GUIDELINES OF THE AUSTRIAN INSTITUTE OF ......Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering OIB-330.6-005/18-001 As at: 26.2.2018 OIB Proposal on cost optimality 2018 OIB document

OIB GUIDELINE

6 Energy conservation and thermal protection Cost optimality OIB-330. 6-005/18-001

FEBRUARY 2018

GUIDELINES OF THE AUSTRIAN

INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION

ENGINEERING (OIB)

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Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering OIB-330.6-005/18-001 As at: 26.2.2018

OIB Proposal on cost optimality 2018

Authors c.p.t.:

Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering:

OIB: Rainer Mikulits, Wolfgang Thoma

Expert Advisory Council for construction engineering guidelines (SVBBTRL) of the OIB – Sub-committee for energy conservation and thermal protection:

Burgenland: Roland Schmidt

Carinthia: Johannes Hairitsch, Reinhard Katzengruber

Lower Austria: Andreas Zottl

Upper Austria: Robert Kernöcker

Salzburg: Joachim Weinberger

Styria: Robert Jansche, Friedrich Kainz

Tyrol: Thomas Schnitzer-Osl

Vorarlberg: Kornelia Rhomberg, Martin Brunn

Vienna: Christian Pöhn

Provincial Expert Group for the development and implementation of the EPBD in the Liaison Office of the Austrian Provinces:

Burgenland: Christian Taschner

Carinthia: Erich Mühlbacher

Lower Austria: Franz Angerer

Upper Austria: Gerhard Dell

Salzburg: Franz Mair

Styria: Dieter Thyr

Tyrol: Bruno Oberhuber

Vorarlberg: Martin Brunn

Vienna: Christian Pöhn

This guideline is based on the results of deliberations of the Provincial Expert Group appointed by the Conference of Directors of Provincial Government Offices with the aim of producing a proposal for harmonising the building regulations. The work undertaken by this group was coordinated by the Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering (OIB) in accordance with the mandate of the Conference of Directors of Provincial Government Offices within the meaning of Section 2(2)(7) of the statutes of the OIB and continued in the Expert Advisory Council for construction engineering guidelines. A resolution was passed on the guideline by the General Assembly of the OIB pursuant to Section 8(12) of the statutes.



OIB document for verification of the

cost optimality of the requirements of OIB Guideline 6

and of the National Plan

pursuant to

Article 5 of Directive 2010/31/EU

First five-yearly revision

26.2.2018

This framework document is based on the results of the deliberations of the Provincial Group of Experts in the

Liaison Office of the Austrian Provinces appointed by the Conference of Directors of Provincial Government

Offices and of the Expert Advisory Council for construction engineering guidelines – Sub-committee for energy

conservation and thermal protection (SVBBTRL 6) of the Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering (OIB) to

coordinate the transposition of DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE

COUNCIL of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings.


OIB Proposal on cost optimality 2018 Page 2 of 60

1 Introduction – Grounds – Results ............................................................................................................... 5 2 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 3 Definition of reference buildings (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1) ......................................................................... 8 3.1 Establishment of building categories (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/1) .................................................................................................................. 8 3.2 Representativeness of the office buildings in the SB field (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/2+3) ........................................................................... 8 3.3 Identification of the locations of the reference buildings (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/4 – Climatic zone) ...................................................... 8 3.4 Establishment of the geometry (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/4 – Size) ................................................................................................................. 9 3.5 Results for the current requirements – Residential buildings – Newly constructed (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/5+7 – Reporting on the

reference buildings) ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 3.6 Results for the current requirements – Service buildings – Newly constructed (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/5+7 – Reporting on the

reference buildings) ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 3.7 Results for the current requirements pursuant to OIB-RL 6: 2015 – Residential buildings – Existing stock (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/6

– Reporting on the reference buildings) ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 3.8 Results for the current requirements – Service buildings – Existing stock (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/6 – Reporting on the reference

buildings) ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 3.9 Minimum efficiency requirements for building elements (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/8 – Requirements for components and building

envelopes) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 3.10 Minimum efficiency requirements for building elements (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/9 – Requirements for the technical building

system) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 4 Identification of measures to improve energy performance (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2) ........................... 13 4.1 Energy efficiency measures – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+2 – Envelope quality) ................................................................... 13 4.2 Measures based on renewable energy sources – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+3 – Technical building system) .................. 14 4.3 Identification of packages of measures – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/4 – Measures/packages/variants of measures) ......... 15 4.4 Energy efficiency measures – Major renovations (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+2 – Envelope quality) ....................................................... 15 4.5 Measures based on renewable energy sources – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+3 – Technical building system) .................. 15 4.6 Identification of packages of measures – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/4 – Measures/packages/variants of measures) ......... 16 5 Application of the packages of measures and results (Del. Reg. – Annex I/3) .................................... 16 5.1 Building physics variations for new builds .................................................................................................................................................. 16 5.2 Building technology system variations (new builds) .................................................................................................................................. 17 5.3 Energy indicators for new builds (Del. Reg. – Annex III/Table 2).............................................................................................................. 18 5.4 Identification of the variations for major renovations................................................................................................................................. 21 5.5 Energy indicators for the variations for major renovations (Del. Reg. – Annex III/Table 1) .................................................................. 22 6 Calculation of the primary energy demand for each reference building not taking account of the

domestic electricity demand (Del. Reg. – Annex I/3) .............................................................................. 25 7 Calculation of the global cost in terms of net present value for each reference building not taking

account of the domestic electricity demand (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4)..................................................... 26 7.1 Collection of net cost data (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4(1))................................................................................................................................. 26 7.2 Discount rate (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4.2) ........................................................................................................................................................ 34 7.3 Choice of perspective (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4.3+4.4) .................................................................................................................................. 34 7.4 Calculation of costs for the regular replacement of components ............................................................................................................. 37 7.5 Calculation period/estimated useful life ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 7.6 Starting year for the calculations (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4) .......................................................................................................................... 37 7.7 Calculation of the energy costs in the cost calculation (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4) ..................................................................................... 37 8 Identification of a cost-optimal level for each reference building (Del. Reg. – Annex I/6) .................. 38 8.1 Identification of the cost-optimal spectrum ................................................................................................................................................. 38 8.2 Comparison with existing requirements in Austria ..................................................................................................................................... 52 9. Sensitivity analysis (Del. Reg. – Annex I/5) ............................................................................................. 53 9.1 Residential buildings – New builds ............................................................................................................................................................... 53 9.2 Residential buildings – Major renovations ................................................................................................................................................... 54



ABBREVIATIONS

APB Apartment block

BC Basement ceiling

CD Cooling demand

CO2 Carbon dioxide emissions

CostOpt Document for verification of the cost optimality of the requirements of

OIB Guideline 6 and of the National Plan pursuant to Article 5 of

Directive 2010/31/EU

DeEnD Delivered energy demand

DoElD Domestic electricity demand

Del. Reg. Delegated Regulation

EDC Energy demand for cooling

EDH Energy demand for heating

EDHRef Energy demand for heating systems for reference equipment

EPBD Energy Performance of Buildings Directive

EW External wall

FED Final energy demand

fEP Energy performance factor

GFA Gross floor area

HDDs Heating degree days

HDH Heat demand for heating

HDHRef Reference heat demand for heating

HDHW Heat demand for hot water

lc Characteristic length

MFB Multi-family building

NRB Non-residential building

OIB-RL6 OIB Guideline 6. Energy conservation and thermal protection

OPD Operating power demand

PED Primary energy demand

PEDnonren. Non-renewable primary energy demand

PEDren. Renewable primary energy demand

PEDSHHW Primary energy demand for space heating and hot water

RB Residential building



SB Service building

SFB Single-family building

SH+HW Space heating and hot water

STE Solar thermal energy

ThI Thermal insulation

TSC Ceiling of the topmost storey

UBC Basement ceiling U value

UEW External wall U value

UFA Useful floor area

UTSC Ceiling of topmost storey U value

UWIN Window U value

WIN Window



1 Introduction – Grounds – Results

Article 5(2) of the EPBD (2010) – Directive 2010/31/EU – obliges the Member States to

calculate cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements using the

comparative methodology framework established in accordance with Article 5(1) and

relevant parameters and to compare the results of this calculation with the minimum energy

performance requirements in force (under OIB Guideline 6: 2015 in Austria’s case). The first

report was to be submitted by 30 June 2012 (as a result of the roughly 9-month delay in the

publication of the related documents, this date became 31 March 2013). The calculations

and report must be updated every 5 years.

This document represents the second report – issued in 2018 – in accordance with the

stipulations of the EPBD (2010), 5 years after the first report. This report was drawn up by

the Expert Advisory Council for construction engineering guidelines – Sub-committee RL6:

Energy conservation and thermal protection, in consultation with the Provincial Expert

Groups for the development and implementation of the EPBD.

It is worth stating explicitly that the results of this document represent a confirmation of the

results of the first report. The conclusions are that the existing requirements with regard to

the variables ‘heat demand for heating’, ‘final energy demand’ and ‘energy performance

factor’ should be retained and there is now a better representation of the requirements for

non-renewable primary energy demand satisfied in this way.

Due to the similarity of the results for new builds and larger-scale renovation for residential

buildings, service buildings and ‘minor renovations’ or ‘renovation of elements’, the previous

results are considered to have been confirmed by way of reasoning by analogy.

Flow chart: Procedure for performance of the cost optimality study – Timings and content outcomes

New-build RB Major renovations of

New-build SB Major renovations of

Component-by-component



RB SB renovation

CostOpt 2013 CostOpt 2013 CostOpt 2014 Reasoning by analogy

Reasoning by analogy

Twin-track 10 line + EDHRef

16 line + fEP


25 line + fEP

Twin-track (adjusted for floor height)

10 line + EDHRef 16 line + fEP

Twin-track (adjusted for floor height)


Target

trajectory: 17 line + EDHRef

25 line + fEP

CostOpt 2018 CostOpt 2018 Reasoning by analogy




16 line + fEP


25 line + fEP

Twin-track (adjusted for room height)


Twin-track (adjusted for room height)


Target

trajectory: 17 line + EDHRef

25 line + fEP

‘Reasoning by analogy’ here means that, as a result of identical results, it was concluded

that further calculations would lead to equally identical results.

2 Definitions

In principle, the definitions under all OIB documents and Austrian standards (ÖNORMs)

apply. For ease of readability, the following brief definitions are given by way of introduction:

Heat demand for heating (HDH)

The quantity of heat that must be delivered to conditioned spaces to maintain the intended

temperature conditions. Calculated according to ÖNORM B 8110-6, which is to be

understood as the National Application Document (NAD) for EN 13790.

Reference heat demand for heating (HDHRef)

The quantity of heat that must be delivered to conditioned spaces to maintain the intended

temperature conditions. Calculated according to ÖNORM B 8110-6, applying the building

profile according to ÖNORM B 8110-5 and using the reference climate.

Heat demand for hot water (HDHW)

The default value for a residential building of 30 m² useful floor area corresponds to one

shower and washing hands several times a day. For other usage profiles, simple multiples or

fractions of this value were determined depending on the expected heat demand for hot

water. These default values are defined for each use profile in ÖNORM B 8110-5.

Energy demand for heating (EDH)

The energy required to cover the HDH and HDHW, taking into account the system losses

from the technical building system. Calculated according to ÖNORM H 5056, which is to be

regarded as the NAD for all parts of EN 15316. This value includes the auxiliary energy for

any pumps and a mechanical indoor air system for any period in which the heat recovery

contributes to a reduction in the heat demand for heating.



Cooling demand (CD)

The quantity of heat that must be extracted from conditioned spaces to maintain the

intended temperature conditions. Calculated according to B 8110-6, which is to be

understood as the NAD for EN 13790.

Energy demand for cooling (EDC)

The energy required to cover the CD, taking into account the system losses from the

technical building system, calculated according to H 5058, which is to be regarded as the

NAD for all parts of EN 15316 et seq. This value includes the auxiliary energy for any

mechanical indoor air systems during the cooling period.

Domestic electricity demand1 (DoElD)

Default value entered as a statistical quantity.

Operating power demand (OPD)

Default value entered as a statistical quantity.

Final energy demand (FED)

Energy demand defined as the sum of EDH, EDC and DoElD or OPD.

In addition to the energy demand for heating, the final energy demand also includes the

domestic electricity demand and/or any operating power demand, energy demand for

cooling and energy demand for lighting, minus any final energy earnings but plus the

auxiliary energy demand required for this. The energy demand equates to the quantity of

energy that must be purchased (delivered energy demand).

Energy performance factor fEP

The energy performance factor is the quotient of the final energy demand and a reference

final energy demand (2007 specification).

Primary energy demand (PED or PEDSHHW)

The primary energy demand is the final energy demand including losses in all upstream

chains. The primary energy demand has a renewable (PEDren.) and a non-renewable

(PEDnonren.) portion. In this document, the PEDSHHW, the PEDSHHWren. and the PEDSHHWnonren.

as well as the PEDSHHW+BelEB, the PEDSHHW+BelEBren and the PEDSHHW+BelEB,nonren. express the

respective proportions of the variables in question that are required to be reported under the

EPBD.

Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2)

Total carbon dioxide emissions attributable to final energy demand, including those for

upstream chains.

1 The recording of domestic electricity demand or operating power demand was introduced in order to increase

the transparency of energy certification in the sense of the comprehensive specification of all potential elements of the overall energy demand required and to enable the offsetting of potential income from photovoltaic systems or similar facilities in Austria.



3 Definition of reference buildings (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1)

The Guidelines recommend Member States to choose between specific examples of a

building category and virtual buildings. For the purposes of this verification of cost optimality,

in line with the 2013/14 edition only virtual buildings (with typical building dimensions) have

been chosen, especially given that the diversity of building types would seem to make it

impossible to select a physical example that could be regarded as typical.

3.1 Establishment of building categories (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/1)

In the Regulation, Member States are invited to establish reference buildings for the

following building categories: single-family buildings, apartment blocks and multi-family

buildings, office buildings and other non-residential building categories under Annex I

paragraph 5 of Directive 2010/31/EU (specifically: educational buildings, hospitals, hotels

and restaurants, sports facilities, wholesale and retail trade services buildings, other types of

energy-consuming buildings) for which specific minimum energy performance requirements

exist. In so doing, Member States are permitted to choose to derive the ‘other non-residential

building categories’ from the office building category. For the purposes of this verification of

cost optimality, the following building categories are distinguished between:

Single-family buildings (SFBs)

Multi-family buildings (MFBs)

Apartment blocks (APBs)

Service buildings (SBs)2

3.2 Representativeness of the office buildings in the SB field (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/2+3)

This was explained in detail in the first edition of this document.

3.3 Identification of the locations3 of the reference buildings (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/4 – Climatic zone)

In accordance with the stipulations of the National Plan 2013/14 and Cost optimality

2013/14, the present cost-optimality study is being carried out exclusively for the Austrian

reference climate. This is a climate with HDDs = 3 400 BC that was determined by averaging

across all seven of Austria’s climatic regions.

A detailed delineation of the climate, including the possibility of determining an hourly climate

for the heat pump calculations, as well as the standard outside and summer outside

temperatures, can be found in ÖNORM B 8110-5.

2 Proof that the office buildings are representative for other use profiles can be seen in Section 3.2.

3 ÖNORM B 8110-5 and ÖNORM B 8110-5 Supplemental Sheet 1.



3.4 Establishment of the geometry (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/4 – Size)

The specifications used are the same as those from the first edition.

3.4.1 Establishment of the geometry for residential buildings

In order to ensure comparability with Cost optimality 2013/14, the same building geometries

were used for the present determination of cost optimality. Details on how these were

established can be found in the 2014 cost optimality study. The establishment of the

dimensions took place based on details from Statistics Austria for the numbers of SFBs,

MFBs and APBs and the average sizes of residences in each of Austria’s provinces.

Table 1: Mean useful floor area per residence and building type

Mean values SFB MFB APB

UFA 117.49 m2 65.20 m2 65.59 m2

Residences 1.17 5.46 17.93

GFA 171.48 m2 445.06 m2 1.469.75 m2

Table 2: Gross dimensions for residential buildings

Geometry Width Length Storeys Structure lc

SFB 12.00 m 14.29 m 1 Detached 1.03 m

8.00 m 10.72 m 2 Semi-detached 1.48 m

MFB 12.00 m 18.55 m 2 Detached 1.65 m

10.00 m 14.84 m 3 Semi-detached 2.04 m

APB 12.00 m 30.62 m 4 Semi-detached 2.73 m

12.00 m 20.42 m 6 Enclosed 3.60 m

Figure 1: Geometry and structure of the reference buildings

3.4.2 Establishment of the geometry for SBs

This was explained in detail in the first edition of this document.



3.5 Results for the current requirements – Residential buildings – Newly constructed (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/5+7 – Reporting on the reference buildings)

The following table sets out typical values for ‘Residential buildings – Newly constructed’,

which correspond to the currently applicable requirements under OIB-RL 6: 2015 (the

from/to values are the result of two different types of district heating and two different types

of heat pumps):

Table 3: Typical energy indicators for Residential buildings – Newly constructed

Building type HDHRef PEDSHHWnonren. CO2 Technical

building system [kWh/m2a] [kWh/m2a] [kg/m2a]

SFB

54.9

8.8 0.9 Pellet boiler

17.3-25.0 2.6-4.6 Local or district

heating

23.4-34.8 4.9-7.3 Heat pump

46.3



heating

21.2-31.2 4.4-6.5 Heat pump

MFB

39.5


15.6-22.3

2.4-4.1

Local or district heating

27.3-38.5 5.7-8.1 Heat pump

37.4

7.6

0.8

Pellet boiler

15.2-21.8

2.2-4.0

Local or district heating

26.8-37.6 5.6-7.9 Heat pump

APB

30.7



heating

21.8-30.8 4.6-6.4 Heat pump

29.8



heating

21.5-30.3 4.5-6.3 Heat pump



3.6 Results for the current requirements – Service buildings – Newly constructed (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/5+7 – Reporting on the reference buildings)

It can be seen from the flowchart in the chapter ‘Introduction – Grounds – Results’ that, as a

result of the identical results for ‘Residential buildings – Newly constructed’ in the first edition

of the present document and the current document for service buildings, the results from the

first edition of the present document can be used by way of reasoning by analogy.

3.7 Results for the current requirements pursuant to OIB-RL 6: 2015 – Residential buildings – Existing stock (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/6 – Reporting on the reference buildings)

The following table sets out typical values for ‘Residential buildings – Existing stock’, based

on a study of the default values for the establishment of the energy performance of private

households in connection with the micro-census (Statistics Austria).

Table 4: Typical EDH values for Residential buildings – Existing stock

HDHRef line Characteristic length (lc) Years Verbal evaluation

HDDs = 3 400 BC 1.15 m 1.72 m 2.58 m 1.90 m

61x(1+2.0/lc)

[Average value] 192 141 116 134 …-1990

Minimal thermal

protection or worse

33x(1+2.0/lc) 106 75 63 72 …-2007 Significantly improved

thermal protection

26x(1+2.0/lc) 85 60 50 57 …-2010 Energy-saving

building (=2008)

19x(1+2.5/lc) 73 51 40 48 …-2012 2010 requirement

under OIB-RL 6: 2007

16x(1+3.0/lc) 70 48 39 45 …-2014 2012 requirement


The following table sets out typical values for ‘Residential buildings – Major renovations’,

which correspond to the currently applicable requirements under OIB-RL 6: 2015 (the

from/to values are the result of two different types of district heating and two different types

of heat pumps).



Table 5: Typical energy indicators for Residential buildings – Major renovations

3.8 Results for the current requirements – Service buildings – Existing stock (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/6 – Reporting on the reference buildings)

It can be seen from the flowchart in the chapter ‘Introduction – Grounds – Results’ that, as a

result of the identical results for ‘Residential buildings – Major renovations’ in the first edition

of the present document and the current document for service buildings, the results from the

first edition of the present document can be used by way of reasoning by analogy.

Building type HDHRef PEDSHHWnonren. CO2 Technical

building system [kWh/m2a] [kWh/m2a] [kg/m2a]

SFB

72.1


20.6-29.9 3.1-5.5

Local or district

heating

28.0-41.6 5.8-8.7 Heat pump

61.4



heating

25.2-37.3 5.3-7.8 Heat pump

MFB

52.9



heating

30.8-43.8 6.4-9.2 Heat pump

50.2



heating

30.1-42.6 6.3-8.9 Heat pump

APB

41.9


14.4-20.9 2.2-3.8

Local or district

heating

24.7-35.2 5.2-7.4 Heat pump

40.7


14.2-20.5 2.1-3.8

Local or district

heating

24.3-34.6 5.1-7.2 Heat pump



3.9 Minimum efficiency requirements for building elements (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/8 – Requirements for components and building envelopes)

The minimum requirements for single-component renovations are based on a renovation

plan that aims to achieve the nearly-zero energy level for major renovations after all potential

single-component renovations have been completed. There continues to be a free choice of

whether to draw up a renovation plan or to adhere to the relevant recommended U values.

3.10 Minimum efficiency requirements for building elements (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/9 – Requirements for the technical building system)

The minimum requirements for single-component renovations of the technical building

system are based on a renovation plan that aims to achieve the nearly-zero energy level for

major renovations after all potential single-component renovations of the technical building

system have been completed. There continues to be a free choice of whether to draw up a

renovation plan or to use individual components in accordance with the reference equipment

for the technical building system.

4 Identification of measures to improve energy performance (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2)

Measures to increase the energy performance of buildings can generally be carried out in

multiple steps, e.g. by optimising the geometry of the building. For the purposes of the

present cost optimality calculations, only rectangular building geometries were used, which

in itself represented an optimisation. Further optimisation steps can be implemented in

respect of the envelope quality of the building and in respect of the quality of the technical

building system (ensured ex lege by means of the use of high-efficiency alternative systems

or, by way of deviation from this, by means of mandatory additional measures to generate

energy yields on site or by improvements to the efficiency of the technical building system).

All measures are applied to the following building geometries:

1. Small single-family building

2. Large single-family building

3. Small multi-family building

4. Large multi-family building

5. Small apartment block

6. Large apartment block

4.1 Energy efficiency measures – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+2 – Envelope quality)



For the purposes of this verification of cost optimality, the following sub-measures are

distinguished between as measures to improve energy performance in respect of envelope

quality:

Optimisation of the envelope quality

o Improvement of the U values (The improvements in the envelope quality follow the principle that an increase in the thermal resistance of the external wall is rated at 1.5 at the ceiling of the topmost storey and at 0.5 at the basement ceiling. The window U value follows the basic relationship UWIN = 1.30 - (0.35-UEW)*2.):

Ceiling of the topmost storey External wall Window Basement ceiling

In this connection, HDHRef values are defined for the following levels:

1. HDHRef = 16 x (1 + 3.0/lc)

2. HDHRef = 14 x (1 + 3.0/lc)

3. HDHRef = 12 x (1 + 3.0/lc)

4. HDHRef = 10 x (1 + 3.0/lc)

5. HDHRef = 8 x (1 + 3.0/lc)

4.2 Measures based on renewable energy sources – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+3 – Technical building system)


distinguished between as measures to improve energy performance in respect of technical

building systems (HSS = heat supply system; EC = energy carrier):

Use of high-efficiency alternative systems [4.3 a]

1. HSS: Pellet boiler / EC: Biomass [4]

2. HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from heating plant (renewable) [6]

3. HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from high-efficiency CHP (default

value) [8]

4. HSS: [Groundwater/water] heat pump / EC: Electricity mix Austria [5]

5. HSS: [Air/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]

Use of a conventional system in combination with the production of renewable energy at or near the site [4.3 b]

6. HSS: Condensing boiler plus solar thermal collector / EC: Natural gas [3]



4.3 Identification of packages of measures – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/4 – Measures/packages/variants of measures)

The variants used are the same as those from the first edition.

4.3.1 RBs – New builds

This results in the following variations:

Location variation 1

Building geometry variation 6 6x1=6

Building physics variation 5 5x6=30

Building services variation 6 6x30=180

4.4 Energy efficiency measures – Major renovations (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+2 – Envelope quality)


distinguished between as measures to improve energy performance in respect of envelope

quality, which are applied to a stock building that corresponds to the level of ‘Minimal thermal

protection’ (Tables 4 and 10) (this means that such measures may not be utilised for a cost-

optimal improvement to a better building stock level in terms of thermal energy without

verification):

Optimisation of the envelope quality

o Improvement of the U values (analogous to new builds)

Ceiling of the topmost storey External wall Window Basement ceiling

o Reduction of the thermal bridge effect due to the high envelope quality

In this connection, the following HDHRef values are defined for the building stock level:

1. HDHRef = 61 x (1 + 2.0/lc)

Furthermore, the following HDHRef values are defined for levels:

2. HDHRef = 25 x (1 + 2.5/lc)

3. HDHRef = 23 x (1 + 2.5/lc)

4. HDHRef = 21 x (1 + 2.5/lc)

5. HDHRef = 19 x (1 + 2.5/lc)

6. HDHRef = 17 x (1 + 2.5/lc)

7. HDHRef = 15 x (1 + 3.0/lc)

4.5 Measures based on renewable energy sources – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+3 – Technical building system)




distinguished between as measures to improve energy performance in respect of technical

building systems (HSS = heat supply system; EC = energy carrier):

Use of high-efficiency alternative systems [4.3 a]

1. HSS: Pellet boiler / EC: Biomass [4]

2. HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from heating plant (renewable) [6]

3. HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from high-efficiency CHP (default

value) [8]

4. HSS: [Groundwater/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]

5. HSS: [Air/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]

Use of a conventional system in combination with the production of renewable energy at or near the site [4.3 b]

6. HSS: Condensing boiler plus solar thermal collector / EC: Natural gas [3]

4.6 Identification of packages of measures – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/4 – Measures/packages/variants of measures)

The variants used are the same as those from the first edition.

4.6.1 RB – Major renovations

This results in the following variations:

Location variation 1

Building geometry variation 6 6x1=6

Building physics variation 1+6=7 7x6=42

Building services variation 6 6x42=252

5 Application of the packages of measures and results (Del. Reg. – Annex I/3)

5.1 Building physics variations for new builds

The variants used are the envelope quality variants from the first edition.

5.1.1 Identification of the building physics variations for residential buildings

The following variants have been selected:



Table 6: Packages of measures – Building physics – New residential buildings

HDHRef line HDHRef

16 16 x (1 + 3.0/lc)

14 14 x (1 + 3.0/lc)

12 12 x (1 + 3.0/lc)

10 10 x (1 + 3.0/lc)

8 8 x (1 + 3.0/lc)

The following equivalent insulation thicknesses or window U values result, for example when

decoupling structural conditions and insulating effect:

Table 7: Results – Building physics – New residential buildings

HDHRef line dEW,EIT,0.032,AVE UWIN,AVE

16 13.0 cm ± 2.8 cm 1.074 W/m2K ± 0.081 W/m2K

14 15.5 cm ± 3.2 cm 1.001 W/m2K ± 0.066 W/m2K

12 19.1 cm ± 3.7 cm 0.928 W/m2K ± 0.052 W/m2K

10 24.6 cm ± 4.4 cm 0.856 W/m2K ± 0.038 W/m2K

EIT = Equivalent insulation thickness 0.032 … λ = 0.032 W/mK AVE = Average

5.2 Building technology system variations (new builds)

The variants used are the same as those from the first edition, with account being taken of

the required proportion of renewables under the current requirements in the case of the gas

condensing boiler via solar thermal energy.

5.2.1 Identification of the technical building system variations for residential buildings (new builds)

The following variations have been selected:

Table 8: Packages of measures – Technical building systems – New residential buildings

Heat supply systems [HSS] / Energy carrier [EC]

HSS: Pellet boiler / EC: Biomass [4]

HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from heating plant (renewable) [6]

HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from high-efficiency CHP (default value) [8]

HSS: [Groundwater/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]

HSS: [Air/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]

HSS: Condensing boiler plus solar thermal collector / EC: Natural gas [3]



5.3 Energy indicators for new builds (Del. Reg. – Annex III/Table 2)

According to OIB Guideline 6: 2015, the current requirement for the HDHRef value is the line

‘HDHRef = 14 x (1 + 3/lc)’.

5.3.1 Energy indicators for new residential buildings Based on Table 2 of Annex III to the Delegated Regulation, this results in the establishment

of the following reference buildings for the category of New builds, with the final energy

demand given only being that for space heating and hot water and with results being given

for the reference climate.



Table 9: Results – Building physics + technical building systems – New residential buildings

New builds

Building geometry

(proportion of window

space) Gross floor area

Requirements

(SH+HW)

Technical

building systems

(SH+HW)

Final energy

demand

(SH+HW)

Single-family building

Sub-category 1 1

2

3

4

5

6

107.7 kWh/m2a

129.5 kWh/m2a

102.7 kWh/m2a

102.7 kWh/m2a

42.8 kWh/m2a

34.2 kWh/m2a

Small

14.29 x 12.00 x 1

(16%)

171.50 m2 Line 14 and

reference

equipment

Sub-category 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

97.5 kWh/m2a

118.6 kWh/m2a

94.1 kWh/m2a

94.1 kWh/m2a

40.1 kWh/m2a

32.5 kWh/m2a

Large

10.72 x 8.00 x 2

(11 %)

171.50 m2

Line 14 and

reference

equipment

Multi-family building

Sub-category 1 1

2

3

4

5

6

95.1 kWh/m2a

112.3 kWh/m2a

92.2 kWh/m2a

92.2 kWh/m2a

45.6 kWh/m2a

37.1 kWh/m2a

small

18.55 x 12.00 x 2

(17 %)

445.20 m2

Line 14 and

reference

equipment

Sub-category 2 1

2

3

4

5

6

92.9 kWh/m2a

109.7 kWh/m2a

90.1 kWh/m2a

90.1 kWh/m2a

44.9 kWh/m2a

36.7 kWh/m2a

Large

14.84 x 10.00 x 3

(14 %) 445.20 m2

Line 14 and

reference

equipment

Apartment block

Sub-category 1 1

2

3

80.2 kWh/m2a

91.6 kWh/m2a

78.3 kWh/m2a

Small 30.62 x 12.00 x 4

(21 %) 1.470.00 m

2

Line 14 and

reference

equipment



4

5

6

78.3 kWh/m2a

39.8 kWh/m2a

32.9 kWh/m2a

Sub-category 2 1

2

3

4

5

6

79 kWh/m2a

90.3 kWh/m2a

77.3 kWh/m2a

77.3 kWh/m2a

39.4 kWh/m2a

32.7 kWh/m2a

Large

20.42 x 12.00 x 6

(18 %) 1.470.00 m2

Line 14 and

reference

equipment

Explanatory

notes

High-efficiency alternative systems

[4.3 a] in accordance with OIB-RL6:

2015 edition

Conventional system in

combination with the production of

renewable energy at or near the

site [4.3 b] in accordance with OIB-

RL6: 2015 edition

Energy carrier

2 Pellet boiler --- Biomass [4]

3 District heating --- District heating from heating

plant (renewable) [6]

4 District heating --- District heating from high-

efficiency CHP (default value) [8]

5 [Groundwater/water] heat pump --- Austria’s electricity mix [5]

6 [Air/water] heat pump --- Austria’s electricity mix [5]

1 --- Condensing boiler with solar

thermal collector

Natural gas [3]



5.4 Identification of the variations for major renovations

5.4.1 Building physics – Residential buildings – Existing stock

The following HDHRef values can be defined for the existing building stock:

Table 10: Typical HWB values for Residential buildings – Existing stock

HDHRef line Characteristic length (lc)

Years Verbal evaluation HDDs = 3 400

BC 1.15 m 1.72 m 2.58 m 1.90 m

61 x(1+2.0/lc)

[Average] 167 132 108 125 …-1990 Minimal thermal

protection or worse

33x(1+2.0/lc) 90 71 59 68 …-2007 Significantly improved

thermal protection

26x(1+2.0/lc) 71 56 46 53 …-2010 Energy-saving building

(=2008)

19x(1+2.5/lc) 60 47 37 44 …-2012 2010 requirement


16x(1+3.0/lc) 58 44 35 41 …-2014 2012 requirement


5.4.2. Building physics – Residential buildings – Major renovations

The following HDH lines are used for major renovations:

Table 11: HDHRef lines – Residential buildings – Major renovations

HDHRef line HDHRef

23 23 x (1 + 2.5/lc)

21 21 x (1 + 2.5/lc)

19 19 x (1 + 2.5/lc)

17 17 x(1 + 2.5/lc)

15 15 x (1 + 3.0/lc)

5.4.3 Technical building systems – Residential buildings – Existing stock

The default equipment under OIB Guidelines is used for existing building stock.



5.4.4. Technical building systems – Residential buildings – Major renovations

By way of analogy with New builds, the following variations have been selected:

Table 12: Package of measures – Technical building system variants – Residential buildings

– Existing stock

Heat supply systems [HSS] / Energy carrier [EC] in accordance with OIB-RL6: 2015

edition

HSS: Pellet boiler / EC: Biomass [4]

HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from heating plant (renewable) [6]

HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from high-efficiency CHP (default value) [8]

HSS: [Groundwater/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]

HSS: [Air/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]

HSS: Condensing boiler plus solar thermal collector / EC: Natural gas [3]

5.5 Energy indicators for the variations for major renovations (Del. Reg. – Annex III/Table 1)

According to OIB Guideline 6: 2015, the current requirement for the HDHRef value is the line

‘HDHRef = 21 x (1 + 2.5/lc)’:



Table 13: Results – Building physics + technical building systems – Residential buildings –

Major renovations

New builds

Building geometry

(proportion of window

space)

Gross floor area Requirements

(SH+HW)

Technical

building systems

(SH+HW)

Final energy

demand

(SH+HW)

Single-family building

Sub-category 1 1

2

3

4

5

6

128.0 kWh/m2

151.3 kWh/m2

120.1 kWh/m2

120.1 kWh/m2

48.0 kWh/m2

37.6 kWh/m2

Small 14.29 x 12.00 x 1

(16 %)

171.50 m2

21 line and

reference

equipment

Sub-category 2

Large

10.72 x 8.00 x 2

(11 %)

171.50 m2

21 line and

reference

equipment

1

2

3

4

5

6

115.0 kWh/m2

137.6 kWh/m2

109.2 kWh/m2

109.2 kWh/m2

44.7 kWh/m2

35.5 kWh/m2

Multi-family building

Sub-category 1 1

2

3

4

5

6

109.2 kWh/m2

128.6 kWh/m2

105.7 kWh/m2

105.7 kWh/m2

49.6 kWh/m2

39.8 kWh/m2

Small 18.55 x 12.00 x 2

(17 %)

445.20 m2

21 line and

reference

equipment

Sub-category 2 1

2

3

4

5

6

106.3 kWh/m2

125.3 kWh/m2

102.9 kWh/m2

102.9 kWh/m2

48.7 kWh/m2

39.2 kWh/m2

Large 14.84 x 10.00 x 3

(14 %)

445.20 m2

21 line and

reference

equipment

Apartment block

Sub-category 1

Small

30.62 x 12.00 x 4

1.470.00 m2

21 line and

reference

equipment

1

2

3

91.1 kWh/m2

104.0 kWh/m2

88.9 kWh/m2 (21 %)



4

5

6

88.9 kWh/m2

43.1 kWh/m2

35.1 kWh/m2

Sub-category 2

Large

20.42 x 12.00 x 6

(18 %)

1.470.00 m2

21 line and

reference

equipment

1

2

3

4

5

6

89.8 kWh/m2

102.5 kWh/m2

87.6 kWh/m2

87.6 kWh/m2

42.6 kWh/m2

34.9 kWh/m2

Explanatory notes High-efficiency alternative systems [4.3 a]

in accordance with OIB-RL6: 2015 edition

Conventional system in

combination with the

production of renewable

energy at or near the site

[4.3 b] in accordance with

OIB-RL6: 2015 edition

Energy carrier in accordance with

OIB-RL6: 2015 edition

2 Pellet boiler --- Biomass [4]

3 District heating --- District heating from heating plant

(renewable) [6]

4 District heating --- District heating from high-efficiency

CHP plant (default value)

5 [Groundwater/water] heat pump --- Austria’s electricity mix [5]

6 [Air/water] heat pump --- Austria’s electricity mix [5]

1 --- Condensing boiler with

solar thermal collector Natural gas [3]



6 Calculation of the primary energy demand for each reference building not taking account of the domestic electricity demand (Del. Reg. – Annex I/3)

In Austria, energy performance is calculated in accordance with the common general

framework as set out in Annex I to Directive 2010/31/EU.

For this purpose, in Austria the energy performance of a building is determined on the basis

of the calculated quantity of energy that is annually required to meet the different needs as

part of the use of the building and is reflected by the energy demand for heating and cooling

(energy needed to avoid overheating) to maintain the standardised temperature conditions of

the building and by the heat demand for hot water.

The energy performance of a building in Austria is illustrated transparently on both pages of

the energy performance certificate, in particular through the labelling of the specific values

for heating demand, primary energy demand, carbon dioxide emissions and the energy

performance factor on the first page and by stipulating the overall and detailed results on the

second page. Primary energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions are calculated using

conversion factors laid down at national level, and the energy performance factor by

comparison of the delivered energy demand (calculated as the final energy demand for the

building less the final energy yields generated on the site of the building) for the actual

building with the final energy demand of an identical building with the reference envelope

and technical building system.

Table 14: Conversion factors according to OIB Guideline 6: 2015

Energy carrier fPE

[-]

fPE,nonren.

[-]

fPE,ren.

[-]

fCO2

[g/kWh]

Natural gas 1.17 1.17 0.00 236

Biomass 1.08 0.06 1.02 4

Electricity (Austria’s mix) 1.91 1.32 0.59 276

District heating from heating plant (renewable) 1.60 0.28 1.32 51

District heating from high-efficiency CHP (default

value) 0.94 0.19 0.75 28

The methodology relies on the relevant European standards and is laid down in Austria on a

national basis by the following Austrian standards (ÖNORMs):

ÖNORM B 8110-5 ‘Thermal insulation in building construction – Part 5: Model of climate and user profiles’ (Date of issue: 1.3.2011)

ÖNORM B 8110-6 ‘Thermal insulation in building construction – Part 6: Principles and verification methods – Heating demand and cooling demand’ (Date of issue: 15.11.2014)

ÖNORM H 5050 ‘Energy performance of buildings – Calculation of the energy performance factor’ (Date of issue: 1.11.2014)

ÖNORM H 5056 ‘Energy performance of buildings – Energy use for heating systems’



(Date of issue: 1.11.2014)

ÖNORM H 5057 ‘Energy performance of buildings – Energy use for ventilation systems of residential and non-residential buildings’ (Date of issue: 1.3.2011)

ÖNORM H 5058 ‘Energy performance of buildings – Energy use for cooling systems’ (Date of issue: 1.3.2011)

ÖNORM H 5059 ‘Energy performance of buildings – Energy use for lighting’ (Date of issue: 1.1.2010).

These documents take all aspects of Annex I(3) and (4) of Directive 2010/31/EU into

account, with the use profiles being more detailed than required by the categories from

Annex I(5) of Directive 2010/31/EU.

7 Calculation of the global cost in terms of net present value for each reference building not taking account of the domestic electricity demand (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4)

The methods used are the same as those from the first edition.

7.1 Collection of net cost data (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4(1))

By way of introduction to this section, the authors would like to make clear that the present

verification of the cost optimality of the applicable requirements under OIB-RL6: 2015 is in

no way intended as a cost-related assessment of various construction methods and building

technologies, especially since the selection of construction method and building technology

may also be influenced by a range of other aspects that may be without an alternative under

certain circumstances. For example, the desire for district heating can only be fulfilled if

district heating is actually available, while the desire for biomass heating can only be granted

in areas where air pollution control regulations do not preclude such systems; and finally, the

desire for a groundwater heat pump can only be fulfilled in areas where water protection

laws do not prevent such systems. We would like to observe at this point that the cost

optimality calculations are based on the assumption that a renovation is required in any case

(with the result that there would be no need to include costs that would have to be paid

anyway in the partial life-cycle cost calculation).

The present calculations are generally based on the partial absorption costing system. This

means that only those cost elements that are directly (e.g. thermal insulation) or indirectly

(e.g. plumbing works) related to the improvement in energy performance are included in the

calculation.

The cost data are compiled by collection from the following primary sources and apply in

principle per m2 of component area:

Austrian Federal Guild of Construction

Master builders (passive house planners)

Master builders (brick construction)

General contractor for apartment blocks

Interest groups (energy)

Own data (OIB, Austrian Farmers’ Social Security Authority (SVB))



On the basis of these data, the construction costs for new builds and the renovation of

existing buildings were calculated for the following design types (in alphabetical order):

Wood frame construction (thermal conductivity as per dataholz.com and ÖNORM B 8110-7)

Solid wood construction (thermal conductivity as per dataholz.com and ÖNORM B 8110-7)

Reinforced concrete construction (thermal conductivity as per ÖNORM B 8110-7)

Brick construction (thermal conductivity as per ÖNORM B 8110-7)

In the same manner, the costs for windows of the following materials were collected (in

alphabetical order):

Wooden windows

Aluminium-clad wooden windows

Plastic windows

Aluminium windows

In addition, the costs for technical building system variants and their maintenance were

collected, as well as costs for the following supplementary works in connection with

renovations:

Removal and installation of windows

Follow-up measures resulting from window replacements (e.g. windowsills and ledges)

Plumbing works as a result of additional thermal insulation measures

To meet the requirements of the various construction methods and building equipment

types, cost functions were defined and any residual values were taken into account. The

calculations were then made on the basis of the average cost functions.

Disposal costs were not taken into consideration, since their impact was shown to be

insignificant in test calculations, due to the discounting effect.

After extensive analysis of the cost data collected, the following costs were used as the

basis for the following cost calculations, taking into account, in particular, those costs which

represent additional costs compared to the applicable requirements:



Wall systems with EIFS EPS grey (with solid wood construction; only insulation variable)

Solid wood construction base with no service cavity

Table 15: Layering of the solid wood construction base with no service cavity

External d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs

EPS F grey 0.032 €1.00/cm

0.012 Engineered wood panel 0.130

>0.120 Mineral wool in wood frame 0.035/0.120

0.100 Solid wood 0.130

0.025 Gypsum plasterboard 0.250

Internal

Solid wood construction base with service cavity

Table 16: Layering of the solid wood construction base with service cavity






>0.030 Mineral wool in laths 0.035/0.120


Internal



Wall systems with EIFS EPS grey (with wood frame construction; only insulation variable)

Wood frame construction base with no service cavity

Table 17: Layering of the wood frame construction base with no service cavity






Internal

Wood frame construction base with service cavity

Table 18: Layering of the wood frame construction base with service cavity





0.016 Chipboard 0.130

>0.030 Mineral wool laths 0.035/0.120


Internal

Wall systems with EIFS EPS grey (with reinforced concrete and brick construction; only

insulation variable)

Reinforced concrete construction

Table 19: Layering of the reinforced concrete construction with EIFS EPS grey



0.170 Reinforced concrete 2.300

0.020 Gypsum plaster 0.570

Internal



Vertically perforated brick construction base

Table 20: Layering of the vertically perforated brick construction with EIFS EPS grey



>0.250 Vertically perforated brick 0.089


Internal

Wall systems with EIFS MW-PT mineral wool (with reinforced concrete construction; only

insulation variable)

Reinforced concrete construction

Table 21: Layering of the reinforced concrete construction with EIFS MW-PT mineral wool


MW-PT mineral wool 0.040 €1.20/cm

>0.170 Reinforced concrete 2.300


Internal

Wall system with filler brick construction

Filler brick construction base

Table 22: Layering of the filler brick construction


0.040 Insulating plaster 0.120

Filler brick

0.066 €2.20/cm


Internal



Ceiling system

Solid wood ceiling

Table 23: Layering of the solid wood ceiling


Mineral wool or EPS 0.036 €1.88/cm



Internal

Wood joist ceiling

Table 24: Layering of the wood joist ceiling



>0.020 Engineered wood panel 0.130

>0.160 Mineral wool between joists 0.035/

0.120


Internal

Reinforced concrete ceiling

Table 25: Layering of the reinforced concrete ceiling





Internal



Brick ceiling

Table 26: Layering of the brick ceiling



0.210 Ceiling brick 0.545


Internal

Basement ceiling

Reinforced concrete

Table 27: Layering of the reinforced concrete floor

Internal d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs

0.050 Screed 1.330

0.030 Impact sound insulation 0.035


Thermal insulation 0.035 €1.18/cm

External

Windows

The costs for windows were collected for

Aluminium windows,

Wooden windows,

Aluminium-clad wooden windows, and

plastic windows

and in the dimensions

1.23 m x 1.48 m

1.80 m x 1.40 m

1.23 m x 2.20 m

For measures that would be implemented anyway, a U value of 1.30 W/m2K is assumed.

From these cost data, average costs of €17.79/m2 in new builds and €24.56/m2 in

renovations (for supplement, see below) per 0.1 W/m2K were determined to be better than

1.3ؘ W/m2K.



Building services

The following values were used for the costs of the technical building systems:

Table 28: Average costs for technical building systems

SFB MFB APB

Gas 6 193 to 7 300 6 846 to 9 397 11 653 to 36 000

Pellets 13 870 to 18 300 17 548 to 23 400 29 840 to 59 900

Air/water heat pump 11 651 to 16 099 21 497 to 29 155 41 057 to 57 023

Groundwater/water

heat pump

16 026 to 23 010 27 000 to 39 145 43 000 to 73 866

District heating (DH) 10 633 to 15 221 12 760 to 16 169 23 556 to 29 089

For solar thermal energy, system costs of €1.093/m2 of gross floor area were used.

Maintenance costs

The following values were used for the specific maintenance costs:

Table 29: Maintenance costs per year by HSS

Gas Pellets

Air/water heat

pump

Groundwater/

water heat

pump DH

SFB €75 €330 €40 €50 €0

MFB €175 €370 €150 €150 €0

APB €260 €500 €150 €150 €0

VAT

20 % VAT was added to all costs in the field of residential buildings.

Renovation costs

For renovation costs, 75 % higher costs were assumed for structural improvements in order

to account for the value expenses involved in renovations. For building services

improvements, identical costs were assessed as for new builds, especially given that any

additional costs in this connection were assessed as costs that would be incurred in any

case.



7.2 Discount rate (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4.2)

Pursuant to EN 15459 the following variables are to be used to determine the discount rate:

Table 30: Basic variables for cost optimality according to EN 15459

Inflation rate Ri Annual currency depreciation, expressed in %

Discount rate Rd Defined value, to enable a comparison of the monetary value

at various times

Market interest

rate R The interest rate agreed with the lender, expressed in %

Real interest rate RR

Market interest rate, adjusted for the inflation rate. The real

interest rate may vary during the course of the calculation

period (dynamic calculation)

According to this provision, the real interest rate is to be calculated as a function of the

market interest rate and inflation, and the discount factor as a function of the real interest

rate. In this calculation, the real interest rate is RR = (R - Ri) / (1 + Ri/100), with R

corresponding to the market interest rate and Ri to the inflation rate. Likewise, the discount

factor is Rd(p) = [1 / (1 + RR / 100)]p, with p meaning the number of years to be taken into

account.

The following tables result in a discount rate of 2.19 ± 0.38 %.

7.3 Choice of perspective (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4.3+4.4)

The Regulation allows Member States to choose between the ‘Calculation of global costs for

a financial perspective’ and the ‘Calculation of global costs for a macroeconomic

perspective’.

For Austria, the option of ‘Calculation of global costs for a financial perspective’ was selected

for residential buildings, although, based on test calculations, it is expected that the

discrepancy vis-à-vis the results for the ‘Calculation of global costs for a macroeconomic

perspective’ will be insignificant.

Below is the development of inflation in Austria in the years since 2004 according to data

from Statistics Austria:4

4 Statistics Austria.



Table 31: Inflation rates – Austria – 2004 to 2016

Below is the development of the market interest rate in Austria in the years since 2004

according to the data on the development of the Euribor:5,6

Table 32: Market interest rate – Austria – 2004 to 2016

Marktzins (für 30 Jahre fix) Market interest rate (for 30-year fix)

This results in the following progression of the real interest rate:

5 See de.euribor-rates.de (June 2017).

6 See current reporting on the Supreme Court judgment on the obligation to pass on negative interest rates.

Year Inflation

2004 2.10 %

2005 2.40 %

2006 1.50 %

2007 2.20 %

2008 3.30 %

2009 0.60 %

2010 1.90 %

2011 3.30 %

2012 2.60 %

2013 2.00 %

2014 1.70 %

2015 1.00 %

2016 0.90 %

Year

Market

interest

rate

2004 4.08 %

2005 4.09 %

2006 4.70 %

2007 5.88 %

2008 6.13 %

2009 4.83 %

2010 3.05 %

2011 3.30 %

2012 3.74 %

2013 2.34 %

2014 2.36 %

2015 2.12 %

2016 1.86 %



Table 33: Real interest rate – Austria – 2004 to 2016

Realzinssatz Real interest rate

This results in the following progression of the discount rate:

Table 34: Discount rate – Austria – 2004 to 2016

Year

Real interest

rate

2004 1.93 %

2005 1.65 %

2006 3.15 %

2007 3.60 %

2008 2.74 %

2009 4.20 %

2010 1.13 %

2011 0.00 %

2012 1.11 %

2013 0.34 %

2014 0.64 %

2015 1.11 %

2016 0.95 %

Year Discount rate

2004 1.93 %

2005 1.79 %

2006 2.24 %

2007 2.58 %

2008 2.61 %

2009 2.88 %

2010 2.62 %

2011 2.29 %

2012 2.16 %

2013 1.98 %

2014 1.85 %

2015 1.79 %

2016 1.73 %

AVE 2.19 ± 0.38 %



7.4 Calculation of costs for the regular replacement of components


7.5 Calculation period/estimated useful life

The following useful lives were used for the calculations:

Table 35: Component useful lives in years

ThI – TSC EIFS WIN ThI – BC Brick wall

(mono)

Technical

building

systems

60 40 40 60 90 30

We would like to observe at this point that the useful lives given relate exclusively to the

varied structural elements.

7.6 Starting year for the calculations (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4)

The starting year for the calculations is 2017.

7.7 Calculation of the energy costs in the cost calculation (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4)

The following data were calculated from Statistics Austria’s figures on total domestic energy

consumption, ‘Proportional use of all energy carriers in all households, total and by intended

use, 2003-2016’.

Table 36: Energy prices for the determination of cost optimality7 (gross prices)

Energy carrier [EUR/kWh] [% p.a.]

Pellets 0.048 2.1 %

DH (HWrenewable) 0.160 1.3 %

DH (CHPdefault value) 0.140 1.3 %

Electricity 0.195 2.4 %

7 Statistics Austria, Proportional use of all energy carriers in all households, total and by intended use, 2003-

2016.

Diskontsatz Discount rate



Gas 0.078 3.6 %

The costs indicated for the energy price increases are adjusted for inflation in the

calculations based on these increases.

In addition, all calculations (apart from the sensitivity analyses) were also carried out for a

3 % constant or 0 % constant energy price increase (minus inflation in each case).

8 Identification of a cost-optimal level for each reference building (Del. Reg. – Annex I/6)


8.1 Identification of the cost-optimal spectrum


8.1.1 Residential buildings – New builds

In the following four result summaries, all values for life-cycle costs over primary energy

demand (Figure 2: Life-cycle costs over total primary energy demand), non-renewable

primary energy demand (Figure 3: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary energy

demand), renewable primary energy demand (Figure 4: Life-cycle costs over renewable

primary energy demand) and carbon dioxide emissions (Figure 5: Life-cycle costs over

carbon dioxide emissions) that represent a high-efficiency, alternative system are depicted

as blue dots, while those that represent an optimum for the solution and for the building type

in question are also outlined in red. For those cases for which no high-efficiency, alternative

system is used, the grey dots (and the grey dots with red outline for the optimums) are used.

Those dots that represent an increase from the ‘Building envelope’ package of measures are

joined up via a thin line (blue, grey), which appear in the order 8th line – 10th line – 12th line

– 14th line – 16th line – 26th line (each from left to right). In the case of investment costs,

only those costs that exceed the minimum requirements (U value requirements) are taken

into account.



Figure 2: Life-cycle costs over total primary energy demand for space heating and hot water

Primärenergiebedarf gesamt - Neubau Total primary energy demand – New builds

Figure 3: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary energy demand for space heating and

hot water

Primärenergiebedarf nicht erneuerbar - Non-renewable primary energy demand –



Neubau New builds

Figure 4: Life-cycle costs over renewable primary energy demand for space heating and hot

water

Primärenergiebedarf erneuerbar - Neubau Renewable primary energy demand – New

builds



Figure 6

Value range: 0-150 kWh/m2a

Figure 3


Figure 7 Value range: 0-10 kg/m

2a

Figure 5


Figure 5: Life-cycle costs over carbon dioxide emissions for space heating and hot water

In order to clarify the result for non-renewable primary energy demand in combination with

high-efficiency, alternative systems and for carbon dioxide emissions, the value range was

limited in the following two figures (Figure 6: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary

energy demand, Figure 7: Life-cycle costs over carbon dioxide emissions).

In addition, the highest optimum is highlighted by a vertical red line and labelled with its

value.

Kohlendioxidemissionen - Neubau Carbon dioxide emissions – New builds




hot water, magnified for a value range for exclusively high-efficiency, alternative systems

Primärenergiebedarf nicht erneuerbar -

Neubau

Non-renewable primary energy demand –

New builds



Figure 7: Life-cycle costs over carbon dioxide emissions for space heating and hot water,

magnified for a value range for exclusively high-efficiency, alternative systems

In order to determine the cost-optimal reference heat demand for heating by way of analogy

to 2013/2014 or the cost-optimal spectrum derived therefrom, the procedure was as follows:

In a first step, the design types were weighted based on expert surveys from the construction industry, as follows:

Solid wood construction with no

service cavity 8.0 %

Reinforced concrete

construction with EIFS EPS

grey

35.0 %

Solid wood construction with


Reinforced concrete

construction with EIFS MW-PT

mineral wool

5.0 %

Wood frame construction with no


Vertically perforated brick

construction with EIFS EPS

grey

37.5 %

Wood frame construction with

service cavity 2.0 % Filler brick construction 2.5 %

In order to also weight all high-efficiency alternative systems, this was applied to the

Kohlendioxidemissionen - Neubau Carbon dioxide emissions – New builds



reference heating demand. The energy performance of private households was based on an apportionment of 48 % for fossil ECs, 6 % for biomass, 33 % for local and district heating and 13 % for heat supply by means of heat pumps, taking into account ambient heat.

For high-efficiency, alternative systems, this gives rise to the following weightings:

EC SFB small SFB large MFB small MFB large APB small APB large

Pellets 11.5 % 11.5 % 11.5 % 11.5 % 11.5 % 11.5 %

Local heating

– biomass 63.5 % 63.5 % 63.5 % 63.5 % 0.0 % 0.0 %

District heating

– CHP 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 63.5 % 63.5 %

Air/water heat

pump 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 %

Groundwater/

water heat

pump 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 %

If you take account of the cost-optimal spectrum with an energy value up to 15 % lower and

then relate this result to the reference heat demand for heating (by way of analogy to

2013/14), the result is the following cost-optimal spectrum according to the Delegated

Regulation, in which it is assumed that the technical building system consists of reference

equipment:

Cost-optimal spectrum – Residential buildings – New builds

11.17 HDH line to 9.49 line (-15 %)

For a uniform 3 % energy price increase: 10.33 HDH line to 8.78 line


If a more efficient technical building system is used or if energy is generated on or near the

site, a higher reference heat demand for heating may be applied in accordance with the

current specifications under OIB-RL6: 2015, with the maximum being the 16 HDH line for

the reference heat demand for heating. In any case, the non-renewable primary energy

demand of

PEDSHHWnonren 41 kWh/m2a

must be adhered to. Up to now, the requirement was established via PED 160 kWh/m2a,

with account being taken of the domestic electricity demand via a set of conversion factors

under OIB-RL6: 2011. However, the guideline states the following in this regard: ‘For

assessing cost optimality, the non-renewable proportion of the “primary energy” is taken

into account.’ It goes on: ‘This is not inconsistent with the definition of “primary energy” in



the Directive, since in relation to the total energy performance of a building, both the non-

renewable portion and the total amount of primary energy used to run the building must be

indicated. The corresponding primary energy conversion factors are to be established at

national level, taking into account Annex II to Directive 2006/32/EC (1).’ In order to ensure

comparability with other information provided by Member States, this information will be

provided in the future.

The development

10.64 (CostOpt 2013) 11.17 (CostOpt 2018; 9.49 = -15 %)

results in a change of less than 5 % to the cost optimum. The actual requirement value for

the reference heat demand for heating of 10 x (1 + 3.0/lc) remains clearly within the cost-

optimal spectrum.

It is worth mentioning at this point that the European Commission’s recommendations of

August 2016 expressly stated the usefulness of taking domestic electricity into account.

8.1.2 Residential buildings – Major renovations

In the following four result summaries, all values for life-cycle costs over primary energy

demand (Figure 8: Life-cycle costs over total primary energy demand), non-renewable

primary energy demand (Figure 9: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary energy

demand), renewable primary energy demand (Figure 10: Life-cycle costs over renewable

primary energy demand) and carbon dioxide emissions (Figure 11: Life-cycle costs over

carbon dioxide emissions) that represent a high-efficiency, alternative system are depicted

as blue dots, while those that represent an optimum for the solution and for the building type

in question are also outlined in red. For those cases for which no high-efficiency, alternative

system is used, the grey dots (and the grey dots with red outline for the optimums) are used.

Those dots that represent an increase from the ‘Building envelope’ package of measures are

joined up via a thin line (blue, grey), which appear in the order 15th line – 17th line – 19th

line – 21st line – 23rd line – 25th line – 61st line (each from left to right). In the case of

investment costs, only those costs that exceed the minimum requirements (U value

requirements) are taken into account.



Figure 8: Life-cycle costs over total primary energy demand for space heating and hot water


Größere Renovierung

Non-renewable primary energy demand – Major renovations




hot water

Figure 10: Life-cycle costs over renewable primary energy demand for space heating and

hot water




Major renovations

Primärenergiebedarf erneuerbar - Größere

Renovierung

Renewable primary energy demand –

Major renovations



Figure 9


Figure 12


Figure 13

Value range: 0-10 kg/m2a

Figure 11: Life-cycle costs over carbon dioxide emissions for space heating and hot water

Kohlendioxidemissionen – Größere

Renovierung

Carbon dioxide emissions – Major

renovations

In order to clarify the result for non-renewable primary energy demand in combination with

high-efficiency, alternative systems and for carbon dioxide emissions, the value range was

limited in the following two figures (Figure 12: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary

energy demand for space heating and hot water, magnified for a value range for exclusively

high-efficiency, alternative systems, Figure 13: Life-cycle costs over carbon dioxide

emissions for space heating and hot water, magnified for a value range for exclusively high-

efficiency, alternative systems).

In addition, the highest optimum is

highlighted by a vertical red line and labelled with its value.

Figure 11

Value range: 0-30 kg/m2a



Figure 12: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary energy demand for space heating

and hot water, magnified for a value range for exclusively high-efficiency, alternative

systems




Major renovations



Figure 13: Life-cycle costs over carbon dioxide emissions for space heating and hot water,

magnified for a value range for exclusively high-efficiency, alternative systems

Kohlendioxidemissionen – Grössere

Renovierung

Carbon dioxide emissions – Major

renovations

In order to determine the cost-optimal reference heat demand for heating by way of analogy

to 2013/2014 or the cost-optimal spectrum derived therefrom, the procedure was as follows:

In a first step, the design types were weighted based on expert surveys from the construction industry, as follows:

EIFS/Rain screen with EPS grey 80.0 % EIFS/Rain screen with MW-PT

mineral wool

20.0 %

In order to also weight all high-efficiency alternative systems, this was applied to the reference heating demand. The energy performance of private households was based on an apportionment of 47.5 % for gas, 5.8 % for pellets, 33.3 % for local and district heating and 13.4 % for heat supply by means of heat pumps, taking into account ambient heat.



For high-efficiency, alternative systems, this gives rise to the following weightings:

EC SFB small SFB large MFB small MFB large APB small APB large

Pellets 11.01 % 11.01 % 11.01 % 11.01 % 11.01 % 11.01 %

Local heating

– biomass 63.55 % 63.55 % 63.55 % 63.55 % 0.0 % 0.0 %

District heating

– CHP 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 63.55 % 63.55 %

Air/water heat

pump 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 %

Groundwater/

water heat

pump 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 %

If you take account of the cost-optimal spectrum with an energy value up to 15 % lower and

then relate this result to the reference heat demand for heating (by way of analogy to

2013/14), the result is the following cost-optimal spectrum according to the Delegated

Regulation, in which it is assumed that the technical building system consists of reference

equipment:

Cost-optimal spectrum – Residential buildings – Major renovations

18.94 HDH line to 16.01 line (-15 %)



If a more efficient technical building system is used or if energy is generated on or near the

site, a higher reference heat demand for heating may be applied in accordance with the

current specifications under OIB-RL6: 2015, with the maximum being the 16 HDH line for the

reference heat demand for heating. In any case, the non-renewable primary energy demand

of

PEDSHHWnonren. 44 kWh/m2a

must be adhered to. Up to now, the requirement was established via PED 200 kWh/m2a,

with account being taken of the domestic electricity demand via a set of conversion factors

under OIB-RL6: 2011. However, the guideline states the following in this regard: ‘For

assessing cost optimality, the non-renewable proportion of the “primary energy” is taken into

account.’ It goes on: ‘This is not inconsistent with the definition of “primary energy” in the

Directive, since in relation to the total energy performance of a building, both the non-

renewable portion and the total amount of primary energy used to run the building must be

indicated. The corresponding primary energy conversion factors are to be established at

national level, taking into account Annex II to Directive 2006/32/EC (1).’ In order to ensure

comparability with other information provided by Member States, this information will be

provided in the future.



The development

16.94 (CostOpt 2013) 18.94 (CostOpt 2018; 16.01 = -15 %)

results in a change of approximately 10 % to the cost optimum. The actual requirement

value for the reference heat demand for heating of 17 x (1 + 2.5/lc) remains well within the

cost-optimal spectrum.

8.2 Comparison with existing requirements in Austria

The following two sub-chapters compare the results of this document with the already very

high level of efficiency of the current thermal-energy requirements for new builds and major

renovations:

8.2.1 Residential buildings – New builds

It can be seen from all the cases examined that the difference between the requirements

applicable today and the cost-optimal spectrum has fallen to a value of less than 30 % as a

result of continuous readjustments of the requirements for new builds.

The results are both a confirmation of the definition of the nearly-zero energy house level for

new builds within the meaning of Article 9 of the Directive and a confirmation of the

establishment of the phased plan until this level is reached.

The consistent use of high-efficiency, alternative systems already guarantees a non-

renewable primary energy requirement of less than 41 kWh/m2a. This means that, since the

initial definition of the nearly-zero energy house level for new builds, a very high proportion

of newly constructed buildings already meet these requirements.

8.2.2 Residential buildings – Major renovations

It can be seen from all the cases examined that the difference between the requirements

applicable today and the cost-optimal spectrum has fallen to a value of less than 20 % as a

result of continuous readjustments of the requirements for major renovations.

The results are both a confirmation of the definition of the nearly-zero energy house level for

major renovations in 2020 within the meaning of Article 9 of the Directive and a confirmation

of the establishment of the phased plan until this level is reached.

The consistent use of high-efficiency, alternative systems already guarantees a non-

renewable primary energy requirement of less than 44 kWh/m2a. This means that, since the

initial definition of the nearly-zero energy house level for new builds, a very high proportion

of buildings that undergo major renovations already meet these requirements.



9. Sensitivity analysis (Del. Reg. – Annex I/5)

In the following sections, the reliability of the results obtained is tested by varying the energy

price increase rates, the investment costs and the discount rate.

9.1 Residential buildings – New builds

9.1.1 Energy price increase increased by 15 %

10.64 (2013) 11.17 (2018) 10.99

9.1.2 Energy price increase reduced by 15 %

10.64 (2013) 11.17 (2018) 11.21

9.1.3 25 % increase in investment costs for thermal-related measures

10.64 (2013) 11.17 (2018) 11.57

3 % increase: 10.64 (2013) 10.33 (2018) 11.26

9.1.4 25 % decrease in investment costs for thermal-related measures

10.64 (2013) 11.17 (2018) 9.56

3 % increase: 10.64 (2013) 10.33 (2018) 9.21

9.1.5 25 % increase in discount rate

10.64 (2013) 11.17 (2018) 11.24

3 % increase: 10.64 (2013) 10.33 (2018) 10.80

9.1.6 25 % decrease in discount rate

10.64 (2013) 11.17 (2018) 10.55

3 % increase: 10.64 (2013) 10.33 (2018) 9.58



Figure 14: Results of the sensitivity analysis (New-build RBs)

[EP = Energy price; IK = Investment costs; DS = Discount rate]

Sensitivitätsanalyse - WG Neubau Sensitivity analysis – New-build RBs

CostOpt2013 CostOpt2013

EP: -15% EP: -15 %


EP: +15% EP: +15 %

IK: -25% IC: -25 %

IK: +25% IC: +25 %

DS: -25% DR: -25 %

DS: +25% DR: +25 %

9.2 Residential buildings – Major renovations

9.2.1 Energy price increase increased by 15 %

16.94 (2013) 18.94 (2018) 18.72

9.2.2 Energy price increase reduced by 15 %



16.94 (2013) 18.94 (2018) 19.32

9.2.3 25 % increase in investment costs for thermal-related measures

16.94 (2013) 18.94 (2018) 20.48

3 % increase: 16.94 (2013) 18.18 (2018) 19.70

9.2.4 25 % decrease in investment costs for thermal-related measures

16.94 (2013) 18.94 (2018) 17.22

3 % increase: 16.94 (2013) 18.18 (2018) 16.88

9.2.5 25 % increase in discount rate

16.94 (2013) 18.94 (2018) 19.78

3 % increase: 16.94 (2013) 18.18 (2018) 18.86

9.2.6 25 % decrease in discount rate

16.94 (2013) 18.94 (2018) 18.16

3 % increase: 16.94 (2013) 18.18 (2018) 17.70

Figure 15: Results of the sensitivity analysis (RBs – Renovations)

[EP = Energy price; IK = Investment costs; DS = Discount rate]

Sensitivitätsanalyse - WG Größere Renovierung

Sensitivity analysis – Major renovations

of RBs



EP: -15% EP: -15 %


EP: +15% EP: +15 %

IK: -25% IC: -25 %

IK: +25% IC: +25 %

DS: -25% DR: -25 %

DS: +25% DR: +25 %



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GUIDELINES OF THE AUSTRIAN INSTITUTE OF ......Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering OIB-330.6-005/18-001 As at: 26.2.2018 OIB Proposal on cost optimality 2018 OIB document