Health Psychology

Class 2

Physiology, Part I

"Were they normal?" What a question to ask! And it is always those who know nothing about human nature, who are bored by psychology and shocked by physiology, who ask it.

E.M. Forester (1910), Howards End

MIND BODY DILEMMA MOVIE:

THE ADVENTURES OF BARON MUNCHAUSEN

1. Nervous system

2. Endocrine system

3. Cardiovascular system

Topics Covered Today

The Body Systems Class Challenge

Nervous System (NS) Functions

Functions of the NS? Sensation/sensory: What are the senses?

Sight, hearing, touch, smell,

taste, kinesthesia, proprioception

Generate thoughts and emotions

Execution of movement

Regulation of other systems

Respiratory, digestive, circulatory, etc.

Neuron—Building Block of Nervous System

synaptic cleft

…are chemicals released by axons, absorbed by dendrites, passing messages from neuron to neuron.

Neurotransmitters

Subsystems of Nervous System

Sensory (visual) to brain

Brain to spinal cord

Spinal cord to peripheral

nerves

Peripheral nerves to muscles

Autonomic NS

Sympathetic NS Mobilize for action

(fight/flight)

Parasympathetic NS Restores to equilibrium after

danger passed

The Brain

Question: Is this where our “self” lives?

The Brain

Hindbrain

Diencephalons

Telencephalon (cerebral cortex)

Reflexes, HR, BP, resp.

RespirationVol. muscles, balance, posture

Visual, auditory reflexes

Recog. Sens. stimRelay to cortex

HR, BP, resp; appetites, transit thoughts to body

Higher intel., memory, personality

Principle Lobes of the Brain

Memory; vol activity

Kinesthetics; touch, pain, temp, pleasure

Hearing, smell

sight

Basal Ganglia: Moderates Muscle Movement

Recticular Activating System (RAS)

RAS: “Mr. Attention”

Limbic System

Limbic System: “Mr. Emotion”

Self-preservation, fight/flight

Socially-relevant behavior

Function: Control internal organs

Sympathetics NSa. Emergencies, emotions, hard workb. Activated during stressc. Catabolic = energy using

Parasympathetic NSa. Controls organs during normal times (non emergencies)b. Antagonistic to sympathetic NS

Autonomic Nervous System

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that pass between nerve cells. Catecholamines: Epinephrine and norepinephrine

a. Released in response to stressb. Body changes

1. Sympathetic NS arousal2. HR increases3. Respiration increases4. Digestion/urination decrease (why?)

c. Chronic stress taxes systems: Leads to?

Neurotransmitters

Heart disease, Hypertension

Diseases and Dysfunctions of the Nervous System

Epilepsy: Cause: idiopathic (no known cause)Suspects: head injury, disease, genesSymptoms: seizures Treatment: Minimal, surgery, drugs

Cerebral palsy Cause: Air-flow restricted at birthSymptoms: Motor control impaired

Mental deficiencies

Multiple sclerosis Cause: Myelin degeneration, auto-immuneSymptoms: Body control loss, fatigueTreatment: Maybe stem cell

Diseases and Dysfunctions of the Nervous System

Alzheimer's Disease: Cause: Plaque buildup

Symptoms: Cognitive degeneration

Paraplegia: Cause: Spinal cord injuryParalysis of lower limbs

Quadriplegia Cause: Spinal cord injuryParalysis of all limbs

Endocrine System

Endocrine collaborates with NS

NS – Fast, short acting Endocrine –slow, long lasting

Glands, secrete hormones to blood

Stimulate organ changes

Regulated by hypothalamus, pituitary

Oxytocin: love chemical

Adrenals: Release steroids, regulate kidneys, carbo. metabolism, healing.

Adrenals are implicated by stress

Pituitary Gland & Hypothalamus

Hindbrain

Diencephalons

Telencephalon (cerebral cortex)

Nature: Body does not produce or utilize insulin

Insulin: Converts sugar and carbs into energy

Type I (insulin dependent) a. Not enough insulin produced b. Most serious

Type II a. Body not responsive to insulin b. Leads to obesity

Symptoms a. Hypoglycemia: insufficient blood sugar, quick onset, give sugar. b. Hyperglycemia: Too much blood sugar: thirst, slower onset, give insulin.

Complications: Heart disease, blindness, renal failure, amputation, death

Diabetes

Circulatory System

Circulation RoutingLungs to Cells

Lungs (oxygenated blood)

↓

heart (L. Ventrical)

↓

aorta to arteries

↓

muscles, organs, cells

Color “in”? RedTransports? Gasses, nutrients

Cells Back to Heart

cells, muscles, organs

↓

heart (R. Atrium)

↓

lungs (CO2 expelled / Oxy inhaled)

↓

Heart (L. Ventrical)

Color “out”? BlueTransports? Wastes

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH HEART

Cardiac Cycle Phases

Systole: Blood pumped INTO / OUT OF heart

Diastole: Blood pumped INTO / OUT OF heart

Stress: Cycle accelerates, due to decreased diastolic phase, which fatigues heart, thus reducing blood pumped out.

AtherosclerosisDue to: cholesterol depositsSymptoms:

a. Angina pectorisb. Myocardial infarction (aka heart attack)c. Aneurysmd. Phlebitis

Arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries

Rheumatic fever: Bacterial infection, hardens valve flaps

Diseases of the Heart

Adult contains 5 liters—about 1.33 gallons

Compositiona. Plasma (55%): Proteins, salts, stuff cells transportb. Blood cells (45%)

Blood cells1. White blood cells2. Lymphocytes3. Red blood cells4. Platelets

Blood

Leukemia: too many white blood cells, due to cancer

Leukocytosis: Too many white cells, due to disease response

Leukopenia: Too few white blood cells

Anemia: Too few red blood cells

Sickle cell anemia

Hemophilia: Can't produce clots. "Royal's disease", why?

Blood Related Diseases

Harry's Eventful DayHarry is walking to his apartment. He comes to red light and stops. The part of his brain used to make this decision is the:

_____ Telencephalon_____ Diencehpalon_____ Midbrain_____ Corpus Trafficus

Harry passes a plate glass window and admires his smooth, regular gait. He says to himself, "Wow, my must really be doing its thing!"

X

Basal Ganglia

Then he passes Robert's Pizza, and takes a big whiff of sizzling pepperoni, which activates the of his cerebral cortex.

Harry stops by a newsstand, and sees a funny headline "Insane orangutan on loose in Newark". The lobe in his cerebral cortex used to comprehend and remember this headline is the .

Harry goes up to his apartment, which he shares with Wilfred. The place is completely trashed! Garbage strewn everywhere. Broken lamps. Smashed DVDs.Harry is about to scold Wilfred for his bad behavior, but he's suddenly more alert due to this event. This is because his is aroused.

Temporal Lobe

Frontal Lobe

Recticular Activating System

Suddenly Harry spots a large orange/yellow hulking apelike thing bouncing up and down on his bed. What part of Harry's autonomic NS kicks into action, SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC? The pathway through which this disturbing information is processed is a follows:

Eyes to lobe, to the which recognizes sensory inputs, to the which elevates Harry's and and reduces his activity and desires.

Occipital ThalamusHypothalamus

Heart Rate (HR) Respiration Digestive

Sexual

Harry is highly emotionally agitated, which is because his SYMPATHETIC nervous system is activated. Because he is in flight/fight mode, which structure within this system is aroused:

____ Amygdala & hippocampus____ Cingulate gyrus & septum____ Anterio thalamus

Because of this stressful event, Harry's adrenals go to work. The produces which increase metabolism and reduce in case of injury.

It secretes and (aka ), which arouses his body for action.

X

Adrenal Cortex CorticosteroidsInflamation

Adrenalin Noradrenaline

Catacholamines

Harry thinks to himself, “if that crazed ape gets me, he could break my back leading to , or paralysis of my legs, or worse this could lead to or paralysis of my upper body and lower body”.

Paraplegia

Quadraplegia

Suddenly the orangutan stops jumping, enters the living room, and says "Hi Harry! how you like the new costume?" It's that crazy Wilfred. Harry says, "Gee Wilfred, you sure had me going. I thought I would have a

(aka Heart attack).”

Although the danger is over, Harry is still in an aroused state because his SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system has not yet returned his body to its normal state.

Myocardial Infarction