Hematology and Circulatory System

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Structures of the circulatory system

Blood HeartArteriesVeinsCapillaries

Blood

Hemat- = blood -ology = the study of

The average adult has

8 – 10 pints.

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Blood

One drop of blood contains: 5 million RBCs 250,000-500,000 platelets 7,500 WBCs

Red blood cells live 120 days.

Make new blood cells 2 million per second!

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Structures of the blood

Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes

Plasma

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Plasma

Cellular elements

Plasma proteins

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Plasma

Cellular elements

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Erythrocytes Biconcave disk Hemoglobin - Gives red

color, heme is iron and globin is protein

Transportation Oxygen Carbon dioxide Arterial blood Lots of oxygen Bright red

Venous blood Lots of CO2 Dark crimson

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Leukocytes

Larger than erythrocytes

Five types

Leuk/o/cytes –

white cells

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Leukocytes

Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes

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Leukocytes

Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Phagocytosis Process when white cells

surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria….used by granulocytes and monocytes

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Thrombocytes

Smallest of solid components of blood

Synthesized in red marrow

Not cells, composed of fragments of cells

Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process

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Blood types

Inherited from parents Determined by presence

or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell

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In 1901, the Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood may be grouped into four main types.

Based on the reaction that resulted when blood from different individuals were mixed.

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Blood types

Someone with type A antigen has B antibodies Someone with type B antigen has A antibodies Someone with type AB antigen has no antibodies Someone with type O antigen has A and B antibodies

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Rh factor

Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells (antigen).

Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well as for ABO blood type.

Although Rh factor doesn't affect the patient’s health, it can affect pregnancy.

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Rh factor

In 1940, the Rh factor was discovered as a result of studying Rhesus monkeys.

When blood from monkeys was injected into rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted.

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Rh factor If the blood has the

protein, the patient is Rh positive.

If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is Rh negative.

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If the mom gets pregnant again with another Rh + positive, her anti Rh antibodies will attack the baby’s blood, causing ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.

RHO Gam will destroy any baby blood cells in the mom, & her immune system won’t produce antibodies.

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Structures of the circulatory system

Heart

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Heart

The heart is a double pump.

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Heart

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Right atrium

Tricuspid valve Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Left atrium

Aorta

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Aortic semilunar valve

ApexSeptum

Right ventricle Left ventricle

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Layers of the heart

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Myocardium

Endocardium

Pericardium

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Blood supply to the Heart – from CORONARY ARTERIES

Heart Sounds = lubb dupp

Blood supply to the Heart – from CORONARY ARTERIES

Heart Sounds = lubb dupp

Control of Heart ContractionsSA (sinoatrial) NODE = PACEMAKER

Located in right atrium SA node sends out electrical impulse Impulse spreads over atria, making them contract Travels to AV Node

AV (atrioventricular) NODE

Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle Carries impulse to bundle of His

BUNDLE OF HIS

Conducting fibers in septum Divides into R and L branches to network

of branches in ventricles

PURKINJE FIBERS

Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing ventricles to contract

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Conduction system of heart beats

AV bundle or Bundle of HIS

Septum

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Vessels of the circulatory system ARTERIES

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries

Elastic, muscular and thick-walled Transport blood under very high pressure

Arteries > arterioles > capillaries

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Vessels of the circulatory system VEINS

Carry deoxygenated blood away from capillaries to the heart

Veins contain a muscular layer, but less elastic and muscular than arteries

Thin walled veins collapse easily when not filled with blood Veins have values that permit flow of blood only in direction

of the heart

Veins > Venules > Capillaries

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Structures of the circulatory systemCapillariesCapillaries

The smallest blood vessels

Connect arterioles to venules

One cell thick…made of endothelial tissue

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Blood Pressure

Surge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteries

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE - measured during the contraction phase – (contraction phase of the heart is called systole)

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE - measured when the ventricles are relaxed – (relaxation phase is called diastole)

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BP and Pulse sites

Average systolic = 120Average diastolic = 80

PULSE - alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood flows through it.

Pulse Sites: Brachial, Carotid, Radial, Popliteal, Pedal – Where are they???

Find pulse sites and take BP

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Common pulse sites

Disorders

ANEMIA• Deficiency in number or %

of red blood cells

IRON-DEFICENCY ANEMIA• Usually in women, children and adolescents• Deficiency of iron in the diet causing in

sufficient hemoglobin synthesis• Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy

vegetables

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PERNICIOUS ANEMIA• Caused by deficiency of B12 or intrinsic factor (produced by stomach mucosa, necessary for absorption of B12)• Symptoms – dyspnea, pallor, fatigue, &

neurologic changes• Treatment – injections of B12

APLASTIC ANEMIA• Bone marrow does not produce enough red & white blood cells• Caused by drugs or radiation therapy

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA• Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents• Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape• Siclke cells break easily & carry less oxygen• Occurs primarily in blacks• Treatment – blood transfusions

COOLEY’S ANEMIA• Also known as Thalassemia Major• Caused by a defect in hemoglobin• Affects people of Mediterranean descent

POLYCYTHEMIA• Too many red blood cells are formed• May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude

EMBOLISM• Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. That is carried by the

bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage• Also known as a “moving blood clot”

THROMBOSIS• The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel• The blood clot is a THROMBUS

HEMATOMA• Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or

space• Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture

HEMOPHILIA• Hereditary• Missing clotting factor• Blood clots slow or abnormally• Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mother to sons• Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma

THROMBOCYTOPENIA• Not enough platelets• Blood will not clot properly

LEUKEMIA• Malignant condition• Overproduction of immature white blood

cells• Hinders synthesis of red cells

SEPTICEMIA• Presence of pathogens or toxins in the

blood

• Pus- cream colored liquid

• Abscess- pus filed cavity

• Pyrexia- fever

• Leukocytosis-increase in white blood cell count (>10,000 per cubic centimeter)

• Edema-excessive fluid in tissues

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Circulatory disorders

Varicose veins

Prevention Wear sunscreen Elevate legs when resting Wear elastic support stockings Eating fiber diets Exercise Weight control

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Circulatory disorders

Transient ischemic attack

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Circulatory disorders

Pulmonary edema

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Circulatory disorders

Peripheral vascular disease

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Circulatory disorders

Myocardial infarction

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Circulatory disorders

Murmurs

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Circulatory disorders

Heart failure

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Circulatory disorders

Angina pectoris

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Blood disorders

Multiple myeloma

What is multiple myeloma?

What are the symptoms?

How is it treated?