Name _______________________________________________________________ Per_____________TEST DATE _________________

FALL ASSESSMENT REVIEW FALL 2013UNIT I – CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE, BASIC CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY1. List 8 characteristics among all living things?

2. What is homeostasis? Give a few examples of homeostatic functions in the human body.

3. List the monomers and element composition for the 4 macromolecules by completing the following table:

Biomolecule MonomerElement Composition

Function

Examples

Carbohydrate

Lipid Glycerol &

Fatty Acid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

4. C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for what 3 monosaccharides? _______________________________________________________

5. Which macromolecule group is responsible for carrying heredity information? __________________________________________

Refer to the picture to the right to answer questions 6-8.6. If “A” in the picture was glucose, what would the polymer be?

(general term)_________________________________________

7. If the polymer in the picture was a protein, what would “A” be?

______________________________________________

8. If “A” in the picture was a nucleotide, what would the polymer be?

_________________________________________________

Refer to the picture below to answer the questions that follow.

A

BA

9. What does “C” in this diagram represent? ___________________________________________________________________

10. What does “A” in this diagram represent? ___________________________________________________________________

11. What is “B” pointing to? _________________________________________________________________________________

12. What is the purpose of enzymes? _________________________________________________________________________

13. Why are enzymes referred to as catalysts? __________________________________________________________________

14. List the 4 features that all enzymes have in common:

a. c.

b. d.

UNIT II - CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION, VIRUSES1. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?

2. What is the function of the cell membrane? ____________________________________________________________________

3. What cell structures are common to all prokaryotic organisms? _____________________________________________________

4. What cell structures are common to all eukaryotic organisms? ______________________________________________________

5. What structures are unique to plant cells? _____________________________________________________________________

6. What structures are unique to animal cells? ____________________________________________________________________

7. Which organelle produces proteins for export out of the cell? _______________________________________________________

8. Which organelle is involved in packaging and processing of substances? _____________________________________________

9. Which organelle is responsible for ATP production? _____________________________________________________________

10. Which cell structure is responsible for ribosome production? ______________________________________________________

11. Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis? ____________________________________________________________

12. Which organelle is responsible for glucose production? __________________________________________________________

13. The organelle responsible for breaking down alcohol & drugs is? ___________________________________________________

14. Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down substances? ___________________________________

15. Which organelle in a plant cell stores water for photosynthesis? ____________________________________________________

16. Trace the path of a protein from the time it is produced until it is secreted out of the cell.

RERvesicle ________________________________________________________________________________________

17. What two components comprise every virus?

18. Describe the two types of viral cycles. Explain the mechanism for infection in each.a. Lytic Cycle –

b. Lysogenic Cycle –

C

UNIT III – CELL BOUNDARIES AND TRANSPORT1. Describe the function of each of the components of the cell membrane.

Carbohydrates –

Lipids –

Proteins –

2. Label all the parts in the diagram to the right.A –

A1 –

A2 –

G –

F -

E -

D -

3. Define passive transport –

4. Briefly describe the three types of passive transport...

Diffusion -

Facilitated Diffusion -

Osmosis -

5. The most important role of exocytosis in the cell would be to releases substances such as ______________________________

6. Define active transport –

7. Briefly describe the three types of active transport….

Endocytosis –

Exocytosis –

Protein Pumps –

8. Define the following terms related to osmosis:

hypertonic –

hypotonic -

isotonic -

9. Describe what would happen to the cells of a worm if they were placed into a hypertonic salt solution (Use scientific terms).

10. Describe what would happen to the cells of a shark if the shark were placed into a hypotonic environment such as a freshwater pond (Use scientific terms).

Name the process involved in moving molecules across the cell membrane in each of the following cases.

11. ____________________ Fresh water moves into a single-celled organism

12. ____________________ An amoeba engulfs a large particle of food.

13. ____________________ O2 molecules move from the lungs into the bloodstream.

A semi-permeable membrane separates the solutions in the two arms of this U-tube. The membrane is permeable to water and glucose but NOT to NaCl.

Side A Side B

14. Which side is hypertonic at the beginning of the experiment? ______________________________

15. In which direction will water move? ___________________________________

16. If you examined side A of the tube after several hours, what would you find? ___________________________________________UNIT IV – CELL ENERGY1. What is ATP? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is ATP made up of? __________________________________________________________________________________

3. Energy is released from ATP when the bond is broken between ____________________________________________________

4. What are some things the cell uses ATP for? ___________________________________________________________________

5. Cells store energy when a third ____________________ is added to an ADP.

6. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? ___________________________

7. What process breaks down food molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP? _________________________________

8. Write the equation for cell respiration and identify the reactants and products.

9. In the equation above, where does the glucose come from? ________________________________________________________

94% water

100% water

100 units of O2

40 units of O2

O2

.5 M glucose

.6 M NaCl.9 M glucose.5 M NaCl

10. In Eukaryotic organisms, where does the process in #8 take place (organelle)? _________________________________________

11. In a human, which cells do you think would have the highest concentration of the organelle mentioned in #10? Why?

12. What kinds of organisms go through cellular respiration? __________________________________________________________

13. In cell respiration, only a SMALL amount of ATP is generated by what two processes? ________________________________

14. What pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? ______________________________________________

15. Specifically, where does glycolysis occur? ________________________________________________________

16. What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC of cell respiration? ___________________________________________

17. What are the end products of glycolysis? __________________________________________________________________

18. Specifically, where does Kreb’s cycle occur? _______________________________________________________________

19. What would happen if a poison inhibited the ETC of cellular respiration? ________________________________________________

20. What are the three steps of cell respiration in order? ________________________________________________________________

21. What process occurs in the absence of oxygen? ____________________________________________________________

22. When yeast are placed in certain juices and are subjected to anaerobic conditions, they break down the glucose present in the juice into? ________________________________ and ___________________________________

23. What products of Kreb’s cycle transfers electron energy to the ETC? _____________________________________________

24. Specifically, where does the ETC occur? _____________________________________________________________________

25. Write the equation for photosynthesis and identify the reactants and products.

26. What kinds of organisms can go through photosynthesis? ______________________________________________________

27. Where does photosynthesis take place in eukaryotic organisms? _________________________________________________

28. Look back at the equations for cell respiration and photosynthesis. Describe the relationship between these equations.

UNIT V - CELL CYCLE1. What kind of organism would NOT reproduce cells by mitosis? __________________________________________________

Use the diagram to the right to answer questions 2 - 4.2. Identify the following:

A - ___________________________

B - ___________________________

C - ___________________________

D - ___________________________

1 - ___________________________

2 - ___________________________

3 - ___________________________

4 - ___________________________

5 - ___________________________

3. A, B, and C are all a part of ?

_______________________________________

4. Based on the diagram, what phase does the cell spend most of its time in?

A

C

DB

________________________________

Name the phases illustrated in the pictures below & then answer the questions that follow.

5. What word describes the DNA during interphase? _________________________________

6. What is the significance of S phase of interphase? _____________________________________________________________

7. Referring to question #8, where does this occur in a eukaryotic organism? ____________________________________________

8. What word describes the DNA during prophase and metaphase? ___________________________________________________

9. What is the area called that holds sister chromatids together? _______________________________________

10. What happens to the genetic material during anaphase? What is the DNA called in this phase?

Name the phase that the following events occur in. 11. Sister chromatids align along the equator in the middle of the cell. _______________________________________

12. DNA thickens, coils, and condenses into sister chromatids. __________________________________________

13. A new nuclear envelope forms and DNA uncoils into chromatin. _______________________________________

14. Sister chromatids split and daughter chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell. _________________________________

15. DNA is in the form of chromatin, nuclear envelope is still intact as the cell prepares for mitosis. ____________________________

16. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus start disassembling. ____________________________________________________________

17. How is a cancer cell different from a normal cell? ____________________________________________________________________

18. What are some factors that could cause a cell’s DNA to mutate, leading to it becoming a cancer cell?

Refer to the picture to the right to answer the next question.19. Stage A illustrates an egg cell after it is fertilized by a sperm. Describe what is occurring between stages A-E.

20. Compare cytokinesis in animal cells to cytokinesis in plant cells.Animal cell cytokinesis –

Plant cell cytokinesis –

A B C

DE

A. ___________________ B. ___________________ C. ___________________

D. ___________________ E. ___________________

21. Define centromere -

22. What must happen to nuclear envelope so that the spindle fibers can interact with the sister chromatids? ____________________

23. Define cell cycle - _________________________________________________________________________________________

24. What are spindle fibers composed of? What is the function of the spindle network?

25. How do offspring produced through asexual reproduction compare genetically to the parent cell? ______________________________

26. Cells that have stopped dividing and are simply functioning metabolically are in what phase of the cell cycle? ____________________

27. During which phases of mitosis do we find chromosomes composed of 2 sister chromatids attached together? ____________________

UNIT VI – DNA & RNA1. Draw and describe the components of a nucleotide monomer.

2. What bond links two nucleotide monomers together along 1 strand of DNA? ____________________________________

3. What bond links the nitrogen bases together in the middle of DNA? _____________________________________________

4. If one side of DNA has the sequence G G A T C G A, what would the complementary sequence be? __________________________

5. What are the four nucleotides found in DNA? _______________________________________________________________________

6. Describe the shape of DNA. ________________________________________________________________________________

7. Which scientist(s) discovered or built the 3-D model of DNA? _______________________________________________________

8. What are the enzymes responsible for uncoiling the DNA double helix during replication? ____________________________________

Refer to the picture to the right to answer questions7-9.9. What process is illustrated to the right? _______________________

10. Where in a eukaryotic cell does this process take place? ___________________

11. What is the result of the process illustrated in the diagram?

12. In order to produce proteins, DNA must rely on what other nucleic acid? _______________

13. Describe the function of: mRNA -

tRNA -

rRNA –

14. List the two steps of protein synthesis and where each occurs. -

-

15. Referring to #14, which one of those steps creates a template of the DNA message to then take to the ribosome? ______________

16. Referring to #14, which one of those steps would result in a completed protein? _________________________________________

17. Referring to #16, what is that completed protein composed of? _______________________________________________________

18. In RNA, adenine is complementary to which nitrogen base? ____________________________________________________

A strand of mRNA is GAG UUC ACG AAG19. What would the anticodons be that are complementary to the mRNA? _____________________________________________

20. What would the DNA be from which this mRNA was made? ______________________________________________________

21. Describe the 3 ways that RNA differs from DNA.

Use the codon chart to the right to answer the questions below.22. A short chain of DNA has the nucleotide sequence: ATA CCG GAC ATC. Write

the corresponding mRNA sequence.

23. Write the corresponding amino acid sequence to go with the mRNAin #22.

24. If a DNA strand with the sequence ATGCCATTGACT is mutated to ATGCCTTGACT, what effect would the mutation have on the protein?

25. What kind of mutation is this classified as?26. If a DNA strand with the sequence ATGCCATTGACT is mutated to

ATCCCATTGACT, what effect would the mutation have on the production of the protein?

27. What kind of mutation is this classified as?

28. Do all mutations alter the resulting protein? Why or why not?

29. What is meant by DNA being the “universal” genetic code?

Refer to the picture on the right to answer questions 30-33.

30. What process is illustrated at “A”?

31. What is the purpose of step “A”?

32. What process is illustrated at “B”?

33. What is the purpose of step “B”?

A.

B.

34. Distinguish between a codon and an anticodon.

Codon –

Anticodon –

35. One amino acid is coded for by how many nucleotides? ________________

PHEW… YOU ARE DONE!!!! SEMESTER 1 OF BIOLOGY IS COMPLETE!!