How can we make El Mango Limpio a better place?learningwithlarry.com/.../FinalReport-El-Mango-Limpio.docx · Web viewHow can we make El Mango Limpio a better place? A STRATEGIC PLAN

How can we make El Mango Limpio a better place?

A STRATEGIC PLAN FOR NEW BEGINNINGS

ABSTRACTMillikin University teams up with New Beginnings Church to better the lives of community members in El Mango Limpio, Dominican Republic.

KAYLA BUCHEN, JASON FRAIZER, HEATH GOAD, JASON TOLLY

The Big Blue Project| 1Executive Summary

During the fall semester of 2015 we formed a group to focus on making El Mango Limpio, a small village in the Dominican Republic, a better place. We all chose this project because it is so much more than a project, we dealt with real people in real conditions. Millikin University and New Beginnings Church teamed up to strengthen the aid that El Mango Limpio was to receive from the church. Last year the two organizations paired and worked on an internet café in the village to provide internet for the students in school. This year our goal was to improve the quality of life in the village, we focused our efforts on creating a strategic plan that New Beginnings Church can use to raise funds and begin implementation.

We began by gathering information and researching the country to figure out what would benefit the people in that community to the fullest potential. Our goal was to give them something that they wanted and needed, not what we thought they would like to have. Eventually we discovered 3 major resources that the village would be ecstatic to have. Our proposal includes 3 separate plans to implement:

Project 1: Provide Clean, Safe Water for the VillageProject 2: Improve the Educational System and Discover OptionsProject 3: Establish a Health Care System

It is important to note that each of these plans are related in some manner, clean water is necessary for both better health and therefore motivation for education. Many issues related to healthcare can be solved through education and clean water, this was very beneficial for the group when it came to discussing our ideas. Throughout the paper there are many ties to the flow of resources necessary to improve the lives of El Mango Limpio.

The Big Blue Project| 2Table of Contents

Introduction to El Mango Limpio......................................................................................3

New Beginnings Goals.........................................................................................................7

Researching for the Three Major Plans.............................................................................9

Clean Water Research in the Dominican Republic..........................................................14

Clean Water Plan.................................................................................................................17

Education History................................................................................................................25

Education Plan.....................................................................................................................26

Healthcare History...............................................................................................................28

Healthcare Plan....................................................................................................................30

Appendix...............................................................................................................................37

Appendix - One: Identifying the Best Water Sources for Drinking Water............................37

Appendix - Two: Identification and Understanding of Aquifers...........................................43

Appendix - Three: Identifying the Possible Depth of the Well.............................................47Appendix - Four: Identifying the Cost of Drilling.................................................................49Appendix - Five: Site Selection for Drilling a Water Well...................................................53Appendix - Six: Types of Drilling and Possible Increases or Decreases to Cost..................71Appendix - Seven: Identifying Well Environmental Self-Sustainability..............................76Appendix - Eight: Identifying the Types of Pipes that Could Work in a Well......................81

Appendix - Nine: Identifying Drills.......................................................................................84

Appendix - Ten: Water Filtration Systems............................................................................87

Appendix - Eleven: Storage Tanks.......................................................................................91

Appendix - Twelve: Small Filtration System........................................................................92

Appendix - Thirteen: Large Filtration System.......................................................................93

Appendix - Fourteen: Pump Flow Chart and Table...............................................................94

The Big Blue Project| 3Introduction to El Mango Limpio

El Mango Limpio is a small village in the Dominican Republic. It is about 2 1/2 hours

away from Punta Cana. It is located towards the inland in a hilly area of the Dominican

Republic. It sits between 1500-2000 ft. above sea-level (Y. Gilboa 2015). This area is known

for having lush vegetation. When the villagers are hungry they have been known to pick

coconuts, avocados, and bananas directly off of the trees. The village has a growing population

of approximately 400 people. Most of the people living in the village are children. This small

village is full of rich culture and deep relationships between the villagers. The image below is a

topography map that shows the height of the sea-level and gives a general idea of where the

village is located.

Picture from Y. Gilboa 2015

The Big Blue Project| 4Dominican Economics

The Dominican Republic has one of the fast growing economies in Latin American

(World Bank.com 2015). Most of the country’s job increase is due to low-skilled jobs.

Manufacturing, mining, and telecommunication jobs are slow growing fields in the Dominican.

This pushes the population to improve education, or skilled job markets. In order do this the

country must look into its own infrastructure first.

The Dominican does not have reliable electricity, water systems, waste management

systems, or easy access to the internet. The most common areas to see these luxuries are the

tourist areas. This gives the people in the Dominican a great deal of room to improve their

current situation. The country’s GDP growth rate is around 7%, which is incredibly high (World

Bank.com 2015). If the country focuses are fix parts of the infrastructure while maintain this

growth they could drastically improve the overall economy, thus increasing the growth rate even

further.

This can be difficult because of the low levels of education in the country. Some areas of

the Dominican Republic have good education, but these are centered on the larger and richer

cities. The smaller areas do not have the best levels of education. This has also made it difficult

to understand the problem as a whole. Unlike the United States where it is easy to find

information about aquifers, geological make up, education statistics, and health care statistics,

whereas in the Dominican it can be difficult. It is much more difficult to find the same

information in a third world country.

The Big Blue Project| 5Complications to Growth

Despite the fact that El Mango Limpio is an incredibly beautiful area they lack in the

areas of clean water, education, and health care. This is normal for most small villages in the

Dominican. Our team believes that these opportunities are interconnected. The village wants to

improve the lives of community members and New Beginnings Church has a mission help the

residents in that area. New Beginnings has planted a church in this village. Dr. Stapleton was

approached by one of the Pastors, Dan, from the New Beginnings Church to help understand and

possibly build a strategy to help El Mango Limpio.

Dr. Stapleton used the situation in his international studies class to help teach a class and

help the village at the same time. The first strategic plan was to build an internet hotspot (or

internet café). The Church built an internet café to help children with their studies. This will add

2 jobs, once the faculty is complete. This puts money back into the local economy and shortens

the transportation time of the students. Therefore, this system is safer for the children, cheaper

for the families, and adds jobs to the economy, thus improving the overall local economy. But it

is imperative that El Mango Limpio keeps improving with the rest of the country, so they do not

fall behind.

Continuation of the Plan

New Beginnings approached Dr. Stapleton a second time wanting his help to continually

improving the wellbeing of people in El Mango Limpio. Stapleton started working with the

church and another group of students to help improve the village once again. After numerous

meeting with the church officials and the pastor of the church in El Mango Limpio, our team,

Big Blue, made a list of the Church’s highest priority goals. Our team does not want to change

The Big Blue Project| 6the rich and beautiful culture of the village. We only want to help improve their already existing

village. Therefore, in all of the plan there is an underlying goal of not changing culture, but try

to improve the quality of life.

We then decided to work on three projects; clean water, education, and healthcare. Jason

“Frazier” and Heath Goad worked on water, “Jason” Tolly work on education, and Kayla

Buchen worked on healthcare. Our team wants to present three different plans to New

Beginnings. This way they have the choice to pick the plan that’s best for them. With this

opportunity Big Blue would like to see a comprehensive plan using all three plans at once. We

will focus our efforts on one major plan, but at the same time we will lay the groundwork for the

other plans. This will allow next semesters class to pick up where we left off, and improve what

we have started.

The Big Blue Project| 7New Beginnings Goals

Vision

Implementing more churches in the Dominican Republic and build up and improve communities,

without changing the culture.

Mission

Bringing people to Jesus Christ, by showing God’s love through service and sustainability.

Goal

Their goal is to build a self-sustaining water filtration system, comprehensive education system,

and a continuously growing health care system.

Objectives

Underlying goal:

Not to change the culture, we want to improve quality of life for the people in El Mango Limpio.

Clean Water:

First year we should focus on cleaning the water they already have by testing the water,

building a filtration system, and building storage tanks.

Second year we should look into building a well. We need to hire a geologist to check

the landscape and inform us of the size of the water table.

Third year plan should push us to upgrade the flow production of the filtration system,

increase the storage tanks, and reduce cost price of water for the village.

The Big Blue Project| 8 Fourth and Fifth year plan focus on maintenance of the wells and start to supercharge the

agriculture system.

Education:

To find a cheaper and safer way to educate the younger children, which will give them a

higher quality education in the first year.

To continuously improve and lower the cost of education, without losing the quality of

the education for the next 4 years.

Healthcare:

To educate the community members on basic hygiene and first aid skills.

To obtain medical supplies for the village.

To establish a sustainable healthcare system.

Improve the overall quality of health among the village.

The Big Blue Project| 9

Research for the Three Major Plans

Our group was given three options for the Dominican Republic trip within El Mango

Limpio. Helping the villagers in El Mango Limpio is the one that hit home for the people in this

team. Everyone in this team “Big Blue” has different reasons for helping the village whether it is

spiritual or environmental, we wanted to leave the world in a better position than what it is now.

We first found out about this project when Pastor Dan came to the school and explained what the

project was about and what he wanted to see happen.

There were a few vague ideas that Dan wanted to help with. He wanted to get them clean

water, healthcare, waste management, teaching the villagers trade jobs, and education. So, our

team’s main focus became to help define these ideas better, and make sure that everyone in the

organization was on the same page. To do this we had to whittle down the amount of projects

and openly discuss the remaining objectives which would benefit the villagers the most. To do

this we had to talk to everyone that was in charge. Below is a list of people we had to talk to

gain more information and their point of view of the situation.

● Dan---------Pastor at New Beginnings

● Fermio-----Pastor in El Mango Limpio

● Travis-------Pastor at New Beginnings

● Celeb------International Pastor

● Christina--Pastor / Translator

● Mayor of El Mango Limpio

● Social Leaders of El Mango Limpio

The Big Blue Project| 10The first step was to see what everyone involved thought. We told them that we are

trying to find what the three most important things were to improve in El Mango Limpio. Our

team had our own ideas on what we thought would help, but would need to remain unbiased

while gathering information. We did not want to taint their thoughts, because they have been

there and actually know what is going on. Sitting back and listening to everyone that has

physically been in the village helped narrow New Beginnings goals. Our main job was to make

sure that their plan fit within their goals and the goals of the people in the village.

After talking to all the main people in the church and the village we narrowed the search

to three specific goals. The biggest and most important goal was clean water for the growing

population. Increase in education for younger children and improved literacy for the villagers.

Improved health care, involving hygiene education, used medicine, and growing an herb garden.

Once we had the three projects our team broke into three smaller teams. Jason “Frazier” and

Heath Goad worked on clean water, “Jason” Tolly worked on education, and Kayla Buchen

worked on health care. But there is an underlying goal that the church also would like to

maintain, which is the fact that they do not want to change the rich culture of the people in the

Dominican Republic.

The Big Blue Project| 11Clean Water Research Before We Left

The clean water team started to look up information about four weeks before we left on

the trip to the Dominican Republic. We wanted to become experts on how to dig wells and

understand the situation better. This helped us ask better questions which would help point us

the right direction when talking to the church and the villagers at El Mango Limpio. We looked

up ways of producing clean water. Some people think that wells are the only way to provide

clean water. The reality is that they not the only way, but for our project digging a well would

end up being the best way. You will be able to see all of our research in the appendix one of this

paper. Our team looked into rain-barrel systems and cisterns. Both of these ideas could work

just not in the area we will be working in. It does not rain enough for the rain-barrel system, and

cisterns work better if they are enclosed and next to a water source.

Our team then started to look into what you need to drill a well. We started looking at the

process for digging a well. To dig a well, a person must know the ground make up and the depth

you will need to dig. The problem with this is that there is not enough information on aquifers or

water tables in that region. Figuring out the depth is necessary, because it is the largest cost of

the well. Our team is guessing that the well will have a depth of about 100 meters and will need

a submersible pump. Because it is a third world country they do not have the access to

information the same way we do. Therefore, the church will need to hire a geologist in order to

find out how deep they should have to drill. This information could also keep from drilling into

a natural gas pocket. We also found out from the “Howard Buffett Foundation” that just because

you drill does not mean that you are going to be able to hit water. But having a geologist will

give you a better chance.

The Big Blue Project| 12It is also important to understand that what you are doing is not going to hurt the

environment. Making sure that the project is environmentally sustainable is just as important as

the giving the people a healthy source of water. What good would do we do the people of El

Mango Limpio if we in turn destroy their land? We need to make sure that we do not become a

toxic-charity. In appendix two, we were able to figure out that it rains enough in the Dominican

Republic to refill the aquifers, but this is only an overview of the entire country. We were not

able to figure out at that high of an altitude will be affected, but it does show the possibility that

it could refill the aquifer. This would be another question for the geologist. Buy hiring a

geologist could save you money by stopping you from drilling in the wrong place and/or making

sure that you are not going to drain the aquifer dry. If the water table is not large enough to

support the village, they could run the well dry.

After researching the well drilling process we can figure out what parts we will need.

This helps the church to figure out what the cost is or how much money they will need raise to

ascertain the part or replacement part for the well and filter. The parts and the instructions for

the well can be found many different parts for the Appendix, all of which have been labeled

based on the main component. We have also put a guide of how to build a well in the appendix,

and included a list of how fix the well when things go wrong. This way if you hire someone or

do this yourself you will know what to expect and understand the process. This puts you in a

better position when you ask contractors questions, or shows you how much goes into digging a

well.

If the plan moves in the correct fashion there might not be a need to for the church to

raise money for the continuous maintenance, because the well could provide enough money to

The Big Blue Project| 13pay for itself. If the system works perfectly the village will have a constant revenue which could

even off-set the cost of education and healthcare, not to mention making the process for

obtaining them easier.

The Big Blue Project| 14Clean Water Research in the Dominican Republic

The research that explains the ground composition of El Mango Limpio is old, but the

elements and ground make up will not change that much over time. The plus side is that the only

thing that might really affect the ground are natural disasters, or chemical problems. But it

would still be in the church's best interest to contact a geologist to double check our research and

find the water table.

At this point we think that we will be drilling into alluvium. Appendix two states El

Mango Limpio is most made up of alluvium, which is a deposit of clay, silt, sand, and gravel left

by flowing streams (Y. Gilboa 2015). It is usually a fertile soil, which should be easy to drill

through. The picture below was taken by Frazier, directly outside of the new church that they

are building.

The Big Blue Project| 15This picture proves that the research could be correct. We also noticed that outside of Fermio’s

house is a darker soil, better for growing plants. Regardless the evidence is saying that this area

could be most made of alluvium, but you should hire a geologist to make sure that the alluvium

goes down to the water table. The research in appendix three indicates that we might have to

drill down to 100 meters to get the best pressure and cleanest water.

Our team found two different sources, which states that depending on the make up for

ground the cost per foot could range from $34 - $50. This would be without metal pipes or the

pump. The costs can change due to the type of drill you would have to purchase for the well. If

there are rocks that you have to drill through the cost will go up because you have to buy a

hammer drill instead of the normal auger. The depth chart can be found in appendix four,

however, when we went to Hato Mayor we found a drilling company that said they could drill

the well for $15.50 per foot. They could also add in all the parts for 34.40 per foot. This proves

that the well price range could fall in-between $34-$50 per foot. The drilling company is To’

Agua, the contact person is Roldan Hernandez, (849) 873-8888, or (809) 553-3906. So, for

every 100 ft. the church would have to pay $3,400-$5,000. We also have not seen the quality of

that company’s equipment or work. This is only from one person, we found a few more options

for the church.

We talked to a man in Hato Mayor that owns the local well. Revo. Pastor Carlos A.

Soegaard from Iglesia Evangelica Centro Cristiano Shalom, in Hato Mayor. You can contact

him by calling (809) 553-2574 or (809) 407-7755. When we arrived at his residence, where the

well was located, we were met with open arms.

The Big Blue Project| 16It turns out that he had bought too much, product and had to change his plans before he

was able to use the product. Thus, he wanted to sell the product to us at a discounted price. He

told us that he had 500,000 pesos of equipment, drills, pipes, and a 3 HP pump which can be

used for drill a 450 foot well, all for 200,000 pesos. This is about $4,500 US, which would save

the church $7,000. This could also be used to drill 2; 200 foot wells. The problem with this is

that you would have to find people that have the aptitude for this job or you will have to hire it

out.

Based on the research that we did, we found out that this is a little bit cheaper than

what you would find here in the USA. The problem is that we did not see the quality of the

equipment while we were in the Dominican Republic. The equipment here in the USA is the

highest quality equipment and it is built for multiple uses. All you have to do to use the

equipment to build a second well is to purchase another kit for the drill. The best one that we

found here in the USA is made by Lone Star Drills. This company will even send this product to

you overseas, mainly because this is where they do most of their business. The problem here is

that you still have to find or train people which have the aptitude to do this job. We built the

appendix to help you figure out how to dig the well and what type of equipment you will need

based on the depth in which you will have to dig, if you decide to do something different from

our plan.

The Big Blue Project| 17Clean Water Plan

First Year

The UN states that the average person needs 50 liters (13.2 gallons) per day. When you

breakdown the use of water you see that a minimum of 2 liters of drinking per day, and the

majority is used for cooking, cleaning, and hygiene. A person needs roughly 5,000 gallons of

clean water per year. The village needs 5,300 gallons per day for each person to get the

recommended amount of clean water. The problem here is that the villagers of El Mango

Limpio only use about 8 gallons of water a day per family. This is a combination of clean and

dirty water. The villagers told us that they use 5 gallons of clean water and 3 gallons of dirty

water each day. This leaves us many opportunities to make improvements.

The current well is only turned on once every three days. This is because the well is ran

by the government and the water is divided into sectors. The well is 30-40 years old, and only

work sporadically. Which means, even though it is supposed to work three days a week it

usually does not. This forces people either buy more water or go without.

The water from this well is not clean, and could cause some of the health concerns. So,

they have to buy the clean water from someone down the mountain. Walking down the

mountain to get water cost them not only the money for the water, but could cost some people

half a day's work. People purchase 5 gallon bottles of water for 35 pesos ($0.78). This is a cost

to the people of the town which adds up to 1,277,500 pesos, or $28,500 per year. Therefore,

there is a great need for clean water in El Mango Limpio.

Our team first year plan is to clean the water that already have. The villages uses

286,500 gallons of water per year. 104,000 gallons of dirty water and 182,500 of clean water that

The Big Blue Project| 18they have to buy. The village needs 1,971,000 gallons, which is a deficit 1,684,500 gallons per

year. The actual weekly water use is 2,000 gallons of dirty water and 3,500 gallons of clean

water.

Now we cannot provide them with the total amount of water they need within the first

year, but we can vastly improve what they already have. By filter the water they have and

adding storage tanks to the well, the people can clean all the dirty water and collect more water

(not much). This will increase the amount of useable water by a minimum of 2000 gallons a

week. The filters that we have listed in the appendix for the small filtration system can filter

2000 gallons a day. But first you have to

● Test the water

● Build water filtration system● Buy and build storage tanks

Once you test the water you will know what filtration system(s) you need to get. We recommend

sending a sample of water to a test facility here in the USA. For $290 they will test the water for

about 300 different things; such as, chemicals, biologic matter, and heavy metals. Then you can

pick the best system. Below is a table of example filters and their associated costs for the

smaller system all of the items can be found in the work sited.


Small Filtration System Purifiers

Name Type GPM GPD Cost

Flexeon BT-2000 R.O. R.O. 2 2000 $3100

MiniPure Ultraviolet U.V. 3 4320 $514

Non-Electric Water Power Chemical Injector Chem. Pure.

11 15500 $379

Bio-Sand Slow Sand

3.5 5280 $2800

After that you can build separate storage tanks for the water to go into. This will allow you to

store any excess water that the well might produce. Now if you could boost the amount of water

produced you could clean 7 times the amount of water they are used to getting per week. But

this would only be 14000 gallon per week, which is half of what they actually need. The UN

states that this village would need at least 36400 gallons. This brings us to the second year plan,

increasing water production and supply.

Second Year Plan

Our second year recommendation is for the church to start looking into potentially

building a well. The people in the village are not going to be able to get the recommended

amount of water by filtering what they already have. You need to boost up the water output and

the only feasible way to do this is to dig a well and build up more storage.

The first thing that you have to do is to hire a geologist and find the water table. This

will help you to analyze the ground make and decide what kind of drill to use. The drill that you

will need to buy is based on the depth of the well and the makeup of the ground. Then you will

The Big Blue Project| 20need to re-testing water, because the last thing you want is to poison the village. This would

cause you to be a toxic-charity, and give the church a bad name. Even if hiring a geologist and

the test cost you money, it is better to be safe than waste all that time effort and resources.

There are two options right now in the Dominican Republic. The first option (stated

above in research) is to hire a well driller, the one we found in Hato Mayor is about $15.50 per

foot for just the hole. The parts include would be about $20.00 per foot. So, in total it would

cost about $34.50 per foot. Therefore, the first 100 feet would cost $3,450. 300 feet would cost

round $10,350. But then you would have to buy an additional pump for $245-350 (they told us).

We do not know the quality of work or the quality of equipment they will be using. We were

unable to find this out in the short amount of time that we were there.

The second offer was from another well owner in Hato Mayor. Where he is willing to

sell you $500,000 pesos worth of equipment and piping for the well at 200,000 pesos or $4,500.

The well owner's company name is Nuestros Campos Misioneros. He is Pastor Carlos A.

Soegaard and you can contact him by calling 809-553-2574. This man had the best filtration

system that I have seen. So, he might be willing to help you put it together, or help you figure

what will work best for you. He personally uses all the water filtration systems, because he

wants people to be safe and health. He normally does not show people his facility, but he is a

Christian and he wants to bless people who are wanting to bless others. But same problem as

before, we did not get a chance to see the equipment or pipes.

In our appendix we show a detailed way of how to build a well and what to look for if

things start to go wrong. We also supply examples of parts and associated costs for materials;

such as, pipes, pumps, drills, and filtration systems. There is a site Lone Star Drills which has

the best personal drilling equipment that you could possibly get on the market, and the sell starter

The Big Blue Project| 21kits as well as replacement kits. They are pricier but it shows you the quality of equipment up

might need for the most difficult digs.

After you decide on the well, the second thing you need to do is build up storage

capacity. The well parts we looked at can help up pump up to 7,500 gallons a day. This will

give you a surplus of 2,200 gallon a day. If the geologist say that the water table can handle your

pumps pulling up that much water. Then you can sell the water for 17 pesos for 5 gallons, half

of what most people buy them for. The problem that I can see is that what happens if people

cannot afford to buy that much water (something to keep in mind while you do this). If you sell

water at capacity the church could make $570 or 25,500 pesos each day. Over the course of a

year this will be $207,000 or 9,307,000 pesos each year. But you would have to upgrade your

water storage and filtration system to handle that much water. Keep in mind that these are the

absolute maximum, there is a good chance that you will not make this much. Nevertheless, you

should have a system that can make a little more than what you need, that way you are not

turning people away.

Third Year

The church will need to upgrade the equipment, so that it can increases flow rates of the

filtration system. The new system that we suggested in the appendix would increase the flow

rates up to a maximum of 11,500 gal per day. This will out produce the well, but this is good,

because the filters and equipment will outlast what they should timewise. This will also take

pressure off of the equipment. Below is a list of item that the church can use to base the project

by. Whatever is in the water is the system that you will have to use. If you decide to go a

different route you can use this information as a guide to what you will need.


Large Filtration System Purifiers


Promax 11500 gallon/day Reverse Osmosis System R.O. 8 11500 $9500

Mighty Pure Ultraviolet UV System UV 3 to 20 28800 $626


11 15500 $379

SSF 10 Slow Sand

9 12600 $9160

Then the next step is to increase the storage capacity by 6,000 gallons for a total of 8,000

gallons. For this you will only need to buy 6 more 1,000 gallon barrels. You will need to build a

platform or small building for these containers. But it will help keep more water. The pump

should work at night and fill most of the barrels before most people are awake. This help

increase the village to accessible water, and not just water. This should free up some of the time

that people will have in the village. Between the old well and the new well the village could

produce a total 9,500 gallons per day. This will easily allow the village to make the profit that it

needs to sustain the equipment.

Therefore, you should be able to lower the price to 5 pesos for 5 gallons of water or about

$.11. This is only $.02 per gallon of water. 9,500 gallon divide into 5 gallon sellable unit would

be 1,900, 5 gallon units per day. This mean over the course of a year you would sell 693,500

unit of water per year each being 5 gallons apiece. If you sell all of them at maximum capacity

for 5 pesos each the church would make 3,467,500 pesos per year or $77,055. The impact of this

financially for the church as well as the villagers would be hard to measure. But let us face facts

The Big Blue Project| 23you are not going to sell maximum capacity, but that does not mean that water still will not have

an impact.

The Big Blue Project| 24Fourth and Fifth Years

The water not sold can be used to help with bring children into the education system and

helping with the healthcare system. The excess water can be used to supercharge the growth of

the herb garden Kayla want to help build for the healthcare needs of the village. The village

could use the excess water, to water the plants and help them grow. This water can help people

get a higher quality of care when it comes to healthcare as well.

The Big Blue Project| 25Education Research

When we first arrived in the village we were able to take some time to speak with the

people in the village to gain some insight and background on education there. For the majority of

children in the village they attend school from the ages of 5-12. There are approximately 200-

250 students that attended school for either two hours in the morning or two hours in the

afternoon with a total of seven teachers in the school. Education for this age group is free of

charge and funded by the government.

After seventh grade there is no higher education available in the village, therefore

children must travel to the closest city that has a high school which is located in Hato Mayor.

There is a cost associated with high school education which includes transportation from the

village to the school, tuition, uniforms and other miscellaneous fees which comes out to about $5

USD per week. This cost is usually too much for a family to afford so most children in the

village do not attend school past the seventh grade.

One of the questions we posed to the people in the village was their thoughts on what

they would like to see as far as education in the community. There were four major focuses they

would like to see addressed which included a preschool program for children under the age of

five, a literacy program for the adults in the village, life skills training and higher education

opportunities in the village.

The Big Blue Project| 26Education Plan

Looking into all of these concerns we came up with a plan that could be implemented in

the village. First thing that needs to be accomplished is to find someone in the village who is

willing to be the driver or leader of education activities in the village. This will help streamline

the focus as there is a go to person(s) that is guiding the village on the same path.

The thought process was to combine an adult literacy and preschool program in order to

help adult parents and preschool children to learn at the same time on the same level in hopes the

parents would see the value in the learning process and help drive their children to success. The

classes could be taught by local volunteers via home schooling curriculum which costs around

$120-$250 USD for each grade curriculum base, books and supplies would run $50-$80 USD for

the first year. After the first year some miscellaneous cost would be need to replace used supplies

but the curriculum can be reused over and over again. There are also several low cost or free

options available via the internet that would give ideas and help guide the education process.

The life skills education process was to focus on teaching people in the village proper

hygiene and basic health care in order to mitigate some of the health issues that are currently

problematic in the village. We basically wanted to combine this effort with Kayla’s healthcare

effort so the thought was to have general classes taught to the children in the school a few times

per year as well as hold meetings for the adults a few times a year to keep the topic fresh in their

minds. These classes would be taught by taught by the two ladies in the village who are currently

seeking nursing degrees.

As for the higher/continuing education, the ultimate goal would be to have a high school

facility in the village, however the short term solution would be for students to take advantage of

The Big Blue Project| 27a lower cost solution by using the internet cafe. There are several homeschooling and online

programs available. Cost ranges from $150-$500 per student depending on choice of curriculum.

There are about seven people in the village who are able to teach high school level education that

could help in the facilitation of this program.


Healthcare

History & Research

El Mango Limpio is a small village that thrives on community support, however there is no

substance to their healthcare history. Recently the only doctor in the village quit his practice to

mine amber in the mountains leaving nothing left behind for the village. After interviewing with

the leaders of the village we were able to identify two ladies in the village that have some

nursing background. Maria (Mary) and Clarabelle expressed great interest in helping the village

out, as they do as much as they can right now to help the community. These ladies do house

visits that typically involve giving injections, assisting with medication, and helping move stiff

or ill bodies ensure comfort. I was lucky enough to be able to interview these two ladies as well

as the village leaders to dig deeper in the healthcare resources that they have.

During my visit to the village I was able to gain all the information needed to understand what

was truly needed as far as health care in the village. Luckily the group from New Beginnings

Church was by our side as well, especially a nurse by the name of Theresa or “T.” Theresa was a

huge asset to my research, as a nurse she knew all the right questions to ask and gave me much

advice for the healthcare plan.

After interviewing various members of the village I was able to begin plan development. During

my time in the village I was able to identify the most common illnesses and how they currently

get treatment. Currently there is no preventative actions taken and villagers often do not seek

medical attention until it becomes urgent. There is a public hospital approximately 11 km away

The Big Blue Project| 29and there private clinics in Hato Mayor. The public hospitals/clinics are free consultation and

private institutions typically cost around 800 pesos for consultation. Sadly, many individuals are

turned away because they have no health insurance. On the upside, getting basic medications can

be simple . . . if you have the cash. Many medications can be bought without prescriptions, but it

is vague to the villagers on what medications require a prescription.

Below is a list of the most common health issues that are seen in the village:

● Infections● Colds● Parasites● High Blood Pressure● High Sugar Levels● Skin Fungus● Cysts● Breast Issues● Stomach Issues● TB● Vision● Lice● Respiratory Problems

Thankfully majority of the illnesses seen in the village do not result in death. Maria and

Clarabelle said that there was a low death rate in the village and majority that do die from illness

are elderly. This means that solving their problems will be fairly simple and will require some

education and basic medications. When asked what are the medical priorities in the village Maria

and Clarabelle said that general care and obtaining medicine are the first things they would like

to see happen. The next section includes a 5 year plan for New Beginnings to help implement in

El Mango Limpio.

The Big Blue Project| 30Healthcare Plan

Year 1 - Education & Medicine

Currently the village takes no preventative action towards illnesses in the village. There is

also a lack of proper hygiene knowledge and first aid skills. Therefore if action is taken to teach

adults and children how to properly take care of oneself there would be fewer illnesses in the

village. During the interview with Maria and Clarabelle I asked them about holding community

wide classes that teach these basic skills, they believe that it would be beneficial and that they

would be willing to teach these classes. If these classes were hosted by the church then villagers

would be more accepting as they trust and accept the church as a part of the community. Holding

these classes about every three months will help keep the information fresh in the minds of the

community members.

New Beginnings Church can recruit current members of the church in the states to travel

down every three months to assist in the educational portion, while potentially treating illnesses.

The idea behind these classes is that there will be no cost to the villagers and no cost to the

church. If there are members of the church with medical experience they can be encouraged to

travel, but at their own expense. The other option would be to fundraise to pay the way for the

individuals donating their time to this village.

I would also like to recommend that the church consider sponsoring the education of

Maria and Clarabelle. These two ladies have a great passion for helping the individuals in the

village and would love to be able to eventually practice in a clinic. Both of these ladies have a

start on the nursing degree, but have not been able to finish it due to expenses. According to

Maria and Clarabelle there are two separate parts to completing the nursing program in the

The Big Blue Project| 31Dominican Republic. There is an introductory period then comes a four year program that

focuses on certification, I believe that both ladies have completed the first portion of the program

and just need to complete the certification. After researching the costs of nursing school in the

DR I was able to get a rough idea of what it will cost to get these ladies through school. One of

the few schools that I could find pricing for was PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA

MADRE Y MAESTRA, which is located in Santo Domingo. According to the website the cost

per credit hour is RD 1,290.00 and to complete the program they will need 250 credit hours. This

totals out to RD 322,500 or approximately US $7,170 to complete their education, multiply the

number by two and in total the church would have to fundraise approximately $15,000. This is

significantly low compared to the educational costs in the United States, therefore I believe that

there is some way to fund the continuance of these ladies education. This will also help in the

future when a clinic is established in the village.

Another major concern was medical supplies, which can also be satisfied with donations

and fundraising. I have mapped out a few options that will likely work for the church. The

options developed include Hospital Sisters Mission Outreach, Carlitos & Christina Pichardo, and

donations. Hospital Sisters Mission Outreach is a fantastic organization near Decatur, Illinois

that receives donations of medical supplies that can be shipped to areas that need it. There are

two available options from this organization which includes shipment of a container (40ft. or

20ft.) or personal delivery. To first get involved with this organization someone will have to

submit an application to Sue McMillan at Hospital Sisters Mission Outreach. Afterwards

supplies will be chosen and I believe that shipping costs must be covered by the applicant. Below

is a link to their website where the applications can be found. http://www.mission-outreach.org/

The Big Blue Project| 32The next resource that New Beginnings will have access to is Carlitos and Christina

Pichardo. This couple owns multiple hospitals in eastern Dominican Republic and are willing to

aid us in this project. This might be a fantastic contact for the future of El Mango Limpio when it

comes to medical machinery, which Maria and Clarabelle seem to think is difficult to obtain in

the DR. Below is the contact info for Carlitos Pichardo, but I was told we will likely want to

speak with his wife.

Carlitos Pichardo

(809) 550 - 9220

(809) 224 - 1054

[email protected]

Finally, there are many options for obtaining donations of medical supplies. Many of the

medications and supplies that we can no longer use in the United States due to regulations are

still perfectly sterile and potent - therefore we may be able to ship these supplies to the village.

The only downside to this is obtaining the shipping licenses to be able to ship medical equipment

and medicines across borders, but more research will need to be done for this option as I was

unable to find everything in the time allotted.

Year 3 – Herb and Vegetable Garden

By year 3 the village will hopefully have access to clean water, which will have

eliminated many of their current health care problems. The villagers believe that even the bottled

water that they buy from trucks that bring supplies is contaminated and that is what is causing so

many of their illnesses. According to the clean water plan the village will gain access to clean

The Big Blue Project| 33water within a few years and be working towards an abundance of clean water in the future.

Once the village has hit an abundance of clean water an herb garden would be beneficial to

consider.

There are many natural plants that can provide medicine and treatment for various

illnesses common in the village. If the village would be open to learning how to use these herbs

then there will be lower costs and abundant medicinal substances available to the community.

When I brought this idea up to Maria and Clarabelle they were excited but a little concerned for

how the villagers would perceive an herb garden. There are various “tribes” that practice

witchcraft or voodoo along the mountain, and herbs are typically associated with these practices.

However, Maria and Clarabelle seem confident that teaching the community about the health

benefits then there will be no resistance from the locals. The next page displays a table with

information on healing powers of various herbs.


Herbs Health Benefits

Basil flatulence, lack of appetite, cuts, and scrapes

Chamomile infusions and salves to relieve indigestion and colic, anxiety and tension, and skin inflammations and irritations

Echinacea Eases the severity of cold/flu symptoms, also provides relief to immune system

Feverfew use the leaves and flowers for teas, chew leaves to ease headache pain, relief for arthritis, and skin conditions

Johnny-jump-up

anti-inflammatory properties, eczema and skin blemishes, loosen phlegm

Lavender calms and relaxes, eases pain, can be applied to cuts and bruises as antiseptic

Lemon Balm

relieves anxiety, insomnia, wounds, herpes, insect bites, flatulence, and upset stomach, speeds the healing of cold sores

Marigold good for sunburn, acne, blemishes, soothes ulcers and digestive problems

Parsley loaded with nutrients, flatulence and bad breath

Peppermint digestion or gas, soothes headaches

Rosemary helps memory and concentration, improves mood

Sage relief for mouth and throat inflammations

Thyme strong antiseptic - coughs, congestion, indigestion, gas

St. John's Wort

mild to moderate depression

Poppy soothes coughs and induces sleep (asthma, bronchitis, whooping cough and angina)

The Big Blue Project| 35If New Beginnings Church could assist the village in getting an herb and vegetable

garden in the future then many problems will be solved without much expense. It has been noted

that majority of the dirt in the village is red dirt, while Pastor Fermio has a black dirt that is

likely richer with the nutrients necessary for a garden.

After getting the garden up and running the church will be able to provide one job to the

village, a gardener. This will aid the village and local economy as someone must take care of the

garden and sell the herbs to the village. The herbs and vegetables should be sold at a low cost to

the village to maintain a humble approach to aiding the community.

Year 5 – Establish a Clinic

By year 5 many of the current health problems will be solved in the village, therefore we

can begin to focus on more permanent health care for the village. Everyone I spoke with

expressed interest in a clinic of some sort that is always there to provide assistance to the locals.

El Mango Limpio will have access to clean water and have a better educational system that

incorporates basic hygiene and first aid skills into the curriculum. At this point more serious

illnesses can become the focus and will require a medical clinic that is in the village.

At this point in time Maria and Clarabelle will be wrapping up their nursing education

and would love a position in a local clinic as nurses. A doctor will need to be recruited to be able

to prescribe certain medications and perform various operations. Therefore creating at least 3

jobs for the village and a new steady stream of income. The cost of this clinic should be minimal

for the village, but enough to keep things up and running on their own.

The Big Blue Project| 36A clinic will be established in the village, whether it be a new facility that we build from

the ground up or a makeshift facility in the church that is only open on certain days of the week

to avoid any church activities. Ideally there will be a new facility built that is furnished with

medical supplies to best fit the needs of the village. This stage will be very vague for the time

being, but as time progresses the holes will be filled in with wonderful ideas that best suit the

village and church as one.


Appendix

Appendix - One: Identifying the Best Water Sources for Drinking Water

One (A): First Source: Rainwater / Rain Barrel System

This part of the paper is based on numbers from the research. UN says that it takes 50

liters of water to drink/cook/hygiene. This section looks at the cost of the rain barrel system. In

order to do this we have to figure out how much water will be needed by each person. It would

also help to know how many people live in El Mango Limpio. We will also have to find the

month with the least amount of rainfall. Lastly, we need to know how much water a 1,000

square foot roof catches of every one inch of water. The information below introduces all of this

technical information.

How much water needed for El Mango Limpio (EML) per day (based on UN standards)?

400 people

50 liters of water/day

Equals 20,000 liter a day (for the town)

Gallons vs liters

1 gallon : 3.8 liters

5264 gallons : 20,000 liters

The Big Blue Project| 38Therefore, we will need to produce roughly 5,300 gallons of water a day for the people of

El Mango Limpio to reach the specified amount of water designated by the UN.

How much does it rain in El Mango Limpio? (Based on Punta Cana)

Information in other smaller or less economically developed countries can be difficult to

find. Information that countries; such as USA, England, or Germany take for granted is not

always easy to find in the less developed countries. Therefore, we had to base our

measurements off of bigger towns in the same vicinity as El Mango Limpio.

Based on weather-and-climate.com the lowest month is about 70 mm.

70mm = 7cm

7cm = 2.75 in per month

Therefore, rainfall in the lowest month is 2.75 per month. We need to know this so we

can figure out how much rain we can catch on a minimum. Our team does not want the people

in El Mango Limpio to be short on their water supply.

The Big Blue Project| 39How big will the roof need to be in order to catch all of the water?

Premises

If a 1000 sq. ft. roof can catch up to 600 gallons of water in a 1 in. (This is approx. 32 ft. x 32 ft.

roof) (Alliance for Water Efficiency.com 2015)

The average size drum holds 50-60 gallons of water. (Alliance for Water Efficiency.com 2015)

In order to obtain the 600 gallons of water you will need 12; 50 gallon drums.

50 liters a day is 13.2 gallons

13.2 gallons * 400 = 5,280 gallons per day

EML needs to have 5,300 gallons of water a day to make sure that everyone gets the water they

need. (Rounded up)

Minimum rainfall 2.75in/ month, (guess it rains 3 times a month) (estimate based on it rain one 1

inch each times it rains)

Math

5,300 gallons * 30 days = 159,000 gallons of water / month

159,000 gallons / (1)50 gallon drum = 3,180 drums of water a month

3,180 drums / 3 rainfall = 1,060 drums that we have to fill each month

1,060 drum = 53,000 gallon of water each time it rains

53,000 gallons / 600 gallons = 88.333 (1000 sq. ft. roofs)

The Big Blue Project| 4088.333 sq. ft. * 1,000 sq. ft. = 88,333 sq. ft. roof

Square root of 88,333 sq. ft. = 297.208681 ft. x 297.208681 ft.

This is a roof the length of a football field * width of a football field, or the accumulation

thereof. This is based on the minimum amount of rainfall, to show worst case scenario. The cost

1,000 drums would be $80,000 at $80 a drum. This plan is not feasible. So we need to see if we

can break it down.

Based only needing enough water to drink and cook with. (15.1416 liters / person / day)

Premises

If a 1000 sq. ft. roof can catch up to 600 gallons of water in a 1in. (This is a 32 ft. x 32 ft. roof)

(Alliance for Water Efficiency.com 2015)

The average size drum holds 50-60 gallons of water. (Alliance for Water Efficiency.com 2015)

In order to obtain the 600 gallons of water you will need 12; 50 gallon drums.

15.1416 liter = 4 gallons

4 gallons * 400 = 1,600 gallons per day

MEL needs to have 1,600 gallons of water a day to make sure that everyone gets the water they

need only to cook and drink with.

Minimum rainfall 2.75in/ month, (guess it rains 3 times a month)

Math

1,600 gallons * 30 days = 48,000 gallons of water / month

The Big Blue Project| 4148,000 gallons / (1)50 gallon drum = 960 drums of water a month

960 drums / 3 rainfall = 320 drums that we have to fill each month

320 drum = 16,000 gallon of water each time it rains

16,000 gallons / 600 gallons = 26.667 (1000 sq. ft. roofs)

26.667 sq. ft. * 1,000 sq. ft. = 26,667 sq. ft. roof

Square root of 26,667 sq. ft. = 163.3 sq. ft. x 163.3 sq. ft.

This is a roof the length of a ½ football field * width of a ½ football field, or the accumulation

thereof.

MAIN CONCLUSION

This will only work if the people of EML have roofs on their houses. But regardless of

whether or not they have roofs this plan will too expensive for the church. Building these roofs

will not be worth the time effort and money the barrels alone will cost $80 per barrel, which is

$80 * 320 = $25,600. Even at the low end this plan will cost more than what New Beginnings

has save for the project. This plan seems to be unfeasible. Therefore, this plan will most likely

not work, so we have found what not to do.

One (B): Second Source - Cisterns

Cisterns are not a good choice mostly because of how they are built. The village would

have to have an open water source (rain or lake) and would have to be able to build a concrete

water contained in the water source to be able to access water. This would be really expensive

and out of the areas expertise. It would take a great deal of time looking into contractor to build

The Big Blue Project| 42the cistern, plus the church would have find a lot more capital in order to make this a viable

option. Cisterns have to be built around areas with clean water, these are usually not used for

drinking water. With the Cisterns plan being unrealistic, this leaves us with only drilling a well.

We can now put more focus on drilling. Although, I will still looking into alternatives, most of

my time will be to help research drilling.

One (C): Third Source - Wells

This is the option of choice for most companies, NGO’s and churches. It is done all

around the world. It is still a common practice here in the USA. The most common place here

in the USA is rural areas and farmland. This is because it is a cheaper way of getting to a water

source without have to be by a lake or waiting on it to rain. All a person has to do is find the best

place to dig where there is clean water. In a lot of areas in the USA that person does not even

have to filter the water. Therefore, this seems like a plausible water source. In order to explain

this idea further Big Blue will research on how to find and build a well in El Mango Limpio.


Appendix - Two: Identification and Understanding of Aquifers

Alluvium

The picture below shows the geological layout of the Dominican Republic (Y. Gilboa

2015). This map shows all the different aquifers and the minerals that make them up. This is

useful in showing what types of minerals and elements that you might have to drill through, in

order, to make water producing well. This states that the aquifer under El Mango Limpio is on

top of an alluvium geological plain (Y. Gilboa 2015). This means that the ground we will have

to drill down to an alluvium floor. This also means the ground above this floor should be easier

to drill through.


The Big Blue Project| 44Merriam-Webster says, “An aquifer is a water-bearing stratum of permeable rock, sand,

or gravel, which can absorb and hold on to water”. After considering that the aquifer in El

Mango Limpio is most made up of alluvium, we should know what alluvium is made of (Y.

Gilboa 2015). Alluvium is defined by Merriam-Webster as a deposit of clay, silt, sand, and

gravel left by flowing streams in a river valley or delta, typically producing fertile soil. Knowing

that the aquifer is alluvium narrows down the list of particles in the aquifer and gives us a look

into what types of drilling we can do. The picture below shows the different types of aquifer

systems and the height of the system above sea level in the Dominican Republic.


Regional aquifers made around alluvium fields occupy small separate areas. These areas

are usually depressions around river and coastal valleys. “Alluvium covers about 10 percent of

the Dominican Republic. This is considered as one of the country’s major aquifers” (Y. Gilboa

The Big Blue Project| 452015). The clastic’s that compose the aquifer are made up of clay and loam. Some of alluvium

fields are usually above one thousand feet sea level. “Alluvium fluvial deposits can be found in

active rivers and terraces, alluvial deposits are found in plain where river are absent, and alluvial

fans accumulate along the foothills of the Dominican” (Y. Gilboa 2015).

Particle Size of the Aquifer

El Mango Limpio is built on top of this type of geological make up. The alluvium in

some areas might only be 3-6 meters deep, but around some old river beds they can reach up to

15 meters (Vaughan 2015). This is great for growing crops and sustaining wildlife. This makes

the soil rich and easy for plant to develop root system through, but this can also be beneficial to

us. This tells us what kind of ground we have in El Mango Limpio.

If there are no roots from big plants this will be one of the easiest soils to dig through.

The fine particles are usually easier to break up and drill into. Alluvium aquifer is also good at

removing some pollutants. The large amount of smaller particles makes it harder for the larger

pollutants to make it through (Vaughan 2015). Water not being a solid has the ability to move

through the small and condensed particles. This will not completely clean the water, but it could

help us to eliminate some of the issues we could have. The graph below shows the particles

listed by size. This will help us to understand what where we are and what we are digging

through if we decide to dig the well.

Particles and SizeParticle name Particle size

Clay < 0.004 mmSilt .004-.006 mm

Sand (fine, medium, coarse) .006-2 mmGravel and pebbles 2-64 mmStones and boulders > 64 mm


Alluvium Conclusion

Alluvium is easy to work with and drill through. Therefore, drilling a well could be an

easy process in this area. Considering that the information is so old we need to talk to a

geologist even if it cost money. The ground type itself will not change in our lifetime, but

chemicals in the ground will change the quality of the water. It is best to connect with a

university or company that could tell us with more certainty what we will be digging into. But

before we can say this as a definite should look at the depth we will need to dig. This is also

something that we will need a geologist to do.


Appendix - Three: Identifying the Possible Depth of the Well

A Geological Reconnaissance of the Dominicans Republic states, “That to reach artesian

water you will have to drill 100 meters down (Vaughan 2015). (Artesian water is clean water

that we might not have to worry about purifying). Vaughan says, “in order to make fully test the

water it would be best to go down to 500 meters”. This however is not necessary. This article

was written many years ago and water testing devices have improved since then. Therefore, we

do not need to drill this deep, if we obtain the correct equipment. Water testing will be talked

about in a different section. The more important fact is that we might have to drill 100 meters.

“In this area of the Dominican Republic there is an aquifer that is about 25-50 meters

deep made from alluvium” ,as stated by Y. Gilboa in, The aquifer systems of the Dominican

Republic / Les systèmes de nappes aquiféres de la République Dominicaine. Meaning that once

they start drilling they might hit water after 25 or 50 meters.

Depth Conclusion

If the Church decides to dig a well, they should budget for the high end. Once they start

digging they might not be able to stop because they might lose what they have already done.

Plus we do not know if the water is clean or not. This means that we will have might have to

look into water filtration systems. If they do not have to drill 300 ft. deep they will have extra

money that they can use for other projects or they could set it aside for maintenance. If they do

have to drill 300 ft. they will have brought in enough money to finish the project. Are team

really emphasizes that the church looks for the geologist to help judge the depth, water table, and

The Big Blue Project| 48the quality of water, and then starts to test the water. Therefore, if the geologist says that the

depth of the aquifer is 100 ft. and the good water is 200 ft. but the water table says that pressure

is best at 300 ft. they should aim to drill 300 ft. The depth of the well will be based on what the

geologists says is the depth.


Appendix - Four: Identifying the Cost of Drilling

The cost of drilling can change depending on the country and their government’s

regulatory system. The more rules that a company has to follow the more expensive it is to drill

wells in that area. But, these are small compared to the cost of the actual drill. The more

difficult the terrain and the depth you have to drill the more expensive it will be to drill. The

depth and terrain will determine the drill you have to buy or the company you will have to hire.

If the country does not have the correct equipment the more expensive it will be to drill in

that country. This is because you might have to ship in the equipment and possibly bring in a

skilled staff. The higher the quality piping you use will also increase the cost of drilling. This is

where the bulk of the cost of drill comes from. The plus side is that some of the drills you can

buy come with most of the part to compete the well, but that is for later in the paper.

After understanding the information above we know that we will be drill to softer ground

and that we will have to drill to a possible 100 meters (or 300 ft.). Therefore, without looking at

the high cost of using metal pipes, the costs we found will range from $34 - $50 per foot, so we

made to hypothetical charts. This is what many different sites on the internet have stated. So,

the first chart is based on $34/foot. Looking at the chart you can see that if we have to drill down

to 100 meters the cost will be around $10,200. We are just using the 100 meters as a

measurement not an actual figure, we cannot know that until we talk to a geologist.


Drilling Cost by DepthDepth (Meters) Depth (Feet) Cost

15 45 $ 1,530.00 25 75 $ 2,550.00 35 105 $ 3,570.00 50 150 $ 5,100.00 75 225 $ 7,650.00 100 300 $ 10,200.00 200 600 $ 20,400.00 300 900 $ 30,600.00 500 1500 $ 51,000.00

Premises Cost based on $34 per foot1 meter is 3 feetMeter depth is divided up in sections of maximums or specific drillsBased on Heath's research

The second chart is based off of Dr. Stapleton’s friend told him. This chart is based off a

$50/foot estimate. They got these estimates from Haiti. Haiti is not far from the Dominican

Republic. There are on the island, but they differ economically and culturally. Therefore, there

could be a difference in the pricing on the cost per foot. But other things could drive up the price

as well. For instance, the geological make of the country, could change the cost. Lack of

resources could also change the price, or lack of skilled labor. So, if the price is $50/foot you

could spend $15,000 for the well.

The Big Blue Project| 51Drilling Cost by Depth

Depth (Meters) Depth (Feet) Cost 15 45 $ 2,250.00 25 75 $ 3,750.00 35 105 $ 5,250.00 50 150 $ 7,500.00 75 225 $ 11,250.00 100 300 $ 15,000.00 200 600 $ 30,000.00 300 900 $ 45,000.00 500 1500 $ 75,000.00

Premises Cost based on $50 per foot1 meter is 3 feetMeter depth is divided up in sections of maximums or specific drillsBased on Dr. Stapleton’s friend

Cost of Drilling Conclusion

Our team thinks that with this information we should find out what kinds of drills and

pumps are out there. Because without knowing what they actually cost there is no way to know

for sure what you will need. There might be a cheaper way to do drill the well. Or we might

find out that prices went up since these reports have come out. This also does not look at how

they made the well. We need to dig a little deeper in this area and ask questions; such as, did

they buy a one use drill kit, was this the price a construction crew gave them?

You could guess based on the measurements and information from other sites and other

people, and make budget for $50/foot. But this might not help you achieve your goal. There has

be a better way to budget for making a well. Our team thinks that “if” you had to dig 100 meters

(or 300ft.) down. This would put your well below other in this area, which might suggest that

The Big Blue Project| 52the water is cleaner and less likely to be contaminated. Based on the scale above “if’ you have to

drill 300 ft. it would be a cost of $15,000, without metal pipes and castings. Our team thinks that

if we spend some time and find drills, pumps, castings, and pipes we will be able to give a better

idea of what to budget for if something goes wrong or if something breaks.

The reasoning behind this is that most of the research on the make of the aquifers is not

the most current, but that is because they live in a third world country. Most of this information

should not change, because the geological make does not change easily. This information is not

used commonly by the people in the Dominican Republic. We also think that many sites are

averaging the information that they are finding and putting the information on the internet.

Therefore, our team will look up examples of actual equipment and cost reduction for the well.

We will also try to find the actual depth that the church will have to dig once we talk to a

geologist.


Appendix - Five: Site Selection for Drilling a Water Well

There are two important things to keep in mind when deciding on the location of the

water well. First, we need to know where there are sources of pollution such as latrines, waste

areas, fireplaces, and fuel stations. Secondly, we need to know where there is the most sun and

the most shade.

Most people would probably prefer the convenience of having the water well close to

their home or latrine. However, they may not realize that the water well could become

contaminated with microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Many of these

organisms can cause serious diseases such as diarrhea, when the water is used for drinking

(called pathogens), which can be very harmful for people in third world countries. The

pathogens, caused by human waste from latrines, move downwards through permeable layers

which will contaminate the groundwater. In order to avoid this, it is important to select a site that

is not downstream or down-hill from a latrine. If it is not possible to determine the direction of

the groundwater, then make sure that the well is at a minimum of 30 meters away from a latrine.

Basically, the same will apply to areas where waste is dumped and burned or where fuel

and other contaminants may get into the ground water, which will then become contaminated.

Another thing to take into consideration is farms, where pesticides or animal waste could get into

and contaminate the groundwater.

As for sun or shade, it is best to make sure the area where the water well is being placed

get plenty of sunlight. Most drillers would prefer to drill in the shade, however it is not the best

location. Harmful pathogens can get on the soles of the feet of the people collecting the water.

The Big Blue Project| 54This is largely due to shade causing bacteria and algae to get around the well. Sunlight will help

dry up the well surroundings daily and disinfect and kill the pathogens.

Sanitary Seal:

One aspect of drilling a water well is the fact that we would have to drill through the

impermeable layer. This could cause an issue allowing contaminants to flow down from the

polluted layer to the clean, second aquifer and then enter the well-screen. In order to prevent this

from occurring, a sanitary seal must be used to seal up the impermeable layer.

If only one aquifer exists, the sanitary seal must be at least 3 to 5 meters thick and must

be installed above the gravel pack. By using an impermeable seal, it will help force the water to

flow through the undisturbed soil, which will increase the travel time from the surface to the

filter screen and gradually the pathogens will die off over time.

Drilling Logs:

“A drilling log is a written record of the geological formations (soil layers) drilled,

according to depth.” These drilling logs will help determine the exact depth of the aquifers and

the location of impermeable layers in the borehole. There are four things that the drilling logs

will help determine: the right aquifer to install the well-screen, the length and the depth of the

well-screen, the thickness and the depth of the gravel pack, and the location of where the sanitary

seal needs to go.


Taking Soil Samples:

It is important that the sample taken is a pure piece of the layer that is being drilled. The

samples need to be taken approximately every meter or anytime the soil type changes, then

record the depth on the drilling log.

Drilling Depths:

In order to determine when we have reached the final drilling depth, we need to have

drilled at least 4 to 6 meters into a water bearing permeable sand or gravel layer. We must drill

two extra meters in order to install the sump and an area for water supply to settle down in.

Filling in the Drilling Logs:

There are four steps to completing a proper drilling log. The first step is the record the

depth and describe the samples. This includes the depth; a description of the formation like sand,

sandy clay, clay; determine if it is fine, compact, or course; and describe the color. The second

step is to indicate permeable and impermeable layers. This can be permeable, low permeable,

and impermeable. The third step is to mark the casing, screen and sump in the column “PVC

pipe”. And the last step is to mark the backfilling and sanitary seal in the column “backfill”.

This includes gravel pack, sanitary seal, and cuttings.


Well-Screen, Position, and Length:

A well-screen is a slotted PVC pipe that allows the water from the aquifer to flow into the

well. The well-screen will generally not be any more than six meters for manually drilled

boreholes. In order to prevent fine materials from entering the well-screen, it is important to not

install the well-screen at the same level as these fine materials in the aquifer.

Sump:

It is possible for soil particles to still enter the well-screen after the installation is

complete. Bigger particles, which can damage the pump, will settle down at the bottom of the

well. A sump should be attached to the well-screen in order to prevent loss of well-screen surface

area. A sump is a plain casing pipe 1 to 2 meters that is closed at the bottom end of the pipe and

it’s attached to the bottom end of the well-screen.

Thickness of the Gravel Pack:

After the well-screen position is recorded on the drilling log, we can determine where and

how thick the gravel pack needs to be. Gravel pack is the rough or hard sand that is around the

well-screen. The annulus, which is the open space around the well screen, is filled with rough

sand or fine gravel approximately 1 to 2 meters above the top of the well-screen. The extra

meters are very important because the gravel pack will shrink during the installation of the well.


Sanitary Top-Seal:

A sanitary top-seal (3 to 5 meters thick) should be placed underneath the ground (3 to 5 meters)

to the surface.

Drilling Fluid Additives:

Drilling fluid is basically working water during the installation of the water well. When

an additive is mixed with the drilling fluid, the walls of the borehole become plastered. There are

several drilling additives that exist which include: bentonite, other natural clays, polymers, cow

dung, and fibers.

The first example is bentonite, which is a treated natural clay. When it is mixed with

water, it will increase the thickness of the drilling fluid. Bentonite works extremely well but

there are some disadvantages. The biggest disadvantage is that is it expensive. Another

disadvantage is that it will be a challenge to remove it once it is plastered to the borehole wall. In

order to remove it, we would have to use chemicals or heavy pumping equipment during the

installation of the well. If it is not properly removed, it can negatively affect the discharge of the

water well. Basically, for a low-cost manual borehole, it is not recommended to use bentonite.

Other natural clays can be found in termite hills or other places. It is similar to bentonite

except its less sticky, so not as difficult to remove. And it is also much cheaper than bentonite. It

does however, have the same disadvantage as bentonite, which is that it can clog up the aquifer.

Polymers is probably the best working additive. When it is mixed with water, it becomes

a very thick fluid. A couple of advantages of polymers is that it works very well and it’s

The Big Blue Project| 58biodegradable. It is recommended for manually drilled boreholes. Some disadvantages of using

polymers is that it can be difficult and expensive to get into certain countries.

Fresh cow dung shares many of the advantages of natural polymers. It is very effective

and is biodegradable. Unlike polymers, it is widely available in most countries and very cheap to

get. The disadvantage to using cow dung is that it contains E-coli bacteria. The E-coli bacteria is

used as an indicator for the presence of bacteria that comes from latrines that can cause diseases.

Studies have shown that the cow dung and the E-coli bacteria will disappear within a few weeks

after the completion of the well. However, there is much more work to be done on the health and

safety implications of using cow dung. If this is used, chlorination of the well after completion

and test pumping is crucial.

Fibers and other solids can be used to increase the effectiveness of additives in coarse

sand and gravel aquifers. Some examples of fibers are sawdust and grain husk. These materials

will block the pores of coarse layers and help prevent working water loss. The disadvantages of

this is that it is extremely difficult to remove and it is not recommended in the ‘well-screen zone’

of the borehole.

It is important that the drilling fluid additives be removed after the drilling and

installation of the well-screen and casing in order to maximize the production of the well. In

order to do this we need to use the process of well development, which is rinsing, surging, and

over-pumping the well.


Well Construction

Borehole Diameter:

The internal diameter of the PVC well casing is selected to fit the outer diameter of the

pump that is going to be installed. The drilled diameter of the borehole depends on the outer

diameter of the PVC well casing. It is important to realize that the drilled diameter of the

borehole should be at least 2 inches larger than the outer diameter of the PVC well casing to be

able to place the gravel pack and sanitary seal.

If this rule is not applied and the space between the PVC well casing and the borehole

wall is too small, it is almost impossible to place the gravel pack and sanitary seal at the correct

depth. Also, the backfill might get stuck on its way down, which is called bridging, and end up in

the wrong position.

Borehole Depth:

We have to allow for fine soil particles that are mixed with the water, to settle before and

during the process of installing the well-screen and casing, and to accommodate a sump. In order

to do this, we must drill an additional two meters.

Completion of the Borehole:

Finally, before the drilling pipes are lifted, the fluid-drilled borehole should be flushed

with clean water to remove all fine particles that are suspended in the hole. If this is not done, the

The Big Blue Project| 60particles will not settle at the bottom of the well, which will influence the final installation depth,

or enter the well-screen during the installation of the well casing, already filling up the sump.

Measuring Tools:

Before the actual well construction starts, it is important to double check the final depth

of the borehole with a measuring tape. Sometimes the length of drill pipes, which are used during

the drilling process for measuring, can vary. Also, there can be some confusion among the

drilling team members about the number of drill pipes already in the ground. For the latter, it is

important to count all your drill pipes beforehand.

Materials

PVC Well-Screen and Casing:

There are many different types of PVC pipes, they vary from cheap drain pipes to

expensive well-screens and casing pipes. Since this is a large project for an entire village, it is

easy to determine this.

In large water projects for communal potable water wells, equipped with a India or

Afridev pump, need a deeper hole with 4 to 5 inch standard factory slotted PVC well casing

pipes

The Big Blue Project| 61 Diameter and Wall Thickness of Well Casing:

Outside

Diameter

Approx

Inside

Diameter

48.1mm 40mm

60.2mm 52mm

75mm 65mm

88.7mm 78mm

114.1mm 102mm

140mm 130mm

168mm 154mm


Slots:

Slots are the openings in the well-screen which allow groundwater to flow into the well.

In theory, the slot size (width) should be smaller than the mean size of the soil particles.

Sump:

To increase the lifetime of the well-screen, it is advised to attach a one meter sump at the

bottom of the well-screen, into which any particles entering the well screen from the aquifer can

settle, with blocking the well-screen and pump. The sump simply consists of a 1 meter plain

PVC pipe, which is closed at the bottom end. To close the bottom of the sump a factory-made

wooden or PVC cap can be inserted. Alternatively, the bottom end of the sump can also easily be

closed by some cutting and bending. Make four cuts in the bottom part of the sump pipe and heat

the pipe end. Fold the four parts inside and allow the parts to cool. Alternatively, cut of 6-8

triangular parts. The remaining parts can be bent together to a point. Making a point will reduce

the risk of scraping the borehole wall when the well-screen is lowered into the borehole. To

completely seal the bottom of the sump 10cm of cement mortar should be poured in the sump.

Pipe Joints:

Casing and well-screen pipes are usually joined by glued sockets. The more expensive

purpose-made casings and well-screens with a wall thickness of at least 5 mm are threaded.

When the pipes are glued together, it is very important to clean and roughen both ends, the inside

of the socket and the outside of the pipe to be glued. Then, put sufficient glue all around on both

ends and put the pipes together in one move.

The Big Blue Project| 63Materials

Gravel Pack:

The gravel pack fills the space between the aquifer and the well-screen, which prevents

the wall of the hole from collapsing on to the well-screen and may serve to filter some of the fine

sand particles from entering the well. The gravel should consist of a grain size, generally 1.5 to

3mm, which is larger than the slot size of the well-screen. The grains are best when round in

shape. Such material can often be found on river beds or lake shores. The best way to prepare

suitable gravel is using maximum and minimum sized sieves, grains which are too small or too

big are sieved out.

Materials

Sanitary Seal

It is essential to install a sanitary seal if the well needs to yield good quality water, which

this well will need to do just that. The sanitary seal can consist of cement or bentonite pellets.

Also, natural swelling clays can be used, but they are more difficult to handle than processed

bentonite. In many countries, bentonite pellets are expensive, which then it would be

recommended to use a cement-water mixture.

The water and cement are mixed until a thick slurry is created (26 liters of water to on 50

kg bag of cement will make about 33 liters of cement grout). If cement grout is used as a sanitary

seal, first a half meter of clay should be backfilled on top of the gravel pack to prevent the grout

from penetrating the gravel pack.


Well Construction:

Before getting into installing the well, there are some preparations that need to be done.

We need to prepare all materials needed for the installation and backfilling. Measure out the

effective length of the PVC pipes and cut the last pipe to a length, allowing 1 meter to be left

above ground level, after installation.

The well-screen needs to be centralized in order to prevent the slots from becoming

blocked with clay due to scraping of the well-screen against the borehole wall during installation.

Centralizing the well-screen also allows the gravel pack to settle equally around the screen,

leaving at least 1- inch of gravel all around the well-screen. Centralization can be achieved by

attaching spacer rings or centralizers with an interval of every 3 meters around the well-screen.

The spacer rings can be made of PVC rings, which can be attached on 4 sides around the well

screen.

Next, we need to install the PVC pipes. A practical method of lowering the PVC pipes

into the borehole is to use a rope. One end of the rope is attached to the drill rig and the other end

is wrapped three times around the pipe to form a self-closing loop. The rope is used to prevent

the casing and screen slipping into the borehole while adding a new length of pipe. Install all the

prepared pipes, and leave one meter of pipe above ground level so that the well-screen is placed

at the correct depth.

Then, when the well-screen has been installed at the correct depth, the pipes and screen

should be flushed in the case of fluid drilled boreholes. Pour water in to the PVC pipes and allow

the dirty water to overflow out of the borehole. If the added water only enters the well slowly (or

not at all), this could indicate blockage of the well-screen slots by clay or fine material form the

The Big Blue Project| 65borehole wall. Extra water pressure in the casing and well-screen should then be created by

adding a plunger or surge block, or simply a plug of cloth, which is then moved up and down in

the casing. Repeat this process until the water directly flows away when added. Continue

flushing with clean water until the water which is coming out of the borehole is clean. Only then

should the gravel pack be installed.

The next step is to install the gravel pack. The gravel pack is now poured in the annular

space around the pipe. At the same time the PVC pipe is moved from side to side to guarantee an

easy passage for the gravel down to the screen. Pour in the gravel slowly, to prevent the gravel

getting stuck at the wrong level. Use the measurement tape or tool to measure the depth to the

top of the gravel and fill to 1 to 2 meters above the top of the well-screen. In fluid drilled holes,

water will overflow from the PVC casing pipe, as the gravel is dropped around the well-screen.

Water will stop overflowing the PVC casing pipe when the entire length of the well-screen has

been backfilled.

Following installation of the gravel pack, we now need to install the sanitary seal. When

the gravel pack has settled to the right depth, the sanitary seal can be installed. Prepare the

cement grout, natural swelling clay or bentonite and pour it into the borehole in the same way.

Measure to ensure the sanitary seal was installed at the right depth.

After the installation of the sanitary seal, we need to fill in the annular space. Depending

on the country regulations, the rest of the annular space is filled up by cuttings and cement grout.

Always pouring the material slowly, while moving the casing to prevent bridging of the material.

The Big Blue Project| 66 After filling the annular space, we need to install the top seal. A sanitary top seal of 3 to 5

meter thickness should be placed from 3 to 5 meters below ground to the surface. The top seal is

usually made of cement grout.

Well Development and Testing:

We now need to start the process of well development. This process is a necessary part of

building a well because it allows the water to flow freely from the aquifer to the well-screen.

There are several techniques we can use for web development, sometimes it is necessary to use a

combination of these techniques in order to achieve the best results. The first technique is a surge

block or plunger. A surge block or plunger creates shock waves that go through the gravel pack.

The fines and drilling fluid additives are then washed away from the well-screen. Then the water,

which contains the fines, is pumped out. A surge block is made up of a set of wooden discs with

rubber valves or even a flexible flat seal. A surge block fits in the PVC casing and operates as a

plunger.

We now need to start the process of well development. Well development is necessary to

maximize the yield of the well and optimize the filter capacity of the gravel pack. This is

achieved by removing the fines and drilling fluid additives, and settlement of the gravel pack.

After drilling some of the fines and drilling fluid additives remain behind in the borehole

and are blocking the pores of the surrounding aquifer and the new installed gravel pack. After

they have been removed by well development the water will be able to move freely from the

aquifer to the well-screen. During well development also the gravel pack will settle and become

The Big Blue Project| 67more compacted, ensuring that there are no large holes into which sand could later collapse. The

settled gravel pack will filter out some of the fines from the aquifer.

Surge Block or Plunger:

There are several techniques that are available for well development and sometimes it

takes a combination of these techniques to achieve the best results. First, there is the surge

blocker or plunger. By the use of a surge blocker or plunger it creates shock waves through the

gravel pack, the fines and drilling fluid additives are washed loose form the well screen, the

gravel pack and the surrounding aquifer and voids in the gravel pack disappear. Then the water

containing the fines is pumped out. A surge block consists of a set of wooden discs with rubber

valves or alternatively a flexible flat seal. A surge block closely fits in the PVC casing and is

operated as a plunger. It is brought beneath the water level in the well. Then, by moving the

surge block up and down, water is forced into and out of the aquifer, washing the aquifer and

gravel pack, mobilizing the fines which they contain. The down stroke should be gentle, not

forcing the fines and fluid additives further into the aquifer. The upstroke should be rapid, with

the result that fines and fluid additives end up in the PVC well casing, which then can be cleaned

by pumping.

Discontinuous Pumping (Start-Stop Cycle Pumping):

After the surge block is used, a pump can be lowered to the bottom of the well to remove

the loosened fines and clean the sump. Once the water becomes clear, the surge block is used

once again. This process is repeated until the water remains clear. Next, the pump is installed just

The Big Blue Project| 68above the well-screen. Then start discontinuous pumping. Discontinuous pumping is carried out

by having the pump run for 5 minutes and then shut off for two minutes. Once the water

becomes clearer, the pump can be left running until the water is clear. When a hand pump is

used, try to create a maximum flow rate, until the water is clear.

Pumps for Well Development:

For well development, different pumping techniques can be used. The best options for

well development are electrical deep well pumps and airlifting

Pumps for well development

For well development, different pumping techniques can be used. The best options for well

development are electrical deep well pumps and airlifting. However, these pumps are expensive.

It is recommended to use these pumps for communal water wells, which require a maximum

flow rate. For household wells, which often have to be low cost to stay affordable, hand operated

pumps can be used for well development.

Electrical deep well pump (submersible pump)

A good option is to use an electrical deep well pump. High flow rates can be established.

However electricity (probably from a generator) is needed and the pump and generator are

expensive.

Airlifting

The Big Blue Project| 69The same applies to airlifting. Airlifting is a very suitable development tool, by which high flow

rates and shock waves can be established. However, this requires a big compressor which is very

expensive.

Motorized centrifugal pump

A cheaper option with substantial flow rates for development is a motorized centrifugal or mud-

flow pump. However, these pumps are suction pumps and only operate if the dynamic

groundwater level (water level during pumping) is less than 7 meter below ground level.

Manual operated pumps

For household wells, also hand pumps (which are cheaper) can be used, although development in

this way will be less effective. Nevertheless, when hand pumps are used for well development

and are operated to the maximum flow rate for a period of time, until the water is clear, they can

be sufficient.

Re-Development:

After a well has been in use for several years and the production decreases, re-

development of the well can be considered. Re-development of the well is easily performed

using the same procedures as described above: by surge block and discontinuous pumping.


Pumping Test-Well Yield:

Once a well has been developed and is free of any fines, the well needs to be test-

pumped. Test pumping gives useful information about both the well and the aquifer. In

particular, it can indicate whether the well yield will be sufficient for its intended purpose.

In order to have reliable testing, we need to wait at least 24 hours after development

before test pumping should begin. The groundwater level needs to have returned to normal.

Finalization:

Finally (after pump testing) the head works or concrete apron should be installed. This

apron will prevent surface water and contamination to flow into the borehole directly. The apron

also provides a solid and clean base for the hand pump and the collection of water. The apron is

usually 2-3 meter in diameter with a (small) wall around the outside.

There are many different designs for the concrete apron and the choice may depend on factors

such as: national standards, type of pump to be installed, price and need for protection against

floods (in some areas), etc. Finally it is important that the users are comfortable with the design

too. A fence can be constructed around the well to keep animals away and, in some places, to

control access to the well.

Soak Pit:

As we have seen in paragraph 3.1, it is for hygienic reasons important that the apron dries

up every now and then. Doing so, the sunlight will disinfect the well surroundings causing most

The Big Blue Project| 71pathogens to die. To make drying of the apron possible it is advised to construct the apron under

a small slope. A drain (a small outlet) or channel is constructed at the lowest part of the apron,

which will carry the water away from the well. The drained water can then soak away in a so

called soak pit. The soak pit is generally constructed 4-6 meter away from the well. The

construction of a soak pit is simple. It is a 1 by 1 by 1 meter drain pit filled with pebbles (coarse

gravel) and stones.

Appendix - Six: Types of Drilling and Possible Increases or Decreases to Cost

The types of drilling methods and equipment that the village uses could change the cost

of drilling. If you were to drill the entire depth by hand with volunteers it would cost a lot less

than by using a company with a drilling machine. The question then stems to, is it possible to

drill by with a person (or people) powered auger down to 300 feet? In the graph below you will

a list of drilling types, costs, and difficulties. This will help to answer the question how we

should drill and what should we drill with. If you think that the church will drill more wells in

other areas you still might opt. to buy the larger drill.

Drilling Technique and Costs

Drilling Technique

Maximum Depth

(meters)Difficulty of

Use Cost Speed Definition

Hand Auger (M) 25 Easy-Mid Low Quick-Mid

Screw, hand spun to pull out dirt

Slugging (M) 35 Mid Low-Mid Quick-Mid

Screw, hand spun using water to get through soil tougher ground to pull out dirt


Jetting (M, D) 45 Mid Mid Quick or Mid

Easy to use in sand, water forced down to make using the screw easier

Hollowed Percussion

(M,D) 25 Mid-Hard High Slow

Hammer used to get through very tough ground

Sonic (MECH) 230 Hard Very High Very Slow

Vibrates the ground at 150 Hz or 50,000 lbs. of pressure

Directional Drilling (MECH) 200-2000 Very Hard

Very High- Very Very

High Very Slow

Using pipes and machine to drill at an angle in order to reach further depths. Typically use for telecommunication and gas lines.

Table produced from Eijkelkemp, Michigan.gov, and Prudue.org


Legend Drilling

M = manual

D = DeviceMech. = Machine

Legend Difficulty of UseDifficulty of

Use DefinitionEasy Simple to explain, one or two person job

MidTakes long to understand and explain, takes

more than two people to do

HardTakes longer to explain and understand, takes

more than five people to do

Very Hard

Takes longer to explain and understand, takes more than five people to do, time frame could take weeks to perform, will probably have to hire it out.

Very Very Hard

The task will be too difficult for the village or the Church to do, therefore, will have hire out the job to a contractor.

These tables are legends for the table above

The graphs above show the methods and how far they can be used to drill. “If” the

Church has to drill the full 100 meters (or 300 feet) they will not be able to use a hand auger built

from easy to find and cheap materials. Even with the ground being one of the easier grounds to

drill through it would be difficult to drill to the necessary depth to get down to the cleaner water.

The church could cut costs though be drilling as far as they could using the cheaper method, and

then buy a drill or hiring out the rest of the drilling job. This is also why our team put in the

second price/depth chart above. We thought that it might be too deep to drill by hand so we put

the higher prices that we received from Dr. Stapleton’s friend.

But “if” the church bought the drill they would be able to drill wells for other churches

that they try to implement in that area, with only purchasing parts or well kits. This would push

The Big Blue Project| 74down the fixed cost, while only minimally pushing up the variable costs. This would save the

church money in the long run. Plus if the church digs the well and comes up with nothing they

would only have to invest money for parts not machinery. Or “if” everything goes according to

plan the church could drill a second well in the village to help with irrigation and waste disposal

or even to sell more the water. This idea would be best to research at a later time, after the five

year plan.

Conclusion for the Cost of Digging a Well

“If” the Church does not have to drill down to the 100 meters, and they only have to drill

down to the 50 meters they would be able to use one of the other methods for drill a well. In

which case that method would save them money. Thus, they would be drastically under budget.

This would allow the Church to build its maintenance fund without look for money. They would

also be able to put some of their money into other projects. They would be able to do this

because, we estimate the 300 feet plus the without pipes would cost $50 a foot or $15,000. If the

church only had to drill 150 feet at $34 a foot it would be $5,100 for the drill and the without the

metal pipes.

This would be a difference of $9,900 saved. But the Church should prepare for the worst

case. This way they are not under and do not have to stop the project in the middle. Once our

team gets to the Dominican this will be one of the first parts of our project we will double check.

We will look for a geologist or hydrologist in the area this will help give the church a more

definitive answer as to what the depth and quality of the water is in El Mongo Limpio. The

people there might know more than about geological make up and the level of the aquifer.

The Big Blue Project| 75Therefore, this project fits the needs of the Church, the village, and the budget. But will this be a

completely self-sustaining well?


Appendix - Seven: Identifying Well Environmental Self-Sustainability

In order to identify if it is sustainable, we must find out what refills the aquifer and how

much water is taken out of the aquifer. There are a few natural events that refill an aquifer. The

biggest two event are sea or ocean water, and rainfall. Yes, we found out the rainfall does work

with a rain-barrel system, but we did find that 1 inch of rain over 1 square mile is equal to

17,380,000 gallons of water. So, could the average amount of rainfall over the entire country

could refill the aquifer. Although, this information is useful, it does not mean a lot if the country

is taking more water out of the ground than the natural events can replace. We will first look at

sea and ocean water.

Sea and Ocean Water

Sea and ocean water are great at refilling the aquifer, once the water has slowly moved

inland. Sea and ocean water contain a great deal of salt in the water. This can make the water

unsafe to drink. The closer the village is to the coast the more likely the water will be unsafe to

drink. The ground will naturally filter out a lot of contaminates. Therefore, the water at the

aquifer must be tested, in order, to make sure that it is safe to drink. While the water has travels

through the aquifer the particles in the ground stop the salt from following the water. Build like

a mini dam stopping non-fluid from traveling through. The sea and ocean will add a great deal

of water to the aquifers, and eventually allows the water to be drinkable. At that point the water

will only be drinkable if is not chemicals or waste coming into the aquifer as run-off. But it can

The Big Blue Project| 77also be hard to measure how much of the water is renewed by the sea and ocean. So we will also

have to look at the amount of rainfall in the Dominican Republic.

Rainfall

The first thing that we need to figure out is how much rain falls in the Dominican

Republic. The country does not have all the technology or access to information that we take for

granted, here in the United States. We now have watches that can get on the internet and check

our local weather without any difficulty. Not every town or village in the Dominican has access

to weather measuring devices or the internet. Therefore, it can be difficult to find the

information we need to make the best prediction. So, we took information from many cities

around the Dominican Republic and made a list of their total rainfalls. Then we took that

information and averaged out giving us the countries average rainfall. Down below is a chart

explaining the average rainfall for the Dominican Republic.

Dominican Republic’s Average Rain RateNumber of Days with

Rain Cities with RainNumber of Inches

Rained Millimeters of rain71 Barahona 40.1 1,01983 La Romana 34.4 87355 Montecristi 26.5 672128 Puerto Plata 61.6 1,565113 Punta Cana 43.4 1,10378 San Juan 37.4 951101 Santiago 40.2 1,021115 Santo Domingo 57 1,447

Total Average Rain 42.575 1,081Weather-and-climate.com

The Big Blue Project| 78The Amount of Rainfall in the Dominican Republic

Knowing the average amount of rainfall in the Dominican Republic is important to

understand. Because if we can gauge how much it rains versus how much they use, we could

find out how much this will affect environment. Therefore, we looked into figuring out how

much it rains in the country. This will justify whether we can or cannot place a well in El Mango

Limpio. All of this information is based on the legend below.

Premises Dominican Republic is 18,000 square miles1 inch of rain that covers one square mile equals 17,380,000 gallons Information found from (http://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthrain.html)

In order to do this we looked up how many square miles the Dominican Republic is. We

also had to find out how many gallons of water fell in a 1 square mile, with 1 inch of rain. This

was not easy to find or figure out. It came down to 1 inch of rain in a 1 square mile equals

17,380,000 gallons of water. So, we had to multiply 18,000 square miles by 17,380,000 gallons

of water/square miles. Then we took that information and multiply that by 42.58 inches of water

in a year. Our team got that it rains 13.3 trillion gallons of water a year. This can be seen in the

chart below.

Rain Accumulation Each Year in the Dominican RepublicLand Size (Miles

Squared)Gallons/Square

MileAverage Rainfall in a Year (in

Inches)Total Rainfall/Year (in

Gallons)18,000 17,380,000 42.58 13,320,727,200,000

We decided to look up how much it rains in the United States just to compare. We know

it is going to be more than Dominican Republic because of its increased landmass. We had no

The Big Blue Project| 79idea that after follow the same mathematical pattern that it was going to be almost 2 quadrillion

gallons of water in a year. This can be seen in the chart below.

Rain Accumulation Each Year in the United StatesLand Size (Miles

Squared)Gallons/Square

MileAverage Rainfall in a Year (in

Inches)Total Rainfall/Year (in

Gallons)3,806,000 17,380,000 30 1,984,448,400,000,000

Water Needed Daily

The U.N. states that in order for a person to be able to clean themselves, cook food, and

have enough clean water to drink, and properly dispose of waste then need to have a minimum of

50 liter of water. This can be looked at as 13.5 gallons of water. So, when we look at El Mango

Limpio we can see that they have about 400 people in the village and that they need 13.5 gallons

of water a day to take care of themselves. Therefore, we need to take the 400 people and

multiply the gallons of water needed daily and multiply that by 365 in a year to get the town’s

total amount of water needed per year. The answer ends up being that the town needs 1,971,000

gallons of water a year. This can be seen in the chart below.

Water Needed for El Mango LimpioNumber of

People Gallons of Water Needed

Daily Days in a

YearTotal Amount of Water Need per

Year400 13.5 365 1,971,000

We can use this same method to figure out how much water the whole country needs.

This way we can check if our plan will affect the overall environment. The reason for doing this

is that might not hurt El Mango Limpio, but this might have an effect on the overall

environment. For this we will need the population of the Dominican Republic, which is

The Big Blue Project| 8010,400,000. Then we multiply that by 13.5 gallons of water/day. Then we multiply that by 365

days/year. This will give us the total water needed per person, per day, for the whole year. The

total gallons of water needed for the whole country for the next year is 51.25 billion gallons of

water, which can be seen in the chart below.

Water Needed for Dominican Republic Number of

People Gallons of Water Needed

Daily Days in a

YearTotal Amount of Water Need

per Year10,400,000 13.5 365 51,246,000,000

Sustainability Conclusion

Now the question is, how much of the total rainfall water is left after the total countries

use of the water. This can be done by looking at the amount of total rainfall water minus the

total water used. If there total is less that 0 we are at a deficit. If it is above 0 we are not, but this

does not mean that it did not have and affect. Because this only looks at “human” water use not

plant or animal use. But after looking at the chart below you can see that this did not really put a

dint in the water supply. Therefore, we know that this system is most likely sustainable

environmentally.

Amount of Rain Water After Use Water From Rainfall Water Used By population of the D.R Total

13,320,727,200,000 51,246,000,000 13,269,481,200,000

The Big Blue Project| 81Appendix - Eight: Identifying the Types of Pipes that Could Work in a Well

Understanding what types of pipes to use is very important in this project. Our team

knows that New Beginnings wants to implement more churches in this country. Therefore, one

pipe might be better in one area than in another. Just like the next church they build might not be

on an alluvial aquifer. So, we should look into what pipe will work best for El Mango Limpio.

In the chart below is a list of pipes and what their strengths and weaknesses are. They also

explain what they are best used for. What should be used on is based on the PSI rating and

unique abilities. The ones our team focused on are the ones that are resistant to fungi, bacteria,

and algae. We also look at PSI and total cost for each pipe.

Types of Pipes and Associated Costs on Average

Type Definition Pressure Cost Total Cost

CPVC

CPVC is designed for use in hot-and-cold-water distribution systems. CPVC systems are ideal for all potable water piping requirements in typical residential (single and multi-family), motel/hotel, mobile home, manufactured housing, light commercial, and institutional structures. This is also resistant to Fungi, Bacteria, and Algae.

100-1100 PSI

8.99 per 10 feet (Silver-

Line Plastics 1-in x 10-ft 100-PSI CPVC Hot

Cold Pipe)

$ 269.70

PVC

Can be used as water main. They vary in size and strength. The do not do well in the sun, and are solid pipes with little give. Because of this you connect the pieces together with joints and glue, for water main the glue must be used good for people to be around.

450 PSI

139.99 per 100 feet (high pressure

braided PVC tubing )

$ 419.97


PE

Is a thermoplastic material belonging to a group of polymers called polyolefin. Coils can reach up to 200 meters. Comes as high density, mid density, and low density. Mid-D has the best options pipes can be long with no connections, and they are flexible.

100-800 PSI

130.00 per 300 ft (1" x 300' Polyethylene 160 PSI Well Tubing SIDR-11.5 PE-4710)

$ 130.00

ADS

ABS pipe when properly installed, can withstand loads of soil, under slab foundations and high surface loads without collapse, cracking or denting. ABS pipe is so lightweight that one person can load and unload it. With a one-step solvent cementing process, ABS pipe is easy to join. It can also be cut with a variety of readily available tools. ABS pipe is also unaffected by water, aqueous salt solutions, mineral acids and alkali. Mostly used for waste.

100-200 PSI

246.00 per 300 foot roll (ADS 1-in x 300-ft

200-PSI Plastic Coil Pipe)

$ 246.00

Copper Tubing

Copper tubing is most often used for supply of hot and cold tap water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two basic types of copper tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper tubing is joined using flare connection, compression connection, or solder. This is because it kill germs. Copper can raise the acidity of water. This can cause the pipes corrosion.

85-200 PSI

645.00 per 100 feet (Type K,

Soft coil, Water, 1

In.X100ft)

$ 1,935.00


Galvanized Steel

Galvanized iron pipes are actually steel pipes that are covered with a protective layer of zinc. Galvanized pipes were installed in many homes that were built before the 1960s. Over many years, zinc erodes from galvanized pipes. Corrosion can build-up on the inside walls of the pipes and creates the potential for lead to accumulate over time .Corrosion in galvanized pipes can lead to lower water pressure and water quality issues.

175

17.23 per 10 feet (1 in. x 10 ft. Galvanized

Steel Pipe)

$ 516.90

Chart based on Grainger, Home depot, Lowes, and Complete Plumbing; websites 2015

Pipe Conclusion

The best pipes for El Mango Limpio would be CPVC, PVC, and PE pipes. We estimate

that these pipes will cost $1-2 per foot and about $5-6 to install with the well. CPVC and PVC

are resistant to fungi, bacteria, and algae and have a high PSI rating and a low cost. PE mid-

density are typically used for water and can be used for greater depths and has a low cost. Due

to the nature of the situation if there is many problems with fungi and bacteria our team would

suggest that you buy the CPVC. If there is a problem with depth mobility our team would

suggest the PE mid-density tubing. PVC is the easy to obtain around the world. But these are

only the best pipes on average. To understand the need of El Mango Limpio, the church needs to

talk to a geologist and test the water.


Appendix - Nine: Identifying Drills

As our team researched the quality of the drills while we wrote down the statistics of the

drill. We found out that Alibaba does not have a great quality. But we can still use them as a

source to build a cost chart. We also found out that the Lone Star Drills have a high quality and

they have starter kits, or complete well kits. So, when we took down the information we made

the estimate for the kits not just the drill. This will give us a better picture of what the higher end

prices will be. The cost would be less if the church hired a drill company from the area, but we

could not know the quality. This also does not give the church the ability to drill holes in other

places without rehiring the drilling company. Thus depending on the number of wells the church

can foreseeably drill in the future they might save money by buying the drill kits.

Jason Frazier even called the sales representative for Little Beaver, which own the Lone

Star Drill. The representative told Frazier that the drill come with everything you need to drill a

well except castings and a pump. Frazier asked if they sold replacements for the kits parts and

they do. They use PVC pipes which is one of the suggestions that we made in the prior section.

They much of the business by sending their equipment overseas for organization that are

interested in doing the same things as New Beginnings. But the church would have to buy the

crate and pay to have it sent over. Most of the crates are 1,000 to 2,000 lbs. crates. This

company ships these containers for missions groups all around the world.

Once we figure out the actual depth that you have to drill we can then pick one of these

drills for the operation. Keep in mind that if you buy the drill you will not need to buy more drill

just the well kits. Thus, your variable costs will go up but not the fix cost. This we be a higher

The Big Blue Project| 85up-front cost, but you not have to pay it again. The machine will go through depreciation, so

after a while you will have to buy a new one. The drill will just be an operating cost. This is

because the team does not think that church will go through to many drills in just El Mango

Limpio. However, this would be nice to have in the future when the church decides to put in

more wells. A chart that will help explain these costs is on the next page.

Drills Cost Chart

Shallow Drilling Equipment / Company

Cost Depth in Meters

Depth in Feet

Portability Delivery

HWD160/Alibaba $2,000-$5,000

10-130 30-390 Difficult 3 days

HF80 Model/Alibaba $2,500-$5,000

30-80 120-240 Moderate 45 days

HW80/Alibaba $2,000-$5,000

60-80 (max) 180-240 Moderate 2-3 after payment

LS 100 / Lone Star Drills

$9,000 33.3 100 Very Easy Shipped as

orderedLS 200 / Lone Star

Drills $11,200-$14,500

67 200 Very Easy Shipped as

orderedLS 300 / Lone Star

Drills$21,000 100 300 Easy Shipped

as ordered

LS 300+ / Lone Star Drills

$24,500 100 300 Easy Shipped as

orderedChart Based on Alibaba.com and Lone Star Drills


Legend Scale of portability Difficulty

Definition

Easy Can be moved with a few people

Moderate Can be moved with many people

Difficult Need a vehicle to move drill

Very Difficult Need to hire movement to a specialized crew

Legend for the Drill Cost Chart

Type of Drill Conclusion

Our team thinks that we should pick a higher quality drill, if we cannot find the best deal

in the Dominican Republic. This way you don’t have to worry as much on safety or quality of

the well. This also helps you because you can reuse the drill. If you hire out to a contractor you

will have to pay a high cost every time. This is because they have to pay for travel, machinery,

and employees. They would also have a higher overhead and profit. If you drill the wells you

would only have to rebuy supplies for the drill. Little Beaver Inc. already has those supplies and

could easily ship them to you.

Big Blue thinks that Lone Star Drills has many good product. Those products are much

cheaper than you would be able to buy individually. Plus let say; for instance, that you only have

to drill 100 feet, instead to 300 feet. We found out that you cannot drill with a hand auger past

25 feet. Therefore, you will need a drilling machine of some sort. You could buy the LS 300

and send a little over $10,000 per well. And put out three times the amount of water for

agriculture, as well as, drinking water.

The Big Blue Project| 87Jason Frazier talked to a person at The Howard Buffett Foundation, and drilling a well is

hit or miss. Meaning that even though you drill you might not hit water. That is even with

understanding how the aquifers and landscape work. Those just increase your odds of success.

But if you hire the right team you are more likely to be able to pull out the pipe and drills saving

money and giving you another chance to drill for another well.

But that’s not the only option. If New Beginnings only had to drill 100 feet they could

purchase the LS200. This would give them the 2 chance of drilling 2 possible wells, doubling

the water output. But this method would only cost them $11,200. That is $5,600 per well. This

gives us a better idea of what we can do when we make our plan, if we cannot find a reliable

drilling company.

Appendix - Ten Water Filtration Systems

There are several types of water filtrations systems that could be beneficial for the water

well at El Mango Limpio. The exact water filtration system that will work the best will only be

able to be determined once a geologist gets involved and the water is sent out to test for the

contaminants. However, these are four water filtration systems that could be a possibility for El

Mango Limpio to use to clean the water they currently use.

The first water filtration system that could work is the bio-sand filter. Biological sand

filters are a smaller version of a slow sand filtration system used more for households instead of

entire village. The village would need about 35 to 40 bio-sand filters in order to get the proper

amount of water filtered per day. It can filter out about 24 liters of water per hour, which is

about 152 gallons per day per system. The cost of this system would be approximately $2,800 to

The Big Blue Project| 88get the proper amount for the entire village. This filtration system removes many different types

of contaminants such as: 97% of Escherichia Coli bacteria, 99% of protozoa and helminthes,

50% to 90% of organic and inorganic toxicants, and 90% to 95% of iron. However, there are

several contaminants that it not as effective against such as: hardness, calcium, magnesium, and

salt. It is not as effective against some organic chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers.

Maintenance is relatively easy for bio-sand filters, the main thing is replacing the sand about

every 4 to 6 months. Also regularly cleaning the filter will help keep the water as clean as

possible.

The second water filtration system is the ultra-violet filter. This system uses ultraviolet

light to disinfect the contaminants in the water and also help reduce the amount of bacteria

present. It helps remove many contaminants such as: protozoa (cryptosporidium, giardia);

bacteria (campylobacter, salmonella, E. Coli, shigella); and viruses (Enteric, Hepatitis A,

Norovirus, and Rotavirus). However, it is not as effective for removing chemicals. It is best to

use this system combined with other systems because it will not get it to absolute safe drinking

water. The cost of this system is about $520 and it filters out about 12,000 gallons per day.

Maintenance is very easy as the main thing is to change the bulb.

The third type of water filtration system is the reverse osmosis filter. This system uses a

process that will reverse the flow of water in a natural process of osmosis so that the water will

pass through a more concentrated solution to a more dilute solution. Some contaminants that

reverse osmosis is effective against includes: protozoa, bacteria, and viruses. It will also reduce

chemical contaminants like: sodium, chloride, copper, chromium, and lead. It may reduce

arsenic, fluoride, radium, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, nitrate, and phosphorus. This

The Big Blue Project| 89system cost about $9,500 and has a water flow rate of about 11,500 gallons per day. You can

also get a system that has a flow rate of about 2,200 gallons per day for $3,100. Maintenance is

relatively easy, replacement of filters at least once a year, possibly twice a year. Also clean the

system to keep the water as clean as possible.

The final systems that we found that could be beneficial is a chlorine injection system.

The chemical injector operates without electricity and it injects chemicals like chlorine into the

water stream. This system is actually powered by the flow of the stream itself, which is why it

does not require electricity. This system only costs about $380 and has a flow rate of about

15,000 gallons per day. This system would have to be used alongside another filtration system,

but it would help get the water cleaner.


Filtration

System

Cost Flow Rate Maintenance Removes

Bio-Sand $2,800 6,000 gal p/d

(40 systems)

Easy E. Coli BacteriaProtozoa

HelminthesOrganic toxic

Inorganic toxic

Ultraviolet $520 12,000 gal p/d Easy ProtozoaBacteriaViruses

Reverse

Osmosis

$3,200-$9,500 2,200-11,500 gal

p/d

Easy ProtozoaBacteriaViruses

Chemicals

Chlorine

Injection

$380 15,000 gal p/d Easy BacteriaIron

MagnesiumHydrogen sulfide

The Big Blue Project| 91 Appendix - Eleven: Storage Tanks

Our team found one water storage tank that would work for holding 1,000 gallons of

water. This fits the needs of the people in the village well. Plus these storage tanks can be

connected together, therefore if you would like to put one than of these tanks to a well you could.

Increasing the number of tanks would increase the amount of storage you would have.

Tanks

Water Storage Tank Cost

1000 Gallon Vertical Plastic Storage Tank

$900


Appendix - Twelve: Small Filtration System

This table was built for the first year plan to show the cost and names of the equipment

that can be used as examples for the plan. The church could go out and find other filter systems

that should work, but these are examples that should give them an understanding of what to look

for when they do it.

Small Filtration System Purifiers


Flexeon BT-2000 R.O. R.O. 2 2000 $3100

MiniPure Ultraviolet U.V. 3 4320 $514


11 15500 $379

Bio-Sand Slow Sand

3.5 5280 $2800


Appendix - Thirteen: Large Filtration System

This table was built for the third year plan to show the cost and names of the equipment

that can be used as examples for the plan. The church could go out and find other filter systems

that should work, but these are examples that should give them an understanding of what to look

for when they do it.

Large Filtration System Purifiers


Promax 11500 gallon/day Reverse Osmosis System R.O. 8 11500 $9500

Mighty Pure Ultraviolet UV System UV 3 to 20 28800 $626


11 15500 $379

SSF 10 Slow Sand

9 12600 $9160

The Big Blue Project| 94Appendix - Fourteen: Pump Flow Chart and Table

Listed below is a table of costs for pumps. Most well owners use a submersible pump for

their well. They are better on maintenance and have a greater power. This table is based from

research on many different pumps listed in the works cited. What information we could not find

is based on the chart below the table. This should help the church understand what kind of pump

they might need once they build the well. The geologist should be able to help you depth and the

width of the well to point you in the right direction when looking for the pump. The chart on the

following page is based on a 2” well and a depth of about 100 ft.


Cost of pumps

Name Type HP GPM

Total Daily

Output

Cost Maintenance Cost

K series Sub 1 1/2 10 14400 375 Replace, 20 to 25 for seal

K series Sub 2 to 5 12 17280 392 Replace, 20 to 25 for seal

K series sub 2 to 5 15 21600 690 send in motor cost, 20 to 25

for seal

Stainless Steel Hand Pump Hand Pump

x 3 to 4

4320 to

5760

1500 20 to 25 for seal

westtech motor 1/3 motor one third

7 10080 245 send in motor cost, 20 to 25

for seal

westtech motor 3/4 motor three fourths

10 14400 275 send in motor cost, 20 to 25

for seal

westtech motor 1 motor 1 13 18720 350 send in motor cost, 20 to 25

for seal


The Big Blue Project| 97Works Cited

The World Bank. Com. Retrieved from the web 2015.

http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/dominicanrepublic/overview

http://water.usgs.gov/edu/activity-howmuchrain.php

graph for miles and acres and water accumulation

US gains 61.5 trillion gallons for every one inch of rain

Y. GILBOA. The aquifer systems of the Dominican Republic / Les systèmes de nappes

aquiféres de la République Dominicaine. Retrieved from the web 2015.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626668009491948

United States Census Bureau. www.Google.com. Dominican Population. Retrieved from

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Hach.com www.Hach.com Retrieved from the web 2015.

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Vaughan.

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he+dominican+republic&source=bl&ots=WE6PHOwA8b&sig=RGko0aeJZt8vkRZ2RQr

EQfF2Sis&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV4uaT4vDJAhXFMj4KHbCCAZY4ChDoAQ

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section5_183030_7.pdf

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The Big Blue Project| 99HomeDepot.com. Retrieved from web 2015.

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5yc1vZbuu4

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qvpZ1yzuhbmZ1z0nvh5

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portable_730650306.html?spm=a2700.7724857.29.55.vUWeZA

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drilling_60268184729.html?spm=a2700.7724857.29.73.vUWeZA

The Big Blue Project| 100Lone Star Drills

http://lonestardrills.com/water-well-drills/trailer-mounted-series/ls-t1/

http://lonestardrills.com/water-well-drills/mechanical-series/ls100/

http://lonestardrills.com/water-well-drills/mechanical-series/ls200/

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parallel-analyzer-0001

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www.PureAqua.com

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Pure Water Products. Non-electric filter. Retrieved from the web 2016.

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Promax.com Reverse Osmosis System. Mighty pure ultraviolet UV water system. Retrieved

From web 2016. www.reverseosmosis.com/commercial

The Big Blue Project| 101“Understanding Groundwater and Wells”. Practica Foundation. June 2010. Retrieved

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A Guide to Drinking Water Treatment Technologies for Household Use. (2012, January 19).

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chlorination-systems-for-well-spring-water/

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