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Handbook of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders,Volume II
Michael S. RitsnerEditor
Handbook of SchizophreniaSpectrum Disorders,Volume II
Phenotypic and EndophenotypicPresentations
123
EditorMichael S. RitsnerTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyRappaport Faculty of [email protected]
ISBN 978-94-007-0830-3 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0831-0DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0831-0Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011924745
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purposeof being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Insights from ViewsAcross 100 years
Schizophrenia spectrum and related disorders such as schizoaffective and mood dis-orders, schizophreniform disorders, brief psychotic disorders, delusional and sharedpsychotic disorders, and personality (i.e., schizotypal, paranoid, and schizoid per-sonality) disorders are the most debilitating forms of mental illness, worldwide.There are 89,377 citations (including 10,760 reviews) related to “schizophrenia”and 2,118 (including 296 reviews) related to “schizophrenia spectrum” in PubMed(accessed on August 12, 2010).
The classification of these disorders, in particular, of schizophrenia, schizoaf-fective and mood disorders (referred to as functional psychoses), has been debatedfor decades, and its validity remains controversial. The limited success of geneticstudies of functional psyhoses has raised questions concerning the definition ofgenetically relevant phenotypes.
Many researchers around the world have investigated schizophrenia spectrum,and related disorders from the perspectives of diagnostics, early detection of psy-chotic disorders, genetics, neuroscience, prognosis, and treatment. Therefore, these
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vi Foreword
fields have considerably expanded with new findings that were obtained throughclinical and longitudinal observations and neuropsychological, neurophysiologi-cal, neuroimaging, neuroanatomical, neurochemical, molecular genetic, genomicand proteomic analyses, which have generated a necessity for syntheses across thefunctional psychoses.
The present three-volume handbook is a collection that continues to achieve mygoal of providing a comprehensive up-to-date state of the art overview of the lit-erature that addresses the challenges facing clinical and biological psychiatry. Thisseries follows four recently published books:
• Quality of Life Impairment in Schizophrenia, Mood and Anxiety Disorders. NewPerspectives on Research and Treatment. Ritsner, Michael S.; Awad, A. George(Eds.), Springer, 2007, 388p.
• Neuroactive Steroids in Brain Functions, and Mental Health. Novel Strategiesfor Research and Treatment. Ritsner, Michael S.; Weizman A. (Eds.), SpringerScience+Business Media, B.V., 2008. 559p.
• The Handbook of Neuropsychiatric Biomarkers, Endophenotypes, and Genes.Volumes I–IV. Ritsner, Michael S. (Ed.), Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.,2009.
Volume I: Neuropsychological Endophenotypes and Biomarkers. 231 pp.Volume II: Neuroanatomical and Neuroimaging Endophenotypes and
Biomarkers. 244 pp.Volume III: Metabolic and Peripheral Biomarkers. 231 pp.Volume IV: Molecular Genetic and Genomic Markers. 232 pp.
• Brain Protection in Schizophrenia, Mood and Cognitive Disorders. Ritsner,Michael S. (Ed.), Springer Science+Business Media, B.V., 2010. 663p.
This handbook offers a broad synthesis of current knowledge about schizophreniaspectrum and related disorders. It is based on methodological pluralism regard-ing psychiatric nosology and raises many controversial issues, and limitations ofcategorical nosology of functional psychoses covering the ongoing debate on keyconceptual issues that may be relevant for the development of DSM-V and ICD-11.
Reflecting the copious amount of new information provided, the handbook hasbeen divided into three volumes. Volume I contains 20 chapters and serves asan introduction and overview of theoretical issue, and neurobiological advances.The chapters in this volume review the schizophrenia construct, diagnosis andclassification of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and schizotypy concept;present proof-of-concept Multidimensional Continuum Model of functional psy-choses and evolutionary models of autism; new findings regarding neurode-velopmental, neurodegenerative, and neurochemical abnormalities; genetic andenvironmental influences; changes in gene expression; neurotransmitter activity;brain imaging and morphological abnormalities in subjects with schizophre-nia and other psychotic disorders, methamphetamine psychosis as a model forbiomarker discovery in schizophrenia and advances in proteomics. Our knowledge
Foreword vii
of the genetics of schizophrenia and its borderlands is heavily indebted to theresearch and writings of Professor Irving Gottesman. The chapter that summa-rizes his contributions in that historical context is an invaluable contribution to thehandbook.
Volume II contains 19 chapters focusing on phenotypic and endophenotypicpresentations of schizophrenia spectrum and related disorders. The authors dis-cuss psychopathology, stress, social anxiety, neuropsychological, neurocognitiveand neurophysiological findings, endophenotype and neuroethological approaches,quality of life deficits, and risk for cancer morbidity and mortality. The authors alsoreview advances and challenges in mapping the prodromal phases of psychosis, inthe prediction and early detection of first-episode psychosis, early- and late-onsetschizophrenia, the longitudinal course of these disorders, as well as the interfaceof acute transient psychoses, the association of metacognition with neurocogni-tion and function in schizophrenia, neurophysiology of cognitive dysfunction inschizophrenia, schizo-obsessive states, and risk for cancer morbidity and mortalityin schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Volume III includes 18 chapters that provide a wealth of information regardingtreatment approaches, comorbidity, recovery, and outcomes of schizophrenia andspectrum disorders; in particular, recovery-based treatment approaches, antipsy-chotic and neuroprotective-based treatment; prevention and early interventionin at-risk states for developing psychosis, psychotherapy, cognitive remediation,cognitive behavior therapy; and interventions targeting social and vocational dys-function in schizophrenic spectrum disorders. Furthermore, therapeutic approachesto schizophrenia with medical illness, comorbid substance abuse, suicidality, impli-cations for treatment and community support, the relationship between religios-ity/spirituality and schizophrenia, and the ethical ramifications of biomarker usefor mood disorders are also reviewed and discussed.
Since many of the contributors to this handbook are internationally knownexperts, they not only provide up-to-date state of the art overviews, but also clarifysome of the ongoing controversies and future challenges and propose new insightsfor future research. The contents of these volumes have been carefully planned,organized, and edited. Of course, despite all the assistance provided by contributors,I alone remain responsible for the content of this handbook including any errorsor omissions which may remain. Similar to other publications contributed to bydiverse scholars from diverse orientations and academic backgrounds, differencesin approaches and opinions, as well as some overlap, are unavoidable.
This handbook is designed for use by a broad spectrum of readers includingpsychiatrists, neurologists, neuroscientists, endocrinologists, pharmacologists, psy-chologists, general practitioners, geriatricians, graduate students, and health careproviders in the fields of mental health. It is hoped that this book will also be auseful resource for the teaching of psychiatry, neurology, psychology and policymakers in the fields of mental health.
I would like to gratefully acknowledge all contributors from 16 countries(Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Ireland,Italy, Israel, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and USA)
viii Foreword
for their excellent cooperation. I wish to thank Professor William T. Carpenter,distinguished psychiatrist, who was willing to write the afterword for this hand-book. I also wish to take this opportunity to thank the wonderful staff in my clinicaldepartment as well as in other departments in Shaar-Menashe Mental Health Center(Director – Dr. Alexander Grinshpoon) for their commitment, support, and cooper-ation. I would like to thank my wonderful and generous friends, particularly BorisAltshuler, Anatoly Polischuck, and Stella Lulinsky. They always took the time tolisten, even when I was just complaining. The support they have given me over theyears is the greatest gift anyone has ever given me. Finally, I thank Springer ScienceBusiness Media B.V. for the goodwill and publication of this book, particularly Mr.Peter Butler, and Dr. Martijn Roelandse, publishing editors, who did their utmost topromote this project and provided valuable assistance that made the book possible.
I sincerely hope that this handbook will further knowledge in the complex fieldof psychiatric disorders.
Haifa, Israel Michael S. RitsnerMarch, 2011
Contents
ForewordSchizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Insights from Views Across100 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vMichael S. Ritsner
1 Negative Symptoms Across the Schizophrenia Spectrum:Phenomenological and Neurobiological Perspectives . . . . . . . . . 1George Foussias, Ofer Agid, and Gary Remington
2 Neurocognitive Deficits, Negative Symptoms, and Insightin Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Adrian Preda, Robert Bota, and Philip Harvey
3 Stress, Dissociation and Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Petr Bob
4 Understanding the Role of Emotion in Psychosis:Social Anxiety Disorder in First-Episode Psychosis . . . . . . . . . . 89Maria Michail and Max Birchwood
5 Face Perception in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders:Interface Between Cognitive and Social Cognitive Functioning . . . 111Yue Chen
6 Toward a Neuroethology of Schizophrenia:Findings from the Crimean Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Victor P. Samokhvalov and Oxana E. Samokhvalova
7 Quality of Life Deficit Is a Core Presentation of FunctionalPsychoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Michael S. Ritsner
8 Early Onset Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Vishal Madaan, Yael Dvir, Durga Prasad Bestha,and Daniel R. Wilson
ix
x Contents
9 Prediction and Early Detection of First-Episode Psychosis . . . . . 207Frauke Schultze-Lutter, Chantal Michel, Stephan Ruhrmann,Joachim Klosterkötter, and Benno G. Schimmelmann
10 Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders in Relationto the Totality of Psychosis: From First Episodeto Long-Term Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Tara Kingston, Olabisi Owoeye, Anthony Kinsella, VincentRussell, Eadbhard O’Callaghan, and John L. Waddington
11 Course of Schizophrenia: What Has Been Learnedfrom Longitudinal Studies? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Robert G. Bota, Stuart Munro, Charles Nguyen, and Adrian Preda
12 Late-Onset Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Clinical Profile,Prognosis, and Treatment Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Emilio Sacchetti, Cesare Turrina, Luca De Peri, and Antonio Vita
13 Neurological and Neuropsychological Endophenotypesin Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Raymond C. K. Chan, William S. Stone, and Xiaolu Hsi
14 The Association of Metacognition with Neurocognitionand Function in Schizophrenia: Advances from the Studyof Personal Narratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351Paul H. Lysaker, Molly Erickson, Kyle Olesek,Megan L.A. Grant, Jamie Ringer, Kelly D. Buck,Giampaolo Salvatore, Raffaele Popolo, and Giancarlo Dimaggio
15 The Relationship of Acute Transient Psychosesand Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367Augusto Castagnini and German E. Berrios
16 Schizophrenia and Depression – Challenging the Paradigmof Two Separate Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Heinz Häfner and Wolfram an der Heiden
17 Schizo-Obsessive Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403Ruth Cunill and Xavier Castells
18 Neurophysiology of Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia . . . . 449Corinna Haenschel and David Linden
19 Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Risk for CancerMorbidity and Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481Alexander M. Ponizovsky, Abraham Weizman,and Alexander Grinshpoon
AfterwordThe Future of the Schizophrenia Construct and Acquisitionof New Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505William T. Carpenter
Contents xi
Contents to Volume I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Contents to Volume III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Contributors to Volume I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Contributors to Volume III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
This is Blank Page Integra xii
Contributors
Ofer Agid Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8
German E. Berrios Chair of Epistemology of Psychiatry, Department ofPsychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, [email protected]
Durga Prasad Bestha Department of Psychiatry, Creighton University MedicalCenter, Omaha, NE, USA, [email protected]
Max Birchwood University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Solihull MentalHealth Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK, [email protected]
Petr Bob Department of Psychiatry, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Centerfor Neuropsychiatric Research of Traumatic Stress, Charles University, Prague,Czech Republic, [email protected]
Robert G. Bota University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA; KaiserPermanente, Riverside, CA, USA, [email protected]
Kelly D. Buck Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA,[email protected]
Augusto Castagnini Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge,Cambridge, UK, [email protected]
Xavier Castells Servei de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron,Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, [email protected]
Raymond C. K. Chan Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive NeuroscienceLaboratory, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute ofPsychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, [email protected];[email protected]
Yue Chen Director, Visual Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department ofPsychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,[email protected]
xiii
xiv Contributors
Ruth Cunill Unitat d’Hospitalizació Psiquiàtrica Penitenciària de Catalunya(UHPP-C), Parc Sanitari de Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Esteve Sesrovires, Barcelona,Spain, [email protected]
Luca De Peri Department of Psychiatry, Brescia University School of Medicine,Brescia, Italy, [email protected]
Giancarlo Dimaggio Terzo Centro di Psicoterapia Cognitiva, Associazione diPsicologia Cognitiva, Rome, Italy, [email protected]
Yael Dvir Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts MedicalSchool, Worcester, MA, USA, [email protected]
Molly Erickson Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, IndianaUniversity, Indianapolis, IN, USA, [email protected]
George Foussias Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and MentalHealth, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8; Facultyof Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,Canada M5S 1A8, [email protected]
Megan L.A. Grant School of Psychological Science, University of Indianapolis,Indianapolis, IN, USA, [email protected]
Alexander Grinshpoon Sha’ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Ministryof Health, Hadera, Israel, [email protected]
Corinna Haenschel Department of Psychology, City University, NorthamptonSquare, London EC1V 0HB, UK, [email protected]
Heinz Häfner Schizophrenia Research Unit, Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim, Germany, [email protected]
Philip Harvey Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Edgemont,PA, USA
Wolfram an der Heiden Schizophrenia Research Unit, Central Institute ofMental Health, Mannheim, Germany, [email protected]
Xiaolu Hsi Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; MIT Medical, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA, [email protected]
Tara Kingston Cavan-Monaghan Mental Health Service, Cavan General Hospitaland St. Davnet’s Hospital, Monaghan, Ireland; Molecular and CellularTherapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,[email protected]
Anthony Kinsella Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal Collegeof Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland, [email protected]
Contributors xv
Joachim Klosterkötter Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, UniversityHospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,[email protected]
David Linden MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics,Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine,Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Health Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN,UK, [email protected]
Paul H. Lysaker Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University Schoolof Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis,IN, USA, [email protected]
Vishal Madaan Assistant Professor in Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences,Division of Child and Family Psychiatry, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,[email protected]
Maria Michail School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham,UK, [email protected]
Chantal Michel University Hospital of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry,University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, [email protected]
Stuart Munro Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universityof Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA; Center for Behavioral Medicine, KansasCity, MO, USA, [email protected]
Charles Nguyen University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA; Long BeachVeterans Affairs, Long Beach, CA, USA, [email protected]
Eadbhard O’Callaghan DETECT Early Psychosis Service, Co., Dublin, Ireland,[email protected]
Kyle Olesek School of Psychological Science, University of Indianapolis,Indianapolis, IN, USA, [email protected]
Olabisi Owoeye Cavan-Monaghan Mental Health Service, Cavan GeneralHospital and St. Davnet’s Hospital, Monaghan, Ireland; Molecular and CellularTherapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,[email protected]
Alexander M. Ponizovsky Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health,Jerusalem, Israel, [email protected]
Raffaele Popolo Terzo Centro di Psicoterapia Cognitiva, Associazione diPsicologia Cognitiva, Rome, Italy, [email protected]
Adrian Preda Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University ofCalifornia Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA, [email protected]
xvi Contributors
Gary Remington Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and MentalHealth, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8; Faculty ofMedicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,Canada M5S 1A8
Jamie Ringer Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA,[email protected]
Michael S. Ritsner Department of Psychiatry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine,Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Acute Department, Sha’arMenashe Mental Health Center, Hadera, Israel, [email protected];[email protected]
Stephan Ruhrmann Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, UniversityHospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,[email protected]
Vincent Russell Cavan-Monaghan Mental Health Service, Cavan GeneralHospital and St. Davnet’s Hospital, Monaghan, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry,Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland,[email protected]
Emilio Sacchetti Department of Psychiatry, Brescia University Schoolof Medicine, Brescia, Italy; University Psychiatric Unit, Brescia University Schoolof Medicine and Brescia Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of MentalHealth, Brescia Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Centre of Behavioural andNeurodegenerative Disorders, Brescia University and EULO, Brescia, Italy,[email protected]
Giampaolo Salvatore Terzo Centro di Psicoterapia Cognitiva, Associazione diPsicologia Cognitiva, Rome, Italy, [email protected]
Victor P. Samokhvalov Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Psychotherapy,Crimean State Medical University, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine,[email protected]
Oxana E. Samokhvalova Psychiatric Hospital Lnare, Lnare, Czech Republic,[email protected]
Benno G. Schimmelmann University Hospital of Child and AdolescencePsychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,[email protected]
Frauke Schultze-Lutter University Hospital of Child and AdolescencePsychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,[email protected]
William S. Stone Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess MedicalCenter, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, [email protected]
Contributors xvii
Cesare Turrina Department of Psychiatry, Brescia University Schoolof Medicine, Brescia, Italy; University Psychiatric Unit, Brescia University Schoolof Medicine and Brescia Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of MentalHealth, Brescia Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy, [email protected]
Antonio Vita Department of Psychiatry, Brescia University School of Medicine,Brescia, Italy; University Psychiatric Unit, Brescia University School of Medicineand Brescia Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Mental Health, BresciaSpedali Civili, Brescia, Italy, [email protected]
John L. Waddington Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College ofSurgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Cavan-Monaghan Mental Health Service,Cavan General Hospital and St. Davnet’s Hospital, Monaghan, Ireland,[email protected]
Abraham Weizman Geha Mental Health Center and Felsenstein MedicalResearch Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty ofMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, [email protected]
Daniel R. Wilson Department of Psychiatry, Creighton University MedicalCenter, Omaha, NE, USA, [email protected]
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