Human Anatomy, BIOSC 47Human Anatomy, BIOSC 47Welcome to the Spring 2013 Semester!Welcome to the Spring 2013 Semester!

Dr. Sonya Schuh-Huerta, Ph.D.Dr. Sonya Schuh-Huerta, Ph.D.~Dr. S~Dr. S

Leonardo da Vinci, 1485

Who am I?…• Research Scientist at Stanford & Part-time Assoc. Prof. at

Mission College

• Earned my Ph.D. in Physiology & Biophysics from the Univ. of Washington (Seattle); before that HSU; before that UCR; before that – a small community college in Southern California…

• My research is on human development, reproductive biology and genetics, fertility, & stem cell biology

• I love teaching!

• I expect a lot from myself & from my students – this class will be challenging, but we’ll also have a lot of fun!

• One word of advise – hard work is more important than intelligence, innate ability, or anything else. With hard-work & perseverance you can truly conquer any goal.

• On a personal note – I have 3 kids, 1 husband, 2 dogs, & 2 cats..

What is Anatomy?

• Anatomy – The study of the structure of the body

• Physiology– The study of body function

• Anatomy & Physiology are closely related & you need to understand a bit about both as you are learning them

Introduction to the Human BodyLecture 1, Ch 1

– Developmental Anatomy– Embryology – Pathological Anatomy (Pathology)– Radiographic Anatomy– Functional Morphology

• Anatomical terminology– Based on ancient Greek or Latin– Provides standard nomenclature worldwide

• Branches of anatomy– Gross Anatomy– Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)– Surface Anatomy

Overview of Anatomy

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Chemical level – atoms form molecules

• Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits

• Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function

• Organ level – a group of different types of tissues working together

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.

Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues.

Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.

Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems.

Cardiovascular system

OrganelleMoleculeAtomsSmooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Blood vessel(organ)

HeartBloodvessels

Epithelialtissue

Smooth muscle tissue

1 2

3

4

56

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization

The Body’s 11 Organ Systems &Their Major Functions

OVERVIEW

Integumentary System

• Forms external body

covering• Protects deeper tissues

from injury• Synthesizes vitamin D• Site of cutaneous receptors

-pain, pressure, etc. &

sweat & oil glands

NailsSkin

Hair

Skeletal System

• Protects & supports body

organs• Provides a framework for

muscles• Blood cells formed within

bones• Stores minerals (calcium)

Bones

Joint

Muscular System

• Allows manipulation of

environment• Locomotion• Facial expression• Maintains posture• Produces heat

Skeletalmuscles

Nervous System

• Fast-acting control system• Controls many body

functions• Responds to internal &

external changes

Brain

NervesSpinalcord

Endocrine System

• Involved in many processes;

glands secrete hormones

that regulate:– Growth– Reproduction– Metabolism– Circadian rhythms

Pineal gland

PituitaryglandThyroid

gland

Thymus

Adrenalgland

Pancreas

Testis

Ovary

Cardiovascular System

• Blood vessels transport blood

– Carries O2 & CO2

– Carries nutrients & wastes• Heart pumps blood through

blood vessels

Heart

Bloodvessels

Lymphaticvessels

Red bonemarrow

Thoracicduct

Thymus

Spleen

Lymph nodes

Lymphatic / Immune System

• Picks up fluid leaked from blood

vessels• Disposes of debris• Houses white blood cells• Mounts attack against foreign

substances in the body

Respiratory System

• Keeps blood supplied w/ O2

• Removes CO2

• Gas exchange occurs through

walls of air sacs

(alveoli in lungs)

Nasalcavity

Bronchus

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Lung

Digestive System

• Breaks down food into

absorbable units• Indigestible foodstuffs

eliminated as feces• Also secretes hormones

involved in appetite &

metabolism

Liver

Oral cavity

Esophagus

Largeintestine

StomachSmallintestine

RectumAnus

Urinary System

• Eliminates nitrogenous

wastes as urine• Regulates water, electrolyte,

& acid-base balanceKidney

Ureter

Urinarybladder

Urethra

Reproductive System• Overall function = produce offspring• Testes produce sperm & male sex hormones• Ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormones• Mammary glands produce milk

Prostategland

Ductusdeferens

Penis

Testis

Scrotum

Ovary

Mammaryglands (inbreasts)

Uterus

Vagina

Uterinetube

Scale: Length, Volume, & Weight

• Metric system = provides a precise system of measurement

• Weight (mass) grams (g), kilograms (kg)

• Volume liters (l), milliliters (ml)

• Length meters (m), centimeters (cm), micrometers (m)…

-Average adult = 1.5 – 2.0 meters long

-Cells & tissues are measured in m

-Avg cell diameter = 10 m

-Largest cell oocyte! (~100+ m)

oocyte within follicle

Gross Anatomy – An Introduction

• Anatomical position – a common visual reference point– Person stands erect with feet together & eyes forward– Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from

body

• Directional terminology – refers to the body in anatomical position– Standardized terms of directions are paired terms

Orientation & Directional Terms

Orientation & Directional Terms

Orientation & Directional Terms

Gross Anatomy – An Introduction

• Directional terms

• Regional terms = names of specific body areasAxial region = the main axis of the body

Appendicular region = the limbs

Cervical (neck)

(a) Anterior/Ventral

Pubic (genital)

Cephalic (head)FrontalOrbitalNasalOralMental

ThoracicAxillarySternalMammary

AbdominalUmbilical

PelvicInguinal(groin)

Upper limbAcromialBrachial (arm)Antecubital

Antebrachial (forearm)Carpal (wrist)

Manus (hand)Pollex

PalmarDigitalLower limbCoxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)Patellar

Crural (leg)

Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)Tarsal (ankle)

MetatarsalDigital

Hallux

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Axial region Appendicularregion

Regional Terms of Gross Anatomy

Cervical

Back (dorsal)

(b) Posterior/Dorsal

Scapular

Vertebral

Lumbar

Sacral

Gluteal

Perineal (between anus and external genitalia

Upper limbAcromialBrachial (arm)

OlecranalAntebrachial (forearm)

Manus (hand)MetacarpalDigital

Lower limbFemoral (thigh)

PoplitealSural (calf)Fibular or peroneal

Pedal (foot)CalcanealPlantar

CephalicOticOccipital (back of head)

Appendicularregion

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Regional Terms of Gross Anatomy

Body Planes and Sections• Coronal (frontal) plane = Lies vertically & divides body into anterior

& posterior parts• Median (midsagittal) plane = Specific sagittal plane that lies

vertically in the midline• Transverse plane = Runs horizontally & divides body into superior &

inferior parts

Transverse plane

Median plane(midsagittal)

Frontal plane

An Orientation to the Human Body

Characteristics Common to All Vertebrates

• Tube-within-a-tube• Bilateral symmetry• Dorsal hollow nerve cord• Notochord & vertebrae• Segmentation• Pharyngeal pouches

Basic Human Body Plan & Vertebrate Structures

(b) Human embryo; 5 weeks postconception

Brain

Spinalcord

Lungbud

Notochord

Muscle segments(myotomes)

Digestive tubeHeart

Pharyngealpouches

(a) Generalized vertebrate

Brain

Spinalcord

Notochord Muscle segments(myotomes)

Digestive tubeHeartPharyngealpouches

(c) Adult human

Brain

Spinalcord

Muscle segments(musclesbetweenribs)

Digestive tube

Heart

Pharynx

Vertebrae

Discbetweenvertebrae

Inner tube

Dorsal hollow nerve tube

Segmented outer tube

Notochord

Body Cavities & Membranes

• Dorsal body cavity– Cranial cavity– Vertebral cavity

Cranial cavity(contains brain

Dorsal bodycavity

Vertebral cavity(contains spinal cord) Abdominal cavity

(contains digestiveviscera)

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

Thoraciccavity(containsheart andlungs)

(a) Lateral view

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Body Cavities & Membranes

• Ventral body cavity– Thoracic cavity – divided into 3 parts

• Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity

• Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

– Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into 2 parts• Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach,

kidneys, and other organs• Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some

reproductive organs, & rectum

Cranialcavity

Superiormediastinum

Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum

Pleuralcavity

Vertebralcavity

Abdomino-pelviccavity

Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)

Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

Thoraciccavity(containsheart andlungs)

(b) Anterior view

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Ventral Cavities

Body Cavities & Membranes

• Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane– Pleura, pericardium, & peritoneum

• Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity• Visceral serosa – inner wall of the cavity; covers

the visceral organs

Body Cavities & Membranes

Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa)

Air (comparable to serous cavity)But no air in serous cavities!

Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa)

Model of the serous membranes & serous cavities

Lung

Parietal pleura

Ribs

Pleural cavity with serous fluid

Visceral pleura

Diaphragm

Serosae associated with the lungs: pleura

Body Cavities & Membranes

Body Cavities & Membranes

Heart

Parietal pericardium

Pericardial cavity with serous fluid

Visceral pericardium

Serosae associated with the heart: pericardium

Parietalperitoneum

Wall ofbody trunk

Kidney(retroperitoneal)

Peritonealcavity (withserous fluid)

Stomach

Serosae associated with the abdominal viscera: peritoneum

Posterior

Anterior Visceral peritoneum

Liver

Figure 1.7c

Body Cavities & Membranes

Abdominal Regions & Quadrants

• Abdominal regions divide abdomen into 9 regions

• Abdominal quadrants divide abdomen into 4

quadrants – Right upper & left upper quadrants– Right lower & left lower quadrants

Abdominal Regions

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Rightlumbarregion

Leftlumbarregion

Righthypochondriac

region

Lefthypochondriac

region

Hypogastric(pubic)region

Right iliac(inguinal)

region

Left iliac(inguinal)

region

(a) 9 regions delineated by 4 planes

Liver

Gallbladder

Ascending colon oflarge intestineSmall intestine

Appendix

Cecum

Diaphragm

Stomach

Descending colonof large intestine

Transverse colonof large intestine

Initial part ofsigmoid colon

Urinary bladder

(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing thesuperficial organs

Spleen

Right upperquadrant(RUQ)

Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)

Left upperquadrant(LUQ)

Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)

(c) The 4 abdominopelvic quadrants

Abdominal Quadrants

Microscopic Anatomy

• Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope

• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1st discovered & examined cells

(“animalcules”) with homemade

microscopes in mid-1600s

-Light microscopy = illuminates tissue

with a beam of light (lower magnification)

-Transmission electron microscopy =

uses beam of electrons (higher mag);

specimens coated w/ heavy-metal salts,

which deflect electrons to different extents

Microscopic Anatomy

• Scanning electron microscopy– Coat specimen with carbon & gold – when electron

beam scans specimen, secondary electrons are emitted & detected beautiful 3D images assembled!

These images give amazing surface detail of cells & small structures.

• Artifacts– Minor distortions of preserved tissues– Not exactly like living tissues & organs

(a) Light micrograph (330)

(b) Transmission electron micrograph, artificially colored (870)

Cytoplasm

Extracellularmaterial

Cell nuclei

(c) Scanning electron micrograph, artificially colored (2900)

Microscopic Anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy• Preparing human tissue for microscopy

– Specimen is fixed (preserved) & sectioned– Specimen is stained to distinguish structures

• Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules• Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules

Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques

• X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short length– Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense

structures

Heart

(a) Radiograph of the chest (b) Mammogram (cancerous tumor at arrow)

Clavicles(collarbones)

Air inlungs(black)

Ribs

Diaphragm

Advanced Imaging Techniques

• Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) = takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference– Creates detailed picture of body sections (transverse)– Great for soft tissue & bone; fast & inexpensive!

Inferiorvena cava

Right Left

Liver

Colon

Stomach

Aorta

Spleen

Left kidney

Thoracicvertebra

View

Artery supplying heart

Narrowing of the artery

Advanced Imaging Techniques

• Angiography or digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging = provides an unobstructed view of small arteries– Contrast medium is

injected– Used to identify

blockages of arteries that supply heart or brain

Advanced Imaging Techniques

• Positron emission tomography (PET) = forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes (of sugar or water) injected into the body

-Identifies regions of cellular activity

& most active cells

•Sonography (ultrasound imaging) = body is

probed with pulses of high-frequency sound

waves that echo off the body’s tissues–Used to determine the age & health of a developing fetus

(safe, no X-rays used)

Advanced Imaging Techniques

Advanced Imaging Techniques

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) = produces high-quality images of soft tissues– Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water

content (magnet detects hydrogen)– Functional MRI =

measures blood

oxygen, detects

active regions

Questions…?

What’s Next?Lab: Gross Anatomy Terminology Wed Lecture: CellsWed Lab: Cells & the Microscope