GV369 THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY

LECTURE 1

GV 369 1. WHY THE PRESIDENCY?

2. A UNITARY INSTITUTION - INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS

3. APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF THE PRESIDENCY - HISTORICAL - QUANITATIVE - BIOGRAPHICAL - THE BARGAINING MODEL - STRUCTURAL/ DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACHES - RADICAL APPROACHES

4. LEADERSHIP/PERSONALITY VERSUS STRUCTURE/HISTORICAL CONTEXT

THE PRESIDENCY AND THE CONSTITUTION

• 1. The crisis of the modern presidency – a constitutional problem?• 2. Why in Crisis? - the separation of powers - selection process - burdens of the office – head of state, commander in chief, chief executive, moral leader, party leader, world leader - plebiscitary nature of the office• 3. How many of these problems derive from the constitutional status of the office or from factors?

• 2. Original intent of Framers – areas of concern - Demagoguery –’extremist rhetoric that ministers to fear’ - examples administration not politics - Representation a) sense of people not the peoples’ collective capacity – electoral college selected by state legislatures and move to direct election b) Different lengths of terms corresponding to distance from people c) Authority and formal powers derive from constitution not the people d) Size and notion of the ‘Compound Republic’ - Independence if the P. and the separation of powers. Historical precedent – state governors weak in relation to state legislatures

• Areas of contention - Executive privilege - Executive v legislative power – section 3.1 ‘ he shall recommend to their consideration

decision such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient....’

- Veto power - Appointment power - Treaty power - Commander in Chief

• 4. Constitutional changes Very few only: 12, 1804 P and VP 20, 1933 – Lame duck session abolished 22, 1951 limited to 2 terms 25, 1967 reform of succession - although a number relating to the franchise

5. How has Presidency Changed?

• 1. Huge increase in executive power• 2. Popular election and rise of plebiscitary

presidency• 3. Related – rise of party• 4. International roleBUT fundamentals of the separation of powers remains – the Constitution matters

GV 369 US PRESIDENCYLECTURE 3

• A. the Founder’s intentions - above politics; twice removed from people; avoid demagoguery - separation of powers• B. How it worked in practice: 1. Sporadic prominence, 1789-1865 2. Presidential retreat 1866-1896 3. Populism and progressivism, 1897-1915 4. WW I and after 5. Retreat, 1920-1932 6. Great depression and war, 1933-1945

• C. Presidential prominence, 1946-2007 - Cold war, 1946-1990 - New world order 1991-2001 - Post 9/11 2001-• D. Making sense of it all – Skowronek - Office is constitutionally unchanging but aptitudes of incumbent varies - Also society and polity constantly changing - Concept of Political Regime

SKOWRONEK’S SCHEMA

President’s political identity Previously established Commitments Opposed Affiliated

Vulnerable reconstruction Disjunction

Resilient Pre-emption Articulation

• Politics of Reconstruction- Jefferson, Jackson, Lincoln, FDR

• Politics of Disjunction – Pierce, Buchanan, Hoover, Carter

• Politics of Articulation- Polk, T. Roosevelt, LBJ

• Politics of Pre-emption – A. Johnson, WW, RMN and…….

• The Golden Rule: ‘As the POWER of all presidents to get things

done has expanded the AUTHORITY to reproduce political ORDER has constricted.’

E. Critiquing Skowronek - Agency/structure problem -Only three regimes? - If permanent pre-emption then what explanatory power does it have?

US PRESIDENCY: LECTURE 3OTHER APPROACHES

• A: THE TWO PRESIDENCIES THESIS• ‘In the realm of foreign policy there has not been a single major issue on which presidents, when they were serious and

determined, have failed.’ (Wildavsky, 1966) - UN; Marshall plan; NATO; Truman Doctrine (containment); Indo China (1954) and in 1964• Why? - Ubiquity and strength of threat -Power to act C in C -Inability of Congress to contain P

• Competitors for control of policy - all are weak vis a vis P - the public - special interests - Congress - military - State department• How complete is control?

• EIGHT YEARS LATER - status of Cold War - War powers Act - VN effect - Distinction between foreign and domestic policy blurring

• B Since 1970s – thesis has to be modified four main periods: 1. 1974-1981 presidents in retreat 2. 1981-1986 Reagan ascendant 3. 1987-2001 New World Order? 4. 2001- limits of presidential FP & domestic power• Constants Congress and divided government; use of troops abroad; budget power; treaty power

• C. THE POST MODERN PRESIDENT• Traditional President 1790-1932 - ‘Do nothing’ presidents (except in war) - size of federal government - no institutional president - Few treaties/foreign entanglements• The Modern Presidency 1933-1968 - chief legislator - active in promoting US interests abroad - visible national leader - command of resources - secretariat - near hegemony

• Post Modern Presidency 1969 – - White House resources are limited - Foreign (global) influences restrict freedom - P.O. fickle, not so manipulable - Congress more assertive

• Criticisms - Traditional P. is a caricature - Lines between traditional and post modern are blurred - Is international dimension the real key? Moral issues, polarisation

PERSONALITY AND THE PRESIDENCY

• 1. Personality and political leaders• 2. Eysenck and Adorno – authoritarian personality – but cannot apply in US - But personality is one independent variable among several• 3. Greenstein 1967 article – objections to using personality as a variable

a. Personality randomly distributed, but….b. Personalities less NB than social characteristics, but…c. Actors are limited by events and contextd. People with different traits will not

behave differently in common situations, but…

e. ‘Deep psychological needs do not affect behaviour, but….

• 4. Personality and the study of the presidency - work of Alexander George - Barber’s Presidential Character Two Measures: Emotional satisfaction from job and Energy invested in the job Leads to a four way characterisation of presidents

• Active Positive• Active Negative• Passive Positive• Passive Negative

-Origins of the personality traitsCritiquea. ‘psychologism’ – just four typesb. events v.personalityc. Four ‘ baddies’ very differentd. Today just 2 types – or even one!

• Greenstein’s cautious approach - Public communication - Organizational capacity - Political Skill - Vision - Cognitive style - Emotional intelligence• 5. Summing it all up