FACTS: WHAT IS CHD Coronary Heart Disease is a condition which
affects the vessels which supply the heart's muscle with blood,
oxygen and nutrients. If vessels become partially blocked-
decreased heart functioning- experience chest pain or angina If
vessels completely blocked- some heart muscle can die- cuase heart
attacks Fat, calcium, cholesterol, and other substances can block
vessels Blocked vessels make the aterial walls narrow from plaque
or form hard fibrous caps which can erupt and cause blood
clots.
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FACTS- CAUSES/ INCIDENCES Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the
leading cause of death in the United States for men and women.
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) kills over 400,000 men and women each
year. One out of every five deaths is due to CHD. One-third of
people who have a heart attack do not survive it. In addition, over
12 million Americans are currently living with coronary heart
disease pain and/or heart problems. Stroke is the No. 4 cause of
death in the United States.
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FACTS CONT. CHD is a simple term used to describe several
problems related to plaque buildup in the walls of the arteries, or
atherosclerosis. As the plaque builds up, the arteries narrow,
making it more difficult for blood to flow and creating a risk for
heart attack or stroke. Other types of heart disease include heart
failure, an irregular heartbeat or arrhythmia and heart valve
problems. Coronary heart disease is caused by the buildup of plaque
in the arteries to your heart. This may also be called hardening of
the arteries.hardening of the arteries Fatty material and other
substances form a plaque build-up on the walls of your coronary
arteries. The coronary arteries bring blood and oxygen to your
heart. This buildup causes the arteries to get narrow. As a result,
blood flow to the heart can slow down or stop.
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THE RISK FACTORS FOR HEART DISEASE THAT YOU CANNOT CHANGE ARE:
Your age. The risk of heart disease increases with age. Your
gender. Men have a higher risk of getting heart disease than women
who are still getting their menstrual period. After menopause, the
risk for women is closer to the risk for men. See: Heart disease
and womenHeart disease and women Your genes. If your parents or
other close relatives had heart disease, you are at higher risk.
Your race. African Americans, Mexican Americans, American Indians,
Hawaiians, and some Asian Americans also have a higher risk for
heart problems.
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THINGS THAT INCREASE YOUR RISK Diabetes is a strong risk factor
for heart disease. Diabetes High blood pressure increases your
risks of heart disease and heart failure. High blood pressure Extra
cholesterol in your blood builds up inside the walls of your
heart's arteries (blood vessels). Smokers have a much higher risk
of heart disease. Chronic kidney disease can increase your
risk.
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THINGS THAT INCREASE YOUR RISK CONT. People with narrowed
arteries in another part of the body (examples are stroke and poor
blood flow to the legs) are more likely to have heart
disease.stroke Substance abuse (such as cocaine) Being overweight
Not getting enough exercise, and feeling depressed or having excess
stress are other risk factors.
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SYMPTOMS It may feel heavy or like someone is squeezing your
heart. You feel it under your breast bone (sternum), but also in
your neck, arms, stomach, or upper back. The pain usually occurs
with activity or emotion, and goes away with rest or a medicine
called nitroglycerin.nitroglycerin Other symptoms include shortness
of breath and fatigue with activity (exertion). Women, elderly
people, and people with diabetes are more likely to have symptoms
other than chest pain, such as: Fatigue Shortness of breath
Weakness
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WHAT IS BLOOD PRESSURE? Blood pressure measures the force
pushing outwards on your arterial walls. The first force occurs as
blood pumps out of the heart and into the arteries that are part of
the circulatory system. The second force is created as the heart
rests between heart beats. Systollic vs. diastollic The more
forcefully that blood pumps, the more the arteries stretch to allow
blood to easily flow. Over time, if the force of the blood flow is
often high, the tissue that makes up the walls of arteries gets
stretched beyond its healthy limit.
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BLOOD PRESSURE Systollic- Diastollic- Healthy blood pressure:
Normal- 120/80 Prehypertension- 120-139/ 80-89 High blood
pressure(stage 1)- 140-159/ 90-99 Stage 2- 160 or higher/ 100 or
higher Stage 3 hypertensive crisis)- higher than 180/ higher than
110
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LOW BLOOD PRESSURE Low blood pressure, or hypotension, occurs
when blood pressure during and after each heartbeat is much lower
than usual. This means the heart, brain, and other parts of the
body do not get enough blood. Another name for it? Blood pressure
that is borderline low for one person may be normal for another.
Most normal blood pressures fall in the range of 90/60 millimeters
of mercury (mm Hg) to 130/80 mm Hg. But a significant drop, even as
little as 20 mm Hg, can cause problems for some people. Low bp
caused by certain drugs such as:
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HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Can result in: Vascular weakness Scarring
workload on arteries and circulatory system Scarring Plaque build
up Organ damage Risk of blood clots Heart failure, heart attack,
stroke
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PREVENTION-HBP Eat a better diet, which may include reducing
salt Eat a better dietreducing salt Enjoy regular physical activity
Enjoy regular physical activity Maintain a healthy weight Maintain
a healthy weight Manage stress Manage stress Avoid tobacco smoke
Avoid tobacco smoke Understand hot tub safety Understand hot tub
safety Comply with medication prescriptions Comply with medication
prescriptions If you drink, limit alcohol If you drink, limit
alcohol
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HEART ATTACK A coronary attack (heart attack) occurs when the
blood flow that brings oxygen to the heart muscle is severely
reduced or cut off completely. When a plaque in a heart artery
breaks, a blood clot forms around the plaque. This blood clot can
block the artery and shut off blood flow to the heart muscle. When
the heart muscle is starved for oxygen and nutrients, it is called
ischemia. When damage or death of part of the heart muscle occurs
as a result of ischemia, it is called a heart attack or myocardial
infarction (MI). About every 34 seconds, someone in the United
States has a myocardial infarction (heart attack).blood
clotischemiaheart attack
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WARNING SIGNS OF HEART ATTACK Chest discomfort. Most heart
attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts
more than a few minutes, or that goes away and comes back. It can
feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain.
Discomfort in other areas of the upper body. Symptoms can include
pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or
stomach. Shortness of breath with or without chest discomfort.
Other signs may include breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or
lightheadedness. Angina is a type of chest discomfort due to poor
blood flow through the blood vessels (coronary vessels) of the
heart muscle (myocardium). Stable vs unstable angina Heart Attack -
Warning Signs Heart Attack - Warning Signs
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RISKS- HEART ATTACK Heart Attack Risk Calculator. Heart Attack
Risk Calculator CAD is the leading cause of death and disability in
women after menopause. In fact, a 50-year-old woman faces a 46%
risk of developing CAD and a 31% risk of dying from coronary artery
disease. In contrast, her probability of contracting and dying from
breast cancer is 10% and 3%, respectivelybreast cancer What to do
in case of heart attack?
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PREVENTION ABCs: Avoid tobacco Become more active Choose good
nutrition Reduce blood cholesterol Lower high blood pressure Aim
for healthy weight Manage diabetes Reduce stress Limit alcohol
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ARRHYTHMIA The normal heart is a strong, muscular pump a little
larger than a fist. It pumps blood continuously through the
circulatory system. Each day the average heart beats (expands and
contracts) 100,000 times and pumps about 2,000 gallons of blood. In
a 70-year lifetime, an average human heart beats more than 2.5
billion times. Arrhythmia is refers to any change from the normal
sequence of electrical impulses. The electrical impulses may happen
too fast, too slowly, or erratically causing the heart to beat too
fast, too slowly, or erratically. When the heart doesn't beat
properly, it can't pump blood effectively. When the heart doesn't
pump blood effectively, the lungs, brain and all other organs can't
work properly and may shut down or be damaged.
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CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE Heart failure doesn't mean that the
heart has stopped working, but that it just isn't able to pump
enough blood to meet the needs of the body. This may happen when
the heart muscle itself is weaker than normal or when there is a
defect in the heart that prevents blood from getting out into the
circulation When the heart does not circulate blood normally, the
kidneys receive less blood and filter less fluid out of the
circulation into the urine. The extra fluid in the circulation
builds up in the lungs, the liver, around the eyes, and sometimes
in the legs. This is called fluid "congestion" and for this reason
doctors call this "congestive heart failure". Fluid may also build
up in the rest of the body, causing swelling of the feet, the legs
or around the eyes.
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TYPES OF CHF Systolic Heart Failure: In this type, the hearts
ability to contract decreases leading to backing up of blood coming
from the lungs causing the fluid to leak into the lungs. This
condition is called pulmonary congestion. Diastolic Heart Failure:
In this type, the heart cannot relax properly due to stiffening of
the hearts muscle leading to improper filling of the heart with
blood. This condition may lead to fluid accumulation in the feet,
ankles, legs and sometimes the lungs. (7) Right-sided heart
failure: The failure of the pumping action of the right side of the
heart causes swelling in the legs and abdomen. Left-sided heart
failure: In this type, the left side of the heart fails in its
pumping action causing congestion in the lungs. Forward heart
failure: Inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet
the oxygen needs of the body during an exercise or rest leads to
forward heart failure. Backward heart failure: It is the inability
of the heart to meet the oxygen needs when heart pressures are very
high. High output heart failure: Though the heart pumps out the
usual amount of blood, the bodys needs may not be fulfilled
(8).
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CHF TREATMENT Medicines called diuretics ("water pills"), e.g.,
furosemide (Lasix), help get rid of the extra fluid by increasing
urination. To help the body rid itself of the extra fluid, a
low-salt diet may sometimes be necessary. Blood vessel relaxing
medications (captopril, enalapril) may sometimes be used to make it
easier for the heart to pump. Another medication, digoxin, may help
the heart contract with more force.
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PROCEDURES Angioplasty procedure
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CARDIAC ARREST Cardiac arrest is the abrupt loss of heart
function in a person who may or may not have diagnosed heart
disease. Each year about 295,000 emergency medical services-treated
out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur in the United States. Heart
attack vs. Cardiac Arrest While a heart attack may cause cardiac
arrest and sudden death Cardiac arrest is caused when the heart's
electrical system malfunctions. In cardiac arrest death results
when the heart suddenly stops working properly. This is caused by
abnormal, or irregular, heart rhythms (called arrhythmias). The
most common arrhythmia in cardiac arrest is ventricular
fibrillation. This is when the heart's lower chambers suddenly
start beating chaotically and don't pump blood. Death occurs within
minutes after the heart stops. Cardiac arrest may be reversed if
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is performed or a defibrillator
is used to shock the heart and restore a normal heart rhythm within
a few minutes.arrhythmiasventricular fibrillation
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SYMPTOMS-CARDIAC ARREST Sudden loss of responsiveness No normal
breathing The victim does not take a normal breath when you tilt
the head up Check for at least five seconds What to do in case of
cardiac arrest?
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DIABETES "Diabetes mellitus," more commonly referred to as
"diabetes," is a condition that causes blood sugar to rise to
dangerous levels: a fasting blood glucose of 126 milligrams per
deciliter (mg/dL) or more. Most of the food you eat is turned into
glucose, or sugar, for your body to use for energy. The pancreas,
an organ near the stomach, produces a hormone called insulin. This
hormone is necessary for the body to be able to use sugar or
glucose, the basic fuel for cells in the body. Insulin's role is to
take sugar from the blood into the cells. When your body does not
produce enough insulin and/or does not efficiently use the insulin
it produces, sugar levels rise and build up in the bloodstream.
When this happens, it can cause two problems: 1. Right away, the
body's cells may be starved for energy. 2. Over time, high blood
glucose levels may damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves or heart. Show
medmovie
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DIABETES CONT. Type 1 diabetes is a serious condition that
occurs when the pancreas makes little or no insulin. Without
insulin, the body is unable to take the glucose (blood sugar) it
gets from food into cells to fuel the body. So without daily
injections of insulin, people with type 1 diabetes won't survive.
For that reason, this type of diabetes is also referred to as
insulin- dependent diabetes. Type 1 diabetes was previously known
as juvenile diabetes because it's usually diagnosed in children and
young adults. However, this chronic, lifelong disease can strike at
any age, and those with a family history of it are particularly at
risk. Health Risks for Type 1 Diabetes During the development of
type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system attacks certain cells
(called beta cells) in the pancreas. Although the reasons this
occurs are still unknown, the effects are clear. Once these cells
are destroyed, the pancreas produces little or no insulin, so the
glucose stays in the blood. When there's too much glucose in the
blood, especially for prolonged periods, all the organ systems in
the body suffer long-term damage. Learn more about the health
consequences of diabetes and how to treat it.health
consequencestreat it
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TYPE II Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes.
Historically, type 2 diabetes has been diagnosed primarily in
middle-aged adults. Today, however, adolescents and young adults
are developing type 2 diabetes at an alarming rate. This correlates
with the increasing incidence of obesity and physical inactivity in
this population, both of which are risk factors for type 2
diabetes. This type of diabetes can occur under two different
circumstances: The pancreas doesn't make enough insulin, or The
body develops "insulin resistance" and can't make efficient use of
the insulin it makes In a mild form, this type of diabetes can go
undiagnosed for many years, which is a cause for great concern
since untreated diabetes can lead to many serious medical problems,
including cardiovascular disease. Type 2 diabetes may be delayed or
controlled with diet and exercise.serious medical problemsdelayed
or controlled
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PRECURSORS TO DIABETES Prediabetes is a condition in which
fasting blood glucose (blood sugar) levels are higher than normal
but have not quite reached the 126 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dL)
threshold considered to be full-blown diabetes. Two prediabetic
states include: Impaired fasting glucose (IFG): A person is
considered to have IFG with a fasting blood glucose ranging from
100 to 125 mg/dL. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): Individuals
with IGT have a fasting glucose less than 126 mg/dL and a glucose
level between 140 and 199 mg/dL two hours after taking an oral
glucose tolerance test. Health Risks for Prediabetics The American
Heart Association estimates that 59.7 million Americans 20 years
and older have prediabetes. People with IFG and IGT are at
increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease and
stroke. Long-term damage to the cardiovascular system may occur
while a person has prediabetes, and a recent study indicates that
prediabetes more than doubles the risk of death due to heart
attack.*
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INSULIN RESISTANCE Both type 2 diabetes and prediabetes usually
result from insulin resistance. Insulin resistance, which is a
condition that affects more than 60 million Americans, occurs when
the body can't use insulin efficiently. To compensate, the pancreas
releases more and more insulin to try to keep blood sugar levels
normal. Gradually, the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
become defective and ultimately decrease in total number. As a
result, blood sugar levels begin to rise, causing prediabetes and,
eventually, type 2 diabetes to develop. When a fasting individual
has too much glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) or too much
insulin in the blood (hyperinsulinemia), it indicates a person may
have insulin resistance. Health Risks of Insulin Resistance People
with insulin resistance are at greater risk of developing type 2
diabetes. They also are more likely to have too much LDL ("bad")
cholesterol, not enough HDL ("good") cholesterol, and high
triglycerides, which cause atherosclerosis.LDL ("bad")
cholesterolHDL ("good")
cholesteroltriglyceridesatherosclerosis
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PrediabetesType IType II No symptomsIncreased or extreme thirst
same Increased appetite and fatigue same Increased or frequent
urination Urination at night Unusual weight lossWeight loss Blurred
visionsame Fruity odor or breathSores that dont heal Sometimes no
symptomsSometimes none
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WHO SHOULD BE TESTED Overweight and over age 45 Overweight
Overweight, under age 45 and have one of more additional risk
factors such as: Overweightrisk factors High blood pressure High
blood pressure High cholesterol High cholesterol A family history
of diabetes African-American, Asian-American,
Latino/Hispanic-American, Native American or Pacific Islander
descent A history of gestational diabetes (diabetes during
pregnancy) or delivering a baby over 9 lbs. If your blood glucose
levels are in normal range, testing should be done about every
three years. If you have prediabetes, you should be checked for
diabetes every one to two years after diagnosis. They use a fasting
glucose test or oral glucose testhow the body handles standard
glucose levels
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TREATMENT Type I diabetes, the pancreas doesnt produce insulin.
In type II the pancreas produces it, but doesnt use it properly. So
in both cases, people might have to take insulin. Syringe: A needle
connected to a hollow tube that holds the insulin and a plunger
that pushes the insulin down into and through the needle Insulin
pen: A device that looks like a pen and holds insulin but has a
needle for its tip Insulin pump: A small machine (worn on a belt or
kept in a pocket) that holds insulin, pumps it through a small
plastic tube and through a tiny needle inserted under the skin
where it stays for several days
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STROKE Stroke is a disease that affects the arteries leading to
and within the brain. It is the No. 4 cause of death and a leading
cause of disability in the United States. A stroke occurs when a
blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is
either blocked by a clot or bursts. When that happens, part of the
brain cannot get the blood (and oxygen) it needs, so it starts to
die.
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STATISTICS ABOUT STROKES About 795,000 Americans each year
suffer a new or recurrent stroke. That means, on average, a stroke
occurs every 40 seconds. Stroke kills more than 137,000 people a
year. That's about 1 out of every 18 deaths. It's the No. 4 cause
of death. On average, every 4 minutes someone dies of stroke. About
40 percent of stroke deaths occur in males, and 60 percent in
females. The 2006 stroke death rates per 100,000 population for
specific groups were 41.7 for white males, 41.1 for white females,
67.7 for black males and 57.0 for black females. Americans will pay
about $73.7 billion in 2010 for stroke-related medical costs and
disability.
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DIVISION OF BRAIN
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TYPES OF STROKE Ischemic( clots) Hemorrhagic (bleeds) TIA
(Transient Ischemic Attack) Ischemic stroke occurs as a result of
an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain.
It accounts for 87 percent of all stroke cases.
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CONT. Bleeds TIA
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WHOS AT RISK Age-The chance of having a stroke approximately
doubles for each decade of life after age 55 Race- African
Americans have a much higher risk of death from a stroke than
Caucasians do. This is partly because blacks have higher risks of
high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity.African Americans Gender-
stronger possibility in men than woman(However, more than half of
total stroke deaths occur in women.) Heredity- family history or
prior stroke symptoms Symptoms- how to tell? FAST