twelve years is given

in Graph - 1.

During the first decade, adoption of hybrid rice has been much slower than expected

mainly because of lower grain quality and consequently lower market price for the produce.

However, the yield advantage of hybrids in the range of 15-20% over the high yielding inbred

varieties has been well established in the farmers' field. The adoption of hybrid rice in the initial

years has been rather slow but steady one. It has picked up during the last four years since 2003,

mainly because of increasing popularity of hybrid rice among the rice farmers of eastern Uttar

Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.


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Graph-1: Progressive increase of area under hybrid rice in India

Hybrid rice cultivation in Uttar PradeshHybrid rice cultivation in Punjab

Large scale adoption of hybrid rice is expected in these states during next decade. Hybrid

rice is also picking up in Haryana and Punjab states in recent years. It is reported from these

states that less fertilizers and water are needed for hybrid rice as compared to the high yielding

varieties. The earliness of hybrids is also another advantage reported, facilitating timely sowingof wheat crop or creating possibility of growing short duration inter crops. It is expected that by

2010 and 2015, hybrids will be cultivated in India in an approximate area of 2.0 and 5.0 million

hectares respectively.


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4.2 Large Scale Seed Production

India has got a strong seed sector both in public and private. However, private sector has

taken a lead in production of hybrid rice seed. More than 50 private seed companies are taking

up large scale seed production and about 10 of them possess their own R & D set up. Large scaleseed production is taken up in Karimnagar, Warangal, Kurnool and Nandyal districts of Andhra

Pradesh. Tumkur, Mandya and Mysore districts of Karnataka State and Kolhapur district in

Maharashtra and Erode and Bhavanisagar districts of Tamil Nadu state. Seventy to eight percent

of the total hybrid rice seed is produced in the northern Telangana districts of Andhra Pradesh,

where all the leading seed companies take up their large scale seed production and the seed

growers are getting average seed yields of above 1.5 to 2.0 tons/ha. Seed yields are higher in dry

season as compared to wet season. Hence large scale seed production is generally taken up in

dry season only.

It is estimated that during rabi 2006-07, the hybrid seed production was taken up on

nearly 15,000 hectare area. With an average yield of 1.5 ton per hectare, approximately 18,000

to 22,000 tons of hybrid seed was produced in the country. More than 97% of it is produced by

the private sector. The leading private sector seed companies are; Hybrid Rice International

(Bayer Bio Science); PHI Seeds Ltd., Mahyco., Syngenta India Ltd., Nath Biogene Ltd., Advanta

India Ltd., Indo-American Hybrid Seeds, J.K. Agri Genetics, Metahelics Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd.,

etc. The addresses of some of these companies is given in Appendix - II. Among public sector

seed agencies, State Seed Corporations of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh are taking

up hybrid rice seed production on a small scale. Sale price of hybrid seed produced by the private

4. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION

Large scale seed production is an important link between the researchers developing

hybrids and the rice farmers growing them. Success of hybrid rice technology primarily depends

on, besides other factors, purity, timely availability and affordability of hybrid seed to the farmers.

Production of pure hybrid seed in a self pollinated crop such as rice, at affordable price, is a

highly skill oriented activity. Through extensive trials on different components like suitable

locations, seasons, planting time, planting geometry, row ratios, GA3 application and

supplementary pollination etc. a package for production of hybrid seed has been optimized.

4.1 Seed Production Package

Success and sustenance of hybrid rice technology depends on efficient and economic seed

production on large scale which is vital for popularization and large scale adoption of hybrids.

However good a hybrid may be, unless it is feasible to produce the seed on large scale economically

and efficiently, it will not reach large number of farmers. Cost effective seed productiontechnology bridges the gap between technology generation and technology transfer.

Based on the experimentation on seed technological aspects during the last 7-8 years in

India, a package has been developed, a summarized version of which is given in table-5.


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Table 5 : Optimum package for hybrid rice seed production and CMS multiplication

Activity Particulars

Seed rate A line or female Parent : 15 kg/ha

B or R line or male parent : 5 kg/ha

Nursery Sparse seeding (20 g/m2) to ensure multi-tillered (4-5) seedlings

in 25 days

Row ratio 2B: 8A for CMS multiplication

2R : 10 A for hybrid seed production

Number of seedlings/hill 2 seedlings/hill for female parent

3 seedlings/hill for male parent

Spacing Male : Male = 30 cmMale : Female = 20 cm

Female : Female = 15 cm

Plant : Plant = 15 cm or 10 cm

GA3 application 60-90 g/ha in 500 litres of water at 5-10% heading in two split

doses on consecutive days

Supplementary pollination Four to Five times a day at peak anthesis with 30 minutes interval

during flowering phase

Roguing u At vegetative phase - Based on morphologicalcharacters of leaf and plant type

u At flowering - Based on panicle characteristics

u At maturity - Based on grain characteristics

and percent seed set.

Seed yield 1.5 - 2.5 t/ha.

sector ranges from Rs. 175 - 200 per kg of seed whereas that of public sector ranges from Rs. 90

- 120 per kg. Initially the seed yields obtained were very low (0.3 to 0.5 t/ha), but with experience

over the years, 1.5 2.5 t/ha average seed yields are being obtained now.

4.3 Economics of hybrid rice seed production

Following the package developed for hybrid rice seed production, average seed yields

obtained in large scale seed production are 1.5 - 2.5 t/ha. At the average procurement price of

Rs. 30-40/- per kg, the gross returns are Rs. 60,000 - 80,000 per hectare. The cost of seed

production is around Rs. 25,000 - 30,000 per hectare. Hence the net profit by undertaking


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hybrid rice seed production works out to be Rs. 35,000 - 50,000 per hectare. This is very

lucrative enterprise and many hybrid rice seed growers in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and

Maharashtra have benefited by undertaking this activity. Besides, hybrid rice seed production

has generated additional employment for 60-80 person days/ha, particularly for rural women.

Hybrid rice seed production generates employmentSupplementary pollination in seed production plots

4.4 Molecular method for testing genetic purity of seed

Genetic purity of parental lines and hybrids is of crucial importance, as one percent reduction

in purity of hybrid seed, results in a reduction of about 100 kg/ha in yield of commercial crop.

Traditionally genetic purity is tested by Grow Out Tests (GOT), based on morphological assay.

This method requires space for growing the samples drawn, considerable time till flowering/

maturity and labour for raising the crop. Seed stocks and the investments made are locked up till

the results from GOT are received. To overcome these major problems, Directorate of Rice

Research, in collaboration with Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad

has developed a DNA marker technology for rapid and reliable estimation of genetic purity of

parental lines and hybrids.

This method involves isolation of DNA from 3-5 days old seedlings, setting up a polymerase

chain reaction using rice micro-satellite and sequence tagged site primers with isolated DNA,

subsequent resolution of PCR products bdy agarose gel electrophoresis and finally estimating

the purity of samples based on DNA banding pattern (Fig. 2 & 3). This procedure requires just

5-7 days and more than 1000 samples can be analysed in a day. This method costs only Rs. 5.00

per seedling, thus for a sample of 400 seedlings as required for GOT, total expenses of only Rs.

2000 are needed for this molecular method. Efforts are in progress to popularize this method

among the seed companies.

4.5 Problems in hybrid rice seed production

At present large scale hybrid rice seed production is concentrated in only two districts of

Andhra Pradesh, viz., Karimnagar and Warangal. More than 90% of the hybrid seed is being

produced in this region. With increase in demand for hybrid seed, additional areas are required

for seed production. Area suitable for seed production in Karimnagar region has already reached


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saturation with almost 15,000 ha under seed production in this area during 2007. Therefore,

there is an urgent need to identify new areas suitable for large scale seed production in other

states. A beginning has already been made by initiating large scale seed production in Nalgonda,

Khammam Districts region of Andhra Pradesh, Raichur and Bellary districts of Karnataka Salem,

Coimbatore, districts of Tamil Nadu and Kolhapur district of Maharashtra. Similarly the possibilitiesof undertaking seed production in late kharif season or in boro/summer season need to be explored

in northern and eastern states.

Performance of public seed sector in hybrid rice seed production has not been encouraging

so far, though many good public hybrids have been released. Seed production personnel in

public sector have to be motivated to undertake large scale hybrid rice seed production. Hence

the National Seed Corporation, State Farms Corporation of India and the State Seeds Development

Corporations have to be encouraged and provided all the needed facilities and infrastructure to

take up large scale hybrid rice seed production.

Higher seed cost is another problem faced by the hybrid rice farmers. Private sector seedcompanies are marketing the seed @ Rs. 175-200 per kg. Seed cost needs to be reduced to

around Rs. 100 per kg by enhancing the seed yield through refinement of the seed production

package.

Hybrid rice seed production in Karimnagar Dist.Hybrid rice seed production in Karnataka

The time gap between harvest of seed at the end of rabi season and requirement of seed

placement with the seed traders for kharif season, particularly for northern India, is too short. To

overcome this problem, the nurseries for seed production plots need to be seeded a bit early

during second fortnight of October itself and the innovative molecular marker technology fordetecting the purity of hybrid seed need to be adopted.

Though there were few problems in the initial stages of large scale hybrid rice seed

production in the country, the average seed yields obtained at present are satisfactory and are

increasing gradually over a period of time with the experience. It is possible to overcome minor

problems encountered. Hence by regular refinements in the seed production technology,

prospects for large scale hybrid rice seed production in India appear to be bright and this activity

will be very helpful to bring prosperity to the farming community.


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Hybrid rice seed production in the country, starting with less than 200 tons of total

production in the year 1995 has crossed 18,000 tons from 15000 hectares in 2006 (Table - 6).

5. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

Hybrid rice is an innovative and new technology for Indian agriculture. There is a need to

create awareness about the advantages of taking up hybrid rice cultivation, not only among Indian

rice farmers but also among the policy makers as well as development and extension personnel

at various levels. In addition to creating the awareness about the specific advantages of undertaking

hybrid rice cultivation, there is also an urgent need to train farmers and farm women in hybrid

rice cultivation and the seed personnel and seed growers in hybrid rice seed production technology.

Policy makers and research managers and development officials need to be sensitized about this

innovative technology. All these activities were initiated on a smaller scale, which need to be

intensified further in the years ahead.

5.1 Compact block Frontline Demonstrations

To create awareness about the advantages of taking up hybrid rice cultivation among the

rice farmers, large number of compact block frontline demonstrations were organized acrossthe country. These demonstrations were organized in 16 states during the last 8 years. The

salient features from the demonstrations are given in Table-7.

Almost 9000 frontline demonstrations on hybrid rice have been conducted in 16 states.

This is an on-going activity and the transfer of technology efforts are being intensified and large

number of demonstrations are being organized in many more states under the Macro-Management

scheme of the Ministry of Agriculture, which is being coordinated and implemented by the

Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad.

Year Area (ha) Seed

Production (t)

1995 195 200

1996 1075 1200

1997 1485 1800

1998 1630 2200

1999 1660 2500

2000 1630 2700

Year Area (ha) Seed

Production (t)

2001 1625 2900

2002 1635 3100

2003 2865 4000

2004 4350 8600

2005 6800 12500

2006 15000 18000

Table 6: Progressive increase in area and production of hybrid rice seed


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In 90-95% of the demonstrations organized, the hybrids have out yielded the best inbred

check varieties of the region. In few cases, due to improper crop management, hybrids could not

show the yield advantage.

The yield advantage observed was high (1.5 - 2.5 t/ha) in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,

Maharasthra and Goa. It was moderate (1.0 t/ha) in many other states. The yield advantage was

on lower (0.5 t/ha.) in Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Field days were organized at all the strategic locations and the neighbouring rice farmers

were made aware of the advantage of hybrid rice cultivation. Qestion-Answer sessions were

integral part of field day organization. Frontline demonstrations have proved to be a very effective

tool for popularization of hybrid rice and this activity is being intensified.

Front Line Demonstration of Hybrids in KarnatakaFront Line Demonstration of Hybrids in AP

5.2 Training programs

To impart the knowledge and necessary skills for hybrid rice cultivation and hybrid rice

seed production, appropriate training programs were organized for farmers, farm women, seed

growers, seed production personnel of public and private seed agencies, extension functionaries

of State Departments of Agriculture, officials of SAUs and NGOs etc. The duration of training

program varied from 1-21 days. In all 532 training programmes were conducted through out the

country and 15097 participants were trained. Two winter schools were organised and 47

participants were trained at DRR, Hyderabad (Table-8).

Field visit of winter school participantsParticipants of seed production technology training


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Table 8: Training programs organized

Hybrid rice cultivation 1 day Farmers 200 8060

Farm women 50 1300

Hybrid rice seed production 3 days Seed growers 90 1800

5 days Seed production personnel 105 2200

Hybrid rice technology 5 days Extension workers , 85 1690

Officials of SAUs and NGOs

Winter School on Hybrid 21 days Scientiests, Assistant 2 47

Rice Technology Professors from SAUs

Total 532 15097

Theme Duration Clientele

Number of

Training

Programs

Person

Trained

Table 7: Compact block frontline demonstrations conducted

Uttar Pradesh NSD-2, PSD-1, PSD-3, 6444, 1522 850 - 2215

PHB-71, KRH-2

Karnataka KRH-2 1240 700 - 1650

Maharashtra Sahyadri, KRH-2, PHB-71, 6444 845 1450 - 2610

Andhra Pradesh PHB-71, 6444, DRRH-1 600 650 - 1170

Tamil Nadu CORH-2, CORH-3, ADTRH-1, 890 715 - 1210

PHB-71

West Bengal 6444, PHB-71, KRH-2, CNRH-3 695 1020 - 1670

Orissa 6444, PHB-71, KRH-2 858 810 - 1050Uttaranchal PSD-1, PSD-3, PHB-71 640 780 - 1155

Goa KRH-2, Sahyadri 680 1450 - 2370

Bihar, Chhattisgarh, KRH-2, PHB-71, 6444,Sahyadri, 1180 950 - 1870

Jharkhand, Punjab, DRRH-1, PSD-3

Haryana, Gujarat,

Tripura

Total 8877

State

Yield

advantage(kg/ha)

No. of demos

conducted(1 ha each)

Hybrids used


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In addition to the above mentioned national training programme, international training

programs were also organized for participants from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam,

Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Korea and Egypt.

5.3 Inter state farmers' visitFor providing exposure to the farmers and farm women on hybrid rice cultivation and

hybrid seed production 10 interstate farmers visits were organized and 415 farmers and farm

women were benefited by these visits. These exposure visits were organized by Mandya,

Maruteru, Coimbatore, Karjat and Karnal centers. The farmers from one state were taken to

other states where they could see and learn about hybrid rice cultivation and hybrid seed

production. This unique activity was very helpful not only to disseminate the technology but also

strengthened the human resources in the farming community.

6. IMPACT OF HYBRID RICE TECHNOLOGY

Impact of hybrid rice technology in India was assessed by two reputed independent agencies

viz., Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad and Society for Management of Agri-Rural

Projects, Kanpur. Assessment of the impact was carried out in the states of Punjab, Haryana,

Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Bihar in Northern India, whereas in Southern India, it was carried

out in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Maharashtra in Western region

and West Bengal in eastern India were also covered under this study.

6.1 Salient findings from the impact assessment Study in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar

Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Bihar, Southern, Western and Eastern Indian States

u There is an yield advantage of 1.0 1.5 t/ha in all the five states studied by cultivation of

hybrid rice over the highest yielding inbred checks in different states.

u Additional net profit by cultivation of hybrids over the inbred checks ranged from Rs.

2,781 to Rs. 6,291 per hectare.

u The net profit by undertaking hybrid rice seed production was of around Rs. 21,000 per

hectare, at seed yield levels of 1.0 t/ha and the farm gate seed price of Rs. 50 per kg.

u Except in the state of Punjab, farmers, researchers and extension workers were convinced

that the hybrids give considerably higher yields than the inbred varieties.

u There is some reluctance on the part of millers to offer similar price for hybrids as for

the inbred varieties in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

u The prospects of large scale adoption of hybrid rice are bright, if grain quality of the

hybrids is improved and proper policy and institutional interventions are forthcoming.


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6.2 Salient findings from the impact assessment Study in Maharashtra, Andhra

Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and West Bengal.

u Net profit by cultivation of hybrids ranged from Rs. 1250/ha in Andhra Pradesh to Rs.

6000/ha in Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

u Net profit in hybrid seed production ranged from Rs. 7500/ha (AP) to Rs. 30,000/ha

(Karnataka).

u Hybrid seed production, activity generates additional employment of 65 person days/ha

and most of them are women.

u There is no adverse impact of hybrid rice cultivation on the environment.

In the process of development of hybrid rice, more emphasis should be given for market

preferences.

7. MAJOR CHALLENGESAdoption of hybrid rice in the country has been slower than expected. This is due to

several constraints such as unacceptable grain quality particularly for the southern states, marginal

and inconsistent yield advantage in hybrids, susceptibility to major pests and diseases and higher

seed cost. Some of the major activities planned to face these challenges are;

u Development of hybrids with medium slender grain and cooking and eating qualities

similar to BPT-5204. Such hybrids will be readily acceptable to the consumers in southern

India, where presently area under hybrid rice is negligible.

u

Development of long duration (140-145 days) taller hybrids for shallow lowland ecosystemand for coastal areas. Considerable area of around 5-6 million hectares under such

ecosystems is available, if suitable hybrids are developed.

u Enhancement of magnitude of heterosis through development of inter sub-specific and

two-line hybrids.

u Development of region specific cultivation packages for hybrids, so that the yield advantage

obtained is consistent across the seasons and years.

u Refinement of seed production technology to obtain average seed yields of 2.0 - 2.5 t/ha.

u Intensification of technology transfer efforts to popularize hybrids effectively.u Incorporation of resistance to some of the major pests/diseases in the hybrids.

u Motivating the public sector seed agencies to take up large scale hybrid rice seed

production on regular and sustainable basis.

u Sensitization of policy makers to develop and implement policies conducive for large

scale adoption of hybrid rice in the country.


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8. FUTURE OUTLOOK

A good beginning has been made by ushering in to an era of hybrid rice in the country.

Development of heterotic hybrids by the researchers, large scale production of hybrid seeds by

various seed agencies and transfer of this technology to the end users by the extension agencies

must go hand in hand to have the real impact of this technology in the Indian agriculture. Though

the hybrid rice technology has been introduced to Indian agriculture, the successful large scale

adoption of this innovative technology, in future, primarily depends upon the economic

attractiveness of this technology for the rice farmers. Rice hybrids with still higher magnitude of

heterosis coupled with better grain cooking and eating quality and possessing resistance to major

pests and diseases need to be developed.

Seed production technology has to be further refined to obtain average seed yields of 2.5

to 3.0 t/ha on a large scale, so that the cost of hybrid rice seed can be reduced to Rs. 100 to 150

per kg. Top priority has to be given to maintain the purity of parental lines and to produce high

quality hybrid seed. Involvement of seed agencies in the public sector, NGO's and farmers

cooperatives along with the private seed sector will be crucial to meet the increased demand for

hybrid seed in the years to come.

Transfer of hybrid rice technology from the research farms to the farmers' field is as

important as developing the hybrids. Extension agencies have to play a greater role in creating

much needed awareness among farmers about the advantages of cultivating hybrid rice by various

innovative approaches.

Policy decisions of providing subsidy to meet the higher seed cost and giving minimum

support price for rice hybrids for the next 4-5 years would be very helpful to bring more areaunder hybrid rice. Despite the few minor problems faced in the initial stages, timely and favorable

decisions by the policy makers and active involvement of researchers, seed producers and the

extension workers would certainly lead to a successful hybrid rice cultivation on large scale in

India during coming decades. It is expected that hybrid rice will be cultivated in an area of 2.0

million hectares by 2010 and at least in an area of 5.0 million hectares by 2015, if the hybrids with

desirable and acceptable grain quality characteristics are developed and marketed aggressively.

Under the "National Food Security Mission" to be launched shortly, if hybrid rice research, seed

production and technology transfer efforts are supported strongly and proper policy incentives

are provided then the area under hybrid rice may be much more than the anticipated. This

would certainly add another 2 to 3 million tons of additional rice to our food basket.


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APPENDIX - I

HYBRID RICE RESEARCH CENTRES IN INDIA

Project Director

Directorate of Rice ResearchRajendranagar, HYDERABAD 500 030Ph # 040-24015036-39; 24013109, 111-112

Fax # 040-24015308.

e-mail : [email protected]

The Principal Scientist ( Rice)

Andhra Pradesh Rice Research Institute (APRRI)

MARUTERU-534 122

West Godavari Dist., A.P.

Phone : 08819-246283 (O) ; Fax : 08819-247583E-mail : [email protected]

The Professor & HeadDepartment of Rice

Centre for Plant Breeding & Genetics

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

COIMBATORE-641 003, Tamil NaduPhone : 0422-2474967 (O); Fax : 0422-2434727

E-mail: [email protected]

The Jt. Director of Agriculture

(Rice Development)Rice Research Station, Govt. of West Bengal

P.O. CHINSURAH R.S. -712 102, Hooghly

Phone : 033-26862484 (O) ; Fax : 033-26861149E-Mail: [email protected]

The Senior Rice BreederCCS, Rice Research Station (HAU)

Kaithal Dist.,

KAUL-136 021, HaryanaPhone : 01746-254550 (O) ; Fax # 01746-254550

E-mail : [email protected]

The Principal Scientist & Head

Crop Improvement DivisionCentral Rice Research Institute

CUTTACK-753 006, Orissa

Phone : 0671-2442776/2442445-50 Extn. 253;(O); Fax : 0671-2441744

Senior Scientist (Hybrid Rice)Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C. Farm

MANDYA-571 405, Karnataka

Phone : 08232-277392/277147 (O) ;Fax : 08232-277392

The Rice Specialist & Assoc. Director of Research

Regional Agricultural Research Station

KARJAT-410 201 Dist. Raigad, Maharashtra

Phone : 02148-222035/223254/220862-3 (O),

Fax : 02148-222035E-mail : [email protected] / [email protected]

The Prof. & HeadDept. of Genetics & Plant BreedingCollege of AgricultureN.D. University of Agri. & TechnologyNarendra Nagar, KumarganjFAIZABAD-224 229, U.P.Phone : 05270-262051 (O) ; Fax : 05270-262097

The Principal Scientist (Rice)

Division of GeneticsIndian Agricultural Research Institute

NEW DELHI-110 012

Phone : 011-25783077 (O)Fax : 011-25766420

Principal Rice Breeder &Department of Genetics & Plant BreedingCollege of AgricultureG.B.Pant Univ. of Agri. & TechnologyPANTNAGAR-263 145, UttaranchalPh : 05944-234398 & 234399 (O)

Fax : 05944-233473

Senior Scientist

Plant Breeding & Genetics, Indira GandhiAgricultural University Krishek Nagar,

RAIPUR - 492 006 (CG)Ph # 0771-242352

(O); 0771-5010573 (R)Fax # 0771-2443035,E-mail : [email protected]


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PRIVATE SECTOR SEED AGENCIES

ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN HYBRID RICE

Managing Director,Bayer Bioscience 8-1-39,

Qutub Shahi Tombs Road,

Tolichowki, HYDERABAD-500 008, (A.P.)Phone: 23563334 & 23561935

Fax # 040-23563029

The General Manager (Marketing)Mahyco Hybrid Seed Company Limited

Resham Bhavan, 4th Floor

78, Veer Nariman Road

MUMBAI-400 020Phone 022-2047871; FAX 022-2047871

The General Manager (Marketing)Advanta India Ltd.405, 4th Floor, A Wing Carlton TowersNo. 1 Airport RoadBANGALORE 560 008.Tel phone # 080-5209941; Fax # 080-5207510E-mail: [email protected]

Managing Director

Sampoorna Seeds

15/465, Gosha Hospital Road,

ADONI - 518301.A.P.

Ph : 08512-252493, Fax : 08512-251793

Cell : 9848121240

Managing Director,Metahelix Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd.

Plot # 3, KIADB, 4th Phase, Bommasandra,

BANGALORE - 560 099

E-mail : [email protected]

The General Manager (Mareketing)Pioneer Overseas Corporation (India Branch)3rd & 4th Floor, Babukhans Millennium Centre6-3-1099/1100, SomajigudaHYDERABAD-500 082Phone : 23398718/23316423 (O); 23391204(R)Fax : 23372898

The General Manager (Marketing)

Nath Seeds Limited

Post Box No.318, Nath House, Nath RoadAURANGABAD-431 005

Phone # 333313, 333317; Fax # 0240-331188


Indo-American Hybrid Seeds (India) Pvt. Ltd.

17th Cross, 2nd A Main, K.R. RoadB.S.K. 2nd Stage

BANGALORE-560 070, Karnataka

Fax 080-6761479

Managing DirectorDhanuka Seeds

Northern Minerals Limited (Seed Division)

201, 6-3-639, Golden Edifice, Khairthabad,HYDERABAD 500 004.

Ph : 040-23308269, Fax : 040-23315086

Crop Manager,

Syngenta India Limited,

Padma Rao Nagar,

SECUNDERABAD - 500 003.

Fax # 040-27502972

Mobile # 9440897297

APPENDIX - II

Managing Director,

Seed Works India Pvt. Ltd.,437, Avenue 4, Banjara Hills,HYDERABAD 500 034.Ph # 040-23356354; Fax # 040-23356359Mobile # 98494534535E-mail : [email protected]

General Manager (Marketing),

J.K. Agri. - Genetics Limited

1-10-177, 4th Floor, Varun Towers,Begumpet,

HYDERABAD 500 016


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Managing Director,

Bioseed Research (I) Pvt. Ltd.Plot No. 206, Road No. 14, Jubilee Hills,

HYDERABAD 500 033. India.

Ph # 040-2355801 - 805Fax # 040-23555530

Managing Director,Ganga Kaveri Seeds Pvt. Ltd.Suit 1046-1047, Babu Khan Estate,Bashir Bagh, HYDERABAD 500 001Ph # 55667222-/24/23233518, 23242451

Fax # 040-23233418. Cell # 9866199946E-mail : [email protected]

Asst. General Manager,(Research & Quality Control)

Manisha Agri Biotech Pvt. Ltd.

215 Amrutha Estates, Lingapur Complex,Himayatnagar, HYDERABAD - 500 029.Ph # 66789981, 66789891. Fax # 040-

66789891E-mail : [email protected]

Managing Director,Vibha Agrotech Ltd.501, Subhan Sirisampada, Rajbhavan Road,Somajiguda, HYDERABAD 500 082.Ph # 040-23301473, 55618376, 55620538Fax # 040-23324483E-mail : [email protected]


Maharashtra State Seeds Corporation Ltd.

Shastri Nagar, Post Box 119AKOLA 444 001, Ph # 0724-26926-929;

Fax # 0724-28291

The General Manager (Marketing)Karnataka State Seed Corporation Ltd.

Beeja Bhavan, Bellary Road, HebbalBANGALORE 560 024.Phone # 080-3415652/3415856;Fax # 080-3415895E-mail : [email protected]

PUBLIC SECTOR SEED AGENCIES

ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN HYBRID RICE

The General Manager(R & D)Nuziveedu Seeds Limited,7C, Surya Towers, S.P. Road,SECUNDERABAD 500 003.Phone # 040-27898008, 55334300Fax # 040-55321500E-mail : [email protected]

Managing DirectorCo-ordination & Quality ControlNamdhari Seeds (P) Ltd.Post : Bidadi,BANGALORE 562 109.

The Managing DirectorA.P. State Seeds Dev. Corpn. Limited

2nd Floor, "HACA Bhavan",

Opp: Public Garden,HYDERABAD-500 004

Phone # 040-23240099/23236088

General ManagerNational Seeds Corporation Ltd.Beej Bhavan, Pusa Complex,NEW DELHI-110 012Fax # 011-5766462


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APPENDIX - III

Major Publications on Hybrid Rice brought out by DRR and Network Centers

A. From DRR

I. Books

1.Bharat Mein Sankar Dhan (In Hindi) pp.76.

II. Bulletins

1. Hybrid Rice in India Present Status and Future Prospects (2001) pp.26.

2. Hybrid Rice in India (Revised) (2003) pp. 32.

3. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS) on Hybrid Rice (2003) pp. 20

4. Agro Techniques for hybrid rice cultivation and seed production (2005) pp. 29

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS) on Hybrid Rice (2007) pp. 22

III. Bibliography on Hybrid Rice (1975-2002) pp.350.

IV. Annual reports on Development and use of Hybrid Rice Technology.

S.No. Year No. of Pages

1. 1989-91 62

2. 1991-92 53

3. 1992-93 96

4. 1993-94 77

5. 1994-95 73

6. 1995-96 84

7. 1996-97 43

8. 1997-98 114

S.No. Year No. of Pages

9. 1998-99 113

10. 1999-2000 115

11. 2000-01 110

12. 2001-02 115

13. 2002-03 85

14. 2003-04 96

15. 2004-05 84

16. 2005-06 98


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V. Project Reports.

1. Mid-term report of the ICAR/UNDP Project on Development and Use of Hybrid Rice

Technology (1991-94) pp.45.

2. Final Report of the ICAR/UNDP Project on Development and Use of Hybrid RiceTechnology (1991-96) pp.87.

3. A comprehensive ten year (1989-1998) report on Promotion of Research andDevelopment Efforts on Hybrids in Selected Crops Rice pp.131.

4. Promotion of Research and Development Efforts on Hybrid in Selected Crops ResearchHighlights of all the 9 crops (1989-99) pp. 28.

5. Promotion of Research and Development Efforts on Hybrids in selected crops ResearchHighlights of all the 9 crops (1999-2001) pp. 47.

6. A Comprehensive Report of NATP Project Development of Hybrid Crops (1999-

2002) pp. 37.7. Terminal Report of GOI-ICAR-UNDP Project on Development and Large Scale Adoption

of Hybrid Rice in India (1999-2002) pp. 34.

VI. Training Manuals

1. Hybrid Rice Seed Production Theory and Practice (1995) pp. 129

2. Hybrid Rice Technology A Manual (1996) pp. 135

3. A Manual on Hybrid Rice Seed Production Technology (2003) pp. 130

4. Advances in Hybrid Rice Technology (2003) - Winter School Manual pp. 2365. New Frontiers in Hybrid Rice Technology (2006) - Winter School Manual pp. 468

VII. Proceedings

1. Abstracts of the posters presented during 3rd International Symposium on Hybrid Rice,held during November 14-16, 1996 at Hyderabad pp. 141

VIII. Newsletter

1. Hybrid Rice Newsletter, Vol. 1 (1998) pp. 20







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IX. Brochures/Folders

1. Cultivation Practices for DRRH-1 Hybrid (1996).

2. Seed Production Package for DRRH-1 Hybrid (1996).

3. Package of practices for cultivation of Rice Hybrids (1996).4. Package of practices for cultivation of DRRH-1 hybrid (2003).

5. Seed Production package for DRRH-1 hybrid (2003).

6. Package of practices for cultivation of Rice Hybrids (2003).

7. A folder on NATP Development of Hybrid Crops Rice (1999-2003) pp. 4

8. Tips on Hybrid Rice Seed Production (2002) pp. 12

9. Package of practices for cultivation of DRRH-2 hybrid (2007).

10. Seed Production package for DRRH-2 hybrid (2007).

B. From Network Centres

1. Mandya

1. A book of Hybrid Rice Technology (in Kannada), 1998 pp. 118

2. A book on Hybrid Rice 1999 pp. 40

3. Seed Production & Cultivation Package of KRH-2.

4. Karnataka Hybrid Batta-1 Besaya Kramagalu (Cultivation Package in Kannada).

5. Karnataka Hybrid Batta-2 - Besaya Kramagalu (Cultivation Package in Kannada).

6. Karnataka Hybrid Batta-2 Beejothpadhana Thantrikathe (Seed ProductionTechnology in Kannada).

2. Coimbatore

1. Hybrid Rice Technology (1996) pp. 120

2. Seed Production Practices for CORH-2 hybrid (1998) pp. 16

3. Hybrid Rice Seed Technology (2000) pp. 474. Hybrid Rice Cultivation and Seed Production Technology (2002) pp. 26

5. ADTRH-1 Veeriya Ottu Nel (Cultivation Package in Tamil).

6. CORH-1 - Veeriya Ottu Nel (Cultivation Package in Tamil).

7. CORH-2 - Veeriya Ottu Nel (Cultivation Package in Tamil).


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3. Maruteru

1. Hybrid Rice A Key to Success (1997) pp. 205

2. Hybrid Rice Cultivation (2000) pp. 20

3. Hybrid Rice Cultivation Key points (in Telugu) (2001).4. Hybrid Vari Sagu (Hybrid Rice Cultivation in Telugu).

5. Hybrid Vari Vitthanothapatti (Hybrid Rice Seed production Technology in Telugu).

4. Karjat

1. Package for cultivation and seed production of Sahyadri hybrid (in English and Marathi) 2000 pp. 40

2. Folders on Sahyadri Cultivation Practices (2000).

3. Folders on Sahyadri Seed Production (2001).

5. Cuttack

1. Package for hybrid rice cultivation and seed production (in Oriya) 2000 pp. 32

2. High yields through hybrid rice (bulletin).

3. Folder on Production Technology of Hybrid Rice (English).

6. Chinsurah

1. Hybrid Rice Seed Production Technology (in English and Bengali) 1998 pp. 50

7. Faizabad

1. Sankar Dhan Beej Uthpadhan Pravesika (in Hindi) 1998 pp. 40

2. Sankar Dhan Ki Kheti (Hindi).

3. Tips on Hybrid Rice Seed Production (English)

8. Pantnagar

1. Sankar Dhan Beej Uthpadan Tekniki Abhyas Pustika (in Hindi) 1998 pp. 40

2. Pant Sankar Dhan ke beej utpadan ki taknik (in Hindi).3. Pant Sankar Dhan ki kethi kyse kare (in Hindi)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The unstinted support from the ICAR and the SAUs is gratefully

acknowledged in implementation of the hybrid rice project in the country.

The financial support from the UNDP and technical support from IRRI and

FAO in the initial stages was instrumental in making this project a great

success.

We are highly indebted to our Director General, Dr. Mangala Rai, who

has been a source of inspiration and encouragement for hybrid rice project

over the years in various capacities and to all other ICAR authorities for

their support and encouragement.

All our cooperators deserve sincere thanks for their active involvement

and support for successful implementation of this project.

Documents

Hybrid Rice in India