Endre Dobó

> fibrous coat> cornea> sclera

> vascular coat / uvea> choroid> ciliary body> iris

> nervous coat / retinal layer> as to the development

> neural layer> pigment epithelium

> as to the structure> blind part of retina> (ora serrata)> optic part of retina

> retina proper

blind part of retina[1+1 layers]

ora serrata[boundary; 9 layers reduced to 1 here]

optic part of retina[1+9 layers]

main layers:> fibrous coat / corneoscleral layer (tunica fibrosa)

> cornea> (corneo-scleral junction)> sclera

> vascular coat / uveal layer (tunica vasculosa bulbi / uvea)> choroid> ciliary body (corpus ciliare)> iris

> sensory coat / nervous layer (tunica nervosa bulbi)> as to the development of the eyeball

> neural layer (str. cerebrale)> pigment layer (str. pigmentosum / str. pigmenti retinae)

> as to the anatomical structure> blind part (pars coeca retinae)> (ora serrata)> optic part (pars optica retinae)

> retina proper

retina

choroid

sclera

extra-ocular muscle

layerlayer ofof thethe afferentafferent fibersfibers (9.)(9.)

ganglionganglion cellcell layerlayer (8.)(8.)

innerinner nuclearnuclear layerlayer (6.)(6.)

outerouter nuclearnuclear layerlayer (4.)(4.)

rodrod andand conecone processesprocesses (2.)(2.)

pigment pigment cellscells (1.)(1.)

choroidchoroid

sclerasclera

> anterior one-sixth of the this main layer> transparent> its junction with the conjunctiva: limbus> sensory innervation by long ciliary nerves [n. V/1]> lacks vasculature (!)> layers

> corneal epithelium (epithelium corneae / epithelium anterius corneae)> stratified squamous epithelium

> underneath, there are no connective tissue papillae> free nerve endings from ophthalmic nerve [n. V/1.]

> Bowman's membrane (lamina limitans anterior / membrana limitans anterior)> acidophil, cell-free membrane> if injured, it loses its transparency

> substantia propria corneae> stroma> keratocytes> highly regular form of dense collagenous tissue

> Descemet's membrane (lamina limitans posterior)> acidophil basement membrane

> corneal endothelium / corneal mesothelium (endothelium camerae anterioris)> simple squamous epithelium

> posterior five-sixths of the this main layer> opaque> contains few blood vessels> provides insertion for the extra-ocular muscles> layers

> lamina fusca sclerae> thin layer with occasional melanocytes> may be considered articial layer on the inner surface of sclera

> scleral stroma> densely collagenous, hypocellular tissue with elastic fibers

> episcleral layer> connected with Tenon's capsule by fine delicate collagenous fibers

> important anatomical part> lamina cribrosa

> perforated layer of the slcera for the passage of optic nerve fibers

> from external view> conjunctival ring

> beginning of the conjunctiva of the eyeball> scleral sulcus

> in the middle"> limbus corneae (corneoscleral junction)

> from internal view> Descemet s membrane terminates, and trabecular meshwork begins> iridocorneal angle (angulus iridocornealis)

> trabecular meshwork (spongiosa sclerae)> drainage of aqueous humor (humor aquosus)> parts

> trabecules / pectinate ligaments> spaces of Fontana (spatia anguli iridocornealis)

> there is NO endothelial lining> is not continuous with the canal of Schlemm

> canal of Schlemm (sinus venosus sclerae / canalis Schlemmi)> single circular vessel, lined by endothelium> minute channels (venae aquosae) through the sclera lead to the episcleral venous

system

corneal epithelium

conjunctival ring

substantia propria corneae

Descemet s membrane

iridocorneal angle

trabecular meshwork

canal of Schlemm

ciliary epithelium

> layers

> suprachoroidal lamina (lamina suprachoroidea)

> contains only a few vessels and pigment

> houses the ciliary nerves, posterior ciliary arteries and the vorticose veins

> perichoroidal space (spatium perichoroideale)

> spatial system, part of which forms lymph pathways

> vascular lamina (lamina vasculosa / lamina vascularis)

> precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules

> choriocapillary layer (lamina choroidocapillaris / lamina choriocapillaris)

> network of fenestrated capillaries

> Bruch's membrane (lamina vitrea / lamina basalis)

> double layer of basement membranes

> blood-retina barrier

> anatomical structure

> orbiculus ciliaris (pars plana)

> ciliary m. (m. ciliaris)

> fibrae meridionales

> fibrae radiales

> fibrae circulares

> corona ciliaris (pars plicata)

> ciliary folds (plicae ciliares)

> ciliary processes (processus ciliares)

> aqueous humor (humor aquosus) is secreted here

> zonula ciliaris [lencse függeszt készüléke]

> suspensory ligament of Zinn (fibrae zonulares)

> attached to the coronal equator of the lens

> histological structure

> stroma corporis ciliaris

> loose connective tissue, with capillary network and ciliary muscles

> epithelium (pars ciliaris retinae)

> outer layer is pigmented

> inner layer is NOT pigmented

stromastroma corporiscorporis ciliarisciliaris

epitheliumepithelium ciliareciliare

outerouter pigmented pigmented layerlayer

innerinner NOT pigmented NOT pigmented layerlayer

ciliaryciliary processesprocesses

> anatomical structure> pupillary margin (margo pupillaris)

> lesser arterial circle of iris (circulus arteriosus iridis minor)> ciliary margin (margo ciliaris)

> greater arterial circle of iris (circulus arteriosus iridis major)> pectinate ligaments (ligamenta pectinata)

> among them: spaces of Fontana (spatia anguli iridocornealis)> histological structure

> anterior surface (endothelium camerae anterioris)> discontinuous epithelium, intermingled with melanocytes and fibrocytes

> stroma iridis> constrictor m. of the pupil (m. sphincter pupillae)

> innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor n.> pigmented cells (melanocytes)> dilator pupillae m. (m. dilatator pupillae)

> smooth muscle cells (neuroectodermal by origin) or> pigmented (!) myoepithelial cells> innervated by sympathetic fibers from the carotid plexus)

> (membrana limitans iridis)> membrana basalis

> pigmented epithelium (str. pigmenti iridis / str. pigmentosum / pars iridica retinae)> bilayered epithelium

endotheliumendothelium cameraecamerae anteriorisanterioris

stromastroma iridisiridis

melanocytesmelanocytes

sphinctersphincter pupillaepupillae m.m.

dilatatordilatator pupillaepupillae m.m.

pigmented pigmented epitheliumepithelium

> parts - as to the development> neural retina (str. nervosum / str. cerebrale retinae)

> 9 inner histological layers> pigment epithelium (str. pigmentosum retinae)

> 1 layer simple epithelium, which is pigmented

> parts - as to the anatomy> light-INsensitive part (pars coeca retinae)

> contains NO photoreceptors

> pars ciliaris retinae> pars iridica retinae

> (ora serrata - ora serrata)

> here reduce the 10 layers into 2 cell layer of parscoeca

> light-sensitive part (pars optica retinae)> contains photoreceptors (rodes and cones)

> (1) > str. pigmentosum / str. pigmenti retinae (pigment epithelium)> pigmented epithelium

> (2) > str. neuroepitheliale / str. bacilli et coni (rod and cone processes)> processes of light-sensitive cells: rods (bacilli) and cones (coni)

> (3) > str. limitans externum / membrana limitans externa (outer limiting membrane)> formed by Müller cells (glial cells)

> (4) > str. granulosum externum / str. nucleare externum (outer nuclear layer)> somata of the photoreceptor cells

> (5) > str. plexiforme externum (outer plexiform layer)> between the receptor cells and bipolar cells> between the horizontal cells and receptor cells

> (6) > str. granulosum internum / str. nucleare internum (inner nuclear layer)> neurons: bipolar and horizontal neurons, amacrine cells> cell bodies of Müller cells

> (7) > str. plexiforme internum (inner plexiform layer)> between the bipolar neurons and ganglion cells

> (8) > str. ganglionare (ganglion cell layer)> ganglion cells

> (9) > str. neurofibrarum (layer of the afferent fibers)> unmyelinated optic nerve fibers> here branch the retinal central blood vessels

> (10) > str. limitans internum / mebrana limitans internum (inner limiting membrane)> formed by Müller glial cells; demarcates the innermost aspect of the retina from the

vitreous body

> principal refracting media of the eye> cornea> lens of eye (lens crystalina)

> non-refracting optical media of the eye> aqueous humor (humor aquosus)> vitreous body (corpus vitreum)

> ciliary process of ciliary body

> posterior chamber

> anterior chamber

> spaces of Fontana of the trabecular meshwork

(between the pectinate ligamants)

> canal of Schlemm (sinus venosus sclerae)

> venae aquosae (small-caliber blood vessels)

> episcleral veins

> bulbar conjunctiva (conjunctiva bulbaris / conjunctiva bulbi)

> continuous with the cornea

> non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

> connective tissue papillae

> lamina propria

> (conjunctival fornix [fornix conjunctivae [reflection])

> stratified columnar epithelium

> palpebral conjunctiva (conjunctiva palpebralis / conjunctiva palpebrae)

> stratified columnar epithelium

> close to the fornix

> goblet cells occur in the outermost layer (!!!)

> non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

> close to the anterior palpebral edge

> small lacrimal glands may appear in the entire conjunctiva

> elastic biconvex structure

> structure

> lens capsule (capsula lentis)

> 10-20-mikrometer thick membrana basalis

> anterior surface

> subcapsular epithelium (epithelium anterius)

> single cuboidal epithelium

> (lens equator)

> posterior surface

> lens fibers (fibrae lentis)

> epithelial cells

> losing their nuclei: anucleate fibers

> stretch between the anterior and posterior poles of the lens

> contain crystalline protein

the eye is partioned by the lens, suspenssory ligament and ciliary body into:> smaller anterior compartment

> filled with aqueous humor> watery fluid, hypotonic with respect to plasma> secreted by the ciliary processes of ciliary body> source of nutrients for the non-vascular lens and cornea

> parts> anterior chamber (camera bulbi anterior)

> bordered by cornea, iris and lens> posterior chamber (camera bulbi posterior)

> bordered by lens, suspensory ligament and ciliary body> large posterior compartment

> contains vitreous body> gelatinous mass> consisting of vitreous humor

> 99% is water & hyaluronic acid> hyaloid canal / Cloquet s canal (canalis hyaloideus)

> hyaloid artery during embryological development> vitreous membrane / hyaloid membrane

> condensation of fibers on the surface of the vitreous body