CS6456 - OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING HAND MATERIALStaff Incharge: S.Ashok Kumar AP/CSEPart-A -2 marks1. Differentiate between class and objectClass Object

A class has a unique nameSeveral objects with different names can be created for same class

Scope of the class is persistent throughout the program.Objects can be created and destroyed as per requirements.

2. Differentiate between Data encapsulation and Data abstractionData encapsulationData abstraction

It is a binding of data and the functions together in a single entity called class.

Data abstraction helps in representing only the essential features by hiding all the implementation details.

Data encapsulation is achieved by inheritanceData abstraction is represented by using abstract class

3. What is an abstract class? Abstract class is the class that does not specify the implementation details, but specifies what are the operations to be done. We cannot create object for an abstract class. Example: Vehicle is an abstract class.4. What is ADT? ADT stands for Abstract Data Type. It does not specify the implementation details, but specifies what are the operations to be done.5. What is the use of ADT? The user need not have to understand the implementation details. Finding of bugs is easy.6. What is Object Oriented Programming? Object Oriented Programming is a collection of objects.7. What are friend functions? Friend function is not a member function of the class but it can access the private and protected members of a class.

8. What is polymorphism? Polymorphism means many forms. Polymorphism is the ability of object to exhibit more than one forms 9. List the operators that cannot be overloaded? Scope resolution operator ( :: ) Size of operator Conditional operator( ?: ) Dot operator ( . )10. What is a container? Container is a collection of objects of different type. These objects store the data.11.What are called iterators? It is also used to traverse the contents of container. Iterators are basically objects and sometimes they can be pointers. It is used to specify the position in the container.12. What is STL? STL is Standard Template Library. STL is a collection of C++ classes and functions13. Define exception. Give example. Exception is an run time error or some abnormal situations which occurs in a program. Exception can be handled by using exception handler.Example: Division by zero 14. What are virtual functions? How are virtual functions declared in C++? A virtual function is a member function that is declared within a base class and redefined in the derived class. Virtual functions are declared using the keyword virtual.15. Define pure virtual function and mention its usage. Pure virtual function does nothingSyntax for declaring pure virtual functionvirtual void functionname( ) =0;Usage: It is used in the abstract class 16. What are virtual base class? In order to overcome the ambiguity problem which occurs in multiple inheritance, the base class is made virtual.17. What is the difference between function template and template function?Function templateTemplate function

In function template, single function template is written and that can handle elements of different data type.Template function is invoking the function with different parameters

Exampletemplatevoid add(T a, T b){.}Example:add(10,20);add(10.5,12.7);

18. What is JVM? JVM is Java Virtual Machine. It is a set of software and program components. Java is platform independent due to JVM.19. What is a byte code? Mention its advantage. The class file created while compiling java code is called byte code. Byte code is used to make a java as a platform independent language.20. Why is java language called as robust? Java is robust because it can be used on multiple platforms. Java provides a good mechanism for error checking.21. How do we allocate an array dynamically in Java? We allocate memory for the array dynamically using new operator.Example:int a[ ]=new int[10]; //Dynamically allocates a memory for an array a.22. How is keyword super is used in Java? Keyword super is used to call super class constructor and super class functions.23. Java does not support multiple inheritance? Why?

Class BVoid display( )Class AVoid display( )

Class CClass As void display( )Class Bs void display( )

When Class C is inherited from class A and class B, Class As void display( ) and Class Bs void display( ) will becomes members of class C. When display( ) function is called, compiler doesnt know which display( ) to call and hence AMBIGUITY problem arise.24. What are packages? Package is a mechanism in which variety of classes, functions and interfaces are grouped together.25. What is API package? API package is a collection of packages which includes the important classes and interfaces which are used by the programmer while developing java applications. Some of the Java API packages are java.io, java.util, java.lang etc. 26. Define interface. State its use. Interface is similar to the class which contains data members and the functions. But the functions are not defined in interfaceUse: It is used to hide the implementation details from the rest of the code. 27. What is a thread? How does it differ from a process? Thread is a light weight process which shares a same address space and same heavy weight process. (i.e) Multiple threads executes in a process simultaneously.ThreadProcess

Thread is a light weight processProcess is a heavy weight process

Several threads share a same address space and share the same heavy weight processProcesses requires separate address space

Switching from one thread is another thread is of low costSwitching from one process to another is costly

28. What are the two ways of creating java threads? Java threads can be created by using Thread class and Runnable interface29. What is multithreading? Multiple threads executes in a process which performs multiple tasks simultaneously.30. What is a stream? Stream is a channel on which a data flow from sender to receiver.31.What are the types of streams? Byte Stream =>Read and write one byte at a time. Character Stream=> Read and write one character at a time.

1. Explain in detail about the various object oriented concepts. (OR) Explain the features of Object Oriented Programming. (OR) Explain the various important paradigm of Object Oriented Programming with example1.Class 2.Objects 3.Data encapsulation 4.Inheritance 5.Polymorphism 6.Dynamic binding 7.Data abstraction1. class A class is a collection of objects of same type.Example:class student{int rollno;public:void get( );void display( );};2. objects An Object is a instance of a class. Example: student s; where student is the class name and s is the object.3. Data encapsulation It is a binding of data and the functions together in a single entity called class.

Data Encapsulation4. Inheritance New class is derived from the old class. It provides REUSABILITY.Types of Inheritance: Single level inheritance, multiple inheritance, multilevel inheritance, hierarchical inheritance, hybrid inheritance.5. Polymorphism The ability to take more than one form is called polymorphismTypes:1. Compile time polymorphism - Function overloading, Operator OverloadingFunction overloading: Same function name is used with different arguments.Operator overloading: Same operator is used to perform different function.2. Run time polymorphism Virtual Function6. Dynamic binding Dynamic binding is the process of matching the function call with the correct definition at the run time.7. Data abstraction Data abstraction helps in representing only the essential features by hiding all the implementation details. Example: class

2.Explain constructor and destructor in detail with necessary examples.ConstructorDestructor

Definition Constructor is automatically called when the object of the class is created. Constructor name is same as the class name.Definition The destructor is called when the object is destroyed. The destructor name is same as the class name but preceded with tilde(~) symbol.

Types of constructor: Default Constructor=> It is called whenever the object of the class is created. It set the initial value for the data members of class.Parameterized constructor=> It is called whenever values are passed to the object. It is used to set the new values to the data members of class. Copy constructor=> It is called when a object is passed as argument to another object It takes the reference to an object of same class as argument.Overloaded Constructor => Constructor with different arguments Dynamic constructor=> Dynamic constructor allocates memory for objects using the operator new.Example program#include#includeclass image{private:int height,width;public:image( ){height=0;width=0;} Default Constructor

image(int x,int y){height=x;width=y;}

Parameterized Constructor

image(image &obj){height=obj.height;width=obj.width;}

Copy Constructor

Overloaded Constructor

void display( ){cout