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401PHYTOLOGIA BALCANICA 13 (3): 401 –414, Sofia, 2007
Hay meadows with Trisetum flavescens in Bulgaria: syntaxonomy and implications for nature conservation
Iva Apostolova1, Tenyo Meshinev1 & Antoaneta S. Petrova2
1 Institute of Botany, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev St., bl. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, e-mail: [email protected]
2 Botanical Garden, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 664, Sofia, Bulgaria
Received: June 05, 2007 ▷ Accepted: September 09, 2007
Abstract. Trisetum flavescens has relatively wide distribution in the country, but seldom dominates in the communities. It has not been studied syntaxonomically so far. On the basis of 37 relevés the current analysis reveals that T. flavescens communities are related to the Arrhenatheretum elatioris association. While otherwise similar to the Central European Arrhenatheretum elatioris, a significant portion of the species composition belongs to the Balkan floristic elements. Additionally, the presence of many south affiliated species is observed. This finding ascertains a Central-Balkan variant of the association which has not been reported so far. Some of the ecological peculiarities of the studied sites in the Rhodopes are very similar to those of Triseto-Polygonion in Central Europe, but we have failed to find sufficient proofs for the presence of the alliance in Bulgaria. The studied vegetation has high floristic diversity. It is maintained as hay meadows. The conservation value of the Arrhenathreretum elatioris merits protection under the Habitats Directive by means of an extension of the definition of Habitat 6520 to include Arrhenatherion as well.
Key words: Arrhenatherion, habitat, mountain hay meadows, Trisetum flavescens
Introduction
Trisetum flavescens is widely distributed in Europe, reaching northwards as far as South Scandinavia, where, according to Dixon (1995), it is probably nat-uralised. Meusel (1978) relates this species as a sub-Mediterranean – montane – Atlantic – Central Eu-ropean element. Irrespective of its distribution in the Balkans, east of Serbia, Republic of Macedonia and Northern Greece, these authors mention only scattered localities for the territory of Bulgaria. Dix-on (1995: 896) explicitly underlines that in Bulgaria this taxon has a “very limited distribution”. According to Assyov & Petrova (2006), T. flavescens is spread in most floristic regions, excepting the Black Sea Coast, Danubian Plain, Forebalkan, Mt Slavyanka, Mt Sredna Gora, and Eastern Rhodopes. Regardless of these cho-
rological data, the species is not so important for the vegetation of Bulgaria, as it is in the Central European countries. That is why it features neither as dominant, in the communities described following the domi-nance approach (Apostolova & Slavova 1997), nor as an accompanying species in the floristic composition of the studied associations (Ganchev & al. 1964). No communities dominated by Trisetum flavescens have been described in Bulgaria so far, following the Braun-Blanquet approach.
These considerations have provoked us to find out and gather information on the communities where T. flavescens takes part as dominant or a co-dominant. In 2005 we found such communities on relatively wide territories in the Rhodopes. This encouraged us to proceed with looking out further for such communi-ties in other parts of the country.
402 Apostolova, I. & al. • Trisetum flavescens in Bulgaria: syntaxonomy
The purposes of this study are: (i) to present the syntaxonomic status of the communities with high quantitative share of T. flavescens in Bulgaria, and (ii) to contribute to the habitat type 6520 Mountain Hay Meadows identification on the territory of Bulgaria.
Methods
During the vegetation season of 2005 a total of 17 relevés were sampled in the Western Rhodopes and at the foot of the Balkan Range (northwest of Sofia), fol-lowing the methodological instructions of the Zürich-Montpellier school (Braun-Blanquet 1964; Westhoff & van der Maarel 1973). The sample plots were sized 4 × 4 m. These relevés were included in the Bulgari-an Vegetation Database. A total of 1901 relevés were subject of further analyses. They were exported to the JUICE programme (Tichy 2002) and clustered by TWINSPAN (Hill 1979) on the basis of the presence/absence data. As a result, within the general data bulk the above-mentioned 17 relevés formed a distinct group, along with other 20 floristically similar relevés collected earlier during the National Grassland Inven-tory (Meshinev & al. 2005). The obtained group of 37 relevés became the object of further syntaxonomical analysis. The diagnostic species group definitions fol-low the literature data (Horvatić 1930; Marschall 1951; Horvat & al. 1974; Dierschke 1981; Theurillat 1992; Oberdorfer 1993; Chytry& Tichy 2003).
The rich species composition forced data reduc-tion in the tables and in the comparative analysis. Spe-cies with constancy lower than 20 % were removed. The results are estimated by comparison to data from Central Europe (Blažková 1973; Oberdorfer 1993), Western Balkans (Horvatić 1930) and Romania (Bor-za 1959; Gergely 1964). The taxon nomenclature is af-ter Kozhuharov (1992), while the floristic elements nomenclature is after Assyov & Petrova (2006) and Oberdorfer (1994).
Results
Table 1 contains ordered relevés, sampled in the coun-try. The diagnostic species of the alliance Arrhenath-erion elatioris Koch 1926 and the class Molinio-Ar-rhenatheretea R. Tx. 1937 are convincingly presented in our data set (see Table 1). The high number of di- Fig. 1. Th e studied regions: 1, Rhodopes; 2–3, Sofi a Region.
agnostic species for Arrhenatheretum elatioris Br.-Bl. 1915 association is the reason to assign all the 37 relevés to the same syntaxon. Such decision is veri-fied by the comparison to data sources from other ge-ographical regions (Table 2). Like in Central Europe, the high species diversity in the described communi-ties is characteristic for that vegetation in Bulgaria too. European and Euro-Asiatic floristic elements take sig-nificant place in the community structure. Some Bo-real species are related to the higher altitudes. The joint presence of Balkan, Mediterranean, sub-Medi-terranean and Pontic floristic elements forms a group of southern type species which is better represented in Bulgaria as compared to Central Europe (Fig. 2).
Particularly the presence of some Balkan species outlines a relevé group sampled in the Rhodopes. The presence of Pastinaca hirsuta, Lathyrus hallersteinii, Knautia midzorensis, Trifolium velenovskyi, Armeria rumelica, Silene frivaldskyana and Achillea pannoni-ca, gives rise to a specific Southeast European charac-ter to the analysed association in that region. We con-sider that the Arrhenatheretum elatioris is represented in the Rhodopes by a distinct geographical variant. It could be typified by relevé No 22 (Table 1). The di-agnostic for this variant species group is completely lacking in other data sources, including samples col-lected in the Sofia region, as it can be seen on Table 2.
The localities in the Rhodopes (Fig. 1–1) are dis-tributed at higher altitudes (average of 1400 m). The basic rocks are marbles. The soil cover consists of brown forest soils (rendzinas), with a modestly power-ful humus horizon (Ninov 2002). The average annual temperature is 5–8 °C, with –1.5 °C average in January and 17.7 °C – in July. Annual precipitation varies be-tween 900 and 1200 mm (Stanev 1991). The high soil
ROMANIA
GREECE
TURKEY
Sofia
2
1
3
Black Sea
SERBIA
F.Y.R.O.M
403Phytol. Balcan. 13(3) • Sofia • 2007
moisture is kept almost all year long not only by air humidity and precipitation, but also by the high un-derground waters, which at certain locations (as, for instance, North of the Mougla village) form marsh-lands of the Caricion davallianae type.
The relevés sampled in the Sofia region are rather related to the classical association. In Serbia, some 100 km westwards of these localities, T. flavescens takes place in a community dominated by Chrysopogon gryl-lus, referred to Chrysopogono-Danthonion calycinae Kojić 1957 (Ranđelović 1975). The presence of many diagnostic species of the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea is a characteristic feature of that alliance with a mark-edly mesophilous character within the framework of Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. in Br.-Bl. 1949. Ir-respective of the fact that the association described by Ranđelović (1975) differs from that established for the studied localities in Bulgaria, their species com-position contains certain elements in common as, for instance, Rhinanthus rumelicus, Leucanthemum vul-gare, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Rumex acetosella, Hi-eracium praealthum subsp. bauchinii, etc.
The localities in the Sofia region (Fig. 1–2, 3) oc-cupy an average altitude of 800 m. The basic rocks are calcareous in the north-western part (Fig. 1–3) and siliceous in the south-eastern part (Fig. 1–2). The soils are medium thick to thick, moist, not eroded. The ter-rains are mostly plain. The mean annual temperature is 9.7 °C and the mean annual precipitation is 612 mm (Stanev 1991).
In both regions the studied communities are man-aged as hay meadows with low intensity of addition-al grazing. This management is not quite regular be-cause some years part of the territories remains not mowed.
Discussion
While in Central Europe the association Arrhena-thretum elatioris is distributed from lowlands to the foothills of the mountains and the lower parts of the mountains (Dierschke 1997), in Bulgaria it develops at altitudes over 700 m and reaches up to 1600 m in the mountains.
Dierschke (1981) notes that, irrespective of its mostly dominating role, T. flavescens does not have any high diagnostic value. According to Meusel (1978), chorologically T. flavescens is closer to Arrhen-atherum elatius, which presumes considerable simi-larity in the ecological requirements of both species. However, ecological similarity as a rule is influenced by geographical distinction. Some authors, as for in-stance Passarge (1969), have defined within the frame-work of the Arrhenatheretalia many alliances and sub-alliances, mostly of regional importance. In his review of the mesophilous meadows in Central Europe, Pas-sarge (1969) suggests two new alliances: Triseto-Ar-rhenatherion and Agrostio-Festucion rubrae. Howev-er, we support Dierschke (1999) in his view that the four-alliance scheme within Arrhenatheretalia is de-scribing now sufficiently well the diversity of the dry-er mesophilous meadows of the class Molinio-Arrhen-atheretea in Europe.
According to Marschall (1951) and Dierschke (1981) initially, the communities dominated by T. flavescens are referred to the alliance Arrhenathe-rion of the order Arrhenatheretalia. In year 1943 Braun-Blanquet differentiates an independent alli-ance Triseto-Polygonion bistortae within the same order. Campanula rhomboidalis, Alchemilla vulgaris aggr., Cardaminopsis halleri, Centaurea pseudophry-
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7data sources
% BalkanEuro-AsiaticBorealEuropeanMediterranean (+ sub-Mediterranean)PonticCosmopolitan
Fig. 2. Floristic elements: 1, Rhodopes; 2, Sofi a Region; 3, Serbia (Horvatić 1930); 4–5, Romania (Gergely 1964; Borza 1959); 6–7, Central Europe (Oberdorfer 1993; Blažková 1973).
404 Apostolova, I. & al. • Trisetum flavescens in Bulgaria: syntaxonomy
gia, Crepis mollis, C. pyrenaica, Crocus albiflorus, Ge-ranium sylvaticum, Narcissus radiiflorus, Phyteuma nigrum, P. ovatum, Rumex alpestris are mentioned (Dierschke 1981, 1997) as diagnostic species for that alliance. Such species group, as a matter of fact, lacks in our relevés. This is why we can not attribute our results to Triseto-Polygonion bistortae. Marschall (1951) establishes a very distinct idea about the eco-logical conditions under which T. flavescens develops in Central Europe. In the Alps and the Carpathians it shows a strong affinity to calcareous terrains, but most typically relates to sufficiently moist terrains with high underground waters, retained all year long (Marschall 1951; Kornaś 1967). Presently, in Cen-tral Europe T. flavescens dominated communities from similar altitudes as those in the Rhodopes are referred to Triseto-Polygonion (cf. Marschall 1951; Dierschke 1981, 1997; Wörz 1989; Theurillat 1992). Such communities should be maintained chiefly as hay meadows since the mowing limits the regenera-tion of forest vegetation which is the climax phase of the terrains under the analysed communities.
At the start of this analysis we expected to find the Triseto-Polygonion alliance in Bulgaria as well. The ecological conditions of the habitats in the Bul-garian communities, especially in the Rhodopes, are very similar to the above-mentioned. The species such as Stellaria graminea, Alchemilla flabellata, As-trantia major, and Potentilla erecta are elements of Triseto-Polygonion, but with their low abundance and frequency they do not prove convincingly the presence of this alliance. Irrespective of the pres-ence of some Eurasian and Boreal species typical for Triseto-Polygonion, there is also a high presence of Balkan, sub-Mediterranean and Mediterranean species, which manifest a definite influence of the South European vegetation over the studied com-munities. Apparently, at the periphery of its distri-bution in Europe, T. flavescens participates in the formation of communities of Central European type, like those of Arrhenatherion, but they contain species specific for the Balkans and the sub-Medi-terranean area.
In our opinion, no sufficient evidence exists pres-ently in this part of the Balkans, supporting the pres-ence of Triseto-Polygonion. This corroborates the doubts of Hundt expressed in 1964 (after Dierschke 1981) about the presence of such an alliance in the Balkan mountains.
The presence of Ranunculus montanus and Trifo-lium badium in the communities reveals the border-line position of the studied vegetation type with Poion alpinae Oberd. 1950.
Following Dierschke’s analysis (1999), we as-sume that presently, for the territory of Bulgaria, it is most suitable to consider the alliances Arrhenath-erion, Cynosurion cristati and Poion alpinae with-in Arrhenatheretalia. These alliances are already re-ported for the country (Horvat & al. 1974; Meshinev & al. 2005).
The mountain hay meadows are regarded by most European authors as floristically rich communities, thus prompting to make them an object of preserva-tion measures (Dierschke 1981). They are protect-ed under Directive 92/43 ЕС, being listed in its An-nex I under code 6520. The Natura 2000 network development in Bulgaria envisages using the hab-itat 6520 Mountain Hay Meadows as an argument for including some zones into the network (Kavra-kova & al. 2005). On European scale, this habitat is defined as: “Species-rich mesophile hay mead-ows of the montane and sub-montane levels (most-ly above 600 metres), usually dominated by Trise-tum flavescens…” (Interpretation Manual EUR25 2003). Irrespective of the fact that there is no ex-plicit link between this habitat type and the syn-taxonomic category, considering the other species listed in the Interpretation Manual, it should be re-ferred to the Triseto-Polygonion alliance of Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. Such a view obviously narrows the scope of the habitat 6520. Rodwell & al. (2007) offer a comprehensive overview of the different opinions on the habitat 6520 content when applied for the selection of Natura 2000 sites. According to these authors, the striving of some countries to include the mountain hay meadows in the Natura 2000 net-work enhances the scope and content of Habitat 6520. The same is valid for Bulgaria. The need for more arguments supporting the future preservation of the mountain hay meadows presumes a broad-er interpretation of Habitat 6520. In addition to the emphasized dominating role of T. flavescens, the al-liance Arrhenatherion should be included too. It is also a subject of hay-making management regime. This will allow the inclusion of a greater diversity of mountain hay meadows into the network – mead-ows of high conservational importance and similar-ly endangered as Triseto-Polygonion.
405Phytol. Balcan. 13(3) • Sofia • 2007
Grou
p A
Grou
p B
Rele
vé №
12
34
56
78
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1920
2122
2324
2526
2728
3134
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1011
1213
1415
1617
2930
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Altit
ude (
m)
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sure
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205
515
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318
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158
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ple p
lot (
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Arrh
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Arrh
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Cent
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.
Tabl
e 1.
Arrh
enat
here
tum
elat
iori
s Br.-
Bl. 1
915.
406 Apostolova, I. & al. • Trisetum flavescens in Bulgaria: syntaxonomy
Tabl
e 1.
Con
tinua
tion
Anth
oxan
thum
odor
atum
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lium
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sis.
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+.
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++
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2+
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Vero
nica
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+.
++
++
+1
+.
++
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Ranu
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++
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Cent
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a ph
rygi
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..
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.+
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Vicia
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ca.
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Holcu
s lan
atus
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1+
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ia ca
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1.
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a tri
vial
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.+
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++
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1.
Beto
nica
offic
inal
is.
..
..
..
..
.+
.+
..
.+
+.
..
+.
+1
+.
1.
..
..
.+
..
Caru
m ca
rvi
..
..
..
..
.+
++
+.
.+
..
+.
..
+.
..
.1
..
..
..
..
.Pr
unell
a vu
lgaris
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
.+
++
..
..
2+
..
..
+.
..
.Co
lchicu
m a
utum
nale
.+
..
..
+.
..
+.
++
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Sa
ngui
sorb
a of
ficin
alis
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
.+
.1
..
.+
..
+.
.La
thyr
us p
rate
nsis
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
.+
+.
+.
..
..
+.
..
.M
enth
a lo
ngifo
lia.
..
..
..
..
.+
+.
..
..
..
.+
+.
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
Pote
ntill
a re
ptan
s.
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.
..
+2
.+
..
Care
x ov
alis
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
.+
..
+.
..
..
.Al
opec
urus
pra
tens
is.
.1
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.
..
..
.+
..
Cent
aure
a ja
cea
..
..
..
..
.+
.+
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Fi
lipen
dula
ulm
aria
..
..
..
..
..
r.
..
..
1.
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Ly
chni
s flo
s-cuc
uli
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
..
..
..
++
..
..
..
..
..
.Ca
rex
tom
ento
sa.
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
Acco
mpa
nyin
g spe
cies
Plan
tago
lanc
eola
ta+
+.
..
.+
++
++
++
+.
+.
.+
+.
.+
.+
+1
11
.+
1.
11
21
407Phytol. Balcan. 13(3) • Sofia • 2007 Ta
ble 1
. C
ontin
uatio
nAg
rosti
s cap
illar
is+
+.
..
3+
++
+2
+3
11
2.
11
.2
+.
31
11
12
..
..
..
.2
Hype
ricum
per
fora
tum
..
.+
+.
.+
.+
++
++
++
++
++
+.
+1
.+
+.
+.
..
..
.r
.Si
lene v
ulga
ris+
..
.r
..
.1
++
++
+1
++
++
++
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
Festu
ca va
lesia
ca.
..
..
..
..
++
++
.+
++
.+
..
..
1.
..
..
11
1.
31
21
Briz
a m
edia
..
..
..
..
.+
++
.+
.+
1+
.+
++
.1
12
1+
..
.+
..
..
.Vi
ola
trico
lor
..
++
..
..
..
..
++
++
.+
++
.+
..
12
++
+.
..
..
..
.Ru
mex
ace
tose
lla.
.+
++
..
..
.+
++
.+
+.
++
.+
..
1.
..
1.
..
..
..
..
Brom
us m
ollis
..
..
..
..
..
+.
+.
.+
+.
..
..
.+
..
1+
.+
+1
++
++
.Po
tent
illa
arge
ntea
..
++
+.
..
..
.+
+.
++
..
..
..
++
..
..
1.
.+
..
+.
.Ve
ratru
m lo
belia
num
..
..
..
..
..
r.
++
+.
++
++
++
.+
r.
..
..
..
..
..
.Cr
ucia
ta gl
abra
+.
..
..
+.
++
+.
.+
..
..
+.
++
.+
11
..
..
..
..
..
.C.
laev
ipes
..
.+
..
..
.+
+.
++
.+
..
..
++
..
..
+.
..
+.
.+
..
.El
ymus
repe
ns.
..
..
..
..
++
.+
..
..
..
+.
..
..
.2
1.
2+
.2
+.
.1
Salv
ia ve
rticil
lata
..
..
..
..
.+
+.
+.
++
++
+.
..
++
..
+.
..
..
..
..
.Di
anth
us d
eltoi
des
+.
.1
..
..
+.
+.
++
2+
..
+.
++
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Ca
mpa
nula
glom
erat
a.
..
..
..
+.
..
++
++
..
+.
++
+.
.+
+.
..
..
..
..
..
Trifo
lium
pan
noni
cum
..
..
.+
..
..
++
++
..
.+
.+
12
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
..
.Ro
sa ca
nina
..
..
..
..
.+
r+
+.
..
+.
+.
+r
++
r.
..
..
..
..
..
.Hy
poch
aeris
mac
ulat
a.
..
..
..
..
..
..
++
+1
.+
.+
..
++
+.
..
..
..
..
.+
Mat
ricar
ia p
erfo
rata
..
..
..
..
.+
++
++
.+
.+
.+
+r
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Eu
phra
sia ro
stkov
iana
+.
..
..
++
+.
+.
+.
+.
..
..
.+
..
..
.+
..
..
..
..
+Hy
peric
um m
acul
atum
+.
..
.+
+.
+.
..
+.
..
.+
..
++
..
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
.Ci
rsium
ligu
lare
..
..
..
..
.+
++
+.
..
+.
++
.+
..
..
..
+.
..
..
..
1Ci
chor
ium
inty
bus
..
..
..
..
.+
++
..
..
..
.+
.+
+.
..
.r
+.
..
+.
.+
.Vi
cia va
ria.
1.
..
..
++
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
+.
..
..
++
++
+.
Verb
ascu
m sp
ecio
sum
..
..
..
..
.+
++
++
++
..
+.
.+
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Co
roni
lla va
ria.
..
..
..
..
++
++
..
++
..
..
++
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
Prun
ella
lacin
iata
..
..
..
..
.+
++
..
..
++
..
..
.+
..
..
+.
.1
..
+.
.Fe
stuca
nig
resc
ens
..
..
.1
.+
..
+.
+.
1.
.1
+.
..
..
..
..
1.
..
..
..
.Ag
rosti
s can
ina
..
2.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
.1
++
1+
.2
.Le
onto
don
autu
mna
lis.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
+.
..
..
.1
++
1.
..
+.
..
+.
Conv
olvu
lus a
rven
sis.
..
+.
..
..
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
1.
..
2.
11
..
Hera
cleum
sibi
ricum
.+
..
..
..
+.
..
..
..
r+
.+
++
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.M
edica
go lu
pulin
a.
..
+.
.+
..
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
+1
+.
1.
Juni
peru
s com
mun
is.
..
..
..
..
+.
.+
.+
.r
..
.+
+.
+.
..
.+
..
..
..
..
Chae
roph
yllu
m h
irsut
um.
..
..
..
..
++
+.
+.
+.
..
2+
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Cam
panu
la ra
punc
uloi
des
..
..
..
..
.+
++
++
..
.+
..
.+
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
17• Phytol. Balcan. 13(3) • 2007
408 Apostolova, I. & al. • Trisetum flavescens in Bulgaria: syntaxonomy
Tabl
e 1.
Con
tinua
tion
Cala
mag
rosti
s aru
ndin
acea
..
..
..
..
..
+.
++
+.
1+
..
++
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Cr
epis
foet
ida
..
..
..
..
..
++
++
++
..
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Ec
hium
vul
gare
..
..
..
..
.+
++
+.
.+
+.
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Te
ucriu
m ch
amae
drys
..
..
..
..
.+
++
+.
..
1.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
1Ch
amae
spar
tium
sagi
ttale
..
.+
..
..
..
..
..
++
..
..
.+
..
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
+Ne
peta
nud
a.
..
..
..
..
++
.r
..
++
..
..
++
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Lerc
henf
eldia
flex
uosa
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
+.
1.
+.
++
.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Cl
inop
odiu
m v
ulga
re.
..
..
.+
..
+r
..
..
.1
..
..
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
..
.1
Trifo
lium
med
ium
..
..
..
..
.+
++
.+
.+
..
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.T.
dub
ium
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
++
.+
++
+1
.Ep
ilobi
um a
ngus
tifol
ium
..
..
..
..
.+
r+
++
..
..
..
++
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.M
usca
ri co
mos
um.
..
..
..
..
+.
.+
.+
+.
++
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Helia
nthe
mum
num
mul
ariu
m.
..
..
..
..
+.
.+
.+
..
..
.+
+.
.1
+.
..
..
..
..
..
Luzu
la lu
zulo
ides
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
+.
++
..
2+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Hy
poch
aeris
radi
cata
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
.+
+.
++
+.
..
..
..
.Po
tent
illa
negle
cta.
..
..
..
..
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
.+
..
..
++
Hier
aciu
m p
ilose
lla.
.+
..
..
..
+.
..
.+
+.
.+
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
..
..
Achi
llea
crith
mifo
lia.
..
..
..
..
++
..
..
+.
..
..
.+
..
..
.+
..
..
..
.1
Holcu
s mol
lis.
..
..
..
..
.+
..
.+
..
..
.+
..
.+
+.
.+
..
..
..
..
Luzu
la ca
mpe
stris
..
..
..
..
..
..
++
++
.+
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
..
..
.Po
lygal
a m
ajor
..
.+
..
.+
..
.+
.+
..
..
..
++
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Eu
phor
bia
cypa
rissia
s.
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
.+
..
..
..
1.
r1
..
..
..
..
.1
Stac
hys g
erm
anica
..
.+
..
+.
.+
..
+.
.+
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Di
anth
us cr
uent
us.
..
..
..
..
+.
..
++
+.
++
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Alch
emill
a fla
bella
ta.
.+
..
.r
+.
.+
..
+.
..
..
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Mat
ricar
ia tr
ichop
hylla
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
+.
++
+.
.+
..
.Ci
rsiu
m a
rven
se.
..
+.
..
..
..
.r
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+1
.+
2.
..
Vicia
tetra
sper
ma
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
++
++
.+
.Tr
ifoliu
m b
adiu
m1
.1
1.
..
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
1.
++
++
..
..
..
..
Loliu
m p
eren
ne.
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
++
..
.+
..
+.
Ranu
ncul
us m
onta
nus
+.
r+
+.
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Po
lygal
a vu
lgaris
..
..
..
..
.+
..
+.
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
+.
.Po
a co
mpr
essa
..
.+
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
..
..
..
..
..
.+
1Ce
rasti
um fo
ntan
um.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
++
r+
+.
Pote
ntill
a er
ecta
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
..
++
..
1+
..
..
..
..
..
.Po
a bu
lbos
a.
..
..
..
..
+.
.r
..
rr
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
..
..
Agrim
onia
eupa
toria
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
1.
..
..
.1
..
..
..
+.
..
..
1
409Phytol. Balcan. 13(3) • Sofia • 2007 Ta
ble 1
. C
ontin
uatio
nDa
ntho
nia
alpi
na.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.
.2
++
Astra
ntia
maj
or.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
+.
+.
+.
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
Gera
nium
colu
mbi
num
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
.+
..
+.
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.He
racle
um te
rnat
um.
..
..
..
..
.r
+.
+.
r.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Lina
ria v
ulga
ris.
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
..
.r
..
..
..
.+
..
..
..
.+
Anth
riscu
s sylv
estri
s1
..
..
..
.1
..
.+
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Vicia
gran
diflo
ra.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
r.
.+
+.
.1
Digi
talis
viri
diflo
ra.
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
r.
..
.r
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Euph
rasia
hirt
ella
..
+1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
+.
.Ca
mpa
nula
moe
siaca
..
..
.r
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
.+
+.
..
..
..
..
..
.Fi
lipen
dula
vul
garis
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
1+
..
..
..
..
+.
.Ce
ntau
rea
rhen
ana
..
..
..
..
.+
..
+.
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
.Sa
ngui
sorb
a m
inor
..
..
..
.+
.+
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1Hy
peric
um te
trapt
erum
..
..
..
..
..
+.
.+
.+
..
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Si
lene r
oem
eri
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
..
.+
+r
..
..
..
..
..
.Si
eglin
gia
decu
mbe
ns.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
+.
.+
..
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
Hier
aciu
m p
raea
ltum
subs
p. ba
uchn
inii
..
1.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
.r
+.
.
Ajug
a ge
neve
nsis
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
+.
..
..
..
.+
+.
..
..
..
.Ca
rlina
aca
nthi
folia
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
.+
..
.+
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Ge
ntia
na cr
ucia
ta.
+.
..
..
+.
..
.r
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Crat
aegu
s mon
ogyn
a.
..
..
..
..
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
Care
x hi
rta.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
+.
..
..
..
..
.+
Dory
cniu
m h
erba
ceum
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
..
1.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+Ra
nunc
ulus
pol
yant
hem
os.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
.+
+.
Valer
iana
offic
inal
is.
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Achi
llea
colli
na.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
.+
..
..
..
.1
Inul
a oc
ulus
-chr
isti
..
..
..
..
.+
..
r.
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Ar
abis
hirsu
ta.
..
..
..
..
+.
..
.+
..
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Plan
tago
maj
or.
..
..
..
..
..
++
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
r.
Trifo
lium
alp
estre
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
.r
..
1Th
ymus
calli
eri
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.
+.
..
..
..
+Vi
cia sa
tiva
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
..
..
..
..
+Or
iganu
m v
ulga
re.
..
..
..
..
++
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Gym
nade
nia
cono
psea
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
..
+.
..
..
+.
..
..
..
..
.Ag
rosti
s sto
loni
fera
..
..
..
..
..
+.
.+
..
..
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Br
achy
podi
um sy
lvatic
um.
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
.+
..
..
..
1.
..
..
..
..
..
..
410 Apostolova, I. & al. • Trisetum flavescens in Bulgaria: syntaxonomyTa
ble 1
. C
ontin
uatio
nCa
mpa
nula
cerv
icaria
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
++
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Na
rdus
stric
ta.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
.+
..
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
Salv
ia p
rate
nsis
.+
..
..
..
r.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
..
..
.Ve
roni
ca of
ficin
alis
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
.+
..
..
.Br
achy
podi
um p
inna
tum
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
..
..
1Lu
zula
mul
tiflo
ra.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
+.
..
..
.+
..
..
..
..
Sedu
m ko
stovi
i.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
+.
..
.+
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Thym
us p
anno
nicu
s.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
.+
+.
..
..
..
..
..
Pote
ntill
a ob
scur
a.
..
..
..
..
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
+.
..
..
..
..
Verb
ascu
m lo
ngifo
lium
..
..
..
..
..
..
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
..
..
..
.Ro
sa d
umal
is.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.+
++
..
..
..
..
..
Myo
sotis
stric
ta.
..
..
..
..
..
.+
..
..
.+
..
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Dian
thus
carth
usia
noru
m.
..
..
..
..
..
.+
+.
+.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Spec
ies i
n le
ss th
an 3
rele
vés:
Ac
inos
arv
ensis
21:
+, 2
3: +
; Aira
eleg
antis
sima
37: 1
; Aju
ga la
xman
nii 1
2: r,
15:
+; A
lchem
illa
xant
hoch
lora
29:
1; A
llium
mela
nant
heru
m 3
0: r;
A. s
tam
ineu
m 2
9: +
, 30:
+; A
naca
mpt
is py
ram
idal
is 25
: r; A
nchu
sa o
fficin
alis
37: +
; Ang
elica
pan
cicii
31: +
; Ant
hylis
vul
nera
ria 2
1: +
; Ap
era
spica
-ven
ti 19
: +, 3
7: 1
; Ara
bis a
llion
ii 4:
+; A
rena
ria se
rpyl
lifol
ia 1
7: 1
; Asp
erul
a cy
nanc
hica
18
: +, 1
7: 1
; Ave
nula
pla
nicu
lmis
29: +
; Ber
tero
a ob
liqua
33:
+; B
istor
ta m
ajor
33:
+; B
rom
us
japo
nicu
s 19:
+, 3
4: +
; B. r
acem
osus
11:
+; B
. rip
ariu
s 18:
+, 2
1: +
; B. s
quar
rosu
s 18:
+; B
. ste
rilis
25: 1
; Cal
amag
rosti
s vill
osa
25: 1
, 37:
1; C
alys
tegi
a se
pium
19:
+; C
ampa
nula
rapu
ncul
us 3
3: +
, 36
: +; C
ardu
us a
cant
hoid
es 3
3: +
; C. n
utan
s 18:
+, 1
7: +
; Car
ex ec
hina
ta 3
1: +
; C. f
lava
31:
+;
C. h
orde
istich
os 1
3: +
, 16:
+; C
. mur
icata
29:
+, 3
0: +
; C. p
alles
cens
19:
+, 3
1: +
; C. p
anice
a 3:
+;
C. sp
icata
17:
+; C
enta
urea
rutif
olia
17:
1; C
. sca
bios
a 2:
r; C
. ste
nolep
is 7:
+, 3
7: +
; Cen
taur
ium
er
ythr
aea
32: +
, 10:
r; C
eras
tium
arv
ense
30:
+; .C
. fon
tanu
m 3
4: +
; Cha
mom
illa
recu
tita
23: r
; Ch
ondr
illa
junc
ea 3
6: +
, 17:
1; C
irsiu
m a
ppen
dicu
latu
m 3
4: +
; Cirs
ium
canu
m 2
8: +
, 33:
+; C
. vu
lgare
24:
+; C
repi
s pal
udos
a 26
: +; C
. pul
chra
11:
+, 1
6: +
; C. s
etos
a 12
: +; C
rucia
ta p
edem
onta
na
1: +
, 9: +
; Cus
cuta
euro
paea
20:
+; C
ynos
urus
echi
natu
s 19:
+; D
iant
hus a
rmer
ia 3
7: +
; D. g
igan
teus
29
: +; D
. moe
siacu
s 25:
+; D
. sup
erbu
s 29:
+, 3
0: +
; D. t
ristis
17:
+; D
igita
lis la
nata
17:
+; D
ipsa
cus
lacin
iatu
s 13:
+; E
quise
tum
arv
ense
16:
1; E
. pal
ustre
29:
+; E
riger
on a
cer 2
0: +
; Erio
phor
um
angu
stifo
lium
31:
+; E
ryng
ium
cam
pestr
e 12:
+, 1
7: 1
; Eup
horb
ia a
myg
dalo
ides
31:
+; E
. nici
ciana
20
: +; E
. ser
rula
ta 2
1: r;
Eup
hras
ia st
ricta
17:
+; F
ilago
vul
garis
25:
+, 3
3: +
; Fra
garia
vesc
a 34
: +,
37: 1
; F. v
iridi
s 12:
+; G
aliu
m a
parin
e 13:
r; G
enist
a de
pres
sa 1
8: +
; Gen
tiana
pne
umon
anth
e 29:
+;
Gen
tiane
lla b
ulga
rica
34: r
; Ger
aniu
m sa
ngui
neum
29:
1, 3
0: 1
; Geu
m co
ccin
eum
19:
+; H
erac
leum
ve
rtici
llatu
m 2
1: r;
Hier
aciu
m h
oppe
anum
18:
+, 2
9: +
; H. m
uror
um gr
. 23:
+, 2
6: +
; H. p
ilose
lloid
es
22: +
, 31:
+; I
nula
hirt
a 17
: +; J
uncu
s acu
tiflo
rus 3
1: +
; J. a
rticu
latu
s 31:
+; J
. atra
tus 1
9: +
, 31:
+;
J. co
mpr
essu
s 19:
+, 3
3: +
; J. e
ffusu
s 31:
+; J
. ten
uis 3
1: +
; Koe
leria
niti
dula
21:
+, 2
5: +
; K. p
enze
sii
18: +
; K. s
imon
kaii
25: +
; Lili
um m
arta
gon
29: r
; Lin
um ca
thar
icum
18:
+; L
ychn
is co
rona
ria 2
4: r;
Ly
simac
hia
num
mul
aria
29:
1; L
. pun
ctat
a 29
: +; M
atric
aria
cauc
asica
27:
+; M
edica
go fa
lcata
17:
1;
Mela
mpy
rum
sylva
ticum
31:
+; M
enth
a ar
vens
is 13
: 1; M
. spi
cata
29:
+; M
oenc
hia
man
tica
36:
+; M
olin
ia a
rund
inac
ea 6
: 1, 7
: +; M
yoso
tis a
rven
sis 1
1: +
; M. c
aesp
itosa
2: +
, 5: +
; M. r
amos
issim
a 33
: +; N
epet
a ca
taria
12:
+; O
dont
ites s
erot
ina
17: 1
; Oen
anth
e ban
atica
11:
+; O
. sila
ifolia
1: +
, 9:
+; O
nobr
ychi
s alb
a 18
: +, 2
8: +
; O. m
onta
na 1
8: +
, 20:
+; P
arna
ssia
palu
stris
31: +
, 34:
+; P
astin
aca
sativ
a 20
: +; P
etro
rhag
ia p
rolif
era
17: +
; Phl
eum
phl
eoid
es 8
: +, 1
8: +
; Phy
sosp
erm
um co
rnub
iense
29
: +, 3
0: +
; Poa
pal
ustri
s 19:
+; P
oten
tilla
alb
a 33
: +; P
. inc
linat
a 3:
+, 3
2: +
; P. l
acin
iosa
32:
+;
P. su
lphu
rea
25: +
; Prim
ula
veris
34:
+; P
rune
lla gr
andi
flora
29:
+; P
terid
ium
aqu
ilinu
m 3
1: +
; Ra
nunc
ulus
nem
oros
us 2
5: +
; R. r
epen
s 33:
1; R
esed
a in
odor
a 17
: +; R
hina
nthu
s min
or 3
3: 1
; Rh.
wa
gner
i 21:
+; R
orip
pa li
ppiz
ensis
37:
+; R
. pyr
enai
ca 3
3: +
; Rub
us id
aeus
34:
r; R
umex
pat
ientia
29
: +, 3
3: +
; Sca
bios
a co
lum
baria
8: +
; S. t
riniif
olia
20:
+, 1
7: 1
; Scle
rant
hus p
eren
nis 1
8: +
, 24:
+;
Scro
phul
aria
nod
osa
26: +
; Sed
um a
lbum
18:
+, 2
1: +
; She
rard
ia a
rven
sis 1
2: +
; Sile
ne co
nica
33:
+;
Stac
hys a
lpin
a 25
: +; T
halic
trum
sim
plex
29:
+; T
hesiu
m b
avar
um 2
9: +
; Thl
aspi
arv
ense
21:
+;
Thym
us lo
ngica
ulis
35: +
; Th.
moe
siacu
s 25:
1, 3
7: +
; Th.
pul
egio
ides
35:
+, 3
7: +
; Th.
sibt
horp
ii 17
: 1;
Tra
gopo
gon
dubi
us 2
5: +
, 37:
+; T
rifol
ium
arv
ense
17:
+; T
. cam
pestr
e 11:
+; T
. micr
anth
um 3
3: +
; T.
mon
tanu
m 1
8: +
, 17:
+; T
. pat
ens 2
9: 1
; T. s
padi
ceum
19:
+, 3
1: +
; Urt
ica d
ioica
34:
+; V
accin
ium
m
yrtil
lus 3
4: +
; Ver
basc
um d
ensif
loru
m 2
0: +
, 17:
1; V
erbe
na o
fficin
alis
13: +
; Ver
onica
arv
ensis
12
: +; V
. aus
triac
a 21
: +, 1
7: +
; Vici
a an
gusti
folia
13:
+, 1
4: +
; V. d
umet
orum
36:
+; V
icia
villo
sa 1
: +,
6: 1
; Vio
la ca
nina
29:
1, 3
0: +
; V. h
irta
29: +
; Visc
aria
vul
garis
30:
+, 3
2: +
; Vul
pia
myu
rus 3
7: +
; Xe
rant
hem
um a
nnuu
m 1
7: 1
Loca
lity a
nd d
ate o
f rel
evés
: 1.
Rhod
opes
: Mou
rsal
itsa,
05.0
8.20
05; 2
. Rho
dope
s: M
ougl
a vill
age,
05.0
8.20
05; 3
. Rho
dope
s: M
ours
alits
a, 15
.07.
2005
; 4. R
hodo
pes:
Mou
gla v
illag
e, 15
.07.
2005
; 5. R
hodo
pes:
Mou
rsal
itsa,
15.0
7.20
05; 6
. Rho
dope
s: St
oiki
te vi
llage
, 07.
08.2
005;
7. R
hodo
pes:
Stoi
kite
villa
ge, 0
7.08
.200
5;
8. Rh
odop
es: M
ougl
a vill
age,
02.0
8.20
05; 9
. Rho
dope
s: M
ougl
a vill
age,
05.0
8.20
05; 1
0. So
fia d
istric
t: E
of T
sruk
levtsi
villa
ge, 1
4.07
.200
6; 1
1. So
fia d
istric
t: E
of T
sruk
levtsi
villa
ge, 1
4.07
.200
6; 1
2. Go
dech
, 14
.07.
2006
; 13.
Shou
ma v
illag
e – W
of G
odec
h, 1
4.07
.200
6; 1
4. So
fia d
istric
t: E
of T
sruk
levtsi
villa
ge,
14.0
7.20
06; 1
5. Go
dech
, 14.
07.2
006;
16.
Shou
ma v
illag
e – W
of G
odec
h, 1
4.07
.200
6; 1
7. So
fia d
istric
t: SW
of K
okal
yane
villa
ge, 3
1.07
.200
2; 1
8. Sm
olya
n di
stric
t: Ili
nden
ski l
ivad
i loc
ality
, 19.
07.2
003;
19
. Rho
dope
s: St
oiki
te vi
llage
, 18.
07.2
003;
20.
Rhod
opes
: Gela
villa
ge, 1
9.07
.200
3; 2
1. Rh
odop
es:
Rozh
ensk
i mea
dows
, 19.
07.2
003;
22.
Rhod
opes
: Mah
mut
itsa v
illag
e, 18
.07.
2003
; 23.
Rhod
opes
: Ro
zhen
ski m
eado
ws, 1
7.07
.200
3; 2
4. Rh
odop
es: R
ozhe
nski
mea
dows
(Kar
aman
itsa)
, 18.
07.2
003;
25
. Rho
dope
s: Br
ezov
itsa v
illag
e, 04
.07.
2003
; 26.
Smol
yan
distr
ict:
Prog
led, 1
6.07
.200
3; 2
7. Rh
odop
es:
Rozh
ensk
i mea
dows
, 17.
07.2
003;
28.
Rhod
opes
: Gela
villa
ge, 1
9.07
.200
3; 2
9. Pl
ana M
t., 0
2.08
.200
2;
30. P
lana M
t., 0
2.08
.200
2; 3
1. Rh
odop
es: K
ouko
uvits
a vill
age,
18.0
7.20
03; 3
2. Pl
ana M
t: Go
rni O
kol
villa
ge, 0
2.07
.200
3; 3
3. So
fia d
istric
t: Sa
mok
ov, 0
3.07
.200
2; 3
4. Rh
odop
es: S
tikal
villa
ge, 1
9.07
.200
3;
35. R
hodo
pes:
Gela
villa
ge, 1
9.07
.200
3; 3
6. So
fia d
istric
t: Ko
vach
evtsi
villa
ge, 1
2.07
.200
3; 3
7. Rh
odop
es:
Sito
vo vi
llage
, 05.
07.2
003.
411Phytol. Balcan. 13(3) • Sofia • 2007
floristic element
Sources* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7number of relevés 27 13 15 9 13 217 14
Arrhenatheretum elatiorisEur-As Arrhenatherum elatius V II V V IV V IV
Boreal Trisetum flavescens V IV III . . IV V
Eur-As Dactylis glomerata V IV IV V III V V
Eur Campanula patula IV II I V III II V
Eur-Med Tragopogon orientalis III II III III . IV .
Eur-Sib Knautia arvensis III II III IV III III II
sMed Crepis biennis III II V V IV IV .
Eur-As Daucus carota I I V III III III III
Eur-As Galium album (incl. mollugo) I I V II I V II
Eur-Med Geranium pratense I I . III . II .
Central Balkan Geographic Variant Bal Trifolium velenovskyi IV . . . . . .
Bal Pastinaca hirsuta IV II . . . . .
Pan-Bal Achillea pannonica III . . . . . .
SEur Lathyrus hallersteinii II . . . . . .
Bal Knautia midzorensis II . . . . . .
Bal Silene frivaldskyana II . . . . . .
Bal Armeria rumelica I I . . . . .
Arrhenatherion elarioris, Molinio-ArrhenathereteaEur-Sib Trifolium repens IV IV III II III III IV
sBoreal T. pratense V IV V V V V V
Eur-Med Rhinanthus rumelicus IV IV . . III . .
Eur-As Galium verum IV III III II IV I III
Eur-Sib Leucanthemum vulgare III V V V IV V V
Eur-Sib Achillea millefolium III IV IV IV III IV IV
Eur-As Stellaria graminea IV III I II . I IV
Eur-As Anthoxanthum odoratum III V III II IV IV V
Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia IV IV III I I V V
Eur-Med Trifolium hybridum IV III . . . I III
Eur-Med Lotus corniculatus III III . IV II IV V
Eur-Med Leontodon hispidus IV III IV I I III V
Kos Poa pratensis III IV I IV II V V
Eur Cynosurus cristatus III IV I I II II IV
Boreal Festuca rubra III III IV II I III IV
Eur-sMed Phleum pratense IV III I . . I .
Boreal Rumex acetosa III III III II V V V
Eur-As Veronica chamaedrys IV I . I III IV V
Boreal Plantago media III II II IV III III II
Kos Ranunculus acris III II IV I III V V
Boreal Festuca pratensis II IV III II . V IV
Eur Centaurea phrygia II III . . . . .
Eur-As Vicia cracca III I II III II II III
Eur Holcus lanatus I IV IV I II IV V
Boreal Deschampsia caespitosa II II . . I I III
Boreal Poa trivialis II II I I . IV II
sMed Betonica officinalis II II I . I . II
Eur-As Carum carvi II I I . . I II
Kos Prunella vulgaris I II V II . II II
Eur Colchicum autumnale II . I II . III .
sBoreal Sanguisorba officinalis I II . . . II IV
sBoreal Lathyrus pratensis I II I I IV III IV
Eur-Sib Mentha longifolia I I . . . . .
Kos Potentilla reptans I II II . . I .
Kos Carex ovalis I I . . . . II
Eur-As Alopecurus pratensis I I . I . III V
Eur-Sib Centaurea jacea I . III . II IV IV
sBoreal Filipendula ulmaria I . . . . I .
Eur-Sib Lychnis flos-cuculi I I I I III II IV
Eur-Sib Carex tomentosa I I . . . . .
Accompanying speciesKos Plantago lanceolata III V V V IV V V
Boreal Agrostis capillaris IV III . . . I IV
Kos Hypericum perforatum IV II I . . . I
Eur-As Silene vulgaris IV I . . . I .
Pont Festuca valesiaca II III . V . I II
Eur Briza media III II III II II II IV
Eur-As Viola tricolor III II . I . . .
Eur-sMed Rumex acetosella III I . . . . .
Boreal Bromus mollis II IV II I . III I
sPont Potentilla argentea II II . . I . I
Eur-As Veratrum lobelianum III I . . . . .
sMed-cAs Cruciata glabra III I . . . . .
sMed-cAs C. laevipes II II . . . . .
Boreal Elymus repens I III I I . I I
sMed Salvia verticillata III I . . . . .
Eur-Sib Dianthus deltoides III . . . . . II
Eur-As Campanula glomerata II I . . . I .
sMed Trifolium pannonicum III I . . . . .
sMed Rosa canina III I . . . . .
Eur-Sib Hypochaeris maculata II II . . I . .
Eur-Med Matricaria perforata III . . . . . .
Table 2. Shortened synoptic table of Arrhenatheretum elatioris in different geographic regions.
412 Apostolova, I. & al. • Trisetum flavescens in Bulgaria: syntaxonomy
Eur-As Euphrasia rostkoviana II I I . . I III
Boreal Hypericum maculatum II I . . . . .
Med Cirsium ligulare II I . . . . .
Eur-Sib Cichorium intybus II II III II II I .
Eur-Med Vicia varia I III . . . . .
Eur-Med Verbascum speciosum III . . . . . .
Eur-Med Coronilla varia II I I . . . II
Eur Prunella laciniata II II . . . . .
Eur Festuca nigrescens II I . . . . .
Eur-Sib Agrostis canina I III . . . . .
Eur-Sib Leontodon autumnalis I III I I I I III
Kos Convolvulus arvensis I II III II II . .
Eur-As Heracleum sibiricum II . . . . . .
Eur-As Medicago lupulina I II II IV III II .
sBoreal Juniperus communis II I . . . . .
Eur-Med Chaerophyllum hirsutum II . . . . . .
Eur Campanula rapunculoides II . . . . . .
sBoreal Calamagrostis arundinacea II . . . . . .
Eur-Med Crepis foetida II . . . . . .
Eur-As Echium vulgare II . . . . . .
sMed Teucrium chamaedrys II I
Eur Chamaespartium sagittale I II . . . . .
Eur-As Nepeta nuda II . . . . . .
Boreal Lerchenfeldia flexuosa II . . . . . .
sBoreal Clinopodium vulgare II I . . . . .
Eur-As Trifolium medium II . . . . . .
Eur-Med T. dubium . III . . . III IV
sBoreal Epilobium angustifolium II . . . . . .
Med Muscari comosum II . . . . . .
Alp-Med Helianthemum nummularium II I . . . . .
Eur Luzula luzuloides II . . . . . .
Eur-Med Hypochaeris radicata I II I . I I II
sBoreal Potentilla neglecta I II . . . . .
Eur-Med Hieracium pilosella II I . . . I II
Pan-Bal Achillea crithmifolia I I . . . . .
Eur Holcus mollis I II . . . . .
sBoreal Luzula campestris II I I . . II .
Eur-Sib Polygala major II . . . . . .
Eur Euphorbia cyparissias I I . . II . .
Eur-sMed Stachys germanica II . . . . . .
Bal Dianthus cruentus II . . . . . .
Alp-Carp Alchemilla flabellata II . . . . . .
Med Matricaria trichophylla I III . . . . .
Eur-As Cirsium arvense I II . . . . .
Eur-Med Vicia tetrasperma . II . . I . I
Alp-Med Trifolium badium II II . . . . .
Eur-As Lolium perenne I II I . . II .
Eur-Alp Ranunculus montanus gr. I . . . . . .
Eur-Med Polygala vulgaris I I I . . . .
Eur-sMed Poa compressa I I . . . . .
Eur Cerastium fontanum . II . III IV IV .
sBoreal Potentilla erecta I I . . . . .
Eur-As Poa bulbosa I I I . . . .
Eur-Med Agrimonia eupatoria I I . . . . .
Eur Danthonia alpina I II . . . . .
sMed Astrantia major I I . . . . .
sMed Geranium columbinum I . . . . . .
Med Heracleum ternatum I . . . . . .
Eur-Sib Linaria vulgaris I I I . . . .
Eur Anthriscus sylvestris I . . . . III .
sMed Vicia grandiflora . II . . . . .
Bal Digitalis viridiflora I . . . . . .
Eur-As Euphrasia hirtella I I . . . . .
Bal Campanula moesiaca I I . . . . .
Eur-Med Filipendula vulgaris I II I . II . .
sMed Centaurea rhenana I I . . . . .
sBoreal Sanguisorba minor I I I . . I .
Eur-Sib Hypericum tetrapterum I . . . . . .
Bal Silene roemeri I I . . . . .
Eur Sieglingia decumbens I I . . . . .
Med Hieracium praealtum ssp. bauchinii I II . . . . .
sPont Ajuga genevensis I I . I I . .
Eur Carlina acanthifolia I . . . . . .
Eur-Sib Gentiana cruciata I . . . . . .
sBoreal Crataegus monogyna I I . . . . .
Boreal Carex hirta . II II . . I II
Eur-Med Dorycnium herbaceum I I . . . . .
Eur-sMed Ranunculus polyanthemos . II . III I . .
Eur-Sib Valeriana officinalis I . . . . . .
Eur-sMed Achillea collina . II . . . . .
Eur-Med Inula oculus-christi I . . . . . .
Boreal Arabis hirsuta I . . . . . .
Boreal Plantago major I I . . . I .
Eur-Sib Trifolium alpestre . II . . . . .
Pont Thymus callieri , II . . . . .
Eur-Med Vicia sativa I I . . . . .
Table 2. Continuation
413Phytol. Balcan. 13(3) • Sofia • 2007
Eur-As Origanum vulgare I . . . . . .
Eur-As Gymnadenia conopsea I I . . . . .
Boreal Agrostis stolonifera I . I . . I .
Eur-As Brachypodium sylvaticum I . . . . . .
sPont Campanula cervicaria I . . . . . .
Arct-Alp Nardus stricta I I . . . . .
Eur-Med Salvia pratensis I I II III I III .
Eur-Sib Veronica officinalis I I . . . . .
sSib Brachypodium pinnatum I I . . . . .
Kos Luzula multiflora I I . . . . .
Bul Sedum kostovii I . . . . . .
Eur Thymus pannonicus I I . . . . .
Eur Potentilla obscura I I . . . . .
Eur-Med Verbascum longifolium I I . . . . .
Eur-As Rosa dumalis . II . . . . .
Eur-As Myosotis stricta I . . . . . .
sMed Dianthus carthusianorum I . . II III . .
Eur Thymus pulegioides I . . . . I II
sBoreal Myosotis caespitosa I . . . III . .
Eur-As Vicia angustifolia . I . . . I .
Boreal Carex pallescens I . . . . . II
Eur-Sib Campanula rapunculus . I . . . I .
Eur-Med Cirsium canum I I I . . . .
sPont Ajuga genevensis . . . I I . .
Eur-Med A. reptans . . I . . II II
Eur Alchemilla monticola . . . . . . IV
Eur-Med Anthylis vulneraria I . II . . . .
sSib Avenula pubescens . . . . . IV IV
Eur-As Bellis perennis . . I . . III II
Eur-As Bistorta major . I . . . I .
sMed Bromus commutatus . . . II . . .
Eur B. racemosus . I II . I I .
Boreal Campanula rotundifolia . . . . . II .
Boreal Cardamine pratensis . . . . . II II
Boreal Carex caryophyllea . . . . . I II
Eur-As C. glauca . . II . . . .
Centaurea macroptilon . . II . . . .
Eur-Sib C. scabiosa I . . . . I .
Boreal Cerastium arvense . I III . III . I
Kos C. glomeratum . . . . . . V
Eur-As Dactylorhiza majalis . . I . . I .
Boreal Equisetum arvense . I III I III I II
Boreal E. palustre . I I . . I .
Eur-As Glechoma hederacea . . I . . II .
Eur Heracleum sphondylium . . I . . IV I
sBoreal Linum catharicum I . I I I I .
Eur Lysimachia nummularia . I I . . I .
sBoreal Lythrum salicaria . . I . . I .
Eur-As Medicago falcata . . III . . I .
M. sativa . . . II II . .
Eur-Med Moenchia mantica . I I . . . .
Eur-As Myosotis arvensis . I II . . I .
sMed-As M. nemorosa . . . . . . II
Eur-As Ononis spinosa . . III . II . .
Eur-Sib Pastinaca sativa I . V II I II .
Eur-As Picris hieracioides . . I . . I .
Eur Pimpinella major . . I . II III II
Eur-As P. saxifraga . . . . . I III
Eur-Med Primula veris I . . . . I .
Eur-Med Ranunculus auricomus . . . . . I III
Eur R. bulbosus . . . . . II II
Eur R. nemorosus I . . . . I .
sMed R. repens . I . . . II .
Eur Rhinanthus glaber . . . III . . .
Eur-Sib Rhinanthus minor . I IV II II I V
Eur R. serotinus . . . . I I .
sMed Rorippa pyrenaica . I . . . I .
sMed Saxifraga granulata . . . . . I III
Eur-Med Scabiosa columbaria I . . . . I .
Eur-Sib S. ochroleuca . . . IV . . .
Eur-Med Sedum boloniense . . III . . . .
Senecio barbaraeifolius . . . . . . II
Eur-Med S. jacobea . . I . . I .
Eur-As Symphytum officinale . . II I III I .
Thymus chamaedrys III
Eur-Med Trifolium campestre . I II I . . .
sMed T. patens . I III . . . .
Kos Verbena officinalis . I I . . . .
Eur-Sib Veronica arvensis . I I . . II III
sMed V. triphyllos . . . . III . .
Eur-Med Vicia hirsuta . . . I I . .
Eur-As V. sepium . . . . . III .
* 1, Rhodopes; 2, Sofia Region; 3, Horvatić (1930); 4, Gergely (1964); 5, Borza (1959); 6, Oberdorfer (1993); 7, Blažková (1973).
Table 2. Continuation
414 Apostolova, I. & al. • Trisetum flavescens in Bulgaria: syntaxonomy
Acknowledgement. We thank to the anonymous reviewer for the valuable comments and recommendations which helped us to improve the paper. The authors extend their thanks to M. Yordano-va for providing unpublished releves. Part of the field work was con-ducted under the UNDP Rhodope Project (2005) and PINMATRA 20/2001 Project. We also express our gratitude to Prof. J. Rodwell for providing a copy of the report The European context of British Lowland Grasslands which inspired us for the current work.
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