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Monaco Engineering Solutions
1
Tim Southam, QCVSA, BSc, C.Erg.HF, FIEHF, CFIOSH
Human Factors Engineering
– An Introduction
Background
Electronic Design 8 Years
RAF Pilot 21 Years Jaguar GR1 /
Tornado GR1
HFE Research in MMI at RAE
Farnborough
Chartered Ergonomist - CErgHF
Chartered Health & Safety Professional -
CFIOSH
Principal Tech Safety Engineer
HFE Discipline Lead
Specialist in Virtual Reality helmet
display design, workload, Fatigue,
Human Error, Human Factors
Integration, Human Performance.
Human Factors Engineering.
Reactive Management Optimum Performance
Plan, think and get right first timeThe Rules Change
We Spend Lots of £s
Layout Access / Egress
Signs / Labels Complexity
Control Interfaces
Physical Environment
Maintenance ReliabilityVendor Packages
Engineering
Stress Fatigue
Workload
Working HoursShifts
Competence
Working Conditions
Physical Demands
Communication
People
Is there a Price for Safe performance?
End with the user
• What users want• What users need• What users know• How users work• User capabilities• User limitations
Design and Development
• Objective user testing• Subjective user evaluation• Post-deployment analysis• Iteration of design
Start with the user
User Centric Design
Technology and People in Harmony
5
To:
• Reduce likelihood of human error – Improved Usability
• Increase productivity – less downtime
• Reduce support cost – Increased reliability
• Reduce training time and cost – less human interaction
To make the changes …….
we already know we should make?
Why does it always take one of these…….
If we want to stop repeats…..
Hamilton, I., (2003). Human factors in risk assessment for major accident control, Oil and Gas UK:
PIPER 25, UK, 18 June, 2013,
We need to resolve HFE Issues in Incidents
Weaknesses inCompetence
Errors in Communication
Failures in Procedures
Poor HFE Design
45%
21%
12%
22%
……Enables issues to be
resolved at the design stage to
minimise accidents, including
fatalities in this case
Understanding issues within
normal operations ….
Engineering Design
Humans should not have to adapt to Technology
– Technology should be built around the human capability
Ergonomics is about understanding human capabilities and limitations is critical
• Poorly designed equipment
• Out of date / unworkable procedures
• Poor communications
• Inadequate Shift handovers
• Inadequate training / Competence
• Inappropriate time pressure / Targets
• Frequent distractions
• Unclear Roles and Responsibilities
• Poor Situational Awareness
Some Common Issues:
Understanding People
10
How a smarter
approach to User
Centred Engineering
can enhance your
process performance
Human Failure
Human Factors Engineering:
PerformanceOrganisational
culture
Situation
Awareness
Perception
Stress
Attitude
Fatigue
Integrity
Leadership
Culture
Education
Design, Packages,
Access, signs,
Maintenance
Layout Review
Alarm Handling
CRs, Screens
Process Visibility
HMI
Usability,
HAZOP
Guide-words
Engineering
Safety Critical
Task Analysis,
PHEA
People
Fatigue
Behaviour
Human Failure
Accident Invest –
HEA
Safety Critical
Communications
Organisation
Procedures
Alignment
M of C
Leadership &
Supervision
Workload
Training and
Competency
Resources
Working Hours
Behavioural Based Safety
Engineering Systems Behaviours
Trends Trends
“More and more incidents involving Human Factors issues or individual behaviours” –
BUT Behaviour is not Human Factors
Ac tio nAc tio nSayingSayingBe lie fBe lie f
FilterFilter
Perceptions
Perceptions
AssumptionsAssumptions
ExpectationsExpectations
ValuesValues
BeliefsBeliefs
Defence MechanismDefence Mechanism
EmotionsEmotions
FilterFilter
Gender
Nationality
Parental Love
Upbringing
Education
Culture
Life Events
Stress
Fatigue
Workload
Working Hours
Shifts
Situation Awareness
Perception
Stress
Attitude Fatigue
Integrity
Leadership
Culture
Education
The Raw Material
We Need to Understand the Threats
to Human Capability
If is isn’t simple, people will find a workaround
We Find Work-arounds
Common System Design Errors
• Example: Human-Machine Coupling
– Hand-Tool Size Mismatch
Smaller handles are difficult to use by normal-sized hands
Handles get smaller, but hand does not
Performance Influencing Factors
• Task Factors
• Communication Factors
• Procedures and Documentation
• Ambient Environment
• Training and Experience
• Human-Machine Interaction
• Personal Factors
• Team Factors
Number of tasks, Complexity, Time Pressure, Workload, non-standard activities
Communication workload, Phraseology & Standards, Language and accents,
information content, method, Quality, equipment quality and reliability
Procedure availability / access / location, No of Procedures, accuracy,
correctness, completeness, clarity, validity, format, do-ability, suitability,
compatibility
Weather, Noise, Distraction, Lighting, Temperature, Air quality
Familiarity with Task, experience, time on job, training, quality of
training, suitability of training, recency of training, competence testing,
mentoring quality.
Information accuracy / correctness, info type and format, info availability
/ access, Quality, completeness, clarity, complexity, validity, info
structure, location, position, equipment reliability, trust in equipment,
allocation of tasks between person and systems, health risks,
ergonomics, visual display quality,
Alertness / concentration / fatigue, emotional state, stress, anxiety,
boredom, confidence, complexity, job satisfaction, Domestic issues,
fitness / physical health issues, Mental health, drugs and alcohol.
Team co-ordination, quality, groupthink, handover / takeover, structure & dynamics, Team relationships and trust,
Maturity, inter-team co-ordination, Age, Shift organisation, assistance and support, working methods, staff
availability, allocation of responsibility
The HSEs HF Issues:
• Organisational change and transition management
• Procedures
• Staffing levels and workload
• Fatigue from shift-work and overtime
• Training and competence
• Communications
• Organisational culture
• Integration of human factors into risk assessment
and investigations
• Human Factors Engineering in design
• Maintenance Error
These form the baseline of HFE Screening:
Why Human Factors Engineering?
• Improved performance
• less production downtime
• more efficient maintenance
• Understand the risks
• this involves predicting problems;
• which in-turn includes predicting the risk of probable
accident / loss scenarios,
• establishing the appropriate design and the right layers
of protection to control risk to a tolerable level.
• Improved management of Major Accident Hazards
• reduced likelihood of human error
• improved recovery from human error
• more efficient response to an emergency
• Meet Regulator’s Expectations
HFE Project Lifecycle - Process
HF
Policy
HF Screening
HF Strategy
Operator
Engagement
Workshops
HF Integration
Plan
Initial design
Development &
Hazard Identification
HMI Assessment
Review
Alarm
Management
Analysis Review
SCTA Review
Control Room
Analysis Review
HF Support for
HAZID/HAZOP
[Continual Support
through Project]
Initial design
Review
Review of safety
Critical Procedures
Design
Approval
(AFD)
HF Support for
PUWER
HF Support for
Vendor Package
HF Support for
HAZID/HAZOP
FAT Review of
ICSS
Approval for
Construction
(AFC)
Human Factors Activities
Specific consideration will be give to typical
HFE design activities:
Working Environment Health Risk Assessment
Valve Criticality Analysis
Vendor package screening
Task Requirements Analysis
Human Machine Interface (HMI) requirement
analysis
Control room requirements analysis
Control system and alarm management
analysis
Safety critical task inventory
Critical task analysis
Human error ALARP demonstration.
Stages 1 & 2:
Scope definition,
planning and FEED
kick off
Stage 3:
Development of
initial design
deliverables and
HAZID
Stage 4:
Initial design
validation
Stage 5:
Initial design
approval
Stage 6:
Final review &
FEED reporting
HFE Screening
Reference
No.
HF Issue Description Actionee Date Close-
out
status
Close-out
comment
Date
Required
HF1 Competence
HF2 Work demands
HF 3 Working conditions
HF 4 SC Communication
HF 5 Physical demands
HF 7 Human Failure
HF 8 Human Reliability
HF 9 Culture
HF 10 Layout
HF 11 Access & Egress
HF 12 Signs & Labelling
HF 13 Novelty
HF 14 Complexity
HF 15 Physical characteristics
HF 16 Physical Environment
HF 17 Control Interface
HF 18 Maintenance
HF 19 HF in Design
HF 20 Human Interaction
HF 21 Vendor equipment
HF 22 Temporary equipment
HF 23 Hazard Identification
HF 24 Safety Report
HF 25 Emergency Response
HF 26 Procedures
HF 27 Documentation
HF 28 Training
HF 29 Work positioning /
Ergonomic considerations
Human Factors Issues Register
Enough Said
HFE Guidance on Valves
Safety Critical Task Analysis
PHEA / HFW
Usability / HMI
HAZOPs
Alarm Handling
Screen Mimics
Process Visibility
Packages
Signs, Access, Layout
Training and Competency
Resources
Workload / Working hours
Leadership / Supervision
MoC
Alignment / Integration
Procedures
Loss of Situational Awareness
Fatigue
Human Error Analysis
Behaviours
Failed or
Absent Defences
HFE in
Engineering
Design
HFE
Inputs
Organisational
Issues
People
Issues
Active
Failures
Major Accident
Hazard (MAH)
Failed to follow procedures
Poor Risk Assessment
Done that way before
Tried to manage situation
Didn’t shut down
Dedicated Processes
Principles of Human Factors
• Humans are fallible . . . Even the best people make
mistakes.
• Error-Likely Situations are . . . Predictable, manageable
and preventable.
• Individual behaviour is influenced by . . . Organisational
processes and values.
• Behaviours are reinforced . . . People achieve higher
levels of performance
• Events are avoidable . . . By understanding the reasons
mistakes occur. By applying lessons learned
+44 (0) 1372 227 997 ext. 315
HFE Integration is a smarter
approach that will enhance
process performance
