Habitat Crustacea: faktor lingkungan abiotik & parasit

Drs. Sapto P.Putro, MSi, PhDLab Ecology & Biosystematics

FMIPA-UNDIP

General habitats of Crustacea• Generally they inhabit seawater, some species live in inland water, few at

terrestrial:a) Rocky ocean shores • Occurs when energy is moderate/high composed by granite, sandstone,

limestone, basalt, gneiss- Supports habitat of marine invertebrates: Cirripedia (bernacles), Grapsidae

(rock crabs) - Other small crustaceans living under algae

b) Sandy ocean shores• A product of moderate to high wave action• Usually simple ecosystemshifting nature of the sands and low nutrient

levels• Most animals are buried/burrow in the sand: Ocypodidae (ghost crabs),

mole crabs (Hippidae)• Other small crustaceans: amphipods, isopods

c) Tidal mudflat and sandflats• Quiet, low wave energy waters of estuaries• Sediments: muddy and sandy• Habitat of: soldier crab (Mictyridae), sentinel crabs,

hermit crabs, pistol shrimp (Alpheidae),etcd) Estuaries• Occurs when river water enter sea water • Important as nursery grounds of many commercial

fishery species• Habitat of: commercial prawns and crabs, fiddler crabs

(Uca sp), spider crabs (Hymenosomatidae), etc.

General habitats of Crustacea

e) Mangroves• Vegetasi dominan di ekosistem pesisir di Indonesia:

Rhizophora, Avicennia, Bruguiera, dan Sonneratia• Common species: Scylla spp. (kepiting bakau),

Metopograpsus sp.(climber crab)

f) Salt flats

General habitats of Crustacea

g) Seagrassesamphipods, small crustaceans

h) Coral reefs Xanthidae,Portunidae (crabs), Palinuridae (rock lobster), Caridae (shrimps)

i) Inland water bodies (saline and fresh waters) Notostraca, Conchostraca, Anostraca, Parastacidae (crayfish), Palaemonidae (shrimps), Cladocera Ostracoda, Copepoda,etc

General habitats of Crustacea

Kelomang Mangrove/Mangrove Hermit Crab (Clibanarius sp)

• Clibanarius sp. : dikenali dari warna kakinya yang bergaris-garis biru.

• Setelah terjadi pergantian kulit, tubuhnya semakin membesar dan cangkangya terasa sempit melepaskan cangkang keongnya dan mencari cangkang baru.

• Terjadi kanibalisme antar individu!!

Crustaceans inhabiting Rocky ocean shores• Barnacles are exclusively

marine, and tend to live in shallow and tidal waters, typically in erosive settings. They are sessile suspension feeders, and have two nektonic larval stages

• Barnacles have 2 distinct larval stages, the nauplius and the cyprid, before developing into a mature adult.

Life cycle : Bernacles

• Barnacle eggs hatch into planktonic nauplius larvae, that have a single eye at the front of their head and three pairs of appendages that are used for swimming.

•The cyprid stage lasts from days to weeks, searches for a place to settle.

•Larvae are thought to assess surfaces based upon their surface texture, chemistry, relative wettability, colour and the presence/absence and composition of a surface biofilm; swarming species are also more likely to attach near to other barnacles.

Adult.Typical acorn barnacles develop six hard calcareous plates to surround and protect their bodies. For the rest of their lives they are cemented to the ground, using their feathery legs (cirri) to capture plankton.

Crustaceans inhabiting sandy ocean shores

Ordo Amphipoda: skeleton shrimps (Caprellidea)

Ordo Amphipoda: sand fleas (Gammaridea)

Crustaceans inhabiting sandy ocean shores

Ordo Isopoda: sea lice (Flabellifera) Ordo Isopoda: Anthuridea

Crustaceans inhabiting sandy ocean shores

Ocypode sp. (Ghost crabs): live in burrows along the sandy beaches. Size: up to or over 50 mm carapace width; omnivorous: eat other crabs, clams, insects, vegetation, and detritus. Feeding activity takes place at night, while burrowing occurs during the day. The large eyes of the crab are sensitive to changes in light intensity.

Kepiting Laga/Fiddler Crab (Uca sp)

• Kepiting Laga: 80 spesies di seluruh dunia.

• Warnanya: oranye,merah jambu,biru,ungu,berwarna-warni pelangi.

• Habitat: sandy beach • Uca sering terlihat

bersosialisasi di tempat yang panas.

• Mereka bisa hidup pada lingkungan bersuhu tinggi, karena memiliki kemampuan beradaptasi pada variasi suhu dan salinitas yang lebar.

Habitat mangrove: Kepiting Semapor/Semaphore Crab (Ilyoplax sp)

• Ukurannya mungil, kurang dari 1 cm.

• Ilyoplax sp menaikturunkan capitnya untuk menandai daerah kekuasaannya.

• Kepiting kecil ini sering dijadikan indikator keberadaan daerah mangrove.

• Habitat Metopograpsus sp memanjat akar bakau untuk menghindari air pasang dan predator.

• Di balik rapatnya perakaran mangrove jenis Rhizhopora, Metopograpsus sering melakukan perkawinan.

• Kawin di darat, tapi saat suhu hangat, si betina segera menuju ke laut secara periodik untuk melepaskan telurnya.

Habitat Mangrove: Kepiting Ungu Pemanjat/Purple Climber Crab

(Metopograpsus sp)

Kepiting Oranye/Orange Signaller Crab (Metaplax sp)

• Metaplax menggunakan dua capit besarnya untuk menangkap makanan di substrat mangrove yang halus.

• Makanannya adalah cacing-cacing bentik yang berukuran kecil.

• Mereka bertempat tinggal diantara akar-akar Rhizophora dan substrat mangrove yang halus pada tepian saluran air mangrove.

• Memiliki sepasang capit oranye yang besar Kepiting Oranye.

• Habitat: substrat mangrove yang halus

• The orange signaller occurs in areas of very soft mud.

• They often occur in large groups near stream banks, and feed during the low tide.

Udang Pistol/Pistol Shrimp (Alpheus sp)

• Alpheus sp (Pistol shrimps/snapping prawns) :

• Habitat: di balik akar pohon mangrove, pecahan karang atau daun mangrove yang jatuh pada permukaan air.

• Omnivores • Fungsi capit sebagai alat

memegang/memotong makanan, sebagai alat bantu dalam mendorong lumpur, batuan kecil atau pasir saat menggali lubang.

• Hutan mangrove sebagai tempat mencari makan, berlindung, memijah, dan membesarkan anaknya.

Kepiting Pemanjat Pohon/Tree-Climbing Crab (Episesarma sp)

• Kepiting memiliki pasangan anggota tubuh bernama Maksiliped yang digunakan untuk makan.

• Episesarma sp. species dibedakan dari warna capitnya, sex/kelamin dibedakan dari bentuk abdomen: jantan, memiliki bentuk abdomen yang lancip.

• Kepiting pemanjat pohon mangrove menghindari air pasang dan predator ( ular dan berang-berang).

Kelomang Darat/Land Hermit Crab (Coenobita sp)

• Coenobita sp.(kepiting pertapa, kepiting hermit nampak seperti pertapa di cangkang keong sbg goanya.

• Kelomang akan berganti cangkang seiring dengan perkembangan tubuhnya mencari cangkang baru untuk menggantikan cangkang lamanya di pesisir pantai sekitar mangrove dg berjalan mundur sambil menyembunyikan karapasnya yang lunak.

• Hermit sangat pemilih dalam menentukan cangkangnya bisa menghabiskan waktu hingga lebih dari dua jam, hanya untuk melihat-lihat cangkang barunya.

Habita: Seagrasses

• Ostracoda

Habitat: mangrovesa b c

Jenis kepiting bakau yang dinilai memiliki potensi pasar: a) Scylla serrata; b) Scylla olivacea; c) Scylla tranguebarica.

Fisika-kimia lingkungan Habitat Crustacea : Studi pada species intertidal (genera Uca,

Sesarma, Talorchestia, Littorina )• Generally, increasing temperature increases the

pressure required to elicit reversible reactions such as "increased activity" and tetany, or paralysis,

• Increasing temperature generally evokes the irreversible response of death (LDs0) at a decreasing pressure.

• Tropical stenotherms tend to be more sensitive to hydrostatic pressure than eurythermal-temperate species at the same or similar temperatures.

• Species-specific responses : Generally, different species of the same genus from different marine climates have different average pressures of response.

Effect of salinity

A. VIRUSES• The pathogenic viruses typically live in hemocytes, or

epithelial cells• Associated with significant mortalities during outbreaks. • Infected crabs are lethargic, susceptible to stress-

induced mortality (e.g., capture, and handling), and often show signs of tremors or paralysis, or even blindness (CBV)

• The other pathogenic viruses had patent periods ranging from 2 weeks to 2 months.

Pathogens & Diseases of Crustaceans

A. VIRUSES• The reolike virus (RLV): hemopoetic tissue, nerve cells,

hemocytes, epithelial cells an extremely short, and acute patent period; infection experiments resulted in mortalities in just 3 days

• Rhabdolike virus A (RhVA): nerve cells, endothelial cells, hemocytes, connective tissues stress-related mortality

• Picornalike virus/Chesapeake Bay Virus (CBV): Nerve cells, epithelial cells including gills mortality in 2 weeks - 2 months

• Herpeslike virus (HLV): Hemocytes mortality in 1-2 months

Pathogens & Diseases of Crustaceans

Pathogens & Diseases of Crustaceans

B. BACTERIA• Vibrio bacteria are everywhere in the marine

environment• Several invertebrates are infected by or

passively transport the disease agents. • Vibrio parahemolyticus outbreaks in shedding

facilities for soft-shell crab; can be a significant source of mortality.

• The bacterial pathogen hemolymph multiplies in blood

Pathogens & Diseases of Crustaceans

C. PROTOZOANS• Paramoeba, Ameson, and Carcinonemertes, • Ameson michaelis: muscle tissue highly

pathogenic, not assoc. with outbreaks• Paramoeba perniciosa: connective tissues,

hemolymph high prevalence, late spring, and winter, mortality in 30 days after injection

• Hematodinium perezi: Hemolymph high prevalence, mortality in juveniles up to 100%

Pathogens & Diseases of Crustaceans

D. Parasitic dinoflagellates

• Hematodinium perezi (find literature: morphology, anatomy, life cycle, etc)- lives in the hemolymph of blue crabs - rapidly proliferates and kills its host -

• Related disciplines the epizootiology, ecology, and pathophysiology

Case study: Diseases in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (giant freshwater prawns)

Case study: Diseases in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (giant freshwater prawns)

• A variety of pathogens in larval, juvenile and adult:1. Fouling protozoansEpistylis, Zoothamnium, and

Vorticella mainly detected in adults

1. Pathogenic bacteria Vibrio, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Edwardsiella isolated from healthy and diseased prawns at different stages and habitats.

- Vibrio sp. dominant species isolated at larval stage

- Aeromonas sp., Pseudomonas fluorescent and Edwardsiella tarda isolated from adult prawns.

Curing and Treatment methods

1. Antibiotics for bacterial treatment Gentamycin and Norfloxacine

2. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobials against the bacteria Gentamycin, Penicilin, Sulfadiazine, Oxytetracylin, Norfloxacin, Tylosin, Clistin, Chloramphenicol and Erythromycin antimicrobials against four bacterial strains (Aeromonas sp., A. hydrophila, A. sorbia and A. caviea)

3. Sulfadiazine and Tylosin could not inhibit the growth of isolated bacteria in all experimental antibiotic concentration.

Diagnosis in diseases: basic procedures

• carefully selected quality specimens with representative lesions live crustaceans.

• The recommended minimum numbers of specimens to collect for diagnostic testing 100 larval stages of most crustaceans; 50 postlarval stages; and 10 juveniles and adults.