HAMAS – Islamic Resistance Movement – Harakat Al-Muqawama Al-Islamiya

• Formed in 1987 from Palestinian branch of Muslim Brotherhood

• December 14, 1987 HAMAS anniversary

• Liberation of Palestine • Operate in Gaza Strip, West

Bank; have offices in Amman Jordan; fundraising worldwide

• Loosely structured group – cellular structure

Hizballah – Party of God

• Formed in 1982 by Iranian military intelligence following Israeli invasion of Lebanon

• Liberation of Lebanon as revolutionary Shiite Islamic state

• Operate in Lebanon, Beirut and Bekaa Valley; also found in Iran; fundraising worldwide

• Collective leadership, loose confederation of militant groups and clerical leadership

Al Qaeda

• Formed around 1988. The organization was formed after Bin Laden was already running the Services Office, a clearinghouse for the Muslim brigade opposing Soviet invasion in Afghanistan. Al Qaeda grew out of the Services Office

• Expel unbelievers from Middle East

• Operate worldwide• Decentralized; many

autonomous cells worldwide

Definitions• Terrorism:

– The term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.

– The term "international terrorism" means terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country.

– The term "terrorist group" means any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism. (U.S State Dept.)

• Organized Crime– “any group having some manner of a formalized structure and

whose primary objective is to obtain money through illegal activities. Such groups maintain their position through the use of actual or threatened violence, corrupt public officials, graft, or extortion, and generally have a significant impact on the people in their locales, region, or the country as a whole.” (FBI)

• Decrease in State Sponsored Terrorism

• Crackdown on charities

• Use of organized crime as means to fund– Drug Trafficking– Arms Trafficking– Contraband Smuggling (Cigarettes, Diamonds and

Gems, Fuel, etc.)– Human Trafficking

• Sex Trade, Immigration, Work

– Counterfeit Goods

• Legitimate business

Women’s Role in Islam and the Trend in Female Suicide Bombings

By Vesna Markovic

Introduction

* History of Suicide Bombings

* Modern Suicide Bombings

* Use as coercive measure

Suicide Attacks

* Suicide not allowed by Qur’an

* Suicide Bombings / Martyrdom Operations

* Organizational Reasons for Suicide Attacks

* Personal Reasons for Suicide Attacks

Personal Reasons

* Religious Fanatic

* Nationalistic Fanatic

* Avenger

* Exploited

Methodology

* 51 cases suicide bombings by females

* 5 cases attacks not carried out

* Total 56 cases

* Open Source data

* Personal Info: Age, Occupation, Family background, Reason for attack

* Attack Info: Where, When, Target Deaths and Injuries, Terror Group

Limitations

* Small number cases

* Information not complete

* Open Source data

* Women’s Role in Islam* Qur’an v. Cultural

* Women as suicide bombers?* Qur’an* Fatwa’s issued* Community support

Findings

Average Age 22.35

Median Age 20.5

Oldest 37

Youngest 15

Targets

8%12%

33%

37%

10%

Not carried out

Checkpoint

Commercial -Civilian

Police/Govt

Not known

AGE – 26 cases had age data

7

14

24

8

14

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Car/TruckBomb

Explosiveson person

Grenadeson person

Carried(suitcaseor bag)

Bomb(placement

unclear)

Unknow n

Bomb Placement

Countries

1

10

1 1

12

7

1

4

2

11

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Bangla

desh

Chechen

/Gro

zny

India Ira

qIsr

ael

Leba

non

Pakist

an

Russia

Sri La

nka

Turke

y

Data available for 38 bombings

Deaths Injuries

Total Number 337 942

Average per Attack 8.87 24.79

Median 4 12

Casualties

050

100150200250300350400450

1985

1986

1987

1991

1996

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Killed

Wounded

Year Average Deaths Average Injured

1985 0.5 2

1986 0 7

1987 6.5 46.5

1991 1 0

1996 4.67 14

1998 6.5 10.75

1999 5.75 7.75

2000 27 0

2001 12 55.5

2002 2.5 28

2003 14.08 29.46

2004 4 0

CONCLUSION

* Trend

* Scrutiny of Males

* Community Support

* al-Qassam poll

* Palestinian Center for Public Opinion

Indoctrination at Early Age