HUDL - Climate Aff-Final

8/9/2019 HUDL - Climate Aff-Final

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CLIMATE R ESILIENCE AFF

The Res luti n!""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#

1AC $ % lic& 'e(si n $ Climate"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4C ntenti n 1 $ Inhe(enc&""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4

C ntenti n 2 $ Ha(ms""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""")

Scenario 1 Climate Catastrophe........................................................................5

Scenario 2 Economy.......................................................................................... 7

Plan Text............................................................................................................. 12

Plan version 2..................................................................................................... 12

C ntenti n # * S l+enc&"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1#

1AC $ C(itical 'e(si n""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1,C ntenti n 1 $ Inhe(enc&""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1,

C ntenti n 2 $ Ha(ms - Dis. sa/ilit&"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1

%lan Te t"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""24

C ntenti n # $ S l+enc&"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2)

2AC""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#12AC Case De/ate $ % lic&"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#1

2AC Harms Warmin ..................................................................................... !1

2AC " Harms " Climate chan e #eal....................................................................!2

2AC " AT$ %o& 'on(t solve other co&ntries ".....................................................!)

2AC Harms *ro+th *oo',Econ Collapse -a'...................................................!5

2AC *ro+th *oo' " Environment.....................................................................!7

2AC Tra'e *oo' Extensions.......................................................................... !

2AC Solvency Army Corps / 0e'. *ov............................................................!

2AC $Case De/ate * C(itical"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""41

AT$ Warmin ot #eal........................................................................................ )12AC HA#3S Str&ct&ral 4iolence....................................................................)!

2AC Harms Extension " isposa6ility...............................................................)

2AC " Solvency Exts " Critical 8S0*.................................................................)7

2AC* S l+enc& E t $ th"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""")0

2AC Solvency Army Corps AT$ E'+ar'(s in'icts.........................................59

AT$ ata Coo:in ................................................................................................ 5)

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2AC " Solvency ;cean Policy............................................................................5

2AC * T .icalit&"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" )

The #esol&tion....................................................................................................57

2AC T S&6stantial............................................................................................5

2AC T " < evelopment=....................................................................................5

2AC 0rame+or:.................................................................................................. 12AC T Sho&l' > Past Tense o? Shall.................................................................... 2

1A# T Sho&l' > Past Tense o? Shall AT *rammar............................................ !

2AC T @ts............................................................................................................. )

2AC 4a &eness................................................................................................... 5

2AC Plan 0la+.....................................................................................................

2AC ASPEC......................................................................................................... 7

2AC * C unte(.lan"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""",3

2AC States CP....................................................................................................1A# " Solvency 0e'eral *overnment ey.........................................................7)

2AC Solvency 0e'eral *overnment :ey.........................................................75

2AC $ Disa +anta5e Ans""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ,

2AC Politics *eneral A'vice...........................................................................7

2AC o @nternal Bin: Political Capital not #eal.................................................77

2AC on"8ni &e con ress can(t control sanctions...........................................7

2AC 8ni &eness over+helms the Bin:.............................................................7

2AC o Bin: ot Perceive'.............................................................................. 92AC AD @mpact e?ense o @ran Stri:es........................................................... 1

1A# @srael @mpact e?ense................................................................................. 2

2AC $ 6(iti7 Ans"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3#

2AC " AT$ riti:s State *oo'............................................................................ !

2AC " eep Ecolo y,Anthro................................................................................ )

2AC " Ce'e the Political...................................................................................... 7

2AC$ Pop&lation 0ascism T&rn.............................................................................

2AC Anthro.........................................................................................................2AC " AT$ #oot Ca&se.......................................................................................... 2

2AC " AT$ Serial Policy 0ail&re.............................................................................. !

2AC Warmin .................................................................................................. )

2AC Wil'erson....................................................................................................

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The Res luti n!

RES8L'ED! THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL 98'ERNMENTSH8ULD SU STANTIALL: INCREASE ITS N8N*MILITAR:E;%L8RATI8N AND


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1AC $ % lic& 'e(si n $ ClimateC ntenti n 1 $ Inhe(enc&

C n5(ess cu((entl& .( hi/its A(m& C (.s - En5inee(s -( m> (7in5 >ith c astal states n Climate A a.ti n st(ate5ies$ C stal states a(e +ulne(a/le"

C s5( +e - the C nse(+ati n La> F un ati n? Dec" 201# Sean Cos rove is CB0(s irector o? Campai ns. Sean has over t+enty years o?

experience as a conservation a'vocate an' came to CB0 ?rom the Sierra Cl&6 +herehe 'irecte' its ational 0orest Protection an' #estoration Campai n in Washin tonF

.CF http$,,+++.cl?.or ,6lo ,ta ,national"ocean"policy,F Con ress Can Bet e+En lan' States Plan ?or 0&t&re StormsF or otF access 5,7,1)G

The 8S A(m& C (.s o? En ineers > (7s on many coastal .( @ects in Te as" ill C n5(esslet them c ( inate >ith states in Ne> En5lan B A little over a year a o S&perstormSan & /a((ele u. the east c ast an >(ea7e ha+ c n c astalc mmunities an' in many states inlan'. The impacts +ere nota6ly erce in e+ Iersey an' areas in an'aro&n' e+ %or: CityF 6&t #ho'e @slan' an' other states also s&Dere' serio&s impacts. HomesF 6&sinesses an' thelocal in?rastr&ct&re +hich creates comm&nities phone an' electrical linesF roa's an' hi h+aysF 'rin:in +ater an'se+a e systemsF an' T4 an' mass comm&nication systems +ere :noc:e' o&t ?or 'ays. Some ?ol:s co&l'n(t ret&rn totheir homes ?or +ee:s an' tho&san's o? people alon the east coast lost their homes completely. It=sestimate that 23) .e .le >e(e 7ille " The si5ni cant challen5es thatc astal states -ace >ith inc(easin5l& la(5e st (ms in the e(a - climatechan5e a(e clea(" B&c:ilyF >e ha+e e cellent . lic& t ls esi5ne s.eci call&t hel. a (ess the unce(tainties - climate chan5e in the Nati nal 8cean% lic&F an' ocean &ser ro&ps across o&r re ion s&pport its &se. The Nati nal 8cean % lic& uses(e5i nal cean .lannin5? im.( +e science an ata? (e ui(es /ette( a5enc&c ( inati n an (elies n ee. in+ l+ement /& sta7eh l e(s $ all - >hicha(e nee e t tac7le these t&.es - mana5ement challen5es n > . As one stateoJcial sai'F a& the Ne> En5lan states c ul /e /a((e -( m > (7in5 >iththe -e e(al a5encies necessa(& t .lan - ( c astal st (m im.acts" The Ho&se o?#epresentatives has recently passe' the ate( Res u(ces Re- (m an De+el .ment Act?als 7n >n as RRDA" The Ho&se 6ill c ntains a ha(m-ul a''itional provisionF :no+n as a(i e(? >hich +o&l' .( hi/it the U"S" A(m& C (.s - En5inee(s -( mc ( inatin5 >ith c astal states to implement any ecosystem"6ase' mana ement or re ional oceanplannin pro ram. This .( +isi n? le /& a C n5(essman -( m lan *l c7e ac ?Te as? see7s t .( hi/it the U"S" A(m& C (.s - En5inee(s? a 7e& c astal an

cean mana5ement a5enc&? -( m c ( inatin5 >ith c astal states" This meansthat even tho& h many states are con'&ctin plannin eDorts to help protect their ocean reso&rces an' s&pport theirstate(s ocean economyF they +o&l' not 6e a6le to coor'inate +ith the 8.S. Army Corps on any proKects &n'er the

ational ;cean Policy. hile (i+en /& an anti*-e e(al sentiment? the Fl (es (i e(actuall& >ea7ens the a/ilit& - states t ca((& ut cean .lannin5 anc astal mana5ement - ( the >el-a(e an health - its >n citi ens" ;n the 6ri htsi'eF the Senate passe' a version o? the W## A 6ill containin the ational En'o+ment ?or the ;ceans L E;MF +hich+o&l' esta6lish a 6ene cial ?&n' ?or improvin coastal mana ement an' resilience. Champione' 6y ener etic #ho'e@slan' Senator Shel'on Whiteho&seF E; +ill help set &p an en'o+ment s&pportin +or: 6y stateF re ionalF tri6al an'?e'eral entitiesF as +ell as nonpro t or aniNations an' aca'emic instit&tions to ?&n' the 6aseline scienceF monitorin F

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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantialan' o6servation 'ata nee'e' to improve ocean &se mana ementF incl&'in economic 'evelopment that +ill create

Ko6s an' s&pport coastal economies. e nee cean .lannin5 an >e nee all -e e(ala5encies inclu in5 the US A(m& C (.s - En5inee(s $ t /e cl sel&en5a5e >ith states an the( -e e(al a5encies" e can=t /e hel h sta5et the >hims - a n nsensical . litical a5en a +hen +e have real +or: to et 'oneO the'iDerence co&l' 6e 'estroye' comm&nities an' lost lives. Than:?&llyF lar e n&m6ers o? Senators an' #epresentatives?rom e+ En lan' an' other states have spo:en o&t in s&pport o? the ational ;cean Policy an' a ationalEn'o+ment ?or the ;ceans. o+ the C n5(ess nee s t let states .(e.a(e - ( thei( >n

-utu(e /& (e@ectin5 the i((es. nsi/le Fl (es Ri e( an enactin5 the Nati nalEn >ment - ( the 8ceans"

C ntenti n 2 $ Ha(msScena(i 1 $ Climate Catast( .he

The c nsensus - scientists? usin5 the /est? m st (ecente+i ence? .( +e that >e=(e .ast the ti..in5 . int $ mass

isaste(s a(e ine+ita/leMun a& an Nels n? Ma& ,? 2014 -y AB@C@A 38 % an' C;BBEE3CCA@ EBS; Fhttp$,,online.+sK.com,ne+s,articles,S-19991)2)952792!9!)1719)57 5)55191 255122 print3o'eF access 5, ,1)G

Climate chan5e is c(eatin5 .( /lems ?or American citiNens c ast t c ast anc stin5 the ec n m& /illi ns - lla(s? as e t(eme >eathe( /(in5s G in5?

( u5hts an the( isaste(s to every re ion o? the co&ntryF a -e e(al a +is (& .anelc nclu e in a report release' T&es'ay. The c n5(essi nall& man ate Nati nalClimate Assessment? .( uce /& m (e than #00 e .e(ts +e(seen /& a.anel - ,0 scientists F pins m&ch o? the increase in climate chan e on h&man 6ehavior. The report saysFho+everF that it isnQt too late to implement policies to re'&ce emissions o? reenho&se asesF s&ch as car6on 'ioxi'ean' methaneF an' calls on overnments at all levels to n' +ays to lo+er car6on emissionsF partic&larly ?rom ener y

pro'&ction. The 'oc&mentF c nsi e(e the m st c m.(ehensi+e anal&sis o? the eDects o?climate chan e on the 8.S.F +as release' 6y the climate panel a?ter a nal vote 6y the a&thors T&es'ay mornin .Presi'ent -arac: ;6ama is promotin it in a series o? events this +ee: that call ?or action to com6at the tren'Fstartin +ith intervie+s on T&es'ay +ith television meteorolo ists. R This national climate assessment is thel u est an clea(est ala(m /ell t ate si5nalin5 the nee t ta7e u(5entacti n? sai Iohn H l (en? assistant t the .(esi ent - ( science antechn l 5&? '&rin a press call on the report. A&thors o? the reportF 6y the 0e'eral ational Climate Assessmentan' evelopment A'visory CommitteeF sai' that since the last climate assessment +as release' in 299 F ne>e(scienti c a..( aches have emer e' that have allo+e' them to im.( +e ata c llecti n" The+eather serviceQs latest monitorin satellites can t (ac7 ice sheets meltin5? an scientistsha+e ne>e( in- (mati n n s il moist&reF an e tensi+e am unt - ne> climatem elin5 an meth l 5& F an' a reater a6ility to slice the 'ata 6y eo raphic re ionF a White Ho&seoJcial sai'. The ne+ assessment is 6ase' in part on a compilation o? tho&san's o? pa es o? peer"revie+e' climatescience p&6lishe' over several yearsF +ith an analysis o? many overlappin scienti c reports that allo+ rea'ers to seespeci c re ional eDects an' the impact on certain sectors. R This is an enti(el& ne> assessmentthat acc unts - ( all - the /se(+ati ns? scienti c anal&ses an the latest(esults -( m m els - the .h&sics? chemist(&? an /i l 5& aDectin the EarthQsclimateFR sai' one o? the lea' a&thorsF onal' ue//les? a .( -ess ( - atm s.he(ic scienceat the Uni+e(sit& - Illin is . The assessmentF he sai'F sho+s ho+ ?&rther shi?ts in each area co&l' h&rtsectors o? the economy s&ch as transportation or ?orce local pop&lations to move. The report hi hli hts pro6lems atthe comm&nity levelF 'etailin the eDects ?rom rapi'ly rece'in ice in Alas:aF to +il' res in the WestF to heat +avesan' coastal oo'in in the ortheast. #isin seas in the So&th p&t maKor cities s&ch as 3iami at ris:F it sai'. @t note'an increase in extreme +eather events s&ch as s&perstorm San'yF +hich 'estroye' m&ch o? northern e+ IerseyQs6eaches in 2912F an' heat +aves in the 3i'+est the same year. REvery American +ill n' thin s that matter to them

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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantialin this reportFR 3r. W&e66les sai'. The emphasis on local events +as a clear attempt to 6rin home the iss&e o?climate chan e to Americans at a time +hen polls sho+ it isnQt a priority ?or them. -&t some experts &estion thatconnectionF sayin it is a ten&o&s proposition to connect a localiNe' 'isaster to a lo6al tren'. To pre'ict local impactso? climate chan eF the researchers com6ine' an' avera e' several 'iDerent :in's o? physical an' statistical comp&termo'els ?or the report.Every comp&ter climate sim&lation has its shortcomin sF experts sayF 6&t ta:en to ether they can provi'e a pla&si6leran e o? possi6ilities. Even soF some climate scientists sai' that re ional climate mo'els are too &nrelia6le to ma:ethese local proKections +ith any certainty. RWhen loo:in at the re ional res&lts o? climate mo'elsF as +e have 'oneF+e n' the mo'els have essentially no s:illFR sai' climate scientist Iohn Christy at the 8niversity o? Ala6ama atH&ntsvilleF +ho trac:s lo6al temperat&re tren's &sin satellite sensors. RThe mo'els are +ell oD trac: in

'emonstratin acc&racy in somethin as 6asic as the lo6al atmospheric temperat&reF m&ch less local eventsFR hesai'. R%et the report 'oes not 6rin o&t in clear vie+ ?or the p&6lic to see ho+ poorly mo'els have per?orme'. SomeconservativesF even i? they 'onQt 'eny the existence o? climate chan eF ?eel the White Ho&seQs emphasis is+ron hea'e' an' +ill 6e &se' as a K&sti cation ?or re &lations that +ill impose ne+ costs on 6&sinesses. @n theSenateF #ep&6licans too: to the oor to criticiNe the a'ministration. R@Qm s&re heQll et lo&' cheers ?rom li6eral elites?rom the :in' o? people +ho leave a iant car6on ?ootprint an' then lect&re every6o'y else a6o&t lo+" o+ toiletsFRsai' Senate #ep&6lican Bea'er 3itch 3cConnell. White Ho&se spo:esman Iay Carney 'ecline' to respon' to the *;Plea'erQs Ka6 6&t sai' that en&in5 science is - lha( & .R R@ &n'erstan' that the(e is aninclinati n u. n s me t u/t the science? es.ite the +e(>helmin5e+i ence an the +e(>helmin5 .e(centa5e? in the J (an5e? - scientists>h stu & this issue >h a5(ee that climate chan5e is (eal an that it is the(esult - human acti+it& FR he sai'.


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a(min5 est( &s the en+i( nment an causes e tincti n $nl& imme iate acti n can .(e+ent its im.acts

M (5an pro?essor at Han:&: 8niversity o? 0orei n St&'ies L ennis #ayF /u(nin5 (e - 5l /al>a(min5 ma& e+entuall& lea t a (una>a& c n iti n an ta7e humanit& /&su(.(ise" Un- (tunatel&? /& the time the . liticians nall& all a5(ee +ith thescienti c consens&s that lo6al +armin is in'ee' h&man ca&se'F its e+el .ment c ul /et a +ance t a((est O the poor ?ro has 6ecome too +ea: an' en?ee6le' to et himsel? o&t o?hot +ater. The @nter overnmental Panel o? Climate Chan e L@PCCM +as esta6lishe' in 1 6y theWorl'3eteorolo ical ;r aniNation LW3;M an' the 8nite' ations Environmental Pro ramme to UUassesson a comprehensiveF o6KectiveF open an' transparent 6asis the scienti cF technical an' socio"economic

in?ormation relevant to &n'erstan'in the scienti c 6asis o? ris: o? h&manin'&ce' climate chan eF itspotential impacts an' options ?or a'aptation an' miti ation.(( 1 G. Since thenF it has iven assessmentsan' reports every six or seven years. Th&s ?arF it has iven ?o&r assessments.1! With all priorassessments came attac:s ?romsome parts o? the scienti c comm&nityF especially 6y in'&stry scientistsFto attempt to prove that the theory ha' no 6asis in planetary history an' present"'ay realityOneverthelessF as more an' more (esea(ch c ntinuall& .( +i e c nc(ete anem.i(ical e+i ence t c n (m the 5l /al >a(min5 h&. thesis? that it isin ee human*cause ? m stl& ue t the /u(nin5 - - ssil -uels? thescienti c c nsensus 5(e> st( n5e( that human in uce 5l /al >a(min5 is+e(i a/le" As a matter o? ?actF accor'in to -ill 3c i66en 17GF 12 years o? UUimpressive scienti cresearch(( stron ly con rms the 1 5 report UUthat h&mans ha' ro+n so lar e in n&m6ers an' especiallyin appetite ?or ener y that they +ere no+ 'ama in the most 6asic o? the earth(s systems the 6alance6et+een incomin an' o&t oin solar ener y(( their n'in s have essentially 6een complementary tothe 1 5 report a constant stren thenin o? the simple 6asic tr&th that h&mans +ere 6&rnin too m&ch?ossil ?&el.(( 17G. @n'ee'F 12 years laterF the 2997 report not only con rms lo6al +armin F +ith astron er scienti c consens&s that the slo+ 6&rn is UUvery li:ely(( h&man ca&se'F 6&t it also n's that theKKam unt - ca(/ n in the atm s.he(e is n > inc(easin5 at a -aste( (atee+en than /e- (e== an the tem.e(atu(e inc(eases > ul /e KKc nsi e(a/l&hi5he( than the& ha+e /een s -a( +ere it not ?or the 6lan:et o? soot an' other poll&tion thatis temporarily helpin to cool the planet.(( 17G. 0&rthermoreF almost UU e+e(&thin5 -( en nea(th is meltin5 . Heavy rain?alls are 6ecomin more common since the air is +armer an' there?orehol's more +ater than col' airF an' Ucol' 'aysF col' ni hts an' ?rost have 6ecome less ?re &entF +hilehot 'aysF hot ni htsF an' heat +aves have 6ecome more ?re &ent.(( 17G. Unless (astic acti n

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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantialis ta7en s n? the a+e(a5e 5l /al tem.e(atu(e is .(e icte t (ise a/ ut )

e5(ees this centu(&? /ut it c ul (ise as much as 3 e5(ees" As has al(ea &/een e+i ence in (ecent &ea(s? the (ise in 5l /al tem.e(atu(e is meltin5the A(ctic sheets" This (una>a& . la( meltin5 >ill inGict 5(eat ama5e u. nc astal a(eas? >hich c ul /e much 5(eate( than >hat has /een .(e+i usl&- (ecaste . Ho+everF +hat is missin in the @PCC reportF as 'ire as it may seemF is s&Jcientemphasis on the less li:ely 6&t still pla&si6le +orst case scenariosF +hich co&l' prove to have the most'evastatin F catastrophic conse &ences ?or the lon "term ?&t&re o? h&man civiliNation. @n other +or'sFthe @PCC report places too m&ch emphasis on a linear pro ression that 'oes not ta:e s&Jcient acco&nto? the 'ynamics o? systems theoryF +hich lea's to a ?&n'amentally 'iDerent premise re ar'in therelationship 6et+een in'&strial civiliNation an' nat&re.

Scena(i 2 $ Ec n m&a(min5 th(eatens US c asts $ this (is7s massi+e ec n mice+astati n -( m G in5 an st (ms

C nathan? et al? Cente( - ( Ame(ican %( 5(ess? A.(il 2014 The Economic Case ?or #estorin Coastal Ecosystems ? -y 3ichael ConathanF IeDrey

-&chananF an' Shiva Pole?:a April 291) ? WWW.A3E#@CA P#;*#ESS.;#*GAs then ;AA A'ministrator D(" Iane Lu/chenc p&t itF e cease emittin5?ossil"?&el"6ase' reenho&se ases t a&? sea le+els >ill c ntinue t (ise - ( thene t se+e(al centu(ies" Accor'in to the eolo ic recor'F the last time the atmosphere+as as car6on rich as +e have ma'e it to'ayF seas +ere 29 meters hi her. 1 ;&r increasineconomic 'epen'ence on o&r coasts an' the reater ris:s they ?ace ?rom climate chan e an'sea"level rise mean that any 'isc&ssion o? coastal lan' &se m&st a''ress the &estion o? ho++e reconcile these con ictin tren's. @n other +or'sF ho+ 'o +e aDor'a6ly a'apt o&r coastsso that o&r coastal com" m&nitiesF assetsF an' in?rastr&ct&re 6ecome sa?er an' more sec&reF+hile also contin&in to invest in the coastal ecosystem restoration nee'e' to ens&re that o&rcoasts are ecolo ically healthyV Resea(ch? es.eciall& in the a-te(math - Hu((icane6at(ina? has (e+eale that health& c astal ec s&stems .la& a +ital ( le in(e ucin5 (is7s -( m c astal ha a( s . 0irstF as mentione' in the previo&s sectionFcoastal >etlan s +ith healthy plant com" m&nitiesF such as salt ma(shes?man5( +es? an estua(ies? se(+e as hi hly eDective /ufe(s a5ainst st (msu(5e . These ecosystems soa: &p an' hol' oo'+aters similar to a spon e an' shiel'lan'+ar' areas ?rom in&n'ation. Estimates - the hu((icane .( tecti n +alue o?existin coastal +etlan's in the *&l? an' eastern sea6oar' ha+e sh >n that thea/sence - health& c astal ec s&stems e .lains as much as ,0 .e(cent -the ama5e sufe(e /& c mmunities al n5 the 9ul- C ast that a(e st(uc7/& hu((icanes" The researchers concl&'e' that


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These st&'ies ?o&n' that the *&l? Coast(s remainin coastal +etlan's pro" vi'e aro&n' 2!.26illion per year in storm protection services. ! 3ore recentlyF scientists have 6e &n toacco&nt ?or ?&t&re tren's in sea"level rise an' socioeconomic 'ata in their examination o? therelationship 6et+een healthy coastal ecosystems an' the most v&lnera6le mem6ers o? society

primarily the poorF comm&nities o? colorF an' the el'erly. A ne+ 6o'y o? research on socialv&l" nera6ilityF le' 6y or aniNation s&ch as the 8niversity o? So&th Carolina(s HaNar'4&lnera6ility #esearch @nstit&teF com6ines 'ata on physical ris: +ith social an' economic 'atasets. ) This ro6&st literat&re explains ho+ socioeconomic 'ynamics contri6&te to com"

m&nities ?acin reater challen es in respon'in toF recoverin ?romF an' prepar" in ?orclimate"relate' haNar's. 5 #esearchers ?rom Stan?or' 8niversity an' The at&re Conservancyoverlai' a map o? coastal +etlan's +ith 'ata on the spatial 'istri6&tion o? in'ivi'&als mostli:ely to 6e harme' or :ille' '&rin catastrophic storm events. ThenF they mo'ele' severalscenarios in +hich sea"level rise an' coastal ecosystem 'e ra'ation contin&e at c&rrent rates.#elative to the most li:ely scenariosF the scientists reporte' in at&re Climate Chan e that$The li7elih an ma5nitu e - l sses ma& /e (e uce /& intact (ee-s anc astal +e5etati n? especially +hen those ha6itats ?rin e v&lnera6le comm&nities an'in?rastr&ct&re. The num/e( - .e .le? . ( -amilies? el e(l& an t tal +alue -(esi ential .( .e(t& that a(e m st e . se t ha a( s can /e (e uce /&hal- i- e istin5 c astal ha/itats (emain -ull& intact"

In e.en entl&? e+en a small (is7 - >a(min5 im.actse+astates 5l /al t(a e $ that ma7es it t(& ( ie - ( the af T8 an the UN En+i( nmental %( 5(am =0 LWorl' Tra'e ;r aniNation

an' 8nite' ations Environment Pro ramme WT; an' 8 EPF ill -ten ha+eim.licati ns - ( t(a e . 0or exampleF th(ee t(a e*(elate a(eas a(e c nsi e(et /e .a(ticula(l& +ulne(a/le t climate chan5 e. A5(icultu(e is consi'ere' to 6eone o? the sectors most v&lnera6le to climate chan eF an' also (e.(esents a 7e&sect ( - ( inte(nati nal t(a e . @n lo+"latit&'e re ionsF +here most 'evelopinco&ntries are locate'F (e ucti ns - a/ ut ) t 10 .e( cent in the &iel s -ma@ ( ce(eal c( .s a(e .( @ecte e+en in the case - small tem.e(atu(einc(eases - a( un 1 C" Altho& h it is expecte' that local temperat&re increases


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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantialo? 6et+een 1Y C an' !Y C +o&l' have 6ene cial impacts on a ric&lt&ral o&tp&ts inmi'" to hi h"latit&'e re ionsF +armin 6eyon' this ran e +ill most li:ely res&lt inincreasin ly ne ative impacts ?or these re ions also. Accor'in to some st&'iesF cropyiel's in some A?rican co&ntries co&l' ?all 6y &p to 59 per cent 6y 2929F +ith netreven&es ?rom crops ?allin 6y as m&ch as 9 per cent 6y 2199. epen'in on thelocationF a ric&lt&re +ill also 6e prone to +ater scarcity '&e to loss o? lacialmelt+ater an' re'&ce' rain?all or 'ro& hts. To&rism is another in'&stry that may 6epartic&larly v&lnera6le to climate chan eF ?or exampleF thro& h chan es in sno+coverF coastal 'e ra'ation an' extreme +eather. -oth the sheries an' ?orestrysectors also ris: 6ein a'versely impacte' 6y climate chan e. Bi:e+iseF ix Part @4 Part@@@ Part @@ Part @the(e a(e e .ecte t /e ma@ ( im.acts n c astal ec s&stems?inclu in5 the isa..ea(ance - c (al an the l ss - ma(ine /i i+e(sit& .0inallyF one o? the clearest impacts +ill 6e on tra'e in?rastr&ct&re an' ro&tes. TheI%CC has i enti e . (t -acilities F as +ell as 6&il'in sF ( a s? (ail>a&s? ai(. (tsan /(i 5es? as /ein5 an5e( usl& at (is7 o? 'ama e -( m (isin5 sea le+elsan the increase' occ&rrence o? instances o? e t(eme >eathe(? such as G in5an hu((icanes" 3oreoverF it is proKecte' that chan es in sea iceF partic&larly in theArcticF +ill lea' to the availa6ility o? ne+ shippin ro&tes.

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US T(a e lea e(shi. is c(itical t multilate(al t(a e $accesses e+e(& im.act%anitch.a7 i K4 L0e6r&ary 2 F 299) S&pachai Panitchpa:'iF secretary" eneral o?the 8 Con?erence on Tra'e an' evelopment American Bea'ership an' the Worl'

Tra'e ;r aniNationF http$,,+++.+to.or ,en lish,ne+sXe,spspXe,spsp22Xe.htmM The secon' point is that st(en5thenin5 the > (l t(a in5 s&stem is essential tAme(ica s >i e( 5l /al /@ecti+es" Fi5htin5 te(( (ism? (e ucin5 . +e(t&?im.( +in5 health? inte5(atin5 China an the( c unt(ies in the 5l /alec n m& $ all - these issues a(e lin7e ? in ne >a& ( an the(? t > (lt(a e" This is not to say that tra'e is the ans+er to all AmericaQs economic concernsO onlythat meanin ?&l sol&tions are inconceiva6le +itho&t it. The > (l t(a in5 s&stem is thelinch.in - t a& s 5l /al ( e( &n'erpinnin its sec&rity as +ell as its prosperity. As&ccess?&l WT; is an example o? ho+ m&ltilateralism can +or:. ConverselyF i- it >ea7ens

( -ails? much else c ul -ail >ith it . This is s methin5 >hich the US $ at thee.icent(e - a m (e inte( e.en ent > (l $ cann t af ( t i5n (e . These.(i (ities must c ntinue t 5ui e US . lic& as they have 'one since the Secon'Worl' War. Ame(ica has /een the main (i+in5 - (ce /ehin ei5ht ( un s -multilate(al t(a e ne5 tiati ns? incl&'in the s&ccess?&l concl&sion o? the 8r& &ay#o&n' an' the creation o? the WT;. The 8S to ether +ith the E8 +as instr&mental inla&nchin the latest oha #o&n' t+o years a o. Bi:e+iseF the recent initiativeF spearhea'e'6y Am6assa'or Zoellic:F to re"ener iNe the ne otiations an' move them to+ar's a s&ccess?&lconcl&sion is yet another example o? ho+ essential the 8S is to the m&ltilateral process si nallin that the 8S remains committe' to ?&rther li6eraliNationF that the #o&n' is movin Fan' that other co&ntries have a tan i6le reason to et on 6oar'. The (ealit& is this! >henthe US lea s the s&stem can m +e - (>a( >hen it >ith (a>s? the s&stem

(i-ts . The ?act that 8S lea'ership is essentialF 'oes not mean it is easy. As WT; r&les haveexpan'e'F so too has as the complexity o? the iss&es the WT; 'eals +ith everythin ?roma ric&lt&re an' acco&ntin F to tariDs an' telecomm&nication. The WT; is also exertin h& e

ravitational p&ll on co&ntries to Koin an' participate actively in the system. The WT; no+ has1) 3em6ers &p ?rom K&st 2! in 1 )7 an' this co&l' easily rise to 179 or more +ithin a 'eca'e.Emer in po+ers li:e ChinaF -raNilF an' @n'ia ri htly 'eman' a reater say in an instit&tion in +hichthey have a ro+in sta:e. So too 'o a risin n&m6er o? voices o&tsi'e the system as +ell. 3orean' more people reco niNe that the WT; matters. 3ore non"state actors 6&sinessesF &nionsFenvironmentalistsF 'evelopment *;s +ant the m&ltilateral system to re ect their ca&ses an'concerns. A 'eca'e a oF ?e+ people ha' even hear' o? the *ATT. To'ay the WT; is ?ront pa ene+s. A more visi6le WT; has inevita6ly 6ecome a more politiciNe' WT;. The so&n' an' ?&rys&rro&n'in the WT;Qs recent 3inisterial 3eetin in Canc&n let alone Seattle &n'erline ho+challen in mana in the WT; can 6e. -&t these challen es can 6e exa erate'. They existprecisely 6eca&se so many co&ntries have em6race' a common vision. Co&ntries the +orl' overhave t&rne' to open tra'e an' a r&les"6ase' system as the :ey to their ro+th an''evelopment. They a ree' to the oha #o&n' 6eca&se they 6elieve' their interests lay in ?reertra'eF stron er r&lesF a more eDective WT;. Even in Canc&n the reat 'e6ate +as +hether them&ltilateral tra'in system +as movin ?ast an' ?ar eno& h not +hether it sho&l' 6e rolle' 6ac:.@n'ee'F it is critically important that +e 'ra+ the ri ht concl&sions ?rom Canc&n +hich are onlyno+ 6ecomin clearer. The 'isappointment +as that ministers +ere &na6le to reach a reement.

The achievement +as that they expose' the ris:s o? ?ail&reF hi hli hte' the nee' ?or orth"So&thcolla6orationF an' a?ter a perio' o? introspection ac:no+le' e' the inescapa6le lo ic o?ne otiation. Canc&n sho+e' thatF i? the challen es have increase'F it is 6eca&se the sta:es arehi her. The 6i er challen e to American lea'ership comes ?rom insi'e not o&tsi'e the 8nite'States. @n AmericaQs c&rrent 'e6ate a6o&t tra'eF Ko6s an' lo6aliNation +e have hear' a lot a6o&tthe costs o? li6eraliNation. We nee' to hear more a6o&t the opport&nities. We nee' to 6e remin'e'o? the a'vanta es o? AmericaQs openness an' its tra'e +ith the +orl' a6o&t the economic ro+thtie' to exportsO the in ation" htin role o? importsF the innovative stim&l&s o? lo6al competition.We nee' to explain that ?reer tra'e +or:s precisely 6eca&se it involves positive chan e 6etter

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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantialpro'&ctsF 6etter Ko6 opport&nitiesF 6etter +ays o? 'oin thin sF 6etter stan'ar's o? livin . While it istr&e that chan e can 6e threatenin ?or people an' societiesF it is e &ally tr&e that the v&lnera6leare not helpe' 6y resistin chan e 6y p&ttin &p 6arriers an' sh&ttin o&t competition. They arehelpe' 6y trainin F e'&cationF ne+ an' 6etter opport&nities that +ith the ri ht s&pport policies can o+ ?rom a lo6aliNe' economy. The ?act is that ?or every Ko6 in the 8S threatene' 6y importsthere is a ro+in n&m6er o? hi h"pai'F hi h s:ill Ko6s create' 6y exports. Exports s&pporte' 7million +or:ers a 'eca'e a oO that n&m6er is approachin aro&n' 12 million to'ay.C8NTINUES OP

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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantialC8NTINUED O An' these ne+ Ko6s in aerospaceF nanceF in?ormation technolo y pay 19 percent more than the avera e American +a e. We especially nee' to inKect some clarity an'?acts into the c&rrent 'e6ate over the o&tso&rcin o? services Ko6s. ;ver the next 'eca'eFthe 8S is proKecte' to create an avera e o? more than 2 million ne+ services Ko6s a year compare' to ro& hly 299F999 services Ko6s that +ill 6e o&tso&rce'. @ am +ell a+are that thisiss&e is the so&rce o? m&ch anxiety in America to'ay. 3any Americans +orry a6o&t thepotential Ko6 losses that mi ht arise ?rom ?orei n competition in services sectors. -&t it(s+orth remem6erin that concerns a6o&t the impact o? ?orei n competition are not ne+. 3any

o? the reservations people are expressin to'ay are echoes o? +hat +e hear' in the 1 79s an'1 9s. -&t people at that time 'i'n(t ?&lly appreciate the po+er o? American in en&ity.#emar:a6le a'vances in technolo y an' pro'&ctivity lai' the ?o&n'ation ?or &nprece'ente'

Ko6 creation in the 1 9s an' there is no reason to 'o&6t that this co&ntryF +hich has sho+ntime an' a ain s&ch remar:a6le potential ?or competin in the lo6al economyF +ill not soonem6ar: a ain on s&ch a 6&rst o? Ko6"creation. Ame(ica s .enness t se(+ice*sect (t(a e com6ine' +ith the hi h s:ills o? its +or:?orce >ill lea t m (e 5( >th?st( n5e( in ust(ies? an a shi-t t >a( s hi5he( +alue*a e ? hi5he(*.a&in5em.l &ment . ConverselyF closin the 'oor to service tra'e is a strate y ?or :illin Ko6sF notsavin them. Americans have never r&n ?rom a challen e an' have never 6een 'e?eatist inthe ?ace o? stron competition " %a(t - this challen5e is t c(eate the c n iti ns- ( 5l /al 5( >th an @ / c(eati n he(e an a( un the > (l . @ 6elieveAmericans realiNe +hat is at sta:e. The .( cess - .enin5 t 5l /al t(a e can /e

is(u.ti+e? /ut the& (ec 5ni e that the US ec n m& cann t 5( > an.( s.e( an& the( >a& . They reco niNe the importance o? n'in lo6al sol&tions toshare' lo6al pro6lems. -esi'esF +hat is the alternative to the WT;V Some ar &e that the+orl'Qs only s&perpo+er nee' not 6e tie' 'o+n 6y the constraints o? the m&ltilateral system.

They claim that 8S soverei nty is compromise' 6y international r&lesF an' that m&ltilateralinstit&tions limit rather than expan' 8S in &ence. Americans sho&l' 6e 'eeply sceptical a6o&tthese claims. Almost none o? the tra'e iss&es ?acin the 8S to'ay are any easier to solve&nilaterallyF 6ilaterally or re ionally. The reality is pro6a6ly K&st the opposite. What sense 'oesit ma:e ?or example to ne otiate e"commerce r&les 6ilaterallyV Who +o&l' 6e intereste' in'isciplinin a ric&lt&ral s&6si'ies in a re ional a reement 6&t not lo6allyV Ho+ can 6ilateral'eals even 'oNens o? them come close to matchin the economic impact o? a reein to

lo6al ?ree tra'e amon 1) co&ntriesV -ilateral an' re ional 'eals can sometimes 6e acomplement to the m&ltilateral systemF 6&t they can never 6e a s&6stit&te. There is a 6i er'an er. -y treatin some co&ntries pre?erentiallyF 6ilateral an' re ional 'eals excl&'e others ?ra mentin lo6al tra'e an' 'istortin the +orl' economy. @nstea' o? li6eraliNin tra'e an'+i'enin ro+th they carve it &p. WorseF they have a 'omino eDect$ 6ilateral 'ealsinevita6ly 6e et more 6ilateral 'ealsF as co&ntries le?t o&tsi'e are ?orce' to see: their o+npre?erential arran ementsF or ris: ?&rther mar inaliNation. This is precisely +hat +e seehappenin to'ay. There are alrea'y over t+o h&n're' 6ilateral an' re ional a reements inexistenceF an' each month +e hear o? a ne+ or expan'e' 'eal. There is a 6asic contra'ictionin the ass&mption that 6ilateral approaches serve to stren then the m&ltilateralF r&les"6ase'system. Even +hen inten'e' to sp&r ?ree tra'eF they can &ltimately ris: &n'erminin it. This isin no oneQs interestF least o? all the 8nite' States. America le' in the creation o? them&ltilateral system a?ter 1 )5 precisely to avoi' a ret&rn to hostile 6locs 6locs that ha' 'oneso m&ch to ?&el inter+ar insta6ility an' con ict. AmericaQs visionF in the +or's o? Cor'ell H&llF+as that


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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantial.( s.e(it&? a more K&st +orl'. @t is a vision that has emer e' pre"eminent a hal? cent&rylater. Tra'e has expan'e' t+enty"?ol' since 1 59. 3illions in AsiaF Batin AmericaF an' A?ricaare 6ein li?te' o&t o? povertyF an' millions more have ne+ hope ?or the ?&t&re. All the reatpo+ers the 8SF E&ropeF IapanF @n'iaF China an' soon #&ssia are part o? a r&les"6ase'm&ltilateral tra'in systemF reatly increasin the chances ?or +orl' prosperity an' peace.

There is a ro+in realiNation that in o&r inter'epen'ent +orl' soverei nty is constraine'Fnot 6y m&ltilateral r&lesF 6&t 6y the a6sence o? r&les.

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T(a e c lla.se causes 5l /al nuclea( >a(%an ne( 3 L299 F 3ichaelF ?ac&lty at the e+ %or: @nstit&te o? 0inanceF 25"yearveteran o? the lo6al stoc:F 6on'F an' c&rrency mar:ets +ho has +or:e' in e+ %or:an' Bon'on ?or HS-CF Soros 0&n'sF A- AmroF res'ner -an:F an' IP3or an Chase


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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantialcon?rontation= 6et+een the 8nite' States an' China is


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C ntenti n # * S l+enc&1st $ Fe e(al climate a a.tati n . lic& in the ceans.( tects a5ainst en+i( nmental isaste(s an ensu(es USec n mic secu(it&Cente( - ( Ame(ican %( 5(ess? A.(il 2014 0or citations an're?erencesF please see 3ichael ConathanF IeDrey -&chananF an' Shiva Pole?:aF *inc mec astal c mmunities? these (est (ati n @ /s can c(eate si5ni cant .ath>a&s

ut - . +e(t&" Altho& h one o? the sites yiel'e' ins&Jcient 'ata to 'etermine a relia6leestimateF the analysis sho+s that the ec l 5ical (est (ati n (esultin5 -( m these.( @ects can .( +i e l n5*te(m ec n mic /ene ts that -a( e cee .( @ectc st? in a iti n t the initial ec n mic stimulus" Avera in the 6ene t"cost ratios

across the three restoration proKects st&'ie'F each lla( in+este /& ta .a&e(s(etu(ns m (e than 1) in net ec n mic /ene ts" S ciet& has l n5(ec 5ni e that .h&sical ca.ital such as -act (ies an ( a s can c(eate +alue- ( the ec n m& th( u5h the .( ucti n - 5 s an provision o? t(ans. (t" The?&ll report sho+s that (ee-s? estua(ies? an the( >etlan s (e.(esent natu(alca.ital that als .( +i es l n5*te(m su.. (t - ( ec n mic acti+it&" Theseec l 5ical assets contin&e to 5ene(ate +alue +e( time - ( c(itical c astalin ust(ies? inclu in5 commercial an' recreational shin5? (eal estate? (ec(eati n?an t u(ism? as >ell as the( /ene ts such as . lluti n lt(ati n an.( tecti n a5ainst e t(eme >eathe( an c astal G in5" The s&m o? these/ene ts incl&'in 6oth oo's an' environmental services can -a( e cee the t tal

in+estment nee e t 5ene(ate them" In+estin5 in c astal (est (ati n is5 . lic&" @t(s not K&st the (i5ht thin5 t - ( the en+i( nment it(s the (i5htthin5 t - ( c astal c mmunities? +ulne(a/le c astal . .ulati ns? an theU"S" ec n m&" Rec mmen ati ns - ( -utu(e action[ P&6lic an' private sector entities sho&l' increase their investment in coastal restorationproKects an' ?&n' on oin monitorin o? restore' areas.[ C n5(ess sh ul enact an -un the Nati nal En >ment - ( the 8ceans t.( +i e a stea & (e+enue st(eam - ( (est (ati n"

The state an -e e(al a5encies 'istri6&tin -P oil spill relate' ?&n's sh ul in+estin (ec +e(& .( @ects that create employment an' su.. (t l n5*te(m ec s&stem(ec +e(&"

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Fe e(al? state? an l cal c astal .lanne(s sh ul 5i+e 5(eate( >ei5ht tnatu(al s luti ns such as >etlan (est (ati n to help protect at"ris: 'evelope'areas.[ The Environmental Protection A encyF 8.S. epartment o? the @nteriorF an' ;AA sho&l'+or: +ith the Economic evelopment A'ministration an' the 8.S. epartment o? Ba6or to'evelop ne+ path+ays into cra?tsF tra'esF an' scienceF technolo yF en ineerin F an'mathematicsF or STE3F careers relate' to ecosystem restoration.[ N8AA an its .a(tne(s sh ul see7 -un in5 t a..l& the e+aluati ntechni ues &se' in this report t the the( A##A c astal (est (ati n .( @ects in

( e( t .( +i e a st( n5e( - un ati n - ( -utu(e c astal lan' &se ecisi ns"

Fe e(al 5 +e(nment is 7e& $ A(m& C (.s has e .e(tise thatem.i(icall& > (7s

H >lan 4 r. William *. Ho+lan' ) is the -asin Pro ram 3ana er o? Ba:eChamplainF *ran' @sleF 4TF ill - cus n the essential > (7 - the U"S" A(m& C (.s- En5inee(s F an' partic&larly their role in Environmental #estoration proKects. Cleanin &p

poll&tion in a la:e is excee'in ly 'iJc&lt an' costly. An' it al+ays incl&'es interr&ptin theo+ o? poll&tants into the 'raina e system to prevent ?&rther contamination. Poll&tion

prevention re &ires chan in the +ay thin s +or: in the lan'scape that 'rains into the la:e. @nBa:e ChamplainF as in the *reat Ba:es an' other parts o? the nationF ecosystem restoration ef (ts -ten (e ui(e a +ance en5inee(in5 esi5n e .e(tise an lea e(shi.that c mmunities an states sim.l& can n t .( +i e" The c m.etence anen5inee(in5 e .e(tise - the U"S" A(m& C (.s - En5inee(s is a +ital(es u(ce - ( .lannin5? esi5nin5 an e ecutin5 (est (ati n .lans" Thestatu(e - the C (.s? its t(ac7 (ec ( >ith la(5e .( @ects an its ualit&c nt( l .( t c ls .( +i e the lea e(shi. that is essential to maintain an'improve the +ater &ality o? o&r rivers an' la:es. The U"S" A(m& C (.s is cu((entl&-acilitatin5 se+e(al (est (ati n proKects in the Ba:e Champlain +atershe'. With theCorpQs s&pportF an in?estation o? +ater chestn&tF an invasive a &atic plant that has 'ominate'the entire so&thern part o? the la:e ?or years is no+ nearly &n'er control. This pro ramF r&n inpartnership +ith the states o? 4ermont an' e+ %or:F has lea' &s o&t o? an almost hopelesssit&ation an' +e are seein a ret&rn to p&6lic enKoyment o? shoreline areas in the so&thernpart o? Ba:e Champlain. This s&mmer +e expect to 6e in +or: on proKects to intercept storm+ater r&noD into Ba:e *eor eF part o? the Ba:e Champlain ecosystemF an' to sta6iliNe ero'instream6an:s in the 3issis &oi +atershe'F >ith e .e(tise? +e(si5ht an -un in5 /&the U"S" A(m& C (.s" ith ut thei( lea e(shi. an su.. (t? this +ital > (7c ul n t ha..en . The ( le - the U"S" A(m& C (. s En+i( nmentalRest (ati n auth (it& is a +ital nati n>i e asset 5ettin5 .( @ects ne *

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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantialan ne .( -essi nall& * all ac( ss Ame(ica . Dam (em +al .( @ects? >etlan(est (ati n? sh .assa5es an st(eam/an7 sta/ili ati n .( @ects (est (e

e5(a e ec s&stems? im.( +e Ame(ican li+es? st(en5then u( nati n sec n m& an ensu(e that >e >ill /e a/le t .( +i e clean (in7in5 >ate( too&rselvesF o&r chil'ren an' their chil'ren. Ba:e St. ClairF an' the St. Clair #iverF locate'6et+een Ba:e H&ron an' Ba:e ErieF ?aces massive pro6lems o? n&trient loa'in F invasivespecies an' the challen es o? a 6&sy +ater+ay. @t is in 'esperate nee' o? poll&tion preventionan' ecosystem restoration action. The U"S" A(m& C (.s - En5inee(s has ta7en thelea ( le in (a>in5 t 5ethe( -e e(al a5encies an c mmunities in the U"S"an Cana a t a (ess this inte(nati nal challen5e . The statu(e ane .e(tise - the C (.s? an its man ate t e+el . a mana5ement .lan F&n'er Section 2) o? W# A 1 F .lace it in the l 5ical lea in this im. (tantef (t . ;ne o? the reatest restoration pro rams in the history o? o&r nation is &n'er+ay inthe Ever la'es an' So&th 0lori'a EcosystemF +ith 8.S. Army Corps lea'ership. TheComprehensive Ever la'es #estoration Plan approve' 6y Con ress in W# A 2999 is the :ey tothe ?&t&re o? the h& e ever la'es ecosystem an' the vitality o? a si ni cant sector o? the0lori'a economy. C ( inati n - the > (7 - ei5ht -e e(al a5encies an m (ethan a hun (e l cal sta7eh l e( 5 +e(nments? (e5i nal c uncils an statea5encies? c ul nl& /e mana5e /& an a5enc& >ith the en5inee(in5 ca.acit&?

t(a iti ns an c mmitment - the U"S" A(m& C (.s . 0rom Texas to 3ississippi in theBo&isiana Coastal Area EcosystemF +etlan's are 'isappearin at the rate o? nearly 22F999acres per year. The 8.S. Army Corps is a partner +ith the State o? Bo&isiana on a ?easi6ilityst&'y that +ill ena6le &s to 6etter &n'erstan' this pro6lemF an' ho+ to miti ate an' minimiNelossesF to restore a ?&t&re ?or this re ion. Similar case historiesF o? proKects lar e an' smallFco&l' 6e cite' ?rom across the nationF +ith the accola'es an' ratit&'e o? millions o? AmericancitiNens. America to'ay ?aces &nprece'ente' challen es o? ecosystem 'ama e an' res&ltant'eclines in +ater &alityF contaminate' an' +ee'" in?este' +ater+aysF an' poll&te' la:es an'est&aries across the nation. These pro6lems have compromise' 'rin:in +ater s&pplies ?ormillions o? AmericansF ca&se' 'esperate str& les ?or s&rvival in the to&rism an' recreationin'&striesF an' create' an alarmin tren' to+ar's more an' reater pro6lems in the near?&t&re. The U"S" A(m& C (.s - En5inee(s is a +ital .a(t - u( milita(& se(+ice

that > (7s i(ectl& in the h melan t meet these challen5es >ith the> (l s /est .( -essi nal e .e(tise . Its statu(e an t(a iti ns - se(+ice tAme(ica ha+e tu(ne t en+i( nmental (est (ati n .( @ects that (e ui(een5inee(in5 s luti ns . The C (.s /(in5s the /est t ls in the nati n t 5ui ethe en5inee(in5 .( /lem*s l+in5 that these special ecosystems re &ire. @ +o&l' li:e to'irect yo&r attention to the challen es +e ?ace re ar'in the CorpQs Contin&in A&thoritiespro rams an' Sections 29 an' 11!5. The existin pro ram limits o? 25 million ?or each havesimply not :ept pace +ith c&rrent nee'sF an' are no+ a ?raction o? +hat America nee's themto 6e. @n the Ba:e Champlain +atershe'F this means that several on oin proKects are 6eins&spen'e' '&e to a national short?all. S&spen'in oo' proKects part+ay thro& h theirimplementationF +hether in Ba:e Champlain or else+here across the nationF neither savesmoney nor avoi's expense. The pro6lems in each case +ill et ?ar more costlyF not less costly.

The opport&nities to prevent or contain poll&tion +ill 6e lost i? a short?all li:e this persists. Themost cost"eDective sol&tion to lar e ecosystem pro6lems is to invest a'e &ately in theirrestoration at the earliest possi6le 'ate. Any alternative is li:ely to 6e a ?alse economy in theshort term an' res&lt a 6&r eonin 6&r'en o? a''itional accr&e' contamination an' sharplyincrease' costs o? restoration in the lon term. 0inallyF the +or: o? the 8.S. Army Corps onenvironmental restoration is not only a6o&t conservation philosophy or environmental ethics.@t is also a6o&t o&r nationQs economic en ines. As +e :no+ so +ell in the northeastF it is a6o&tthe vitality o? the to&rism economy an' the &ality o? li?e that :eeps the recreation 6&sinessesin 6&siness. @t is a6o&t tr&c:s on the hi h+ayF the p&lse o? commerce an' tra'e. @t is a6o&tre'&cin 6an:r&ptcies an' maintainin Ko6s. @t is a6o&t smell o? the tap +ater in the cities an'to+ns across the nationO it is a6o&t the health o? o&r o+n h&man ha6itat thro& ho&t this

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1AC $ C(itical 'e(si nC ntenti n 1 $ Inhe(enc&

C n5(ess cu((entl& .( hi/its A(m& C (.s - En5inee(s -( m> (7in5 >ith c astal states n Climate A a.ti n st(ate5ies$ C stal states a(e +ulne(a/le"

C s5( +e - the C nse(+ati n La> F un ati n? Dec" 201# Sean Cos rove is CB0(s irector o? Campai ns. T+enty years o? experience as a

conservation a'vocate previo&sly at the Sierra Cl&6http$,,+++.cl?.or ,6lo ,ta ,national"ocean"policy,F Con ress Can Bet e+ En lan'States Plan ?or 0&t&re StormsF or otF access 5,7,1)G

The 8S A(m& C (.s o? En ineers > (7s on many coastal .( @ects in Te as" ill C n5(esslet them c ( inate >ith states in Ne> En5lan B A little over a year a o S&perstormSan & /a((ele u. the east c ast an >(ea7e ha+ c n c astalc mmunities an' in many states inlan'. The impacts +ere nota6ly erce in e+ Iersey an' areas in an'aro&n' e+ %or: CityF 6&t #ho'e @slan' an' other states also s&Dere' serio&s impacts. HomesF 6&sinesses an' thelocal in?rastr&ct&re +hich creates comm&nities phone an' electrical linesF roa's an' hi h+aysF 'rin:in +ater an'se+a e systemsF an' T4 an' mass comm&nication systems +ere :noc:e' o&t ?or 'ays. Some ?ol:s co&l'n(t ret&rn totheir homes ?or +ee:s an' tho&san's o? people alon the east coast lost their homes completely. It=sestimate that 23) .e .le >e(e 7ille " The si5ni cant challen5es thatc astal states -ace >ith inc(easin5l& la(5e st (ms in the e(a - climatechan5e a(e clea(" B&c:ilyF >e ha+e e cellent . lic& t ls esi5ne s.eci call&t hel. a (ess the unce(tainties - climate chan5e in the Nati nal 8cean

% lic&F an' ocean &ser ro&ps across o&r re ion s&pport its &se. The Nati nal 8cean % lic& uses(e5i nal cean .lannin5? im.( +e science an ata? (e ui(es /ette( a5enc&c ( inati n an (elies n ee. in+ l+ement /& sta7eh l e(s $ all - >hicha(e nee e t tac7le these t&.es - mana5ement challen5es n > . As one stateoJcial sai'F a& the Ne> En5lan states c ul /e /a((e -( m > (7in5 >iththe -e e(al a5encies necessa(& t .lan - ( c astal st (m im.acts" The Ho&se o?#epresentatives has recently passe' the ate( Res u(ces Re- (m an De+el .ment Act?als 7n >n as RRDA" The Ho&se 6ill c ntains a ha(m-ul a''itional provisionF :no+n as a(i e(? >hich +o&l' .( hi/it the U"S" A(m& C (.s - En5inee(s -( mc ( inatin5 >ith c astal states to implement any ecosystem"6ase' mana ement or re ional oceanplannin pro ram. This .( +isi n? le /& a C n5(essman -( m lan *l c7e ac ?Te as? see7s t .( hi/it the U"S" A(m& C (.s - En5inee(s? a 7e& c astal an

cean mana5ement a5enc&? -( m c ( inatin5 >ith c astal states" This meansthat even tho& h many states are con'&ctin plannin eDorts to help protect their ocean reso&rces an' s&pport theirstate(s ocean economyF they +o&l' not 6e a6le to coor'inate +ith the 8.S. Army Corps on any proKects &n'er the

ational ;cean Policy. hile (i+en /& an anti*-e e(al sentiment? the Fl (es (i e(actuall& >ea7ens the a/ilit& - states t ca((& ut cean .lannin5 anc astal mana5ement - ( the >el-a(e an health - its >n citi ens" ;n the 6ri htsi'eF the Senate passe' a version o? the W## A 6ill containin the ational En'o+ment ?or the ;ceans L E;MF +hich+o&l' esta6lish a 6ene cial ?&n' ?or improvin coastal mana ement an' resilience. Champione' 6y ener etic #ho'e

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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantial@slan' Senator Shel'on Whiteho&seF E; +ill help set &p an en'o+ment s&pportin +or: 6y stateF re ionalF tri6al an'?e'eral entitiesF as +ell as nonpro t or aniNations an' aca'emic instit&tions to ?&n' the 6aseline scienceF monitorin Fan' o6servation 'ata nee'e' to improve ocean &se mana ementF incl&'in economic 'evelopment that +ill create

Ko6s an' s&pport coastal economies. e nee cean .lannin5 an >e nee all -e e(ala5encies inclu in5 the US A(m& C (.s - En5inee(s $ t /e cl sel&en5a5e >ith states an the( -e e(al a5encies" e can=t /e hel h sta5et the >hims - a n nsensical . litical a5en a +hen +e have real +or: to et 'oneO the'iDerence co&l' 6e 'estroye' comm&nities an' lost lives. Than:?&llyF lar e n&m6ers o? Senators an' #epresentatives?rom e+ En lan' an' other states have spo:en o&t in s&pport o? the ational ;cean Policy an' a ationalEn'o+ment ?or the ;ceans. o+ the C n5(ess nee s t let states .(e.a(e - ( thei( >n-utu(e /& (e@ectin5 the i((es. nsi/le Fl (es Ri e( an enactin5 the Nati nalEn >ment - ( the 8ceans"

C ntenti n 2 $ Ha(ms - Dis. sa/ilit&

Fi(st? climate chan5e is al(ea & ha..enin5 an >illc ntinue int the - (eseea/le -utu(e" 6at(ina an San &sh >e h > a/an ne . .ulati ns >ill c ntinue t /e

e+astate >ith ut -e e(al acti n" These isaste(s ha+ec(eate a m ment - ( . litical chan5e that must /e sei e "

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The rst horseman +as name' Al \ae'a in 3anhattanF an' it came as a messa e onSeptem6er 11F 2991$ that o&r me''lin in the 3i''le East ha' so+n ra e an' ?&n'e'ma'ness. We ha' me''le' 6eca&se o? imperial am6ition an' 6eca&se o? oilF the 6lac: ol'that ?&ele' most o? o&r machines an' o&r lar est corporations an' too many o? o&r politicians.

The secon' horseman came not &ite ?o&r years later. @t +as name' atrinaF an' this one too'elivere' a +arnin . 6at(ina=s messa5e >as that >e nee e t -ace the an5e(s >e ha tu(ne

u( /ac7 n >hen the c unt(& /ecame /sesse >ith te(( (ism! -ailin5

in-(ast(uctu(e? instituti nal ( t? (acial i+i es? an . +e(t&" An la(5e( thanan& - these >as the climate the heatin5 ceans /(ee in5 st( n5e( st (ms?meltin5 the ice an (aisin5 the sea le+el? /(ea7in5 the .atte(ns - the>eathe( >e ha al>a&s ha int sha(. sha( s! /u(nin5 an &in5 - (ests?G s? ( u5hts? heat >a+es in anua(&? -(ea7 /li a( s? su en

scillati ns? aci i-&in5 ceans"The thi( h (seman came in 8ct /e( - 2003! it >as name all St(eet F an'+hen that horseman st&m6le' an' collapse'F +e +ere remin'e' that it ha' al+ays 6een apre'atorF an' all that ha' chan e' +as the scale o? 'ere &lationF o? ree'F o? rec:lessnessFo? amorality a6o&t homes an' lives 6ein cas&ally trashe' to pro t the alrea'y +ealthy. An'the - u(th h (seman has a((i+e n sche ule"

e calle it San &? an it came t tell us >e sh ul ha+e listene ha( e(>hen the (st? sec n ? an thi( isaste(s sh >e u." This storm(s namesho&l'n(t 6e San'y tho& h that means +e(ve r&n thro& h the alpha6et all the +ay &p to Sthis h&rricane seasonF +ay past 6r&tal @saac in A& &st it sho&l' 6e Climate Chan e. I- eachcatast( .he came >ith a messa5e? then this ne=s >as that 5l /al>a(min5=s he(e? that the l (ules n=t a..l&? an that n t in5 an&thin5a/ ut it - ( the .ast #0 &ea(s is 5 in5 t .( +e -a(? -a( m (e e .ensi+e than

in5 s methin5 > ul ha+e /een" That isF expensive ?or &sF ?or h&man 6ein sF ?or li?e on EarthF i? not ?or the car6on pro teersFthe ones +ho areF in a +ayF tie' to all ?o&r o? these apocalyptic visitors. A (eas na/leestimate I hea( - the c st - this isaste( >as #0 /illi n F K&st a tiny 6it morethan Chevron(s pro ts last year Ltho& h it mi ht o as hi h as 59 6illionM. E ce.t that it=sc min5 ut - the em.t& >allets - sin5le m the(s in H / 7en? Ne> e(se&?an the .ensi ns - the el e(l&? an the ta es - the (est - us" Disaste(sc st m st - us te((i/l&? in u( hea(ts? in u( h .es - ( the -utu(e? an in

u( a/ilit& t lea a ecent li-e" The& c st s me c (. (ati ns as >ell? >hilelea in5 t e+e(*5(eate( .( ts - ( the(s" isasters Are -orn Political @t +as in no small part ?or the 6ene t o? the +eapons"ma:ers an' oil pro'&cers that +eproppe' &p 'ictators an' 6&ilt military 6ases an' earne' the resentment o? the 3&slim +orl'.It >as - ( the /ene t - il an the( ca(/ n .( uce(s that >e i n thin5a/ ut climate chan5e? an the& acti+el& t ile t .(e+ent an& such acti n" C8NTINUES OP C8NTINUED FR8M@? yo& +ante'F & u c ul e+en a a -th h (seman? a -th isaste( t u( list?

the /l > ut - the % >ell in the 9ul- - Me ic in the s.(in5 - 2010 c st*cuttin5 n e ui.ment en e ele+en li+es an c ntaminate a (e5i n ense>ith >il li-e an shin5 -amilies an hun (e s - th usan s - the(s" It>as as h ((en us as the the( - u(? /ut it t 7 -e>e( li+es i(ectl& an itsh ul ha+e /ut i n t .( uce . litical chan5e" Each o? the other catastrophes has re'irecte' American politics an' policy in pro?o&n' +ays.

,11 6ro& ht &s close to 'ictatorshipF &ntil 6at(ina c ((ecte c u(se /& isc(e itin5the ush a minist(ati n an .uttin5 . +e(t& an (acism? i- n t climatechan5e? /ac7 n the a5en a" Wall StreetQs implosion +as the 299 ;cto6er S&rprise

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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantialthat ma'e Americans leave #ep&6lican presi'ential can'i'ate Iohn 3cCainQs no"chan ecampai n in the '&st an' thatF three years laterF prompte' the 6irth o? ;cc&py Wall Street. The Wall Street collapse 'i' a lot ?or -arac: ;6amaF tooF an' K&st in time another ;cto6ers&rprise has ma'e #omney loo: venalF cl&elessF an' irrelevant. isaster has 6een oo' to;6ama atrina(s remin'er a6o&t race may have lai' the ro&n'+or: ?or his presi'ential 6i'Fan' the nancial implosion in the mi''le o? the presi'ential campai nF as +ell as Iohn3cCain(s 'isastro&s response to itF may have +on him the last election. The storm that 6ro:e the me'ia narrative o? an ascen'in #omney ave ;6ama the

nonpartisan moment o? soli'arity he al+ays lon e' ?or incl&'in the lovin arms o? e+ Iersey *overnor Chris Christie. -&t it(s not a6o&t the presi'entO it(s a6o&t the other seven6illion o? &s an' the rest o? the Earth(s creat&resF ?rom plan:ton to pi:as. Hope in the Storm San & i >hat n acti+ist c ul ha+e ne a e uatel&! .ut climate chan5e/ac7 n the a5en a? ma e the a(5ument - ( (eas na/l& la(5e 5 +e(nment?an (emin e us - the c l ssal -ailu(es - the ush a minist(ati n se+en&ea(s a5 " L3ichael (7 n climate chan5e" He 5a+e the Sie((a Clu/ )0 milli n t 5ht c allast &ea( an late last >ee7 in San &=s >a7e came ut >ith a te.ien (sement - 8/ama as the can i ate >h mi5ht s methin5 n theclimate" Last >ee7 as >ell? his ma5a ine? l m/e(5 usiness>ee7? (an ac +e( that c ul =+e (un an&time in the .ast -e> eca es V/ut i n=tW >iththe hea line! XIt=s 5l /al >a(min5? stu.i "Y There are t+o thin s yo& can hope ?or a?ter San'y. The rst is that every person stran'e'+itho&t po+erF r&nnin +aterF open rocery storesF access to transportationF an intact homeF

an' may6e income Li? +or: isn(t reacha6le or a Ko6 has 6een s&spen'e'M is a6le to ret&rn tonormal as soon as possi6le. ;r more than that in some casesF 6eca&se the st (m has als/( u5ht t li5ht h > man& .e .le >e(e /a(el& 5ettin5 /& /e- (e" LA?ter allF +ealso &se the +or' ate( an the>in this time .ut climate chan5e >he(e it /el n5s? in the cente( - u(m st .(essin5 issues" We Have Po+er] Ho+ isasters 8n?ol' A stran er sent me a +i'ely circ&late' photo raph o? a ?ront ate in Ho6o:en +ith a po+erstrip an' extension cor' an' a little note that rea'sF


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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantialC8NTINUED FR8M

AmaNin an' inspirin +or: 6y comm&nity an' ;cc&py ?ol:s] Hot n&tritio&s meals ?or manyh&n're's. S&pplies that people nee'F li:e 'iapersF 6a6y +ipesF ashli hts etc.F all or aniNe'.Also sa+ the rst Lmeanin rst set &p in %C only toni htM scary 0E3A site a ?e+ 6loc:sa+ay. 3ilitariNe' an' police' entranceF to an area ?ence' in +ith 15"?oot ?encesF +here one

ets a sort o? military,astrona&t ration +ith explanations o? ho+ to &se in En lish that @ 'i' not&n'erstan'. Pl&s S:ittlesV

;cc&pyF 'eclare' 'ea' 6y the mainstream me'ia six +ee:s a oF is shinin in this mess.in'nessF soli'arityF m&t&al ai' o? this :in' can ameliorate a catastropheF 6&t it can(t prevent

oneF an' this isn(t the :in' o? po+er it ta:es to p&mp o&t 'ro+ne' s&6+ay stations or re6&il'railroa' lines or et the li hts 6ac: on. The(e is a ( le - ( 5 +e(nment in isaste(?an - ( m /ili in5 all a+aila/le - (ces in - (estallin5 u( ma(ch t >a( a.lanet that c ul l 7 li7e the Ne> e(se& sh (e all the time" When ;cc&py rst 6e anF all those tentsF me'ical clinicsF an' comm&nity :itchens in theencampments remin'e' me o? the a?termath o? an earth &a:e. The occ&piers loo:e' li:e'isaster s&rvivors an' in a sense they +ereF tho& h the 'isaster they ha' s&rvive' +ascalle' the economy an' its impacts are &s&ally remar:a6ly invisi6le. San'y is also aneconomic 'isaster$ &nlimite' release o? car6on into the atmosphere is very expensive an' +ill

et more so.

The increasin ly t&r6&lentF 'isaster"prone planet +e(re on is o&r 6ea&ti?&l ol' Earth +ith thetemperat&re raise' almost one 'e ree celsi&s. @t(s oin to et hotter than thatF tho& h +ecan still ma:e a 'iDerence in ho+ hot it ets. #i ht no+F locallyF in the soa:e' placesF +e nee'people to ai' the stran'e'F the homelessF an' the h&n ry. *lo6ally +e nee' to &nco&ple

overnment ?rom the -i Ener y corporationsF an' ens&re that most o? the car6on ener y le?ton the planet stays +here it 6elon s$ &n'er ro&n'. A?ter the Stat&s \&o Disaste(s -ten un- l a little li7e (e+ luti ns" The& c(eate a t(emen us(u.tu(e >ith the .ast" T a& has n thin5 much in c mm n >ith &este( a&in h > the s&stem > (7s ( esn=t? in >hat .e .le ha+e in c mm n? in h >the& see thei( .(i (ities an . ssi/ilities . The people in po+er are o?ten mostintereste' in ret&rnin to yester'ayF 6eca&se the stat&s &o +as +or:in ?or them tho& h3ayor -loom6er is to 6e commen'e' ?or ta:in the storm as a +a:e"&p call to 'o more a6o&tclimate chan e. 0or the rest o? &sF a?ter s&ch a 'isasterF sometimes the stat&s &o 'oesn(tloo: so oo'. Disaste(s -ten .( uce (eal . litical chan5e? n t al>a&s - ( the /ette(Van n t al>a&s - ( the > (seW" I calle - u( - the last +e /i5 calamities inthis c unt(& the - u( h (semen - the a. cal&.se /ecause i(ectl& (

the(>ise the& cause s much sufe(in5? /ecause the& /( u5ht us cl se( tthe /(in7? an /ecause the& chan5e u( nati nal i(ecti n" Disaste( hasn > /ec me u( nati nal . lic&! >e in+ite it in an it i(ects us? - ( /ette(an > (se" As the horsemen trample over all the thin s +e love mostF it /ec mes im. ssi/le t

istin5uish natu(al isaste( -( m man*ma e calamit&! ma&/e the . int isthat the(e is n ife(ence an&m (e" ut the(e=s an the( . int! that >e can.(e+ent the > (st - the im.act in all s (ts - >a&s F ?rom evac&ation plans tocar6on emissions re'&ctions to economic K&sticeF an' that it(s all tie' &p to ether. @ +ish San'y ha'n(t happene'. -&t it 'i'F an' there have 6een an' +ill 6e more 'isasters li:ethis. @ hope that ra'ical chan e arises ?rom it. The climate has al(ea & chan5e " Ma&>e chan5e t meet the challen5es"

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Sec n ? the nati nal secu(it& state has >a(.e Ame(ica=s(es. nse t natu(al isaste(s" Milita(& secu(iti ati n is.(i (iti e +e( the (eal nee s - (acial min (ities an l >inc me . .ulati ns that a(e th(eatene /& climate $ ne>in+estments a(e 7e& t .(e+entin5 ha(m t the m st+ulne(a/le"

9(aham =0) Pro?essor o? H&man *eo raphy at e+castle an' note' van'alF2995O StephenF


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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantial S&ch a policy shi?t may have 'irectly contri6&te' to the scale an' 'evastation o? atrina. Inea(l& 2004 the Fe e(al 5 +e(nment >ith (e> m ne&s -( m le+eemaintenance a( un Ne> 8(leans t .a& - ( the h melan secu(it& an theI(a >a( /u 5ets" With levees sin:in F local US A(m& C (.s - En5inee(s actuall&ha t 5 a( un t l cal -un e(s /e55in5 - ( small nati ns t c nt(i/utet >a( s maintainin5 thei( le+el a5ainst the >i e(? sin7in5? cit&" As the 2996&' ets +ere 'ra+n &pF a !5 million pro ramme o? levee maintenance +as i'enti e'. -&tsche ule -un in5 - ( the &ea( >as cut -( m )" m t 2" m F +hich 6arelyC8NTINUES OP

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C8NTINUED FR8Mcovere' the salaries o? existin en ineers. I&st as 'ama in F the c sts - the I(a >a(le t the a/an nment - an im. (tant (esea(ch .( @ect t(acin5 the

&namics - hu((icane (is7? le+ee maintenance an u(/an sin7in5 in the Ne>8(leans a(ea" 3ore +orryin still is the sa a o? the :ey 8S overnment or anisation tas:e' +ith respon'into events li:e atrina the 0e'eral Emer ency 3ana ement A ency L0E3AM. A +orl'"classmo'el o? 'isaster miti ation 6e?ore 2991F FEMA >as a sha > - its - (me( sel- as6at(ina hit /ecause - cuts an c( n&ism" E .e(t mana5e(s ha /een(e.lace /& ush=s -(ien s an allies >h ha n (ele+ant s7ills ane .e(ience >hats e+e(" Nati nal isaste( miti5ati n .lans ha /eena/an ne " Man& em (alise e .e(ts ha+e le-t" An inc(easin5l& .(i+ati ec nt(act cultu(e ha (e.lace c (e? in*h use c m.etences? >ith l calitiesinc(easin5l& c m.etin5 - ( cent(al m ne& . An' FEMA ha /een /un le intthe De.a(tment - H melan Secu(it& /ehem th >hich c ncent(ate its(es u(ces an iscussi ns +e(>helmin5l& t >a( s te(( (ist (is7 . The 0e'eral*overnment increasin ly stresse' that haNar' miti ation an' 'isaster response sho&l' 6e'ealt +ith at state level. -&t the states? sufe(in5 hu5e e cits /ecause -(e uce cent(al su.. (t? ha+e /een una/le t (e.licate FEMA se(+ices . Whether a ?&ll levee maintenance an' research pro ram an' a +orl'"class 0E3A +o&l' have

ameliorate' atrina(s 'evastatin impact +e +ill never :no+. -&t the /( a e( enial -n n*te(( (ist (is7s? c m/ine >ith the >i e( anti*u(/anism an anti*.u/licse(+ice eth s - the ush a minist(ati n? must su(el& /e c nt(i/utin5 t a5( >in5 +ulne(a/ilit& - US cities t catast( .hic >eathe( an seismice+ents . The Septem6er 299) +or's o? haNar's expert William Wa& hF a Pro?essor at *eor iaState 8niversityF no+ seem eerily prescient. < I- & u tal7 t FEMA .e .le aneme(5enc& mana5ement .e .le a( un the c unt(& F= he remar:e'F < .e .leha+e alm st /een h .in5 - ( a ma@ ( natu(al isaste( li7e a hu((icane? @ustt (emin the De.a(tment - H melan Secu(it& an the usha minist(ati n that the(e a(e the( /i5 thin5s $ e+en /i55e( thin5s $ than alZae aY"

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Th se . .ulati ns le-t t s>im th( u5h G *>ate(s a(eeeme is. sa/le? a li-e >ith ut meanin5" The +i lence -

mass sufe(in5 is in+isi/le as the el e(l&? the . (? (acialmin (ities an the(s >h a(e e clu e -( m .(i+ile5e

9i( u K12 F HenryF n? el e(l&an sic7 .e .le" These 'ist&r6in pict&res reveale' a v&lnera6le an' 'estit&te se ment o?

the nationQs citiNenry that conservatives not only re?&se' to see as s&chF 6&t ha' spent the6etter part o? three 'eca'es 'emoniNin . -&t the hauntin5 ima5es o? the a6an'one'F'esperate an' v&lnera6le > ul n t 5 a>a& an - ( a m ment im. sethemsel+es n the c llecti+e c nscience - Ame(ican sF eman in5 ans>e(st uesti ns that >e(e ne+e( as7e a/ ut the e istence - th se. .ulati ns e clu e -( m the Ame(ican (eam an' a6an'one' to their o+nlimite' reso&rces in the mi'st o? a maKor nat&ral 'isaster. -&t that moment soon passe' as the8nite' States ?ace' another 'isaster$ The co&ntry pl&n e' into an economic t&rmoil &shere'in 6y nance capital an' the apostles o? Wall Street in 299 .1 Conse &entlyF an a''itionalinstance o? +i'esprea' har'ship an' s&Derin soon 6ore 'o+n on lo+er"mi''le an' +or:in "class people +ho +o&l' lose their Ko6sF homesF health care an' their 'i nity. Hu((icaneSan & n t nl& -aile t a( use a hei5htene sense - m (al ut(a5e ancall - ( @ustice F it has &ic:lyF i? not seamlesslyF /een > +en int a na((ati+e that

enie th se la(5e( ec n mic an . litical - (ces? mechanisms antechn l 5ies /& >hich ce(tain . .ulati ns >hen e . se t a natu(alcatast( .he a(e (en e(e human >aste" ;ne reason ?or this case o? historicalamnesia an' ethical in'iDerence may lie in the emer in vicissit&'es o? an era ea er toaccommo'ate rather than challen e lo6al +armin F an era in +hich ?rea:ish +eather eventshave 6ecome s&ch commonplace occ&rrences that they enco&ra e the 'enial o? planetary'estr&ction. These 'ays Americans are &ic:ly ?ati &e' 6y nat&ral catastrophe. Ma@ (natu(al isaste(s an' their conse &ences a (e n > (ele5ate t the ai(/ (ne+ ca/ula(& - eithe( -ate ( the un&iel in5 ci(cumstance - .e(s nalt(a5e yFc n+enientl& all >in5 an ethicall& cleanse Ame(ican .u/lic t

i5n (e the s ( i +i lence an sufe(in5 they pro'&ce ?or those pop&lations ca& htin the rip o? povertyF 'eprivation an' har'ship. @t ets +orse. C atast( .hes ha+e n t

nl& /een n (mali e ? the& ha+e /een (e uce t the s.ectacle - titillatin5T' . #ather than analyNe' +ithin 6roa'er social cate ories s&ch as po+erF politicsF povertyFrace an' classF the violence pro'&ce' 6y nat&ral 'isasters is no+ hi hly in'ivi'&aliNe'F limite'to h&man interest stories a6o&t loss an' in'ivi'&al s&Derin . Zuesti ns c nce(nin5 h >the +i lence - Hu((icane San & im.acte ife(entl& th se 5( u.sma(5inali e /& (ace? a5e? sic7ness an class? .a(ticula(l& am n5 . (min (ities? >e(e eithe( >n.la&e ( i5n (e " Bost in 6oth the imme'iacy o? therecovery eDorts an' the p&6lic 'isco&rse in most o? the mainstream me'ia +ere the

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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantiala6an'one' ?ates an' nee'less s&Derin o? resi'ents in p&6lic"ho&sin apartments ?rom #e'Hoo: to the Bo+er East Si'eF to the poorest sections o? the #oc:a+ay Penins&la an' otherne lecte' areas alon the east coast o? e+ Iersey. These are pop&lations rava e' 6ypovertyF &nemployment an' 'e6t. E+en th u5h ine ualit& has /ec me ne - them st si5ni cant -act (s ma7in5 ce(tain 5( u.s +ulne(a/le t st (ms an

the( t&.es - isaste(s? matte(s - . >e( an ine ualit& in inc me? >ealthan 5e 5(a.h& (a(el& in- (me the mainst(eam me ia s anal&sis - themassi+e est(ucti n an sufe(in5 cause /& San & . 2 An' yetF o&t o? 159co&ntriesF the 8nite' States has the ?o&rth hi hest +ealth 'isparity.! As Ioseph Sti litN pointso&tF R o+a'aysF these n&m6ers sho+ that the American 'ream is a myth. C8NTINUES OP

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C8NTINUED FR8M

The(e is less e ualit& - .. (tunit& in the Unite States t a& than the(e isin Eu( .e " orF in'ee'F in any a'vance' in'&strial co&ntry ?or +hich there are 'ata.R)@ne &ality an' social 'isparity are not simply a6o&t the concentration o? +ealth an' incomeinto ?e+er han'sF they are also a6o&t the &ne &al &se o? po+erF the shapin o? policies an'

the privile in o? a conservative +ealthy minority +ho have acc&m&late' vast amo&nts o?+ealth. Ame(ica is .a&in5 a hi5h .(ice - ( its shame-ul le+els - ine ualit&an this /ecame .a(ticula(l& clea( >hen ce(tain . .ulati ns in Manhattan(ecei+e ai m (e uic7l& than the(s in the . st*Hu((icane San &(ec nst(ucti n ef (ts" ot s&rprisin F iven that 3anhattanF one o? the epicenters o? thestormQs sava eryF has a level o? ine &ality that not only stan's o&t 6&t rivals parts o? s&6"Saharan A?rica.5 Within this eo raphy o? massive income an' +ealth ine &alityF 29 percento? 3anhattan resi'ents ma'e ! 2F922 a year on avera e an'G the poorest ma'e F 1.

%etF even tho& h lo+er 3anhattan +as a lo+ priority ?or receivin overnment an' privaterelie? eDortsF neither its v&lnera6ility nor the ini &ito&s treatment it +as accor'e' +as?actore' into post"San'y me'ia covera e. San & la& /a(e >hat man& .e .le in t >ant t see! a th( >a>a& s ciet& that n t nl& en lessl& c(eatemate(ial >aste? 6&t one all too +illin to pro'&ce an' 'ispose o? +hat it interprets ash&man +aste. What is clear in this case is that >hile s me attenti n >as - cuse nthe (st (es. n e(s +ho lost their homes in -reeNy Point an the . ( el e(l&t(a..e - ( a&s in h usin5 .( @ects F R?acin col' temperat&resF ?oo' shorta esFRelectrical ?ail&res an' lac: o? proper me'ical careF these a(e . .ulati ns >h se li+esa(e - ( the m st .a(t c nsi e(e un(eal? ccu.&in5 a s.ace - in+isi/ilit&>he(e ha( shi.s a(e (a(el& seen ( hea( .7 ut m (e >as (e+eale in this

isaste( than the .ain-ul (e5iste(s - e clusi n? mass sufe(in5 an theina/ilit& - 5 +e(nment t .( +i e timel& hel. t th se m st +ulne(a/le anin nee - ai " H&rricane San'y also reveale' the apin an' 'ystopian ?a&lt lines o? those'isasters exacer6ate' 6y h&man actions in a society +rac:e' 6y vast 'iDerences in po+erFincomeF +ealthF reso&rces an' opport&nities. @n this instance a nat&ral catastrophe mer e'+ith ?orms o? s&staine' moral,social ne lect an' a 'isco&rse o? sym6olic violence to reveal aset o? &n'erlyin 'eterminantsF a rammar o? h&man s&Derin .

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%lan Te tThus the .lan! The Unite States -e e(al 5 +e(nmentsh ul su/stantiall& inc(ease its ceanic climate (esilienc&

e+el .ment t .( tect +ulne(a/le . .ulati ns"

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C ntenti n # $ S l+enc&1 st $ The Unite States -e e(al 5 +e(nment sh ul inc(easeits climate (esilienc& e+el .ment * this can .( +i e.ath>a&s ut - . +e(t& >hile .(e+entin5 catast( .hicha(m

Cente( - ( Ame(ican %( 5(ess? A.(il 2014 0or citations an're?erencesF please see 3ichael ConathanF IeDrey -&chananF an' Shiva Pole?:aF *inc me c astal c mmunities? these (est (ati n @ /s can c(eatesi5ni cant .ath>a&s ut - . +e(t&" Altho& h one o? the sites yiel'e' ins&Jcient 'atato 'etermine a relia6le estimateF the analysis sho+s that the ec l 5ical (est (ati n(esultin5 -( m these .( @ects can .( +i e l n5*te(m ec n mic /ene ts that-a( e cee .( @ect c st? in a iti n t the initial ec n mic stimulus" Avera inthe 6ene t"cost ratios across the three restoration proKects st&'ie'F each lla( in+este

/& ta .a&e(s (etu(ns m (e than 1) in net ec n mic /ene ts" S ciet& hasl n5 (ec 5ni e that .h&sical ca.ital such as -act (ies an ( a s can c(eate+alue - ( the ec n m& th( u5h the .( ucti n - 5 s an provision o?t(ans. (t" The ?&ll report sho+s that (ee-s? estua(ies? an the( >etlan s(e.(esent natu(al ca.ital that als .( +i es l n5*te(m su.. (t - ( ec n micacti+it&" These ec l 5ical assets contin&e to 5ene(ate +alue +e( time - (c(itical c astal in ust(ies? inclu in5 commercial an' recreational shin5? (ealestate? (ec(eati n? an t u(ism? as >ell as the( /ene ts such as . lluti n

lt(ati n an .( tecti n a5ainst e t(eme >eathe( an c astal G in5" Thes&m o? these /ene ts incl&'in 6oth oo's an' environmental services can -a(e cee the t tal in+estment nee e t 5ene(ate them" In+estin5 in c astal

(est (ati n is 5 . lic&" @t(s not K&st the (i5ht thin5 t - ( the en+i( nmentit(s the (i5ht thin5 t - ( c astal c mmunities? +ulne(a/le c astal. .ulati ns? an the U"S" ec n m&" Rec mmen ati ns - ( -utu(e action[ P&6lic an' private sector entities sho&l' increase their investment in coastal restorationproKects an' ?&n' on oin monitorin o? restore' areas.[ C n5(ess sh ul enact an -un the Nati nal En >ment - ( the 8ceans t.( +i e a stea & (e+enue st(eam - ( (est (ati n"

The state an -e e(al a5encies 'istri6&tin -P oil spill relate' ?&n's sh ul in+estin (ec +e(& .( @ects that create employment an' su.. (t l n5*te(m ec s&stem(ec +e(&"

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Fe e(al? state? an l cal c astal .lanne(s sh ul 5i+e 5(eate( >ei5ht tnatu(al s luti ns such as >etlan (est (ati n to help protect at"ris: 'evelope'areas.[ The Environmental Protection A encyF 8.S. epartment o? the @nteriorF an' ;AA sho&l'+or: +ith the Economic evelopment A'ministration an' the 8.S. epartment o? Ba6or to'evelop ne+ path+ays into cra?tsF tra'esF an' scienceF technolo yF en ineerin F an'mathematicsF or STE3F careers relate' to ecosystem restoration.[ N8AA an its .a(tne(s sh ul see7 -un in5 t a..l& the e+aluati ntechni ues &se' in this report t the the( A##A c astal (est (ati n .( @ects in

( e( t .( +i e a st( n5e( - un ati n - ( -utu(e c astal lan' &se ecisi ns"

2n $ est stu ies in icate .lan can (e uce casualties /&hal-" 8cean . lic& is 7e&C nathan? et al? Cente( - ( Ame(ican %( 5(ess? A.(il 2014

The Economic Case ?or #estorin Coastal Ecosystems ? -y 3ichael ConathanF IeDrey-&chananF an' Shiva Pole?:a April 291) ? WWW.A3E#@CA P#;*#ESS.;#*GAs then ;AA A'ministrator D(" Iane Lu/chenc p&t itF e cease emittin5?ossil"?&el"6ase' reenho&se ases t a&? sea le+els >ill c ntinue t (ise - ( the

ne t se+e(al centu* (ies" Accor'in to the eolo ic recor'F the last time the atmosphere+as as car6on rich as +e have ma'e it to'ayF seas +ere 29 meters hi her. 1 ;&r increasineconomic 'epen'ence on o&r coasts an' the reater ris:s they ?ace ?rom climate chan e an'sea"level rise mean that any 'isc&ssion o? coastal lan' &se m&st a''ress the &estion o? ho++e reconcile these con ictin tren's. @n other +or'sF ho+ 'o +e aDor'a6ly a'apt o&r coastsso that o&r coastal com" m&nitiesF assetsF an' in?rastr&ct&re 6ecome sa?er an' more sec&reF+hile also contin&in to invest in the coastal ecosystem restoration nee'e' to ens&re that o&rcoasts are ecolo ically healthyV Resea(ch? es.eciall& in the a-te(math - Hu((icane6at(ina? has (e+eale that health& c astal ec s&stems .la& a +ital ( le in(e ucin5 (is7s -( m c astal ha a( s . 0irstF as mentione' in the previo&s sectionFcoastal >etlan s +ith healthy plant com" m&nitiesF such as salt ma(shes?man5( +es? an estua(ies? se(+e as hi hly eDective /ufe(s a5ainst st (msu(5e . These ecosystems soa: &p an' hol' oo'+aters similar to a spon e an' shiel'lan'+ar' areas ?rom in&n'ation. Estimates - the hu((icane .( * tecti n +alue o?existin coastal +etlan's in the *&l? an' eastern sea6oar' ha+e sh >n that thea/sence - health& c astal ec s&stems e .lains as much as ,0 .e(cent -the ama5e sufe(e /& c mmunities al n5 the 9ul- C ast that a(e st(uc7/& hu((icanes" The researchers concl&'e' that


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HUDL Institute Climate Resilience Af 2014 2AC T S&6stantial6e &n to acco&nt ?or ?&t&re tren's in sea"level rise an' socioeconomic 'ata in theirexamination o? the relationship 6et+een healthy coastal ecosystems an' the most v&lnera6lemem6ers o? society primarily the poorF comm&nities o? colorF an' the el'erly. A ne+ 6o'y o?research on social v&l" nera6ilityF le' 6y or aniNation s&ch as the 8niversity o? So&thCarolina(s HaNar' 4&lnera6ility #esearch @nstit&teF com6ines 'ata on physical ris: +ith socialan' economic 'ata sets. ) This ro6&st literat&re explains ho+ socioeconomic 'ynamicscontri6&te to com" m&nities ?acin reater challen es in respon'in toF recoverin ?romF an'prepar" in ?or climate"relate' haNar's. 5 #esearchers ?rom Stan?or' 8niversity an' The

at&re Conservancy overlai' a map o? coastal +etlan's +ith 'ata on the spatial 'istri6&tion o? in'ivi'&als most li:ely to 6e harme' or :ille' '&rin catastrophic storm events. ThenF theymo'ele' several scenarios in +hich sea"level rise an' coastal ecosystem 'e ra'ation contin&eat c&rrent rates. #elative to the most li:ely scenariosF the scientists reporte' in at&re ClimateChan e that$ The li7elih an ma5nitu e - l sses ma& /e (e uce /& intact(ee-s an c astal +e5etati n? especially +hen those ha6itats ?rin e v&lnera6lecomm&nities an' in?rastr&ct&re. The num/e( - .e .le? . ( -amilies? el e(l& ant tal +alue - (esi ential .( .e(t& that a(e m st e . se t ha a( s can /e(e uce /& hal- i- e istin5 c astal ha/itats (emain -ull& intact"

#( En in5 nes - sac(i ce (easse(ts the . litical + ices- th se li+es cu((entl& (en e(e unli+a/le" The aQ(mati+e

a a.ts t the ine+ita/le im.acts - climate chan5e in ( e(t .(ese(+e c(itical in-(ast(uctu(e /ase n n ti ns -sha(e .u/lic s.ace an the nee - ( ne> em c(atic. ssi/ilities? un e(minin5 the ne li/e(al c nsensus thatce(tain li+es can /e calculate int i((ele+ance"9i( u ? in K12 *lo6al T4 et+or: Chair Pro?essorship at 3c3aster 8niversity inthe En lish an' C&lt&ral St&'ies epartmentF HenryF ith the .u/lic +alues an the - (mati+e cultu(e necessa(& - (a em c(ac& is c ((u.te .19 An' the is. sa/le a(e not merely those pop&lations ca& ht inextreme poverty. @ncreasin lyF they are in'ivi'&als an' ro&ps no+ rava e' 6y 6a' mort a esF poor cre'it an' h& e'e6t. They are the 5( >in5 a(m& - the unem.l &e - (ce t a/an n thei(h uses? c(e it ca( s an a/ilit& t c nsume * a lia/ilit& that .ushes them tthe ma(5ins - a ma(7et s ciet&" These are the ro&ps +hose homes +ill not 6e covere' 6yins&ranceF +ho have no place to liveF no reso&rces to ?all 6ac: onF no +ay to ima ine that the pro6lems they +ill 6e?acin are not K&st personalF 6&t 'eeply str&ct&ralF 6&ilt into a system that vie+s the social contract an' the +el?arestate as a lethal 'isease. A callo&s in'iDerence to the pli ht o? the poor +as ma'e clear in the remar:s o? ?ormer presi'ential can'i'ate 3itt#omney in his 'ero atory re?erence to the )7 percent o? a'&lt Americans +ho 'onQt pay income taxes ?or one reasonor another as Rpeople +ho 6elieve that they are victimsF +ho 6elieve the overnment has a responsi6ility to care ?orthemF +ho 6elieve that they are entitle' to heal

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