21

H. J. Chowdhery studies on the subfamily apostasioideae.. 1-13shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/122197/9/06_chapter 1.pdf · (H. Earnest Hunt) ^ ^Je^ ^ ^s;?T ^l^t gfe ^^

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Page 1: H. J. Chowdhery studies on the subfamily apostasioideae.. 1-13shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/122197/9/06_chapter 1.pdf · (H. Earnest Hunt) ^ ^Je^ ^ ^s;?T ^l^t gfe ^^
Page 2: H. J. Chowdhery studies on the subfamily apostasioideae.. 1-13shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/122197/9/06_chapter 1.pdf · (H. Earnest Hunt) ^ ^Je^ ^ ^s;?T ^l^t gfe ^^

^ H - c ^ l j " ^ ? r ^ t I 'IFfcr uTTfcT ^ T ^ ^ ^ # ^ ^ afrcT ytcT ^ t I

^ T f M cf>T T } ^ c f l f M ^ FPffcT PR^tN ?i|KT ?t?n ^?m t I

1.1 >(1*Dd ^ 3I8f TJcPT MR'*iim

# ^ ?T6^ ^ ||Rcict> R^c^qui ^ # f ^ a ^ ^ ^ ^ ? ^ f^ ^

t I ^ ^ + %T 3?a[fcT ^fR # { %T -^[^ ^ W] W^ cTTT^ ^ -^^ "^T^

c[K^ 3 l k ^ c >H '4|JI ^ ^ 3 r f ^ 3?^|cj^||c?l cpi FTT vmcTT I ^ ^ ^ ^

t , f^RT^ ? M m r r ^ (TTTCR, CTT^ 3 fk ^ ) ^ ^2T 3T»TTf ? t ^ f I ^

^8T^ ^ ^ ^ ^IK'J|^C| c p ' ^ ^ t ^ xIHIcbx!' ^ PlHl'Rhd ?eft^ ^ ^ ^

" ^ cffgi cTSTT ^ ^ ^ fP f fcPJ^ I'""

3T9Tfcf ^;^t%f ^ fTPFT, c[K^ 3 fk ^ c M toT3Tt cfJT ^?m t I ^

^ f^Rfr cfTt ^ i ^ ^ ^ 3TeFT ^ % ^ ^ ^ f m ^ -I W ^ ^ ^ ^

1. ^ I K ' J I ^ C I : ^ t ^ xiHIchx!, l^aR >!-cly!J|d|tiJ|i|: ' H T K R T R cfjfej^ ^ f M c R l ? o l l ^ 20. ^ o 12 I

Page 3: H. J. Chowdhery studies on the subfamily apostasioideae.. 1-13shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/122197/9/06_chapter 1.pdf · (H. Earnest Hunt) ^ ^Je^ ^ ^s;?T ^l^t gfe ^^

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t I W^ m "m TT^j -^^ -^ TR ^ ^ TKIT I I

"Sangeet is a technical term generally used for vocal, instrumental and

dance. It is impossible to seperate them although they are quite different in

their characteristics from one another. Each has its own individual charm."^

Tf%?r 3T^t6[ef ^ ' # ^ MiRvjjid' TpsT ^ -^^ ^ MR^mi ^ wm ^

? ^ 3?^R TFPT, c H ^ 3Jk ^ ^ c M c f ^ ^m ^ # ^ ^ f ^

"cbfetHHiaf ^ ^ ^H%T ?T«^ ^ fTFB, c[T^^ s fk ^ ? M '^ ^^

^Jffcn t ^ %T c f j ^ t i"3

^ 3Tcf>R TTfZH, c fT^ 3 fk ^ ^ c M c f^^T^ cf t fpftcT c f ^

fj 1. P l4c l l ^ : ( ^ C J - ^ H D a w ^^l^ct , , ^ o 198 I

2. xjo 31^1<s|d, W^ MlRvjIIrl, ^H^chlx! cfjfcf^ >{-ich[cHd, ^ o 12 ^cftcf^: 20 I

3. ;^o ^ ^ , ^iNidlii cp? crnfr cffr ^ c ^ 1 4 RC^KH, ^O 101 4. qo 3T?f6fef, ^ft%T 4|RVJ1IC1, ^|t>iJchK ^f^fcl^ >HcbfcHr1, ^ o 12 ?efT^ 20 I

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f ^ ^ wm % I 3?cT: ^fR^ w^ ^^l^^^ % \

^ ^ ^ TcTefW t ^TR 3T2Tc|T ^TTcIM 3mfcT HM<J|i| flfj^ ^ % ^ c[TlI ^

1.2 TnlkT cPT 3?mR TT :-

fTTtZT t I 3TcT: ^ % 1 t ^ ^ ^ H ^ f | 3TT??T ^ TK cf? t ^ ^ cR^^ft c^

'f'*^^ ^ ^ ^ eft cfi ^FPfi ftqFzM Fmr I ^fFR^ ^fplkr ^JRTR ^ TK ^ ^ ^ .

f ^ n ^ ^ 3TmT%T t I

1.2.1 TTf^ 3iamT eRI :-

^ 3T9Tc[T cP7 ^fPltcr c^ ]?anT 3T2M 3?g^ cTc^ t cTSTT ^?T^R^ ^^ftcR #

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1.2.2 ^<R :

O

(H. Earnest Hunt) ^ ^Je^ ^ s;?T l t g f e ^ ^ ^ f R3T I , "#%T c^c[ef

% H ^ f rf ^ y c ^ I I "Music is the mediator between spiritual and

sensual life."^

^ £ R 'THT Tpn t I W^ W5( -^ ^?)^, R j ^ K ^ FTW 3TTf f^J^sff ^

^ xi^Tla'lMqVTl ^=n?T FcR ;gvJT, ^ i W , ^e rR H^rrf^ q [Tf ^c[rr T^^ f^m^ cfJT v ^ r ^ §3TT I

^TR ^ f r 22 ^ f M , ^5^ CT2TT c M T-STPft cf?r B^qfrf FtcfT t I ^H^

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^f^, # ^ TIFT cTSJT ^ ^ F ^ f^^ H27I (^E^ ^ viTTfM m f^^RT ^R ^

I TT I ^ ^pfi^ 3 j t o torn ^ ^21 ^ 3[cr?an3it ^ ^ R ^^ STM

1.3 TPftcT ^ \3cqf% :-

f ^ f ^ % p f f ^ ^^Tc^ ^Jcqfrf ^ f ^ - f ^ 3TmR ^ f i

1.3.1. m f ^ ^ntJN :

^ yro | f I ^^m^ ^ cf ^ fen? 4WT ; ?icifj t n fM ^J? ^mflc^

3 l k fPltcT c|5t 3 T f l r ^ ^ THT ^T^ t I >H>l>Mdl ^ ^ ^fPH^ ^JeH ^ 5rR

^TN^ ^ ^ m ^ |3TT, ^TN^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^?T4, f ^ v^^ ?TSn. STRRT fi <^

fPfrcT ^ %aTT ^ , cT^ ^ "fR^, ^TR^, ? ?TPF 3TTf ofd^ Wf^ ^cfT ^ ^ 7 R ^

? ^ ^ ^ - # c f > ipf ^HT^ JefT ^ i m R ^ feT? 3jc|dRd f ^ I

^ ^ ^ ^ q? 5Rr^ ?t^R #iftcT cfKTI y ^ H ^ I

' % ^ y ^ ' ^ ^ ^ c 3T^^TR - # ^ uFTcT c|5 ^ i f ^ ^ ^ fcpjf

f^TBRT^ y? t ^ ^R 3 T ^ c fPTJT ^JoPTTf f ^ ^ ^ ^ R ^ ^ ?WT 3?cfj

^fR^ cFt, ^fR^<fcft ^ ^ W T , ? ^ ^ ^ CTSTT irWT "^ 0x!cJM uTFTT 3TR^

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fT^^^rdt l ^ ^»T7T^H^RR 3rrf^ ^ H H ^ ct>e |U| ^ fei^ vif^ f ^ I I ^3^#^

Pf>R : ^ W ^ -^W^ m^ ^ j ^ ft%T ^KlT ^ XJ^ S r ^ 7 f ^ SI^H f vJTT

t I

t I B ^ ^ ^ oi |cbx!U| ?TT^ ^ TcRT ^ 3fk ^ ^ ^qmTjc f jR ^

eRT (fcR^ vJf#, T l ^ vJTllcr, ^ vmfcT, to ^mfrf, fTcf H ^nfcf) ejit Wt

3fm ?T^ f^rf^ ^3n t I w^ ^ w<\'^^^ ^w^. ^ t ^ snf^ fra^R (3fm)

^ f t 3PT#>Tm t I ^16^ 3 l k FcTf c|5t vScqfrT ^ f ^ c ^ ^ ^ l ^ t 1 ^ ^

vcl^lRd W^ f t ^#iflcT ^ ^ TK cfJT WT £fP?^ cR ^ m t I STTsJcT: 3ftT{

^T^ f r W^ cfJT JHcf? t I ^fFR^ cfJeTT 3fm ^ f t f^fffcT f | uft 3ft^ cfTT

^HTtRT cf5^ ^ ePTsf f r ^ t I cT f t W^ c^ 8TT2f ^5)^ T[?^ cR^ ^ FP )eT

f t ^ f I ^ ^ eW, cTTef, ^?^ " ^ vHHIcl l f I ^ ^l^ ^H%T ^ ^^T^ cf

1. ?r5T->W>!l vTlfei, c f i f ^ g^-4R|ch l , ^ 1995 ^ 3?^}^ ^ q R - f t M , ^ 9 ^ ° 5 I

(ff^ ^fr%f fc|?IFftc5, T{Sj^) ^ 1995 I

Page 8: H. J. Chowdhery studies on the subfamily apostasioideae.. 1-13shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/122197/9/06_chapter 1.pdf · (H. Earnest Hunt) ^ ^Je^ ^ ^s;?T ^l^t gfe ^^

1.3.2 HHl 5llP^cb SiraR :-

3TTf f^^m^ Tpft^ypT cf5t 3l|cl^^cbdlj>HK ^ ^ ? ^ ^^cH t . ^ M>r?

1.3.3 HI^R^ch SiraK :-

o

i^lRbd qrFT FcR ^ , % ^ tcfcT ^<R ^ cTSTT ^s f t HM^ ^ 3 ? ^ ^

t I

^fPMcqfrf ^fFeff^ f ^ f ^ 3TTtTNf ^ S|c|dlch^ cfR% q^ ^ ^ ^

^ T ^ ^ eft t cPTt1% ?TT Sfk Tlf^ fT%T ^ ^ ^ 5 ST cTc ? ^ SffcT ^ i t

Page 9: H. J. Chowdhery studies on the subfamily apostasioideae.. 1-13shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/122197/9/06_chapter 1.pdf · (H. Earnest Hunt) ^ ^Je^ ^ ^s;?T ^l^t gfe ^^

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? ^ 3 T ^ ^ * T ^ f i t M ^ ^ T R ^ ^FT^ ^ 3 ^

2. ^ ?t%T

1.4(i) TTpff ^pft^ ;.

^ ^ T c ^ ^ t ^ ^ 3 T ^ T P 9 T r ^ ^ ^ f t % T c f > T f ^ r f ^ 1 ^ ^

' ' M ^T%T' ^ yi fm ^^cf^mRHT rfSTT ^ar m f ^ c f ^ f ^ ^R^ 2 |

1.4 ( i i ) ^ # j f t ^ :-

-" ^ ^ T ^ ^ ff%T t f^RT^ ^J i^^^ ^ f ^ T ^ ^ f T ^

'THcr %fT fTTf 3TiT^ I ^ ^ ^ cfJT STtelcf^ cR^ c f ^ v 3 ^ ^ |3TT

^ ^ 3 T c | ^ TT^ ^ncpT^ ; ^ ^ - ^ 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 3 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

^ 3fk em ^ Pl JHdc cfR - ^Tc^ vift ^TR^ik f cfjRT %ITT TFIT cf# ^

^TfltcT ef^ I

1.5 #ift?T ^ Tr%?n :-

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"^^^ '^ ?f^^. ^S^J^ H\h^ # ^ ^ JW^ ^ #cTcn t I

^nrq^, ^ T ^ ^ ^ ^ f ^ f ^ W%T ^ ^ effeRT ^c[T Tpft W^

% I ^ f^ (RHxHcbl ^ 3IT^>R ^ . ^ ?)q ^ ^ t ) c aiqRf^cl ?RTR ^

^ ^ cfK fTcf rp? c[ ^flcH # ^ t eft ^^^^m cf5t ^ ^ ITR cfjx! -eFT^ f |

t ( fcR ^ ^ST ^ cPT ^iR cTTef ^ Wq Weft t eft ^ ^fcR-cl^R4l ^ g ^

^ ^ g ^ cTR^ ^ f ^ c^ £ r ? ^ «H Weft f I n ^ c ^1^ - ^p^ ^ ^fRK[

^ f<R ci cTT TT^ ?oq ?t W% f I ^ cfJR n t f% fPfteT ^ W ^

W^-^^ePT, ^3?tc[-uT^ - y ^ ^ m 3TIHT STf TcfjR ^^Tf t^ fv? TeH I I W ^

^ et JY ^ eRj c[ ^ f ^ ^ ^ ^>^ TT ef eTcf? ^ ^ 7 ^ 3 ? ^ ?ten t I ^ ^ t e

^ ?^ ^ cjTt am^ iji % trf^^T^ ir? jpfler c jen ?r^ t i

HHc[-^PR ^ : ^ N ^ vjeRTT t , vSTf ^ 3 - ^ ^ ^ ? R ^ ^ f TeTeft eft '^

'fPftcf ^ cRXTft ir 3?T f^r^m I I arfef W^ fJTef ^ f t ^ cfeTT ^ST ITff^

^ ffiePT HRT WJ] % I 3TTe^ cf ^HlcHl c f^Tcf^ cfft ^ ^fRf^ ^ g ^ ^ # ^

^IM ^ t , vJTFT FPfteT ^ c[M t I" "

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chdichK ^ ^ eft HTcf ^mf^ ^jnf^ m ^ Ftm # t . ^ 3^:1^ "Hm ^ ^ftcrrsff

^ f^trRq ^v?^ f I Ijf^ (txHIchK ^ ^ ^ >TmT?fr ^ t eft ; ? T ^ ^ T^HT

SRT«Tc[ I

fn1tc[ ^ \i<^^H *c^q|U|chl>^ I I fpftcT TTPT ^ ^ ^ , "^rfe^ THcT

cf>t aneFTT % ^ fp^^ ? Qm t I

^McT ^TcfT ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ cfJeTf t I ^ ^JelT ^ viMl HHI ^ f ^ ^

'^ I OT#T #f1kr ^ ^ ^gTcf ^ WT ^ IcRTT I f ^ ^ff%T ^ K ^ ^ W^U^

*4- ^^McT ^ cf5t »TTcRT a f t c T - ^ t I # ^ ^ fFfTM ^ 1 ^ H^-UoiHH

cf^ ^ t I w^ ^ ^3TR cfTeH 3ft? ^ # ^ t vwt m ^ ' r r a ^ i ? e ^

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^H^^eH TTcr ^HmuTPT m ^ 3 T H ^ cT IT ^ T ^ f ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ t I ^

^ T%T T ^ uMcT 3TSTc[T ^^^ [ ^ ^ eTT t I W^ ^ ^ cbdIcbK f>cn '^ cT?^ ^

3n^Picplc|>>^u| ^ 3T^^TR ^?FPT-^PT^ q? ? ^ HcflHdH^ ^ ^TlftcT ^ Weft

^Hvjiivi, Tpft ^Rdfcch oft t I ^ 5 ^ sTffjicr ^ t sfr r T\:^^ I IRT ^ ycf>^

^ JT ^ 3TefTcIT 3TT£i||frHcb ^ t ^ ^ ^ ^ £ H TfT^ vJmft ^ t I

t I W^ ^ c^ ^ ufcfKTT t Wl HHc[ cj^ y ? ^ 3TcR-aTT ^ 3 T H ^ i M ^ c f j ^

t I f u H ^mcft cf5t 3Tf foq%T W f g M ^ ?t Wf^. v 5 ^ FPftcT ^KT W^

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^ ^fcPTTto f ^ ^ t , vifr ^ 3 ^ ^ cTSn c[M ^ f<R ^ ^ fWRcT c f>^

^ ?T f^ ^ ScTT t I

^fK^sff ^ ^^fcffT I I W^ r l ^ ^ ^ toSft ^ aTKTH^ ^ ^ x m ^TI^H c W(

^ TTcnFr ?R>^ ^ iTHc[ chc^|U| ^ f ^ cf5t t I ^ 3 ^ ^ Jf)Jm: fC^, ^ W T ^

^?H^ ?TR^ ^ j ^ ^ft%r ^?en ^ ^ 3 T ^ #?c[ Tj^H %qT I I

t I f l ^ m #HT cfTlef i r K t ^ #iflcT c| f^ cTH ^ 3?iFfr ^ - ^ ^J^tcR

Music makes people milder and gentler, more moral and more

reasonable. Music is the art of the prophets, the only art which can calm the

agitations of the soul.

"Music, art and literature lead a person from the lower level of

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physical existence to a higher spiritual place and in this way helps in

self-purificaition."^

H%T ^ f^arr ^ ^^-^FcJt *^Mdi3J! ^ B^ ^ snj^ ^rf^ Ftcfr

t I fPftcT ^ ^ ?cHT f ^ ^ 3fk czjmc|5 t f ^ ^W^ "fJ^ 3T2Tcn

3Tff^-3RT cfJT iTcH eFTT^ c f j f ^ ^ ^ , 3 T % 3RF>Tc[ 3?c1k FtcfT I I ^

fKT[ c ^KT ^TFTcr 3Tq^ >TTcPfT3fr ^ 3Ti^oijRk1 W^ Wf^U % I ^ PtTcT ^

?^nT eft ^ ^ ^ WteHT-r[cHT ^ ^ STTcTT ?mT, 3 ^ : ^^3 f?^ I^Sn 3nf^

^ f^Tfff FlcTT ? TT 3 l k 3#efFFT H I ^ ^J^cH ^ eft Plf^^d W^ ^ ^ 3 % !

^fWT "SW^ f^cbdclH ^ 9 f t ^ TfPTf, cTJIFTT 3nf^ ^TPcHT # ^?^ #TT I ^

# f ^ c^ rPTT ^ f PTfT cycler fPflcT c ^ f T FT ^ t - ^ ^ T ^ Wm " ^

1. # ^ qf Tcf)!, 3FrfcT 1968, i j ^ 13 I

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3 T f ^ f ra ;? q i ^ f I t ^ ^ 3?c^ W^ 3IXT fcr?)q f RPT 3 lk R l ^ M

^ f ^ 3fh? | [ ^ cT^ T[Hcf cf ^ uTT c[Ten ^ t - I ^ f W ^ ^ ^ ? ^ ^ f ^

3 %%T f ^ c f ^ c[pjft I , 3RT: c[^ l[?T ^ ^ ^ t I F ? c^dlcbK ^fi%T c

nfrr TT?^ e F M ^^^MI t I ^ff%T ^3Tf^ feP? cg^ ^ ^ ^ i f ^ t #5^ "m^

^ c fen? ?c[T I ^?t%r. cbdlct)K ^ >ficR ^ 3AJTf ^H cn t . ^ 3 ^ ^ c^

^ 5f^FT c R ^ t j )

^frWcRT Ft ^ I

f^^Mer N3C^ t f ^ ^fi%T cf>T jjermr? • rr t i ^ TT c tor FnftcT ^ ^ ^ ^

WCTFR ^ cfj^ t f ^ - ^fr%T T%fr ' T ^ fet^ t ^ ^ . ^ ^ ^ f ^

t I ^fPftef 3?tcFT c F? aPT, F? ^eT ^ R^HM t I ^fPftcf c Sl^rm ^ i f T ^

^ # ? f ^ cf5T 3 t ^ Ftcfv? ^ 31H<^[f^d ^?F^ I , ^ 3 1 ^ ^ v5 \cR i K ^

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^ ^ ^ ? ^ t I ^ ^ : W^ Jm^ TK ^ "H^ %. f ^ ^ 3Tq m^ ^

^ l f ^Tf^ ^ ^>R^ ^ y^jR ^ ;;TT ;g^ ;;^ in^ I

J 3TCT: W ^ ^ cfJefT t f ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ , ^Hc[. ^ n ^ ^ ^fW^ ^

t I ^ cfJeTT S r q ^ 5r>M cH>wRl4f cRfj XR ;g]eT ^ ^ WT^ ^ - ^ f ^ ^

^ ^[Rr ^sn t I # ^ f^^ ^^, ^^m^ >^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ % , ^sm>]

^ ^ t , fr?^Fcfcft ^ W T - C J T ^ C^ y f ^ 3TRTCJTT f eft 3 T ^ ^ , ^ H ^ , ^ST. f^^^^,

1.6 TPftcT ^ ycPR :-

^ft%T ^ f%rr^ 3?cf^ t , ^ ^ 6[TcT ^ W^ f ^ vrfT ^?T t I ^ft%T

"^^ % \ ^ - '^TT^' c f^m^\ A m] | 3n # ^ ' ii>edn^ # ^ ' cb^didi

t I f ^ f f f ^ ] ? c ^ f ^RI^ ^ TTTcPT ^ ^ ^ 3JP|C| |4 Ftcn t I ^ ^ # ^ ^

1.6.1 ^Wi-^H jfTcT

1.6.2 ^ ^ ^FPM (HR ^T%T)

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1.6.1 ? T R ^ # i ^ :-

^ ^ m H ^ 3m^ MHtim ^ ^^HHcictj ^ torn ^N[m I I ?TR#q

ToJTcT -^f^ ^ f n ^ 5TPT t I 'THcT 3TTHT ^ f l 4 ^ ^ ^r? ^ ^ ^ ^ff^ f ^

fR TcTT v ^ ^ I

^e^lR t I ^ ^ n THZPT ^ cfR:^ ^ cf?t ^ cbdIcbK 33RfcT ^J^cn t eft

^ 3Tfm^ W ^ ^FT TTTZR ^ cTT^ cfJT^ ftcTT t I ^^Hlei^ ? T R ^ # ^ ^

t -1.6.1.1 ^c^lRlch ^IK-?ili| #ift?T

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1.6.1.2 od cj |R<t> W^^ ^ t ^

1.6.1.1 ^^lf^«t> ^W^H W^ :

W^ ^ W^ ^n^ m ^ - "^ff^. ?<R. ^ , W^^. TTFT, ^-]\.

>r c iPcicb w^ ^ y r ^ cpM ^ mf^ A s i ^ ^ TT^ fe^t rif

f 3fk 3 T ^ f ^mt ^ W |3TT ?r^ ^ cPR^ ^ 1 ^ f ^ ^ t | STcT:

1.6.1.2 cijIcJ lRch W^i(\zf TPft^ :

t I ^ » T N ^ ^ ^ T|T?H 3T2M cjTcr ^rfcRfr cfJT 6[|cr f ^ ^ t \ W^^

ft f\ frauTT t I

onici^iRch ^m^ ^ fR^ ^ w^ ^ f ^ # ^sq ^ y^ar 5 R # T fuT>ei

cbdl47K 3ft^ JftcTT ^ t ^ ' T ^ ^ ?t ^ c^N^lR* ^TTF^ ^ T ^ sfK

STT^to ^ ^ # ^ g^ performing arts ^ 3T rRt?T feRTT W ^ t I # ^

^ f^># ^ tc?f TfT ^ ^ yc ar y ^ ^ f^^ Wen I i ^ ^3^1^ sn?^

^ i i ^ i i qar t eft ^ c dlR chd mt ^f#^ I ^ ^ g ^ ^ * T I efl ^

3TRr t I

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1.6.2 ^TpT ^ T ^ :

1.6.2.1 c t o ?ti1t?T

1.6.2.2 Hv5Ff 3fr? %T

1.6.2.3 flr^R^ Wft^

1.6.2.1 eftcp TPft^ :

^ fPftcT f%^ ^ T R : ^ f ^ m ^NT f^r f^ ^ ?r 3fk 3TFT efWt ^RT

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^ "^^"^ ^ I ' ^ ^^^ ^ eft ^cTel ^RPfen ^ ^ f n ? I ^ | T K ^ ^ ^ % f [

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