HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Nationalism in Europe Section 1:The Unification of Italy Section 2:The Unification

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World HistoryWorld HistoryTHE HUMAN JOURNEYTHE HUMAN JOURNEY

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Nationalism in EuropeNationalism in Europe

Section 1:Section 1: The Unification of ItalyThe Unification of Italy

Section 2:Section 2: The Unification of GermanyThe Unification of Germany

Section 3:Section 3: Opposition to BismarckOpposition to Bismarck

Section 4:Section 4: Reform and Revolution in RussiaReform and Revolution in Russia

Section 5:Section 5: Unrest in Austria-HungaryUnrest in Austria-Hungary

CHAPTER 25CHAPTER 25

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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON2

Objectives:Objectives:Describe the events that led to nationalistic Describe the events that led to nationalistic

movements for unification in Italy.movements for unification in Italy.Identify the important leaders in the fight for the Identify the important leaders in the fight for the

unification of Italy.unification of Italy.Explain the problems Italy faced after unification.Explain the problems Italy faced after unification.

Section 1: Section 1:

The Unification of ItalyThe Unification of ItalyThe Unification of ItalyThe Unification of Italy

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Liberals and Nationalists in ItalyLiberals and Nationalists in ItalyRisorgimento – goals were liberation and Risorgimento – goals were liberation and

unificationunificationYoung Italy movement – wanted a republic to Young Italy movement – wanted a republic to

rule Italyrule ItalyRevolts in several Italian states failedRevolts in several Italian states failed



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Sardinia, France, and AustriaSardinia, France, and AustriaCavour’s Sardinia – Cavour believed in separation Cavour’s Sardinia – Cavour believed in separation

of church and stateof church and stateNapoléon III – French emperor, wanted France to Napoléon III – French emperor, wanted France to

dominate Italian statesdominate Italian statesWar with Austria – Cavour and Napoléon War with Austria – Cavour and Napoléon

conspired against Austria, but neither won conspired against Austria, but neither won dominancedominance



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Garibaldi and the ThousandGaribaldi and the ThousandTwo Sicilies – Garibaldi and his army invaded and Two Sicilies – Garibaldi and his army invaded and

captured Sicily and Naples, stopped by Cavourcaptured Sicily and Naples, stopped by Cavour



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Unification and its ProblemsUnification and its ProblemsCultural traditionsCultural traditionsTensions between industrialized north and Tensions between industrialized north and

agricultural southagricultural south



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Objectives:Objectives:Explain how Prussia replaced Austria as the Explain how Prussia replaced Austria as the

leading German state in Europe.leading German state in Europe.Identify the ways in which German unification Identify the ways in which German unification

differed from Italian unification.differed from Italian unification.Describe the changes in German government that Describe the changes in German government that

occurred as a result of unification.occurred as a result of unification.


The Unification of GermanyThe Unification of GermanyThe Unification of GermanyThe Unification of Germany

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Prussia as LeaderPrussia as LeaderLarge armyLarge armyEfficient governmentEfficient governmentStrong economyStrong economyGerman nationalismGerman nationalism



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The ZollvereinThe ZollvereinAdopted uniform weights, measures, and currencyAdopted uniform weights, measures, and currency



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Bismarck and Prussian StrengthBismarck and Prussian StrengthCollected taxes without approvalCollected taxes without approvalIgnored constitutionIgnored constitution



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Wars of UnificationWars of UnificationThe Danish War – Prussia and Austria declared The Danish War – Prussia and Austria declared

war on Denmark over new Danish constitutionwar on Denmark over new Danish constitutionThe Seven Weeks’ War – ended with Treaty The Seven Weeks’ War – ended with Treaty

of Pragueof PragueThe Franco-Prussian War – Bismarck provoked The Franco-Prussian War – Bismarck provoked

war with the French and defeated themwar with the French and defeated them



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Formation of the German EmpireFormation of the German EmpireIncluded all German states except AustriaIncluded all German states except AustriaBundesrat and Reichstag – made up legislative Bundesrat and Reichstag – made up legislative

branch of new governmentbranch of new governmentPrussian king ruled Germany and had most Prussian king ruled Germany and had most

representatives in legislaturerepresentatives in legislature



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Objectives:Objectives:Explain the problems Bismarck faced as Explain the problems Bismarck faced as

chancellor of the German Empire.chancellor of the German Empire.Describe how Germany became industrialized Describe how Germany became industrialized

under Bismarck’s leadership.under Bismarck’s leadership.Identify the factors that led to the decline of Identify the factors that led to the decline of

Bismarck’s power as chancellor.Bismarck’s power as chancellor.


Opposition to BismarckOpposition to BismarckOpposition to BismarckOpposition to Bismarck

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Problems for the EmpireProblems for the EmpirePolitical groups opposed Bismarck’s policiesPolitical groups opposed Bismarck’s policiesTension between Prussia and other German statesTension between Prussia and other German statesKulturkampf – anti-Catholic program, ended so Kulturkampf – anti-Catholic program, ended so

Bismarck could gain support of Centre PartyBismarck could gain support of Centre Party



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Industrial Development under BismarckIndustrial Development under BismarckStandardized money and banking lawsStandardized money and banking lawsCentralized postal and telegraph servicesCentralized postal and telegraph servicesEncouraged cartelsEncouraged cartels



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Socialism in GermanySocialism in GermanySocial Democratic Party – most were urban Social Democratic Party – most were urban

workers; twelve members of Reichstag; opposed workers; twelve members of Reichstag; opposed by Bundesratby Bundesrat



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Bismarck’s Antisocialist CampaignBismarck’s Antisocialist CampaignGovernment-directed social reforms – did not end Government-directed social reforms – did not end

socialism, but reduced workers’ grievancessocialism, but reduced workers’ grievances



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The Resignation of BismarckThe Resignation of BismarckWilliam II – conservative, absolute authority of William II – conservative, absolute authority of

monarch; accepted Bismarck’s resignationmonarch; accepted Bismarck’s resignation



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Objectives:Objectives:Explain the geographical and cultural factors that Explain the geographical and cultural factors that

made Russia different from the rest of Europe.made Russia different from the rest of Europe.Describe the characteristics of Russian domestic Describe the characteristics of Russian domestic

and foreign policies.and foreign policies.Identify the reform movements that occurred in Identify the reform movements that occurred in

Russia and their results.Russia and their results.


Reform and Revolution in RussiaReform and Revolution in RussiaReform and Revolution in RussiaReform and Revolution in Russia

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The Russian EmpireThe Russian EmpireUndeveloped resourcesUndeveloped resourcesLack of portsLack of portsDiversity of populationDiversity of population



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Russian Domestic and Foreign PoliciesRussian Domestic and Foreign PoliciesCzar had absolute powerCzar had absolute power““Russification” – forced non-Russian citizens to Russification” – forced non-Russian citizens to

adopt Russian customsadopt Russian customsPan-SlavismPan-SlavismSouthward expansion led to defeat in the Southward expansion led to defeat in the

Crimean WarCrimean War



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Alexander II and ReformsAlexander II and ReformsEmancipation for the serfs – moved to cities and Emancipation for the serfs – moved to cities and

became cheap sources of laborbecame cheap sources of laborAlexander II’s other reforms – provincial and Alexander II’s other reforms – provincial and

county-level councils, civil and criminal courts, county-level councils, civil and criminal courts, limited power of secret police, expanded limited power of secret police, expanded education, reorganized militaryeducation, reorganized military



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Radicals and Government ReactionRadicals and Government ReactionTerrorist attacks – bombings and assassinations by Terrorist attacks – bombings and assassinations by

political groupspolitical groupsTime of repression – censorship, control of church Time of repression – censorship, control of church

and education, spies and informers, imprisonment and education, spies and informers, imprisonment and exileand exile



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The Revolution of 1905The Revolution of 1905““Bloody Sunday” – czar’s troops shot unarmed Bloody Sunday” – czar’s troops shot unarmed

strikers; mutinies in army and navystrikers; mutinies in army and navyOctober Manifesto – promised individual liberties, October Manifesto – promised individual liberties,

but autocracy continuedbut autocracy continuedFailed to overthrow czarFailed to overthrow czar



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Section 5: Objectives:Section 5: Objectives:Explain what led to the formation of the Dual Explain what led to the formation of the Dual

Monarchy and what problems it faced.Monarchy and what problems it faced.Describe how the decline of the Ottoman Empire Describe how the decline of the Ottoman Empire

affected European politics.affected European politics.Discuss how ethnic clashes in southern Europe set Discuss how ethnic clashes in southern Europe set

the stage for a showdown among the major powers.the stage for a showdown among the major powers.


Unrest in Austria-HungaryUnrest in Austria-HungaryUnrest in Austria-HungaryUnrest in Austria-Hungary

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Results of the UprisingsResults of the UprisingsMetternich resigned after revoltsMetternich resigned after revoltsMagyars dominated HungaryMagyars dominated Hungary



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Formation of the Dual MonarchyFormation of the Dual MonarchyAustria-Hungary – had ministries for war, finance, Austria-Hungary – had ministries for war, finance,

and foreign affairs; each had own parliamentand foreign affairs; each had own parliament



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The Ottoman Empire and the BalkansThe Ottoman Empire and the BalkansMilitary defeatsMilitary defeatsDiverse peoples in Balkans desired and won Diverse peoples in Balkans desired and won

self-ruleself-ruleRussia supported Balkan independenceRussia supported Balkan independenceGreat Britain supported suppression of self-ruleGreat Britain supported suppression of self-rule



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The Congress of Berlin and the Balkan WarsThe Congress of Berlin and the Balkan WarsTreaty of Stefano – granted independence to Treaty of Stefano – granted independence to

several Balkan territoriesseveral Balkan territoriesBalkan League – Balkan nations who united to Balkan League – Balkan nations who united to

declare war on Ottoman Empire; Balkans won but declare war on Ottoman Empire; Balkans won but fought a second war over division of landsfought a second war over division of lands



Documents

HOLT World History World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Nationalism in Europe Section 1:The Unification of Italy Section 2:The Unification