Upload
eleanor-booker
View
217
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Leading Causes of Death in the World
Citation preview
Human HealthRisk Factors
3 Categories of Human Health Risks
1. Physical 2. Biological 3. Chemical
Leading Causes of Death in the World
Leading Causes of Death in the World
1. Infectious Diseases 2. 1. 3. 2; 4. 3. 5. 4. 6. 5. 7. 6.
7.
Biological Risks
Infectious diseases- those caused by infectious agents, known as pathogens.
Examples:
4 Types of Pathogens
Viral Bacterial Fungal Parasites (protists)
Biological Risks
Chronic Disease- slowly impairs the functioning of the person’s body
Acute Disease-rapidly impairs the functioning of the person’s body
Leading World Health Risks for Chronic diseases:Comparison of Low-income countries to high-income countries
Low-income High-income
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Changes in Risks over Time
Describe the changes in Risks over time.
Historical Disease:
Common diseases that have been around a long time
Examples: MalariaTuberculosisPlague
Emergent Diseases
Relatively new infectious diseases Examples
AID/HIVEbola Hemorrhagic FeverMad Cow diseaseBird FluWest Nile Virus
Locations of Emergent Diseases
Ebola hemorrhagic fever-highly lethal; no known treatment.
Pathways of Transmitting Pathogens
Pathways of Transmitting Pathogens
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Infectious Diseases have Killed large numbers of people Epidemic: When a pathogen causes a
rapid increase in disease Pandemic: When an epidemic occurs
over a large geographic area.
The Future of Human Health
To combat diseases in Low-income countries Improve nutritionWider availability of clean waterBetter sanitationMore access to vaccinations
The Future of Human Health
In high-income countries health efforts should focus on
Healthier lifestyle choicesMore physical activityBalanced diet-eat less-more fruits and vegetables
Decrease tobacco use
Types of Harmful Chemicals
Neurtotoxins Carcinogens Teratogens Allergens Endocrine Disruptors
Neurotoxins
Chemicals that disrupt the nervous system
Examples: insecticides, lead, mercury
In 1970’s government started requiring reductions of lead in gasoline and paint.
Decline of lead in children over time.
Describe the changes in lead levels in children since 1976.
Carcinogens
Chemicals that cause cancer They cause cell damage and lead to
uncontrolled cell growth. Can cause mutations in DNA of genes that
regulate cell growth. These types are called mutatgens
Common Carcinogens
Asbestos Radon Formaldehyde Chemicals in tobacco
Teratogens
Interfere with normal development of embryos or fetuses. Most famous one was thalidomide
Allergens
Chemicals that cause allergic reactions
Stimulate an immune responseCan cause breathing difficulties and death
Examples: peanuts, chemicals in milk, drugs like penicillin and codeine.
Endocrine disruptors
Chemicals that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones.
Can enter wastewater from farm animals, Can enter wastewater from birth control
pills in residential sewage, and can be pesticides that mimic animal
hormones.
List 4 chemicals of major concern. List one from each type Tell what type it is and what its effect is.
Physical Risk Factors Natural disasters that cause injury and death Excessive exposure to UV radiation from the sun, or
exposure to radioactive substances like radon or spills from Nuclear power plants.
Natural disasters and exposures can be linked. Example Japan earthquake in 2011 and the Fukushima Nuclear Power plant leakage of radioactive coolantBoth UV and radioactivity can cause cancer.
Classification of causes of Diseases Infectious- caused by a biological agent. Congenital- a condition existing at or before birth or
develops within the first month Inherited- caused by a defective gene that is inherited. Trauma-physical injury or deeply distressing or
disturbing incident. Acquired, but not infectious-disease originating after
birth but not infectious
What are the 10 major categories of diseases? 1. Heart lung and other organ diseases. 2. Blood and immune system diseases 3. Cancer 4. Injury 5. Brain and Nervous System
10 major diseases continued 6. Endocrine System Diseases 7. Infectious and parasitic diseases 8. Pregnancy and Childbirth related 9. Inherited diseases 10. Environmentally-acquired diseases